456:, were called to serve on the editorial board. Worried that there would not be enough subscribers to support the magazine and hoping to ensure a good reception from traditional groups, the founders sent letters to leaders of ten sultanates in the archipelago asking that they subscribe to the magazine; however, only Syarif Muhammad Alkadrie, the
535:. The first edition of this new series, dated March 1948 but released in May, included a heated condemnation of the Indonesian leadership for perceived unwillingness to deal with the suffering which occurred during the occupation. This new publication, which Jassin described as unoriginal, ceased in 1954. It was later replaced by
31:
622:
did not share a united political view and the magazine ostensibly stayed politically neutral. This stance was adopted to ensure the magazine did not fall afoul of the colonial government's censors and to protect contributors employed by the government. However, writings falling under various parts of
579:
original stated mission, to advocate a new style of literature and language that reflected the
Indonesian National Awakening, lasted until April 1934. The scope was slowly extended to culture, art, and social issues in 1935. After 1936, the mission statement was that the magazine was intended to be a
667:
did not share religious views. Main contributors, including the founders, came from religious backgrounds ranging from near-secularism to orthodox Islam. Stemming from these conflicting cultural views, between
September 1935 and June 1939, numerous polemics were published in the magazine, discussing
564:
had more than 125 employees or contributors. Most were of
Sumatran origin, with a high school or greater education in Westernized schools, and a good command of Dutch. They were modernists, and most were around the age of twenty five when they first contributed. According to Armijn, they were united
780:
modernization of Malay; Marah Sutan, chairman of the Malay-language
Teachers Board, stated that it betrayed the "purity of High Malay and its traditional poetic forms". Traditionalists also decried the introduction of loanwords to Malay from regional and foreign languages to increase the Indonesian
662:
writers were united by nationalism, they had different views on traditional culture. Some, such as Armijn and
Alisjahbana, considered an understanding of Western culture and history key to development. Others, such Sanusi, emphasized the need for Eastern values, though they accepted some aspects of
475:
founders stated their intention to publish in May 1933. However, the initial publication was later delayed until July for two reasons. Firstly, Armijn intended to move to
Batavia to help with the magazine and needed time to do so. Secondly, a conflict arose between the founders and Kolff & Co.
511:
in
February 1942; the last issue published covered the period of December 1941 to February 1942. The editors wrote in that issue that they intended to continue publication as long as feasible; this did not happen, although later writers used a similar style. Until its closing, the original run of
760:
were structurally based in reimaginings of traditional forms with an emphasis on aesthetic diction; thematically, he writes, the poems tended to deal with either lofty goals or a deep sense of loneliness in the midst of natural beauty. According to literary documentarian H.B. Jassin, the poems,
491:
The nascent magazine, under the editorial control of Armijn and
Alisjahbana, was initially poorly received by political parties and actors; they considered the magazine, which was generally non-political, liable to weaken the nationalist movement by diverting it into less important areas. To
752:
kept a sense of ambivalence towards the Dutch colonial government as well as traditional culture as a central theme in their works. Although they rejected Dutch control of the archipelago, these nationalist writers embraced
Western culture; Sutherland writes that some of the most staunchly
580:"guide to the new, dynamic enthusiasm to form a new culture, Indonesian culture". According to Sutherland, however, the writers dealt mainly with the needs and opinions of modernist, pro-Westernization intellectuals; discussions of the socio-political needs of the masses were few.
441:(modern day Jakarta). The three discussed Armijn's proposed budget and stated goal of promoting a national language. After the meeting, Armijn sent follow-up letters to the previously contacted writers and reached an agreement with Dutch publishing house Kolff & Co.
548:
paid subscribers were always fewer than 150. According to historian
Heather Sutherland, this low circulation was rooted in several cultural factors. Firstly, the native populace at the time had limited literacy and education. Secondly, native intellectuals mainly spoke
437:, in October 1932 Hamzah was tasked with writing letters to solicit submissions; a total of fifty letters were sent to noted writers, including forty sent to contributors to "Memadjoekan Sastera". In January 1933, Armijn went to meet Alisjahbana and Hamzah in
275:, numerous essays, and several short stories. The publication, which never had more than 150 paying subscribers, received mixed responses. Young writers praised it for reflecting the period, while Malay traditionalists decried its perceived corruption of the
587:
was meant to include various types of literary works, including fictional prose, poetry (in both modern and traditional forms), non-fiction literary reviews and critiques, research, and opinion pieces on language and literature. The original run of
256:. However, the different cultural and political views of its contributors led the publication to have undefined leanings. To maintain a neutral political position, the magazine published writings that covered numerous aspects of the
596:
published five dramas, one novel, and several short stories. Along with individual scholarly articles, the magazine also published special editions dedicated to collections of essays on the Indonesian emancipation figure
492:
guarantee better support, people who were not writers or literary critics were accepted onto the editorial board. The first, Sumadang, was accepted in 1935. Other politicians involved during the end of the 1930s included
812:
described the magazine as a "midwife to a literary revolution", noting that the political revolution in the 1940s was likely influenced by the magazine. However, the aesthetic qualities of works published in
684:, was further extolled by Armijn as having been long in development. This was expanded by Alisjabana, who wrote that the language had seen greater growth and deviation from old Malay since the advent of the
1894:
2033:
219:
began to hold a greater degree of nationalism, evidenced in part by the establishment of several nationalist publications. Armijn, Hamzah, and Alisjahbana, three writers from
825:
suffered from over-sentimentality and flowery rhetoric, which he blamed on the writers being influenced by the Tachtigers. Many of the works have since been forgotten.
773:
was well received by young writers and intellectuals, who saw it as a way to express themselves and their nationalist ideas. Traditionalists, however, complained about
237:, was first published in July 1933. During its publishing run, the magazine took a wider scope and saw greater involvement from politically inclined persons. After the
448:
that contained publication data and guaranteed that the magazine would have no fewer than sixty-four pages per issue. Other writers, including Armijn's elder brother
839:
neutral political stance, arguing that its inability to objectively understand the needs of the people made it unfit to truly reflect the struggle for independence.
707:
377:(first published 1932); these were short-lived publications and only included literature as a supplement. There were also unsuccessful attempts to found
404:
when the latter began submitting poems. A vocal activist for literary renewal, in a September 1932 letter Alisjahbana called for new literary critics (
414:
to help them form a group. After a long period of exchanging letters, they decided to publish a magazine together. The magazine, later given the name
2028:
2008:
367:
225:
418:, was meant to advocate modernity and nationalism through literature, which had never been done in the Indies. The founders, all originating from
279:. Although most of its published works are now forgotten, the shared themes and styles from 1933 to 1942 have led critics to deem the period the "
2013:
726:, a Dutch literary movement from the 1880s. Sutherland suggests that the romantic theme prevalent in their works was adapted by the authors to
680:
was almost exclusively in Indonesian and worked to promote the language's growth. Indonesian, declared to be the language of unity in the 1928
484:, eleven poems from solicited writers, and two essays, one by Armijn and one by Alisjahbana. The magazine continued to be primarily written in
223:, laid the foundation for their magazine in September 1932. They sent letters to forty contributors to the literary section of the newspaper
238:
233:. When a deal with Dutch-owned publishing house Kolff & Co. fell through, the founders agreed to self-publish. The resulting magazine,
476:
about printing costs, eventually leading the founders to opt for self-publication. This first edition included a foreword by educators
2003:
373:
422:, also noted a lack of interaction between the increasing number of poets and writers. To avoid the creative limitations of the
1998:
1973:
1860:
1832:
1811:
1717:
553:
during formal discourse, while others kept to local languages; this led to comprehension issues for the Indonesian-language
1993:
817:
have received mixed reception in the years after the magazine stopped publication. Indonesian poet and literary critic
592:
published more than 300 poems and, in special editions, several poetry anthologies; although prose was less prominent,
971:... pembimbing semangat baroe jang dinamis oentoek membentoek keboedajaan baroe, keboedajaan persatoean Indonesia".
57:
756:
Keith Foulcher, an Australian professor of Indonesian literature and language, writes that the poems published in
351:
This sense of unity was represented in new media. Dutch-language magazines for educated native youth, such as the
271:
published ninety issues, including over three hundred pieces of poetry, five plays, three poetry anthologies, a
2023:
2018:
847:
Several major works, including numerous poetry collections, five plays, and one novel, were first published in
520:
730:
the changing realities of Indonesian society. As opposed to earlier works published by Balai Pustaka such as
329:
488:; indeed, the magazine was the first written mainly in Indonesian and with exclusively Indonesian editors.
744:
focused on national identity, and writers included areas that they had never visited. Old themes, such as
340:
founded political parties to further their goals and represent their political ideologies, including the
508:
341:
523:, a second series was published under the same title by Alisjabahna with new contributors, including
345:
694:); the entirety of the November 1933 issue was dedicated to Alisjahbana's writings on the language.
921:
393:
205:
78:
481:
260:. In cultural discourse, the magazine published disagreeing polemics over the proper balance of
528:
801:
703:
284:
685:
628:
496:, Mohamad Sjah, and Sugiarti. During this period the magazine began to have a wider scope.
8:
1842:
602:
485:
477:
457:
253:
808:
generation", a reference to the publication's dominance. Translator and literary critic
676:
As opposed to the Balai Pustaka, which published works in regional languages and Dutch,
1924:
624:
337:
257:
212:
311:
word associated with religious learning. As such, the title implies noble intentions.
1969:
1950:
1881:
1880:] (in Indonesian). Vol. 1. Jakarta: Akademi Sastera dan Bahasa "Multatuli".
1856:
1828:
1807:
1784:
1760:
1736:
1713:
445:
423:
325:
304:
299:
literally translates to "New Writer". However, the term "Poedjangga" (after the 1972
216:
150:
127:
1914:
1906:
493:
396:, editor of "Memadjoekan Sastera" ("Advancing Literature", the literary section of
761:
though they adapted Western forms and Indonesian diction, retained Malay rhythms.
1963:
1940:
1871:
1846:
1822:
1797:
1703:
818:
745:
884:
640:
550:
453:
378:
276:
261:
196:
literary magazine published from July 1933 to February 1942. It was founded by
170:
324:
At the beginning of the twentieth century, the different ethnic groups of the
30:
1987:
1954:
829:
809:
736:
524:
427:
1885:
1764:
1740:
1788:
928:
890:"Lukisan Masa" ("Sketch of the Ages") by Armijn Pane, published in May 1937
681:
365:. Nationalist views were advocated through magazines for adults, including
333:
1702:(1976). "Modern Indonesian Literature in Brief". In Brakel, L. F. (ed.).
937:
894:
870:
731:
449:
411:
401:
201:
197:
192:
74:
70:
1751:(1985). "Pujangga Baru Muncul Kembali" [Pujangga Baru Returns].
903:"Manusia Baru" ("New Person") by Sanusi Pane, published in November 1940
155:
1928:
944:
794:
723:
702:
in June 1938; the seminar featured papers by Sjarifuddin, Alisjahbana,
539:, led by Alisjahbana, which published bi-monthly from 1954 until 1962.
532:
507:
was closed with the fall of the Dutch East Indies government after the
1919:
1895:"Pudjangga Baru: Aspects of Indonesian Intellectual Life in the 1930s"
740:(1922), which emphasized regional cultural values, prose published in
1772:
1748:
1733:
Pujangga Baru: High Literature and Nationalism in Indonesia 1933–1942
1699:
699:
362:
361:(1917), advocated a modern national identity without the traditional
353:
241:
in 1942, the magazine ceased publication. Another magazine under the
230:
1910:
1729:
Pujangga Baru: Kesusasteraan dan Nasionalisme di Indonesia 1933–1942
804:
published between 1933 and 1942 is sometimes described as from the "
1936:
861:
727:
308:
307:
word "bhujangga", from which "pujangga" is derived, is rooted in a
272:
1712:] (in German). Vol. 1. Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill.
782:
644:
636:
598:
438:
419:
220:
1399:
1397:
1345:
1343:
748:, were abandoned. According to Sutherland, most contributors to
786:
668:
the best course of action for Indonesian cultural development.
632:
900:"Njai Lenggang Kentjana" by Armijn Pane, published in May 1939
605:; the latter was published on the occasion of Tagore's death.
1450:
1438:
1394:
1340:
897:, published in three parts from October through December 1938
790:
1759:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Gramedia. pp. 103–105.
1491:
1489:
1372:
1370:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1149:
1147:
1287:
1098:
1096:
1056:
1054:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1651:
1543:
1486:
1462:
1367:
1316:
1207:
1195:
1144:
300:
175:
1533:
1531:
1382:
1253:
1251:
1236:
1093:
1051:
991:
688:
and foundation of Dutch schools for native Indonesians (
583:
According to the 1933 press release, from the beginning
519:
After the Japanese surrender and towards the end of the
1518:
1516:
1474:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1159:
1022:
883:"Ken Arok dan Ken Dedes" ("Ken Arok and Ken Dedes") by
793:. Other Malay figures against the publication included
430:, they agreed that the magazine should be independent.
264:
and tradition necessary for the country's development.
1949:] (in Indonesian). Vol. 1. Ende: Nusa Indah.
1757:
Modern Indonesian Literature in Critiques and Essays I
1567:
1355:
1171:
1132:
2034:
Literary magazines published in the Dutch East Indies
1753:
Kesusastraan Indonesia Modern dalam Kritik dan Esei I
1603:
1528:
1328:
1248:
1183:
1120:
1108:
1071:
1069:
698:
held the first seminar on the Indonesian language in
252:
supported a modern, united nation with one language,
1965:
Essays on Literature & Society in Southeast Asia
1804:
Introduction to the History of Indonesian Literature
1675:
1663:
1639:
1591:
1579:
1555:
1513:
1421:
1409:
1275:
1263:
1039:
1010:
753:
nationalist writers were also the most westernized.
328: – modern day Indonesia – began to feel a
303:, spelled "pujangga") has further connotations. The
229:
requesting submissions, as well as support from ten
1627:
1615:
1501:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1224:
873:, published in three parts from April and July 1940
565:by a view of life and not a shared literary style.
1735:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Girimukti Pasaka.
1081:
1066:
851:. The following is a list of those publications.
1985:
1299:
1855:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
1827:. Albany: State University of New York Press.
1783:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Gunung Agung.
267:During its nine-year initial publication run,
821:argued in 1976 that most poetry published in
239:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies
1824:The Development of Modern Indonesian Poetry
689:
405:
245:banner was published from 1948 until 1954.
1905:(6). Ithaca: Cornell University: 106–127.
1892:
1806:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Grasindo.
1657:
1549:
1495:
1468:
1456:
1444:
1403:
1376:
1349:
1218:
1060:
1004:
184:, also known by the intermediate spelling
29:
1918:
2029:Monthly magazines published in Indonesia
2009:Defunct magazines published in Indonesia
1726:
1573:
1361:
1293:
1201:
1177:
1153:
1138:
1114:
1102:
1045:
952:) by Amir Hamzah, published in June 1941
400:) since its creation in March 1932, met
1869:
1609:
1537:
1388:
1257:
1242:
1189:
1126:
1033:
1016:
764:
332:, as eventually formulated in the 1928
211:From the turn of the 20th century, the
1986:
1841:
1820:
1771:
1747:
1698:
1669:
1645:
1633:
1597:
1585:
1561:
1522:
1432:
1415:
1334:
1322:
1281:
1269:
1230:
1165:
1087:
797:, S.M. Latif, and Sutan Mohamad Zain.
2014:Defunct Indonesian-language magazines
1935:
1681:
1621:
1507:
1075:
907:
444:In February 1933, the group issued a
169:
1961:
1893:Sutherland, Heather (October 1968).
1480:
713:
785:and the deviation from traditional
627:were published, including works by
13:
1853:A Lexicon of Indonesian Literature
1799:Pengantar Sejarah Sastra Indonesia
1795:
1310:
410:) and asked Armijn to invite poet
14:
2045:
2004:Magazines disestablished in 1942
1878:History of Indonesian Literature
601:and the Bengali literary figure
1781:Pudjangga Baru Prose and Poetry
963:
516:published about ninety issues.
381:literary publications, such as
1777:Pudjangga Baru Prosa dan Puisi
842:
521:Indonesian National Revolution
463:
1:
1999:Magazines established in 1933
979:
663:Western culture. Writers for
319:
691:Hollandsch-Inlandsche School
560:Throughout its publication,
35:Cover of August 1937 edition
16:Indonesian literary magazine
7:
1848:Leksikon Susastra Indonesia
940:, published in October 1937
887:, published in January 1934
671:
613:
568:
509:Japanese invaded the Indies
388:
371:(first published 1930) and
10:
2050:
1994:Defunct literary magazines
1873:Sedjarah Sastera Indonesia
1710:Handbook of Orientalistics
1705:Handbuch der Orientalistik
650:
499:
342:Indonesian Communist Party
314:
1962:Tham, Seong Chee (1981).
1947:New Indonesian Literature
854:
346:Indonesian National Party
149:
141:
133:
123:
115:
107:
92:
84:
66:
56:
48:
40:
28:
1727:Foulcher, Keith (1991).
956:
922:Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana
877:
828:Leftist literary critic
608:
426:' state-owned publisher
394:Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana
290:
206:Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana
171:[puˈdʒaŋɡabaˈru]
79:Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana
1870:Siregar, Bakri (1964).
1821:Raffel, Burton (1967).
924:, published in May 1936
722:were influenced by the
482:Hoessein Djajadiningrat
460:, agreed to subscribe.
330:sense of national unity
1968:. S.l: Coronet Books.
690:
529:Achdiat Karta Mihardja
406:
2024:Avant-garde magazines
2019:Mass media in Jakarta
1942:Sastra Baru Indonesia
802:Indonesian literature
704:Djamaluddin Adinegoro
629:cultural nationalists
385:(announced in 1921).
285:Indonesian literature
1843:Rampan, Korrie Layun
1796:KS, Yudiono (2010).
918:Spread of the Clouds
765:Reception and legacy
708:Sukarjo Wirjopranoto
686:Dutch Ethical Policy
433:To gain support for
359:Jong Sumatranen Bond
190:) was an Indonesian
1483:, pp. 103–105.
1459:, pp. 120–123.
1447:, pp. 115–117.
1406:, pp. 108–109.
1352:, pp. 109–111.
1325:, pp. 103–104.
1296:, pp. 112–113.
603:Rabindranath Tagore
478:Ki Hadjar Dewantara
468:In the prospectus,
458:sultan of Pontianak
25:
908:Poetry anthologies
625:political spectrum
258:political spectrum
176:Perfected spelling
21:
1975:978-9971-69-035-9
1862:978-979-666-358-3
1834:978-0-87395-024-4
1813:978-979-759-849-5
1719:978-90-04-04331-2
1391:, pp. 77–78.
1245:, pp. 79–80.
1204:, pp. 22–23.
1168:, pp. 12–13.
1156:, pp. 19–21.
1105:, pp. 14–17.
1036:, pp. 73–74.
714:Styles and themes
424:Dutch East Indies
326:Dutch East Indies
217:Dutch East Indies
161:
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128:Dutch East Indies
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806:Poedjangga Baroe
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775:Poedjangga Baroe
771:Poedjangga Baroe
758:Poedjangga Baroe
750:Poedjangga Baroe
742:Poedjangga Baroe
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718:Contributors to
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678:Poedjangga Baroe
665:Poedjangga Baroe
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657:Poedjangga Baroe
620:Poedjangga Baroe
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574:Poedjangga Baroe
562:Poedjangga Baroe
555:Poedjangga Baroe
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543:Poedjangga Baroe
514:Poedjangga Baroe
505:Poedjangga Baroe
494:Amir Sjarifuddin
474:
470:Poedjangga Baroe
435:Poedjangga Baroe
416:Poedjangga Baroe
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281:Poedjangga Baroe
269:Poedjangga Baroe
250:Poedjangga Baroe
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1145:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1074:
1067:
1061:Sutherland 1968
1059:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1023:
1015:
1011:
1005:Sutherland 1968
1003:
992:
982:
977:
976:
968:
964:
959:
910:
893:"Kertajaya" by
880:
857:
845:
836:
819:Muhammad Balfas
777:
769:The release of
767:
746:forced marriage
716:
674:
659:
653:
643:, and notes on
616:
611:
576:
571:
545:
502:
472:
466:
398:Pandji Poestaka
391:
368:Pandji Poestaka
322:
317:
301:spelling reform
297:Poedjangga Baru
293:
283:generation" of
248:Ideologically,
226:Pandji Poestaka
119:Poestaka Rakjat
99:
97:
77:
73:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2047:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1981:
1980:
1974:
1959:
1933:
1890:
1867:
1861:
1839:
1833:
1818:
1812:
1793:
1769:
1745:
1724:
1718:
1695:
1687:
1686:
1684:, p. 119.
1674:
1662:
1660:, p. 126.
1650:
1638:
1626:
1614:
1602:
1590:
1578:
1566:
1554:
1552:, p. 125.
1542:
1527:
1512:
1500:
1498:, p. 124.
1485:
1473:
1471:, p. 119.
1461:
1449:
1437:
1420:
1408:
1393:
1381:
1379:, p. 112.
1366:
1354:
1339:
1337:, p. 243.
1327:
1315:
1298:
1286:
1274:
1262:
1247:
1235:
1223:
1221:, p. 108.
1206:
1194:
1182:
1170:
1158:
1143:
1131:
1119:
1107:
1092:
1080:
1065:
1063:, p. 107.
1050:
1038:
1021:
1009:
1007:, p. 106.
989:
988:
981:
978:
975:
974:
961:
960:
958:
955:
954:
953:
941:
925:
909:
906:
905:
904:
901:
898:
891:
888:
885:Muhammad Yamin
879:
876:
875:
874:
856:
853:
844:
841:
766:
763:
715:
712:
710:, and Sanusi.
673:
670:
652:
649:
641:Rosa Luxemburg
615:
612:
610:
607:
570:
567:
501:
498:
465:
462:
454:Muhammad Yamin
407:letterkundigen
390:
387:
379:Malay-language
321:
318:
316:
313:
292:
289:
277:Malay language
262:Westernization
243:Pudjangga Baru
187:Pudjangga Baru
159:
158:
153:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
117:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
96:July 1933
94:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
68:
64:
63:
60:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2046:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1977:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1826:
1825:
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1809:
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1800:
1794:
1790:
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1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
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1715:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1683:
1678:
1672:, p. 64.
1671:
1666:
1659:
1654:
1648:, p. 60.
1647:
1642:
1635:
1630:
1624:, p. 51.
1623:
1618:
1612:, p. 81.
1611:
1606:
1600:, p. 13.
1599:
1594:
1588:, p. 27.
1587:
1582:
1576:, p. 63.
1575:
1574:Foulcher 1991
1570:
1564:, p. 24.
1563:
1558:
1551:
1546:
1540:, p. 83.
1539:
1534:
1532:
1525:, p. 12.
1524:
1519:
1517:
1510:, p. 53.
1509:
1504:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1482:
1477:
1470:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1435:, p. 58.
1434:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1418:, p. 32.
1417:
1412:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1390:
1385:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1364:, p. 24.
1363:
1362:Foulcher 1991
1358:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1336:
1331:
1324:
1319:
1313:, p. 79.
1312:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1295:
1294:Foulcher 1991
1290:
1284:, p. 35.
1283:
1278:
1272:, p. 71.
1271:
1266:
1260:, p. 75.
1259:
1254:
1252:
1244:
1239:
1232:
1227:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1203:
1202:Foulcher 1991
1198:
1192:, p. 78.
1191:
1186:
1180:, p. 22.
1179:
1178:Foulcher 1991
1174:
1167:
1162:
1155:
1154:Foulcher 1991
1150:
1148:
1141:, p. 20.
1140:
1139:Foulcher 1991
1135:
1129:, p. 77.
1128:
1123:
1117:, p. 18.
1116:
1115:Foulcher 1991
1111:
1104:
1103:Foulcher 1991
1099:
1097:
1089:
1084:
1078:, p. 50.
1077:
1072:
1070:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1047:
1046:Foulcher 1991
1042:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1019:, p. 72.
1018:
1013:
1006:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
990:
987:
986:
972:
966:
962:
951:
947:
946:
942:
939:
935:
931:
930:
926:
923:
919:
915:
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902:
899:
896:
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889:
886:
882:
881:
872:
868:
864:
863:
859:
858:
852:
850:
840:
835:
831:
830:Bakri Siregar
826:
824:
820:
816:
811:
810:Burton Raffel
807:
803:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
776:
772:
762:
759:
754:
751:
747:
743:
739:
738:
737:Sitti Nurbaya
733:
729:
725:
721:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
692:
687:
683:
679:
669:
666:
658:
648:
646:
642:
638:
635:dedicated to
634:
630:
626:
621:
606:
604:
600:
595:
591:
586:
581:
575:
566:
563:
558:
556:
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538:
534:
530:
526:
525:Chairil Anwar
522:
517:
515:
510:
506:
497:
495:
489:
487:
483:
479:
471:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
436:
431:
429:
428:Balai Pustaka
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
403:
399:
395:
386:
384:
380:
376:
375:
370:
369:
364:
363:feudal system
360:
356:
355:
349:
347:
343:
339:
338:native groups
335:
331:
327:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:
222:
218:
214:
213:native people
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
194:
189:
188:
183:
182:
181:Pujangga Baru
177:
172:
167:
166:
157:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
95:
91:
87:
83:
80:
76:
72:
69:
65:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
32:
27:
24:
19:
1964:
1946:
1941:
1902:
1898:
1877:
1872:
1852:
1847:
1823:
1803:
1798:
1780:
1776:
1756:
1752:
1732:
1728:
1709:
1704:
1692:Bibliography
1691:
1690:
1677:
1665:
1653:
1641:
1636:, p. 6.
1629:
1617:
1610:Siregar 1964
1605:
1593:
1581:
1569:
1557:
1545:
1538:Siregar 1964
1503:
1476:
1464:
1452:
1440:
1411:
1389:Siregar 1964
1384:
1357:
1330:
1318:
1289:
1277:
1265:
1258:Siregar 1964
1243:Siregar 1964
1238:
1233:, p. 5.
1226:
1197:
1190:Siregar 1964
1185:
1173:
1161:
1134:
1127:Siregar 1964
1122:
1110:
1090:, p. 7.
1083:
1048:, p. 9.
1041:
1034:Siregar 1964
1017:Siregar 1964
1012:
984:
983:
970:
965:
949:
943:
933:
929:Nyanyi Sunyi
927:
917:
914:Tebaran Mega
913:
866:
860:
848:
846:
833:
827:
822:
814:
805:
799:
774:
770:
768:
757:
755:
749:
741:
735:
719:
717:
695:
682:Youth Pledge
677:
675:
664:
656:
654:
619:
618:Writers for
617:
593:
589:
584:
582:
573:
572:
561:
559:
554:
542:
541:
536:
518:
513:
504:
503:
490:
469:
467:
443:
434:
432:
415:
397:
392:
382:
372:
366:
358:
352:
350:
334:Youth Pledge
323:
305:Old Javanese
296:
294:
280:
268:
266:
249:
247:
242:
234:
224:
210:
191:
186:
185:
180:
179:
168:(pronounced
164:
163:
162:
22:
18:
1670:Balfas 1976
1646:Balfas 1976
1634:Raffel 1967
1598:Jassin 1963
1586:Jassin 1963
1562:Jassin 1963
1523:Jassin 1963
1433:Balfas 1976
1416:Jassin 1963
1335:Rampan 2000
1323:Jassin 1985
1282:Jassin 1963
1270:Balfas 1976
1231:Raffel 1967
1166:Jassin 1963
1088:Jassin 1963
969:Original: "
938:Amir Hamzah
934:Silent Song
895:Sanusi Pane
871:Armijn Pane
843:Major works
732:Marah Rusli
537:Konfrontasi
464:Publication
450:Sanusi Pane
412:Amir Hamzah
402:Armijn Pane
357:(1915) and
202:Amir Hamzah
198:Armijn Pane
193:avant-garde
108:Final issue
93:First issue
75:Amir Hamzah
71:Armijn Pane
58:Circulation
1988:Categories
1920:1813/53440
1773:Jassin, HB
1749:Jassin, HB
1682:Teeuw 1980
1622:Teeuw 1980
1508:Teeuw 1980
1076:Teeuw 1980
980:References
945:Buah Rindu
832:condemned
795:Agus Salim
724:Tachtigers
533:Asrul Sani
486:Indonesian
446:prospectus
320:Background
295:The title
254:Indonesian
231:sultanates
145:Indonesian
111:March 1942
44:Literature
41:Categories
1955:222168801
1937:Teeuw, A.
1899:Indonesia
1481:Tham 1981
985:Footnotes
700:Surakarta
655:Although
639:theorist
452:and poet
354:Jong Java
62:Under 150
49:Frequency
1939:(1980).
1886:63841626
1845:(2000).
1775:(1963).
1765:36434233
1741:36682391
867:Shackles
862:Belenggu
672:Language
614:Politics
569:Contents
389:Founding
336:. These
309:Sanskrit
142:Language
134:Based in
1929:3350714
1789:9399495
1311:KS 2010
787:pantuns
783:lexicon
651:Culture
645:fascism
637:Marxist
599:Kartini
500:Closure
439:Batavia
420:Sumatra
374:Timboel
315:History
221:Sumatra
215:of the
156:6619356
137:Batavia
124:Country
116:Company
100:1933-07
98: (
85:Founded
67:Founder
52:Monthly
1972:
1953:
1927:
1884:
1859:
1831:
1810:
1787:
1763:
1739:
1716:
855:Novels
837:'s
791:syairs
778:'s
728:escape
660:'s
633:sonnet
577:'s
546:'s
531:, and
473:'s
383:Malaya
204:, and
1945:[
1925:JSTOR
1876:[
1851:[
1802:[
1779:[
1755:[
1731:[
1708:[
957:Notes
936:) by
920:) by
878:Plays
869:) by
609:Views
551:Dutch
291:Title
273:novel
1970:ISBN
1951:OCLC
1882:OCLC
1857:ISBN
1829:ISBN
1808:ISBN
1785:OCLC
1761:OCLC
1737:OCLC
1714:ISBN
800:The
789:and
631:, a
623:the
480:and
344:and
151:OCLC
88:1933
1915:hdl
1907:doi
734:'s
1990::
1923:.
1913:.
1901:.
1897:.
1530:^
1515:^
1488:^
1423:^
1396:^
1369:^
1342:^
1301:^
1250:^
1209:^
1146:^
1095:^
1068:^
1053:^
1024:^
993:^
706:,
647:.
557:.
527:,
348:.
287:.
208:.
200:,
178::
174:;
1978:.
1957:.
1931:.
1917::
1909::
1903:6
1888:.
1865:.
1837:.
1816:.
1791:.
1767:.
1743:.
1722:.
948:(
932:(
916:(
865:(
102:)
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