656:, which was used to seal all documents passing through his office. He also sealed documents signed by the monarch, and could refuse to seal a document that he considered illegal or damaging to the state (such documents had no force without his seal). When the King died, the seal was destroyed at his funeral and a new one was issued to the Chancellor by the late King's successor. Therefore, the Chancellors were considered the guardians of the King and state, ensuring that the King's folly would not endanger the state by forcing it into an unnecessary war (the wars that were prevented by the Chancellors included a great crusade against the
3023:
1273:(ambassador), Giorgio Paolo Mucante: "Each dish was first given, with a bow, by the Master of the Kitchen to the Carver, who passed it to the Pantler. The latter dipped a prepared piece of bread into the dish, touched it to his tongue, then discarded it into a nearby silver bin. It took quite a while before the King and the Cardinal could begin eating, as they had to bear with all the ceremonies. The Carver bowed so often that I truly think that during the feast he bowed at least 3,000 times."
2023:—chose Chamberlains, District Judges, Deputy District Judges, District Clerks, and in Lithuania also Standard-bearers and District Marshals). Chamberlains, except for the name, had nothing in common with the Court officials of the same name. They administered a court of law (the Chamberlain's Court) which had jurisdiction over property disputes. The District Judge headed the District Court, which had jurisdiction over civil and some criminal matters involving local nobility.
1114:) was the official responsible for safeguarding the Royal Treasury, where the royal insignia were kept. The keys to the Treasury were held by the Great Treasurer and six voivods, and without each of them, the Treasury could not be opened. Traditionally, the Crown Keeper was chosen from among the priests of Kraków Cathedral. The Lithuanian Keeper was actually called a Treasurer (
523:). In exchange, all Chancellor nominations were heralded by the Marshals. If no Marshal was present, his functions were carried out by a Grand Treasurer or secular Grand Chancellor. On formal occasions and during travel, where appropriate, a Marshal with his staff of office preceded the King. Close after the Marshals in the hierarchy were the Chancellors.
2716:
was the city treasurer, who oversaw its finances. He supervised the officials who controlled marketplace scales to ensure fair trade. Large cities also had scores of less common officials, such as
Pipemasters, responsible for pipes and wells; Fire Chiefs; and City Translators, who assisted foreigners
2675:
In 1717 the "Numb Diet" barred non-Roman
Catholics from being elected Envoys (to the Parliament), and to any other land offices if there was another Roman Catholic contender. The rights of the "Dissidents", as they were called, were reinstated in 1768, and in 1772 their representation in the Diet was
1253:
Second in importance was the
Pantler, who began setting the table. During feasts, he directed the setting of the dishes, aided by the Steward. The Carver finished setting the table with plates and utensils, and during the feast carved all the dishes that required the knife. After carving, he tasted
1235:
Official court posts are the most difficult to describe. Some court officials held responsibilities important to both the court and the country; the functions of others evolved over the centuries. In time (generally by the end of the 17th century), the titles of most had become merely honorary, and
611:
was called the Grand
Metrykant, the Vice-Chancellor's was the Lesser Metrykant. The Chancelleries' staffs, like the Chancellors, received no wages, but the middle of each reception room featured a box into which clients were expected to deposit varying amounts of money, and no one who planned to
2593:
Judges were chosen from among the local hereditary nobles and had little formal training; therefore the quality of the courts varied from judge to judge, and levels of corruption were high. Attorneys, on the other hand, were required to have professional training. Sometimes a court included an
512:
When the King traveled, Marshals supervised the local
Voivodes. The Marshals decided who would be admitted to royal audience. They were the organizers and masters of royal and court ceremonies (including weddings, funerals and the like). They were the masters of the court, kept track of lesser
689:
Last among the ministers were the Grand
Treasurers. They kept accounts of the state finances, cash flow and State Treasury, and controlled the minting of coin. Since, like the Chancellors, they received no wages, corruption ran rampant and a sizable portion of state finances was lost in their
2934:: even though these offices were only honorary, without any material privileges and salaries, they determined social status of their bearers. Furthermore, having a title, albeit fictional, emphasized the position of an individual nobleman as a keen citizen and co-creator of the Commonwealth.
2692:
Every city (without exception) had a
Council and a Bench, the Council being the administrative branch and the Bench the judicial branch. A new Council was chosen by the old one whose term had expired. The Council was responsible for administration, law, privileges, security, finances, guild
681:
upon themselves, which meant that Poland herself very rarely declared wars. Usually she was attacked by her neighbors, and while she repelled all attacks till the end of the 18th century, she almost never exploited her victories. The army was undermanned and underequipped (since usually any
2700:
The Mayor headed the
Council and controlled the executive branch. He was responsible for conciliation, the care of the poor, and maintaining order by suppressing alcohol abuse and games of chance. Second to the Mayor was the Council Clerk, who ran the City Chancellery. The City Clerk
80:
either in person or through the Lower Sejm (consisting of deputies representing their lands). The nobility's constitutional domination of the state made the King very weak and the commoners (burgesses and peasants) almost entirely unrepresented in the
Commonwealth's political system.
2727:
City Chief
Executioners executed not only criminals sentenced by the Bench, but often criminals sentenced by other non-military courts in Poland. They were well paid, sometimes functioned as physicians, but were also often considered social outcasts and lived outside the city walls.
694:, who while a Grand Treasurer (1650–1658) was offered a Chancellor's post, which he accepted in 1658. He bribed the members of the Parliament to grant him "absolution", and when one of them later opposed him, he asked, curious: "Who's this son of a bitch that I failed to pay off?"
1068:
could be a Great Secretary. These functionaries were considered more consequential than any district or court official, with the exception of the Court Marshal. They could act as Chancellors when no Chancellor was in attendance. They dealt with secret letters; in
1204:, created 1579) and was headed by a Tribunal President and a Marshal. The Marshal was chosen from and by the judges themselves, while the President dealt with ecclesiastic matters (and was himself a high-ranking priest). There was also a Lithuanian Tribunal (
1642:. They allocated their military budgets as they saw fit. As the highest military commanders and administrators, hetmans made administrative and juridical law concerning the military; from 1590, such law had the same force as the Sejm's legislation.
434:). Court Marshals were considered subordinate to Grand Marshals. Lithuanian ministers, while vested with the same powers as Crown Ministers, were considered below them in precedence. Hetmans were also considered "Ministers" but had no seat in the
2082:
s (elders). District marshals presided over local parliaments (in the "Crown", District Marshals were chosen only for the duration of the parliament session, and so were much less powerful than those of Lithuania, who were chosen for life).
1725:
The Great Guard directed the scout forces while on the march and in camp and commanded the advance guard (however, if both Hetmans were present, the Field Hetman acted as Great Guard). Field Guards were found only on the eastern borders.
546:) were doubled (Chancellors of the Crown, for the Crown of Poland, and Chancellors of Lithuania). The Chancellor and his respective Vice-Chancellor (who was not a direct subordinate of the Chancellor) were responsible for the work of two
1239:
Court officials may be divided into those who served the King, and those who ensured the smooth running of his court (in the 16th century, comprising some 1,000–1,500 persons). Since the first group were not subject to the principle of
273:
The power of the Voivodes had declined since that title had been introduced about the 12th century; in the 17th century, however, they were still the highest regional dignitaries. They were the highest representatives of their
2684:
These offices were very stable, having evolved about the 13th century and lasting almost unchanged to the end of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The administrative system had come from Germany together with
1250:. Of those who served the King, the most important was the Master of the Kitchen, who supervised the kitchen staff and equipment and the preparation of foods. During feasts, he announced the successive dishes.
1088:(hence their name) to the King. They also acted as judges in cases involving peasants from the King's lands, and often acted as Assessors at other courts. Close to the office of Referendary was that of the "
1627:. As with most offices in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, "hetman" was a job for life and its holder could not be removed even if he was a poor commander. Until the beginning of the 18th century,
686:
when an enemy was not on the Commonwealth's doorstep was labeled as warmongering) and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's lands were constantly ravaged by new invasions that crippled the economy.
3392:
3128:
1227:. Other less important dignitaries named by the King or Sejm to deal with specific short-term questions were called "commissars", "lustrates", "revisers", "delegates", "legates" or "deputies."
1107:)—one for the Crown, three for Lithuania. It was their task to clarify royal decrees and send letters to those dignitaries who must hear of them. They often acted as ambassadors and Assessors.
1265:. The first tasted of the drinks, poured them and ordered them; the second, upon receiving them from the former, served them to the King. A description of a 1596 banquet in the reign of King
2053:), which dealt with most criminal matters and had jurisdiction over all local and visiting nobility. They dealt with the most severe cases (killings, rapes, robberies) and were quite harsh (
690:
pockets. If a Treasurer moved to another post, he was obliged to render accounts of his disbursements, and if he died, his family were required to produce them. A telling story is that of
1667:), since they had evolved from commanders of permanent garrisons on Poland's southeastern borders (a great school of warfare, since it was an area almost constantly under attack by the
1084:), 2 secular and 2 ecclesiastic, one each for the Crown and for Lithuania. They rarely left the royal court, and their duties consisted in hearing petitions and complaints, which they
2590:
In the eastern territories bordering on Russia, from 1667, a "Border Judge" cooperated with Russian judges in cases involving parties from the two countries; his rulings were final.
595:) presented the ready letters to the King for signature. The Scriptors drafted the letters, the clerks prepared the final copies. The documents were also copied into books called "
2930:, with a complex hierarchy of all kinds of regional offices. The existence of fictional titles was the result of the special role of offices in the minds of the Polish–Lithuanian
2926:
Despite the fact that these territories did not belong to the Commonwealth any longer, and were under foreign rule, their administration existed for further 100 years, until the
1096:
s were tasked with uncovering and dealing with crimes against the King and the country, and were authorized to prosecute any dignitary save the King. They had deputies known as "
2045:. These were to be kept in good financial and military order. While in time these administrative responsibilities became smaller (as Kings gave away more and more land), the
3166:
2996:
2697:
or Voivode could only listen to the Mayor's swearing-in and could not refuse to give him his seal. The Council met daily in the larger cities, less often in smaller ones.
3121:
2012:
Voivodeships the hierarchical order was almost reversed. Each province or district had its own set of officials—a list of provinces may be found in the article on
3102:
Piotr Konieczny, 163xPolishTitles, Officials in 1st Rzeczpospolita – article discussing organisation of officialdome in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, doc format
247:
meetings, giving signs (by moving a cross) that conveyed how the Archbishop wished his allies to vote. The Archbishop of Gniezno had two deputies: the bishops of
354:. Ministers were comparable to modern central-government officials. They were 10 officials (5 for the Crown of Poland, 5 for Lithuania). The Ministers were the
3114:
621:
1011:
514:
468:
460:
3286:
2297:
2187:
3321:
920:
2991:
1022:
725:
s. It should be remembered that, in those times, goods—as well as people—were taxed not only at borders but at bridges, crossroads and city gates.
3183:
3178:
1746:
The combat readiness of troops was overseen by Inspectors General (however, it is unclear exactly when "in the 17th century" they were created).
304:). Each chose a Deputy Voivode, who was responsible for setting local prices and measures. Voivodes were chosen by the King, except for those of
3091:
3052:
1413:
1136:
In principle, Polish–Lithuanian officials enjoyed life tenure. Of several notable exceptions to that rule, the most important involved the
3239:
630:
583:
2724:. He and the other Bench members were chosen by the Council for a year's term from among lesser city officials (writers, clerks, etc.).
239:" article, giving the country the right to legally depose the King. From among other senators, he chose his own court marshal (often a
228:, i.e., as interim head of state until a new king could be elected. He represented the country and prepared elections for a new king.
3281:
3234:
3159:
550:, a Major and a Minor. These were expected to be in constant contact and to develop common policies. Their responsibilities included
919:. The number of Voivodes slowly increased when new Voivodeships were created; at its greatest extent, the Commonwealth had 37. See
3359:
3309:
3261:
2013:
3101:
2068:
Standard-bearers carried the local banner during Royal ceremonies, and in war when local troops served in the Army. During war,
3274:
3254:
2005:
98:
1316:
and many other dignitaries, of progressively less importance, dealing with matters such as food supplies, transportation, etc.
443:
A Marshal's duties consisted in providing security to the King and keeping order where he was present. Marshals commanded two
3269:
3221:
3211:
1307:
Court Treasurer – managed the King's finances, kept accounts of his personal treasure, and supervised the court's treasures;
3351:
3326:
1254:
them (by the 17th century, this was merely a tradition, left over from the days when this official used to detect poison).
2705:) collected city taxes and supervised the tax collectors. Security and order in the city were the responsibility of the
1313:
Kapelan (Royal Chaplain) – conducted court masses, supervised the liturgical treasures, and oversaw the court musicians;
2884:
1996:
A 1611 Constitution (amended 1633 and 1635) prescribed many officials. Exceptions to the rule, however, were the rule;
960:, whose position in the hierarchy was actually superior to that of a Voivode. The Castellans were of three categories:
39:
3387:
3074:
188:
3045:
1663:)—"Great" and "Field." Field Hetmans were subordinate to Great Hetmans, and were sometimes called "Border Hetmans" (
3171:
2735:
and was the administrative, executive and judicial chief for the village, responsible only to the village's owner.
667:
The Chancellor's powers tended to be reinforced by the fact that wars required funds that were appropriated by the
73:
3249:
3137:
2966:
2061:
s also held the "power of the sword", which meant that they enforced the verdicts of all other courts. Non-City
3154:
2676:
limited to a statutory of two members. These rules were finally abolished in 1792 by the 3rd May Constitution.
3344:
2883:
Fictional or fictitious offices were a specific kind of offices, as they referred to the territories which
2709:. He also supervised the city jail and the keyman who unlocked and locked the city gates at dawn and dusk.
641:) and writer. In the 17th century, each such court was enlarged to include four assessors; and, in 1775, a
1715:. These officers were salaried (the Lithuanian Field Guard, Field Clerk and Quartermaster received 15,000
3188:
2571:
and in his absence acted in his name with all his powers. Lower city officials were the Borough Regent (
312:
Voivode, who were elected by (and from) the local nobility (but still had to be appointed by the King).
235:
session, if he deemed it important to do so, even in the absence of the King. He could also invoke the "
17:
3366:
3035:
691:
1144:
meetings and could suggest, but not determine, the subject of a meeting. Traditionally, the post of
3397:
3039:
3031:
2693:
oversight, and the like. The Council chose the Mayor, and its members' decision was final—even the
1165:
200:
192:
110:
57:
31:
1732:
The Quartermasters selected campsites, built the camps, and provided logistics and camp security.
1280:
Szambelan (Chamberlain) – in charge of the King's court and the domestic economy on Crown estates;
3206:
1034:
652:
The Chancellor often gave speeches representing the royal will. The symbol of his office was the
123:
3106:
2057:
was punishable with death), which generally made Poland a safer country than its neighbors. The
1320:
The Queen had her own court, staffed with women; its influence in the country was much smaller.
3056:
661:
106:
2009:
2938:
2920:
591:
divided the work among the clerks. Two Secretaries (one for private, the other for official,
211:
35:
2074:
s maintained order and security in their territories. In Lithuania, the responsibilities of
2004:
had only 4 of the 15 prescribed dignitaries; most northern voivodeships had about 5; and in
1729:
The Field Clerks kept accounts of men, equipment and weapons, and paid the soldiers' wages.
3339:
3216:
2946:
2927:
2916:
1372:
1092:"—what today would be termed a State Prosecutor. One each for Crown and for Lithuania, the
8:
2970:
2904:
1310:
Sekretarze Królewscy (Royal Secretaries) – dealt with the King's personal correspondence;
320:
270:. Other Castellans, however, were considered to be lesser dignitaries than the Voivodes.
2598:, who assisted the judge and collected fines and fees. Prosecutors were extremely rare.
2019:
District officials were appointed by the King, with a few exceptions (local parliaments—
2001:
1674:
The Hetmans chose a commissioner for a two-year period who commanded the Commonwealth's
292:). They were in charge of assembling local nobility's military forces in the event of a
3198:
3092:
Urzędy główne i sejmowanie do połowy XVIII w. "Dzieje administracji w Polsce w zarysie"
2912:
2908:
2900:
1961:
1947:
1634:
Hetmans were very independent; they could maintain their own foreign contacts with the
1266:
347:
294:
176:
1244:, they often held another title, usually that of a lesser district official such as a
1077:. The Great Secretaries often acted as Assessors and were called "innate Assessors."
2892:
1236:
the King had to create another set of officials to deal with those responsibilities.
558:
547:
224:
219:
215:
53:
1684:
300:
3304:
3229:
2986:
1739:
1637 – General of Artillery (responsible for artillery forces and their logistics);
1487:
669:
578:
342:
207:
160:
1025:
for details. After 1668, though there was no law explicitly forbidding it, no non
561:" (Crown and Lithuanian, Major and Minor). The Chancelleries were staffed with a "
346:" ("incompatibility") forbade Voivodes and Castellans to hold a second title as a
3095:
2896:
2218:
2054:
1026:
683:
634:
626:
535:
196:
184:
152:
27:
Organizational and administrative structure of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
3331:
3294:
3006:
2974:
2888:
1984:
1635:
1197:
657:
551:
486:
477:
319:
of Kraków Land (which has its seat in a privileged city, as the Commonwealth's
69:
49:
3381:
2686:
2033:("General Starosta") was the official in charge of a specific territory. The
1967:
1668:
697:
Grand Treasurers supervised lesser officials such as the Master of the Mint (
653:
592:
513:
courtiers, and (where applicable) set their salaries. Each Marshal wielded a
498:
140:
136:
46:
2847:
1160:
1029:
were nominated to the senatorial offices. Even the 1717 laws did not forbid
2831:
1716:
1652:
1391:
1380:
1270:
1185:
1172:
1154:
1074:
802:
531:
502:
456:
144:
65:
736:
526:
From 1507, the title of Grand Chancellor of the Crown was rotated between
1913:
1346:
1339:
1276:
A second set of dignitaries was headed by the Court Marshal (see above):
916:
323:
until 1596), Castellans were often considered subordinate to Voivodes. A
275:
90:
1060:
The most important such officials were the Great Secretaries (singular:
2042:
1365:
1030:
953:
329:
327:
was in charge of part of a Voivodeship (till the 15th century called a
148:
2602:
s maintained order and security on court grounds, and a court runner (
2378:
2167:
1495:
956:). Their number also varied. The most important Castellan was that of
248:
179:(central officials). The list of dignitaries eligible to serve in the
76:(Voivodes, Castellans, Ministers, Bishops) and the rest of hereditary
2950:
2368:
2139:
1933:
1923:
1742:
1670s – General of Logistics; General of Medics; General of Finances.
1446:
1439:
1354:
1179:) existed only during sessions of the Commonwealth's parliament (the
945:
928:
837:
616:
566:
324:
316:
240:
214:. From 1572, the first time that Poland had been without a king (the
172:
94:
2863:
2404:
2177:
1647:
1506:
1301:
969:
957:
305:
267:
252:
3146:
3001:
2962:
2931:
2859:
2629:
2552:
2543:
2424:
2414:
2320:
2270:
2208:
2157:
2102:
2028:
1975:
1655:. There were two kinds of hetman (in addition to the division into
1480:
1424:
1402:
1294:
1287:
1246:
912:
902:
769:
674:
519:
506:
448:
444:
231:
In addition, the Archbishop of Gniezno had the power to call a new
114:
102:
77:
1152:("provinces" – major divisions) of the Republic, or Commonwealth:
677:
who controlled the Senate were usually loath to increase and levy
637:
courts). Each such court was staffed by a secretary, Referendary (
3136:
2958:
2954:
2310:
2129:
1981:
1939:
1675:
1472:
1465:
1454:
1431:
973:
527:
497:
such as drawing a weapon in the King's presence, the penalty was
452:
333:, and thereafter divided into provinces for Major Castellans and
309:
259:
168:
2041:("Non-City Starosta") was responsible for administration of the
1304:) – organized hunts, guarded the royal forests against poachers;
2942:
2070:
1953:
1905:
1787:
1777:
1767:
1757:
1639:
1628:
1624:
1602:
1065:
1018:
977:
490:
436:
351:
334:
289:
280:
164:
1121:
From 1647, the ministers were joined by a Postmaster General (
2014:
provinces and geography of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1283:
Chorąży Wielki (Standard-bearer) – carried the King's banner;
1208:) and Crown and Lithuanian Treasury courts, created in 1613 (
678:
494:
1997:
1073:
they read out letters of the King's and resolutions of the
61:
3393:
Government officials of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
2887:
lost in the second half of the 17th century either to the
607:
s", each, in Poland and Lithuania. The Grand Chancellor's
243:). That person acted as the Archbishop's messenger during
2997:
Order of precedence in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
505:
over all crimes committed against the royal court and by
118:
2953:. Polish kings continued to present fictional titles of
2609:
1735:
After 1635, several new military titles were created:
1216:). Salaries for all judges were set at Sejm meetings.
1133:), the supervisor of the Royal Post, founded in 1547.
1053:-related officials were not entitled to a vote in the
2037:("City Starosta") was in charge of cities, while the
1678:
troops. Below the Hetmans were Deputy Hetmans titled
1040:
717:
s (overseer of customs officers), customs officers (
2738:
89:
The Commonwealth's administrative system was a pre-
64:. The Commonwealth was governed by the Parliament (
1164:("Lesser Poland"), in the "Polish Crown"; and the
2000:rules were treated as mere recommendations. Thus
1528:– Court and Lithuanian Regent of the Chancellery;
284:. They were the leaders of the Land Parliaments (
3379:
3044:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
1012:Castellans of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
2536:
1928:– Commander of an infantry or cavalry regiment;
1695:were accompanied by a staff of officers titled
1148:Marshal rotated among Senators from the three
921:Voivodes of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
195:were transformed into the confederal state of
3122:
2992:Hetmans of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
2547:. He was supported by a Borough Substarosta (
1419:– Crown and Lithuanian Master of the Kitchen;
1397:– Crown and Lithuanian Court Standard-bearer;
1386:– Crown and Lithuanian Grand Standard-bearer;
1297:) – in charge of the King's stables and stud;
1023:Bishops of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
728:
517:, which he had received from the Chancellor (
1896:– Crown and Lithuanian General of Artillery;
1196:The highest court for nobles was called the
1037:known as "dyssydents" to sit in the Senate.
911:) – an ancient dignity, merged with that of
2679:
1749:
3129:
3115:
2965:of Czernihow to their courtiers. In 1785,
1512:– Crown and Lithuanian Master of the Hunt;
1193:), who kept the records of Sejm meetings.
1183:). The Marshal chose the Secretary of the
262:Senators, the foremost was the Castellan (
3075:Learn how and when to remove this message
2899:(1660), the Commonwealth officially lost
895:areschalus Curiae Magni Ducis Lithuaniae)
45:The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was a
2567:). The Borough Substarosta assisted the
1645:A Hetman's symbol of office was a mace (
1623:The highest military officials were the
1584:– Crown and Lithuanian State Prosecutor;
1323:
52:of the period 1569–1795, comprising the
2049:remained in charge of the City Courts (
1560:– Crown and Lithuanian Treasury Notary;
1544:– Crown and Lithuanian Judicial Notary;
1360:– Crown and Lithuanian Court Treasurer;
1334:– Crown and Lithuanian Grand Secretary;
1103:Then came the Great Writers (singular:
980:). They were seated among the Voivodes.
222:), the Archbishop of Gniezno served as
14:
3380:
1290:) – carried the sword before the King;
863:Subcancellarius Magni Ducis Lithuaniae
633:(i.e., not subject to ecclesiastic or
203:, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
99:tripartite classification of authority
3110:
2969:gave fictitious title of starosta of
2945:of the former province took place at
1536:– Crown and Lithuanian Record-keeper;
1269:was set down by the secretary to the
1080:Next were 4 Referendaries (singular:
538:(1569), the two offices, Chancellor (
130:
101:, it was, as with other contemporary
3016:
2878:
2610:List of borough and judicial offices
2541:The most important official was the
2078:s were similar to those of non-city
1893:Generał artylerii koronny i litewski
1552:– Crown and Lithuanian Great Notary;
1525:Regent kancelarii koronny i litewski
1408:– Crown and Lithuanian Sword-bearer;
1004:– Equerry Castellans (there were 3).
830:cancellarius Magni Ducis Lithuaniae)
795:Cancellarius Ducis Magnis Lithuaniae
489:on the spot, without possibility of
206:The most important official was the
109:". There was, however, evidence of "
2583:) and common clerks ("subclerks" —
1991:
1618:
1331:Sekretarz wielki koronny i litewski
996:– Minor Castellans (there were 49).
988:– Major Castellans (there were 31).
557:The Chancellors' offices were the "
24:
3138:Royal and noble titles and honours
2941:was detached from Poland in 1667,
2911:. Furthermore, as a result of the
1722:; the Crown Field Clerk, 30,000).
1631:were not paid for their services.
1557:Pisarz skarbowy koronny i litewski
762:Mareschalus Magni Ducis Lithuaniae
612:return could afford to be stingy.
25:
3409:
2532:– Deputy Voivod (Deputy Governor)
1942:officer (literally, "Companion");
1872:– Lithuanian Field Quartermaster;
1856:– Lithuanian Great Quartermaster;
1001:Kasztelanowie Konarscy (Koniuszy)
879:areschalus Curiae Regni Poloniae)
797:) – Grand Chancellor of Lithuania
782:) – Grand Chancellor of the Crown
84:
3021:
2739:List of town and village offices
2347:– Deputy Voivod, Deputy Starosta
1549:Pisarz wielki koronny i litewski
1541:Pisarz sądowy koronny i litewski
1230:
1064:), Crown and Lithuanian. Only a
993:Kasztelanowie Mniejsi (Drążkowi)
985:Kasztelanowie Więksi (Krzesłowi)
865:) – Grand Treasurer of Lithuania
850:) – Grand Treasurer of the Crown
183:had been finalized when, in the
2823:Starosta generalny wielkopolski
2731:A village mayor was called the
968:– Distinguished Castellans (of
2949:, some 500 kilometers west of
2915:(1667), Poland-Lithuania lost
2885:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1592:– Lithuanian Surveyor General;
1460:– Crown and Lithuanian Carver;
848:Subcancellarius Regni Poloniae
832:– Vice-Chancellor of Lithuania
816:– Vice-Chancellor of the Crown
764:) – Grand Marshal of Lithuania
749:) – Grand Marshal of the Crown
340:After 1565, the principle of "
40:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
13:
1:
3012:
2839:Starosta generalny małopolski
1581:Instygator koronny i litewski
1445:– Crown and Lithuanian Royal
1371:– Crown and Lithuanian Court
1171:The office of Marshal of the
380:Grand Chancellor of Lithuania
372:Grand Chancellor of the Crown
2967:Stanisław August Poniatowski
2855:Burgrabia zamku krakowskiego
2537:Borough and judicial offices
2238:
1888:– Lithuanian Military Judge;
1864:– Crown Field Quartermaster;
1848:– Crown Great Quartermaster;
1682:, who commanded voivodeship
1533:Metrykant koronny i litewski
897:– Court Marshal of Lithuania
881:– Court Marshal of the Crown
814:cancellarius Regni Poloniae)
412:Grand Treasurer of Lithuania
404:Grand Treasurer of the Crown
396:Vice-Chancellor of Lithuania
388:Vice-Chancellor of the Crown
237:de non praestanda obedientia
143:of the First Commonwealth’s
7:
2980:
2720:The Bench was chaired by a
2065:s had no juridical powers.
1614:– Lithuanian Cellar-Master.
1520:– Court Master of the Hunt;
1394:nadworny koronny i litewski
1368:nadworny koronny i litewski
1357:nadworny koronny i litewski
886:Marszałek Nadworny Litewski
780:Cancellarius Regni Poloniae
664:had planned in the 1630s).
603:), which were kept by two "
432:Marszałek Nadworny Litewski
30:This article discusses the
10:
3414:
2717:and looked out for spies.
2481:
1792:– Lithuanian Field Hetman;
1772:– Lithuanian Grand Hetman;
1651:), which was added to his
1214:Trybunał Skarbowy Litewski
1049:As the name suggests, non-
870:Marszałek Nadworny Koronny
747:Mareschalus Regni Poloniae
729:List of Senatorial offices
682:suggestion to augment the
619:powers, exercised through
428:Court Marshal of Lithuania
424:Marszałek Nadworny Koronny
420:Court Marshal of the Crown
364:Grand Marshal of Lithuania
356:Grand Marshal of the Crown
218:having died out with King
3197:
3145:
1840:– Lithuanian Field Clerk;
1824:– Lithuanian Field Guard;
1808:– Lithuanian Great Guard;
1383:wielki koronny i litewski
1257:Drink was seen to by the
1210:Trybunał Skarbowy Koronny
1017:The Senate also included
855:Podskarbi Wielki Litewski
754:Marszałek Wielki Litewski
625:, which were the highest
615:The Chancellors also had
416:Podskarbi Wielki Litewski
368:Marszałek Wielki Litewski
350:, except for the post of
3388:Military ranks of Poland
3030:This article includes a
2793:
2680:Town and village offices
2086:
1885:Sędzia Wojskowy Litewski
1805:Strażnik Wielki Litewski
1750:List of military offices
1166:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
965:Kasztelanowie Wyróżnieni
787:Kanclerz Wielki Litewski
573:), Scriptors (singular:
501:. A Marshal's court had
408:Podskarbi Wielki Koronny
384:Kanclerz Wielki Litewski
360:Marszałek Wielki Koronny
201:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
193:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
111:rational-legal authority
58:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
36:administrative structure
3059:more precise citations.
2152:– Deputy District Judge
1880:– Crown Military Judge;
1877:Sędzia Wojskowy Koronny
1821:Strażnik Polny Litewski
1797:Strażnik Wielki Koronny
1576:– Lithuanian Treasurer;
1486:– Crown and Lithuanian
1471:– Crown and Lithuanian
1430:– Crown and Lithuanian
1345:– Crown and Lithuanian
1223:) were supervised by a
1158:("Greater Poland") and
629:for persons subject to
542:) and Vice-Chancellor (
534:Chancellors. After the
485:). These courts passed
376:Kanclerz Wielki Koronny
337:for Minor Castellans).
2469:– Custodian of Bridges
1901:Regent Wojski litewski
1853:Oboźny Wielki Litewski
1813:Strażnik Polny Koronny
1768:Hetman Wielki Litewski
554:and internal affairs.
107:traditional domination
2939:Czernihow Voivodeship
2921:Czernihow Voivodeship
2606:) delivered summons.
2579:), Borough Scriptor (
1869:Oboźny Polny Litewski
1845:Oboźny Wielki Koronny
1837:Pisarz Polny Litewski
1788:Hetman Polny Litewski
1782:– Crown Field Hetman;
1762:– Crown Grand Hetman;
1758:Hetman Wielki Koronny
1324:List of court offices
1140:Marshal, who chaired
821:Podkanclerzy Litewski
400:Podkanclerzy Litewski
212:Archbishop of Gniezno
72:, the King-appointed
3317:Poland and Lithuania
2947:Wlodzimierz Wolynski
2928:Partitions of Poland
2917:Smolensk Voivodeship
2620:– Borough Substarost
2409:– Master of the Hunt
2182:– Master of the Hunt
1861:Oboźny Polny Koronny
1832:– Crown Field Clerk;
1829:Pisarz Polny Koronny
1816:– Crown Field Guard;
1800:– Crown Great Guard;
1778:Hetman Polny Koronny
1123:Poczmistrz generalny
903:Voivodes (Palatines)
692:Bogusław Leszczyński
473:pisarz marszałkowski
465:sędzia marszałkowski
392:Podkanclerzy Koronny
105:, largely based on "
68:) consisting of the
3155:Commonwealth realms
2971:Nowogrod Siewierski
2905:Parnawa Voivodeship
2617:Podstarosta grodowy
2575:), Borough Notary (
2549:podstarości grodowy
2039:Starosta niegrodowy
1713:Field Quartermaster
1709:Great Quartermaster
1127:Poczmistrz naczelny
709:s, tax collectors (
286:Sejmiki Wojewódzkie
3032:list of references
2913:Truce of Andrusovo
2909:Dorpat Voivodeship
2901:Wenden Voivodeship
2663:– Borough Subjudge
2249:– District Marshal
1962:Towarzysz pancerny
1948:Towarzysz husarski
1509:koronny i litewski
1501:– Crown Cupbearer;
1483:koronny i litewski
1468:koronny i litewski
1457:koronny i litewski
1442:koronny i litewski
1427:koronny i litewski
1416:koronny i litewski
1405:koronny i litewski
1342:koronny i litewski
1302:Master of the Hunt
1267:Sigismund III Vasa
1131:Generał poczmistrz
1110:The Crown Keeper (
295:pospolite ruszenie
131:Senatorial offices
3375:
3374:
3199:Former monarchies
3085:
3084:
3077:
2893:Tsardom of Russia
2879:Fictional offices
2789:– City Treasurer.
2757:– Advocate-Mayor;
2577:notariusz grodzki
2500:– Standard-bearer
2373:– Royal Cupbearer
2284:– Standard-bearer
2246:Marszałek ziemski
2144:– Royal Cupbearer
2116:– Standard-bearer
1671:and the Tatars).
1638:, Russia and the
1611:Piwniczy litewski
1589:Geometra litewski
1293:Koniuszy Wielki (
1286:Miecznik Wielki (
1206:Trybunał Litewski
1191:sekretarz sejmowy
942:Comes Castellanus
711:poborca podatkowy
662:Władysław IV Waza
622:assessors' courts
220:Zygmunt II August
216:Jagiellon Dynasty
189:Kingdom of Poland
54:Kingdom of Poland
16:(Redirected from
3405:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3108:
3107:
3090:
3080:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3060:
3055:this article by
3046:inline citations
3025:
3024:
3017:
2987:List of szlachta
2961:, deputies, and
2895:. Following the
2801:Starosta grodowy
2765:– Council Clerk;
2660:Podsędek grodzki
2647:– Borough Regent
2563:) and Scriptor (
2333:– District Clerk
2292:– District judge
2203:– District Clerk
2124:– District Judge
2035:Starosta grodowy
2002:Bełz Voivodeship
1992:District offices
1918:– Deputy Hetman;
1619:Military offices
1573:Skarbny litewski
1565:Kusztosz koronny
1242:incompatibilitas
1125:, also known as
1066:man of the cloth
1062:sekretarz wielki
1045:-related offices
627:appellate courts
455:, and a special
451:, a regiment of
343:incompatibilitas
21:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3398:Polish nobility
3378:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3212:Austria-Hungary
3193:
3141:
3135:
3096:Feliks Koneczny
3088:
3081:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3050:
3036:related reading
3026:
3022:
3015:
2983:
2897:Treaty of Oliva
2881:
2807:Starosta sądowy
2796:
2741:
2682:
2671:– Borough Clerk
2655:– Borough Judge
2612:
2539:
2484:
2437:– Quartermaster
2241:
2219:Wojski mniejszy
2089:
2055:highway robbery
1994:
1752:
1685:levées en masse
1665:hetmani kresowi
1621:
1597:Wojski litewski
1568:– Crown Keeper;
1517:Łowczy nadworny
1326:
1300:Łowczy Wielki (
1263:Royal Cupbearer
1233:
1202:Trybunł Koronny
1177:Marszałek Sejmu
1112:kustosz koronny
1047:
1027:Roman Catholics
1021:of Poland. See
915:: Governors of
731:
684:military budget
536:Union of Lublin
515:marshal's staff
469:marshal's clerk
461:marshal's judge
315:Except for the
197:Crown of Poland
185:Union of Lublin
133:
87:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3411:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3390:
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3111:
3105:
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3099:
3083:
3082:
3065:September 2016
3040:external links
3029:
3027:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3007:Table of Ranks
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2982:
2979:
2975:Tadeusz Czacki
2889:Swedish Empire
2880:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2867:
2851:
2835:
2819:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2782:
2774:
2770:Syndyk miejski
2766:
2758:
2750:
2740:
2737:
2703:Syndyk Miejski
2681:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2668:Pisarz grodzki
2664:
2656:
2652:Sędzia grodzki
2648:
2644:Rejent grodzki
2640:
2632:
2621:
2611:
2608:
2581:pisarz grodzki
2573:rejent grodzki
2538:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2525:
2517:
2509:
2501:
2493:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2470:
2462:
2454:
2446:
2438:
2430:
2420:
2419:– Sword-bearer
2410:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2374:
2364:
2360:Pisarz grodzki
2356:
2352:Sędzia grodzki
2348:
2334:
2330:Pisarz ziemski
2326:
2316:
2306:
2298:Wojski większy
2293:
2289:Sędzia ziemski
2285:
2277:
2266:
2258:
2250:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2227:
2214:
2213:– Sword-bearer
2204:
2200:Pisarz ziemski
2196:
2188:Wojski większy
2183:
2173:
2163:
2153:
2145:
2135:
2125:
2121:Sędzia ziemski
2117:
2109:
2098:
2088:
2085:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1971:
1957:
1943:
1929:
1919:
1909:
1897:
1889:
1881:
1873:
1865:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1817:
1809:
1801:
1793:
1783:
1773:
1763:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1636:Ottoman Empire
1620:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1607:
1593:
1585:
1577:
1569:
1561:
1553:
1545:
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1529:
1521:
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1502:
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1476:
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1409:
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1387:
1376:
1361:
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1322:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1281:
1232:
1229:
1198:Crown Tribunal
1098:viceinstygator
1046:
1039:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1005:
997:
989:
981:
924:
898:
882:
866:
851:
840:Wielki Koronny
833:
817:
798:
783:
772:Wielki Koronny
765:
750:
739:Wielki Koronny
730:
727:
715:superintendent
658:Ottoman Empire
593:correspondence
301:levée en masse
288:, Voivodeship
210:, who was the
163:), comprising
132:
129:
124:Pacta conventa
93:. In terms of
86:
85:Classification
83:
50:mixed monarchy
32:organizational
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3410:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
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3241:
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3225:
3223:
3220:
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3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3132:
3127:
3125:
3120:
3118:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3079:
3076:
3068:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3019:
3018:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2773:– City Clerk;
2772:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2749:– City Mayor;
2748:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2723:
2718:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2690:
2688:
2687:Magdeburg law
2677:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2492:– Chamberlain
2491:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2338:Podwojewódzki
2335:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2267:
2265:– Chamberlain
2264:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2099:
2097:– Chamberlain
2096:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2051:sądy grodzkie
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1968:Light cavalry
1965:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1904:– Lithuanian
1903:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1669:Ottoman Turks
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1600:– Lithuanian
1599:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1231:Court offices
1228:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1105:pisarz wielki
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1014:for details.
1013:
1003:
1002:
998:
995:
994:
990:
987:
986:
982:
979:
975:
971:
967:
966:
962:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
940:
936:
932:
931:
930:
929:Kasztelanowie
925:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
905:
904:
899:
896:
892:
888:
887:
883:
880:
876:
872:
871:
867:
864:
861:
857:
856:
852:
849:
846:
842:
841:
839:
834:
831:
827:
823:
822:
818:
815:
811:
807:
806:
804:
799:
796:
793:
789:
788:
784:
781:
778:
774:
773:
771:
766:
763:
760:
756:
755:
751:
748:
745:
741:
740:
738:
733:
732:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
695:
693:
687:
685:
680:
676:
673:. The richer
672:
671:
665:
663:
659:
655:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
623:
618:
613:
610:
606:
602:
599:" (singular:
598:
594:
590:
586:
585:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
559:Chancelleries
555:
553:
549:
548:Chancelleries
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
522:
521:
516:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
481:s (singular:
480:
479:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
439:
438:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
344:
338:
336:
332:
331:
326:
322:
318:
313:
311:
307:
303:
302:
297:
296:
291:
287:
283:
282:
277:
271:
269:
265:
261:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
227:
226:
221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
141:upper chamber
138:
137:privy council
128:
126:
125:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
82:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:
47:confederative
43:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3316:
3071:
3062:
3051:Please help
3043:
2936:
2925:
2882:
2874:– Surrogate.
2870:
2869:
2854:
2853:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2832:Wielkopolska
2827:
2822:
2821:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2799:
2785:
2784:
2781:– Constable;
2777:
2776:
2769:
2768:
2761:
2760:
2753:
2752:
2745:
2744:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2694:
2691:
2683:
2674:
2667:
2666:
2659:
2658:
2651:
2650:
2643:
2642:
2635:
2634:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2615:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2548:
2542:
2540:
2528:
2527:
2520:
2519:
2512:
2511:
2504:
2503:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2487:
2473:
2472:
2465:
2464:
2457:
2456:
2449:
2448:
2441:
2440:
2433:
2432:
2423:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2403:
2402:
2395:
2394:
2387:
2386:
2377:
2376:
2367:
2366:
2363:– City Clerk
2359:
2358:
2355:– City Judge
2351:
2350:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2329:
2328:
2319:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2296:
2295:
2288:
2287:
2280:
2279:
2269:
2268:
2261:
2260:
2253:
2252:
2245:
2244:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2217:
2216:
2207:
2206:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2186:
2185:
2176:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2119:
2112:
2111:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2092:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2025:
2020:
2018:
1995:
1974:
1973:
1960:
1959:
1946:
1945:
1932:
1931:
1922:
1921:
1912:
1911:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1891:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1859:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1843:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1819:
1812:
1811:
1804:
1803:
1796:
1795:
1786:
1785:
1776:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1756:
1755:
1745:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1690:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1653:coat of arms
1646:
1644:
1633:
1622:
1610:
1609:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1563:
1556:
1555:
1548:
1547:
1540:
1539:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1523:
1516:
1515:
1505:
1504:
1494:
1493:
1479:
1478:
1464:
1463:
1453:
1452:
1438:
1437:
1423:
1422:
1412:
1411:
1401:
1400:
1390:
1389:
1379:
1378:
1364:
1363:
1353:
1352:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1329:
1319:
1288:Sword-bearer
1275:
1271:Papal Nuncio
1262:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1220:
1219:Salt mines (
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1159:
1155:Wielkopolska
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1042:
1041:Central non-
1016:
1009:
1000:
999:
992:
991:
984:
983:
964:
963:
954:castellanies
949:
941:
938:
934:
927:
926:
923:for details.
917:Voivodeships
908:
901:
900:
894:
890:
885:
884:
878:
874:
869:
868:
862:
859:
854:
853:
847:
844:
836:
835:
829:
825:
820:
819:
813:
809:
803:Podkanclerzy
801:
800:
794:
791:
786:
785:
779:
776:
768:
767:
761:
758:
753:
752:
746:
743:
735:
734:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
696:
688:
668:
666:
651:
646:
642:
638:
620:
614:
608:
604:
600:
596:
588:
582:
574:
570:
562:
556:
544:Podkanclerzy
543:
539:
532:ecclesiastic
525:
518:
511:
503:jurisdiction
482:
476:
472:
464:
457:court of law
442:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
341:
339:
328:
314:
308:Voivode and
299:
293:
285:
279:
276:Voivodeships
272:
263:
257:
244:
236:
232:
230:
223:
205:
187:(1569), the
180:
156:
134:
122:
121:such as the
117:respect for
88:
44:
29:
3089:(in Polish)
3057:introducing
2814:, Judicial
2762:Pisarz rady
2585:podpiskowie
2559:), Notary (
2529:Podwojewoda
2477:– Architect
2466:Mostowniczy
2399:– Treasurer
2391:– Castellan
2383:– Cupbearer
2344:Podstarosta
2234:– Treasurer
2172:– Cupbearer
2043:Crown lands
1914:Regimentarz
1705:Field Clerk
1701:Field Guard
1697:Great Guard
1693:Regimentarz
1691:Hetman and
1680:Regimentarz
1373:Chamberlain
1347:Referendary
1340:Referendarz
1082:referendarz
950:kasztelanie
948:: heads of
933:(singular:
907:(singular:
723:subkolektor
703:dyspensator
639:Referendarz
569:(singular:
567:Secretaries
91:bureaucracy
3382:Categories
3147:Monarchies
3140:by country
3013:References
2848:Małopolska
2842:– General
2826:– General
2600:Instygator
2516:– Alderman
2489:Podkomorzy
2474:Budowniczy
2461:– Forester
2388:Horodniczy
2262:Podkomorzy
2094:Podkomorzy
1661:Lithuanian
1414:Kuchmistrz
1366:Podkomorzy
1221:żupy solne
1161:Małopolska
1150:prowincyje
1094:Instygator
1090:Instygator
1031:Calvinists
946:Castellans
660:that King
330:Castellany
155:) was the
149:parliament
115:nobility's
103:monarchies
60:and their
18:Podkomorzy
3222:Byzantium
2963:starostas
2951:Czernihow
2746:Burmistrz
2636:Notariusz
2625:Burgrabia
2561:Notariusz
2557:Burgrabia
2429:– Equerry
2369:Podczaszy
2325:– Steward
2315:– Pantler
2257:– Bailiff
2239:Lithuania
2162:– Steward
2140:Podczaszy
2134:– Pantler
2031:generalny
1934:Towarzysz
1924:Rotmistrz
1720:per annum
1447:Cupbearer
1440:Podczaszy
1355:Podskarbi
1259:Cupbearer
935:Kasztelan
913:Palatines
909:Palatinus
838:Podskarbi
737:Marszałek
643:metrykant
631:crown law
617:judiciary
609:Metrykant
605:metrykant
584:metrykant
571:Sekretarz
507:courtiers
445:regiments
325:Castellan
317:Castellan
264:Kasztelan
241:Castellan
177:ministers
173:Castellan
113:" in the
95:Max Weber
3322:Portugal
3262:Ethiopia
3189:Thailand
3098:, Polish
3002:Szlachta
2981:See also
2959:senators
2955:voivodes
2932:nobility
2871:Surrogat
2860:Burgrave
2844:Starosta
2828:Starosta
2816:Starosta
2812:Starosta
2695:Starosta
2639:– Notary
2630:Burgrave
2569:Starosta
2553:Burgrave
2544:Starosta
2458:Leśniczy
2453:– Carver
2442:Strażnik
2425:Koniuszy
2415:Miecznik
2396:Skarbnik
2321:Podstoli
2302:– Major
2271:Starosta
2231:Skarbnik
2223:– Minor
2209:Miecznik
2192:– Major
2158:Podstoli
2149:Podsędek
2103:Starosta
2080:starosta
2063:Starosta
2059:Starosta
2047:Starosta
2029:Starosta
1976:Pocztowy
1970:officer;
1956:officer;
1481:Podstoli
1425:Koniuszy
1403:Miecznik
1261:and the
1247:starosta
1086:referred
1035:Orthodox
770:Kanclerz
645:s and a
587:s." The
540:Kanclerz
520:Kanclerz
487:sentence
478:assessor
449:infantry
348:Minister
225:interrex
191:and the
78:nobility
3360:Ottoman
3356:Turkey
3352:Somalia
3336:Serbia
3327:Romania
3295:Maratha
3287:Germany
3282:Georgia
3270:Kingdom
3266:France
3250:Ancient
3240:Taiping
3172:Ancient
3053:improve
2943:sejmiks
2891:or the
2866:Castle;
2810:– City
2524:– Clerk
2508:– Judge
2497:Chorąży
2482:Prussia
2450:Krajczy
2445:– Guard
2379:Cześnik
2311:Stolnik
2281:Chorąży
2276:– Mayor
2273:grodzki
2168:Cześnik
2130:Stolnik
2113:Chorąży
2108:– Mayor
2105:grodowy
2021:sejmiki
2010:Bracław
1985:trooper
1982:Cavalry
1940:Cavalry
1908:Regent;
1676:Cossack
1629:hetmans
1625:Hetmans
1496:Cześnik
1488:Steward
1473:Pantler
1466:Stolnik
1455:Krajczy
1432:Equerry
1392:Chorąży
1381:Chorąży
1295:Equerry
1116:skarbny
1033:or the
1019:Bishops
974:Vilnius
805:Koronny
707:kurator
699:mincerz
601:Metryka
597:Metryki
552:foreign
528:secular
459:with a
453:militia
335:powiats
321:capital
310:Vilnius
290:Sejmiks
278:to the
260:secular
249:Wrocław
208:Primate
169:Voivode
165:Bishops
38:of the
3332:Russia
3310:Joseon
3301:Korea
3291:India
3275:Empire
3255:Mamluk
3246:Egypt
3226:China
3184:Sweden
2937:After
2907:, and
2864:Kraków
2778:Hutman
2733:sołtys
2707:Hutman
2596:asesor
2565:Pisarz
2521:Pisarz
2513:Ławnik
2505:Sędzia
2434:Oboźny
2405:Łowczy
2304:Wojski
2225:Wojski
2194:Wojski
2178:Łowczy
2071:Wojski
1954:Hussar
1906:Wojski
1717:zlotys
1648:buława
1640:Tatars
1603:Wojski
1507:Łowczy
1498:korony
1225:żupnik
978:Trakai
970:Kraków
958:Kraków
939:Latin:
891:Latin:
875:Latin:
860:Latin:
845:Latin:
826:Latin:
810:Latin:
792:Latin:
777:Latin:
759:Latin:
744:Latin:
721:) and
719:celnik
675:nobles
670:Senate
647:regens
635:magnat
589:Regens
579:clerks
575:Pisarz
563:Regens
495:crimes
493:. For
491:appeal
483:asesor
475:) and
426:) and
352:Hetman
306:Połock
268:Kraków
253:Poznań
161:Senate
74:Senate
56:, the
3367:Wales
3345:noble
3340:royal
3305:Silla
3217:Burma
3207:Akkad
3179:Spain
3167:Japan
3038:, or
2794:Other
2786:Lonar
2714:Lonar
2604:woźny
2254:Ciwun
2087:Crown
2076:Ciwun
2006:Wołyń
1657:Crown
1146:Senat
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