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346:: "The Israelis knew about it just like Bush knew about it, just like the Germans knew about it, just like the French knew about it. Bush couldn't hope for a better legitimization of his trying to make the Middle East a gas station." Despite this, Baraka denies that his poem is anti-Semitic pointing to the accusation in the poem's text which he claims is directed only against Israelis rather than Jews as a people. The
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230:(1934–2014) as the state's second poet laureate on August 28, 2002 although his selection was expected at least two months earlier. Baraka, born Everett Leroy Jones, was an African-American poet, playwright, and author of fiction, essays and music criticism. Baraka's poetry and writing has attracted both acclaim and condemnation. Within the African-American community, critics compare him to
141:", would convene to select candidates for the consideration of the state's governor. After the first appointment of a poet laureate, each subsequent nominating panel would include the incumbent poet laureate as a fifth member. The governor alone would appoint the poet laureate by presenting him or her with the New Jersey William Carlos Williams Citation of Merit.
74:, was criticized by many as violent, incendiary, and anti-Semitic, and the ensuing controversy ignited a political firestorm. Because of Baraka's defiant refusals to apologize or resign as poet laureate and since there was no mechanism in the law to remove him, the position was abolished by the legislature and Governor
362:'RESIGN!'" McGreevey and state officials learned that there was no legal way to remove Baraka in the law authorizing and defining the position. However, the city of Newark supported Baraka and his work, and responded to the attempts to remove him as poet laureate by appointing him to be the poet laureate of the
282:, said that he did not like the poem, but added "I do like the sense that a poet can be disturbing and not necessarily comforting or consensus-building." Immediately after its public reading, the poem met with harsh criticism by literary critics, politicians, and the public. The poem is highly critical of
253:
views, saying "You're gonna catch hell for this". After Baraka's death in
January 2014, McGreevey said, "I named him poet laureate because I appreciated his art, his intelligence and his creative energy. I've always had great personal affect(ion) for him and recognized him as a gifted creative force."
408:
affirmed the lower court's decision and ruled that state officials were immune from such suits. This appellate decision further stated that "Baraka, like any person, was free to speak his views. But he had no protected legal interest in the maintenance of the position of poet laureate of New Jersey."
395:
to challenge his dismissal and the elimination of the post supported by allegations that his free speech rights had been violated and alleged that McGreevey and other state officials had retaliated against him. However, U.S. District Court Judge
Garrett E. Brown, Jr., dismissed Baraka's claim citing
357:
Commenting on Baraka's poem and the resulting controversy, the state's first poet laureate Gerald Stern stated that he was "shocked at the stupidity of it" and remarked that the response to it was difficult to weigh—that although "we don't censor poets ... lies never serve good, and there was hate in
374:
On
October 17, 2002, legislation was introduced in the General Assembly to abolish the post. It was one of several bills offered to amend the law, make a declarative legislative statement in support of Baraka's resignation, or abolish the post. This bill sought to abolish the post and offered only
185:
described Stern's work, saying that his poems "feel to me, often, a bit like that story, or rather, his manner of telling it: here is my pain, here is my sorrow, here is the song I've made of it." Stern's last public reading as poet laureate was held on June 27, 2002 at a Summer Writer's
Conference
387:
The bill, proposed in the New Jersey State Senate passed in the senate with 21 votes supporting it and 19 abstentions. It passed the
General Assembly by a 69-2 vote. This act was subsequently signed into law by Governor McGreevey on July 2, 2003 and it became effective immediately. Baraka ceased
361:
After Baraka's public reading, Governor McGreevey sought to remove Baraka from the poet laureate post. Baraka refused to resign and defied the state's right to remove him. On
October 2, Baraka posting a defiant statement on his website stating in capital letters "I WILL NOT 'APOLOGIZE', I WILL NOT
252:
said that McGreevey's selection of Baraka "was a no-brainer—he was a sort of icon, and a major figure within a constituency McGreevey counted on". At a ceremony in August 2002, Baraka warned McGreevey that the decision to appoint him as poet laureate might be a mistake because of his controversial
61:. It was expected that the award's recipient—the poet laureate—would "engage in activities to promote and encourage poetry within the State and shall give no fewer than two public readings within the State each year." In this respect, New Jersey's poet laureate was similar to the position of
122:. According to the bill, the recipient would receive a $ 10,000 honorarium and be considered the poet laureate of the State of New Jersey. This legislation, Assembly Bill No. 2714, passed the General Assembly on March 29, 1999, with 72 votes in favor, 2 votes opposed. On June 21, 1999, the
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Pursuant to statute, the state's poet laureate would serve for a term of two years in which the person appointed would be required to "engage in activities to promote and encourage poetry within the State and shall give no fewer than two public readings within the State each year."
136:
The statute provided that every two years, a panel of four persons from New Jersey "who are either distinguished poets or persons who represent a range of stylistic approaches in the field of poetry" and chosen by "the New Jersey
Council for the Humanities, in consultation with the
69:
and in several other countries. However, a public reading in
September 2002 by the state's second laureate, Newark-based poet Amiri Baraka, of his poem "Somebody Blew Up America" was met with harsh criticism by the public and news media. The poem, which explores
1132:
During the 2002–2003 legislative session, four bills (S21, S1981, SCR76, SR104) were offered in the senate. There were nine bills (A2857, A2859, A2864, A2877, A2907, A3241, A3313, AR192, AR237) introduced in the
General Assembly. These bills can be viewed at
234:
and call Baraka one of the most respected and most widely published Black writers of his generation. Others have said that his work often ventures into expressions of violence, racism, homophobia, and misogyny—particularly his advocacy of
866:, January 9, 2014. Retrieved January 12, 2014. Note: Weigel was insinuating that McGreevey's selection of Baraka was an act of pandering to African-American voters, largely Democratic party supporters, in the state's largest city.
999:
Lines from the poem state: "Who do Tom Ass
Clarence work for / Who doo doo come out the Colon's mouth / Who know what kind of Skeeza is a Condoleeza / Who pay Connelly to be a wooden negro" see at Baraka, Amiri.
46:. However, the legislature recognized that the award's recipient would "be considered the poet laureate of the State of New Jersey for a period of two years." Before the position was abolished, only two poets,
277:
This poem, and the collection in which it was included, is described by one critic as "one more mark in modern Black radical and revolutionary cultural reconstruction." Princeton University poetry professor
1084:(Fall 2003) 1:157-170; citing Baraka, Amiri. "I WILL NOT 'APOLOGIZE', I WILL NOT 'RESIGN!'" Statement by Amiri Baraka, New Jersey Poet Laureate (October 2, 2002) on amiribaraka.com (personal website).<
586:"An Act establishing the New Jersey 1 State William Carlos Williams Citation of Merit for distinguished New Jersey poets, supplementing Title 52 of the Revised Statutes and making an appropriation"
350:
denounced the poem as antisemitic and have pointed to several examples of a long pattern of anti-Semitism in his work and public statements though Baraka and his defenders defined his position as
106:
to establish an award, the New Jersey William Carlos Williams Citation of Merit, "which the Governor will present biennially to a distinguished New Jersey poet." The award was named to honor
1306:
558:
676:
P.L. 1999, c. 228 "An Act establishing the New Jersey William Carlos Williams Citation of Merit, supplementing Title 52 of the Revised Statutes and making an appropriation"
242:
The previous poet laureate, Gerald Stern, said that he advocated for Baraka's selection because he "thought it was important for the black community to get recognition."
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315:
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On September 20, 2002, Baraka incited a public controversy with a public reading of his poem "Somebody Blew Up America" in front of 2,000 people at the September 2002
518:
Because there was no mechanism in state law to remove Baraka, state legislature and governor abolished the post with legislation signed into law on July 2, 2003.
165:
on April 17, 2000. At the time of his appointment, Stern had been the author of twelve books of poetry and won the National Book Award for his 1998 collection
921:] for him"—rendered here under the assumption that "affected" was a typographical error and the intended word was "affection". Retrieved January 12, 2014.
405:
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created the laureate position, the bill provided specifically for the creation of an award named in honor of twentieth-century poet and physician
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because of lines claiming Israel's involvement in the World Trade Center attacks, and supporting the theory that the United States government
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poet. Created in 1999, this position existed for less than four years and was abolished by the legislature effective July 2, 2003. When the
1184:
click on "Bills 2002–2003" and search for ACR100 and SCR2 for these bills, vote tallies and historical information regarding their passage.
841:. Vol. 14, No. 2 (Spring 1991), 444–463; Ross, Marlon B., "Camping the Dirty Dozens: The Queer Resources of Black Nationalist Invective",
1313:
938:
604:"Senate State Government, Banking and Financial Institutions Committee Statement to Assembly Committee Substitute for Assembly, No. 2714"
515:
Asked to resign after public reading of a controversial poem "Somebody Blew Up America", Baraka refused, igniting a political controversy
898:, (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2008), 60; which claims Baraka's warning was "You're gonna get in trouble". Retrieved January 12, 2014.
770:
1873:
1772:
645:
Note that The New Jersey State Legislature does not provide distinct web addresses for its transactions on specific bills. However, at
678:(1999). Upon enactment, this bill's provisions were codified as New Jersey Statutes (N.J.S.) 52:16A-26.9. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
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As governor, Christine Todd Whitman signed into law the bill that created the honorary position of state poet laureate in 1999.
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269:. He was briefly booed by the audience. This poem, written in October 2001, was read at the festival—held one year after the
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1065:"Setting the Record Straight on Amiri Baraka: Anti-Semitism Permeated Work of Admired Poet and Proto-Hip-Hop Lyricist"
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click on "Bills 1998–1999" and search for "A2714" for vote tallies and historical information regarding its passage.
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833:(New York: New York University Press, 2001); Smith, David L., "Amiri Baraka and the Black Arts of Black Art",
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1614:
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Baraka proceeded to file a civil rights lawsuit under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1988 and 28 U.S.C. § 2201 in the
1121:
Assembly Bill No. 3313 (A.3313): "An Act concerning the State poet laureate and repealing P.L.1999, 2 c.228"
617:"Poet Williams Dies of Stroke: Works in 40 Volumes Likened to Chekhov Physician First Linked to Subversives"
1691:
1004:(original from Baraka's website is preserved by the Wayback Machine, archive.org). Retrieved June 26, 2013.
961:(original from Baraka's website is preserved by the Wayback Machine, archive.org). Retrieved June 26, 2013.
35:
837:. Vol. 15, No. 1/2 (Autumn 1986), 235–254; Rowell, Charles H., "An Interview With Henry Louis Gates, Jr",
820:, (Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2002; Web edition: November 11, 2012).
1863:
1754:
1747:
1705:
1607:
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1454:
915:, January 10, 2014. Note: The original article stated "I've always had great personal affected [
818:
Modern American Poetry: An Online Journal and Multimedia Companion to Anthology of Modern American Poetry
103:
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Baraka addressing the Malcolm X Festival and performing with Marcel Diallo and his Electric Church Band
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The New Jersey State Legislature doesn't provide distinct web addresses for its bills, however, at
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Fellows: Gerald Stern, 1980 - US & Canada Competition Creative Arts - Poetry. Biography
340:
In comments a week after this reading, Baraka was quoted by New Jersey's largest newspaper
270:
266:
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8:
1035:"Baraka refutes criticism. Controversial N.J. poet laureate denies accusations of racism"
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that he failed to state a grounds on which relief could be granted and under the state's
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1228:. 481 F.3d 187, Docket No. 05-2361. Filed March 21, 2007. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
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This was dismissed under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
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1018:"Governor asks poet laureate to resign: Jewish groups decry Baraka's WTC verse"
688:
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SCIRICA, (Chief Judge) United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit.
877:"Amiri Baraka dies at 79; provocative poet lauded, chided for social passion"
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Mansnerus, Laura. "New Jersey Assembly Votes to Cut Embattled Poet's Job",
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McMahon, Zachary. "Definition Rhetoric in the Amiri Baraka Controversy" in
816:, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997); see also Nelson, Cary (editor).
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1158:"An Act concerning the State poet laureate and repealing P.L.1999, c.228."
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Without providing comment and affirming the Third Circuit's decision, the
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Young Scholars in Writing: Undergraduate Research in Writing and Rhetoric
273:
on the World Trade Center—and was later published in his 2003 collection
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414:
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239:, hate, and violence towards women, homosexuals, Caucasians, and Jews.
86:
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860:"RIP Amiri Baraka, Who Was Once at the Center of a New Jersey Scandal"
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Salaam, Kaluma. "Historical Overviews of The Black Arts Movement" in
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in America, and includes angry depictions of public figures such as
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voted 39 in favor and none opposed. The bill was signed into law by
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It's Bigger Than Hip Hop: The Rise of the Post-Hip-Hop Generation
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1164:(P.L.2003, c.123). Approved 2 July 2003. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
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161:, was appointed as the state's first poet laureate by Governor
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poet and physician who practiced medicine in his birthplace of
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780:
754:"With his free spirit, free verse Poet laureate's term ending"
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United States District Court for the District of New Jersey.
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Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress
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Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender: Literature and Culture
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United States District Court for the District of New Jersey
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Amiri Baraka: The Politics and Art of a Black Intellectual
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Comment of Kamau Brathwaite cited in Poetry Foundation.
977:. (Philipsburg, St. Martin, DWI: House of Nehesi), 2003.
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1998: This Time: New and Selected Poems By Gerald Stern
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The legislature's bill was signed into law by Governor
1250:, CNN.com, November 13, 2007. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
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771:"McGreevey Could Fire Poet Under Proposed Legislation"
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1. P.L.1999, c.228 (C.52:16A-26.9) is hereby repealed.
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1144:
click on "Bills 2002–2003" and search by bill number.
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1113:
1111:
1099:"Criticized Poet Is Named Laureate of Newark Schools"
636:(New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1981), passim.
969:
967:
530:
406:
United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
402:
Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution
333:
Who know why Five Israelis was filming the explosion
323:
Who knew the World Trade Center was gonna get bombed
23:
New Jersey William Carlos Williams Citation of Merit
988:
Poems & Poets - Biography: Amiri Baraka b. 1934
814:
The Oxford Companion to African American Literature
54:, had been appointed as the state's poet laureate.
1108:
497:(also known as LeRoi Jones and Imamu Amear Baraka)
1024:, September 28, 2002. Retrieved January 12, 2014.
964:
797:"New Jersey Laureate Refuses to Resign Over Poem"
623:, March 5, 1963, B4. Retrieved February 19, 2014.
325:Who told 4,000 Israeli workers at the Twin Towers
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1071:January 20/24, 2014. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
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1248:Supreme Court won't hear appeal over 9/11 poem"
1175:http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/bills/BillView.asp
1135:http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/bills/BillView.asp
647:http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/bills/BillView.asp
945:February 9, 2003. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
883:, January 9, 2014. Retrieved January 12, 2014.
803:, September 28, 2002. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
777:, October 8, 2002. Retrieved January 12, 2014.
413:declined to hear the case by denying Baraka's
205:
1371:
1307:
1284:, November 14, 2007. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
1105:, December 19, 2002. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
1041:, February 25, 2003. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
1007:
591:
1278:"Newark: Court Will Not Hear Poet’s Lawsuit"
1086:http://www.amiribaraka.com/speech100102.html
760:, June 26, 2002. Retrieved January 12, 2014.
687:John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation.
588:A.2417 (1998). Retrieved December 25, 2013.
382:2. This act shall take effect immediately.
375:two brief provisions to effect that goal:
257:Controversy over "Somebody Blew Up America"
72:the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001
26:) was an honor presented biennially by the
1378:
1364:
1314:
1300:
909:"McGreevey hails Baraka as a great artist"
806:
634:William Carlos Williams: A New World Naked
275:Somebody Blew Up America and Other Poems.
975:Somebody Blew up America and Other Poems
209:
85:
1265:"Order List 552 U.S. - 13 November 2007
580:
578:
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335:And cracking they sides at the notion
316:knew about the 9/11 attacks in advance
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445:
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436:
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82:Establishing the position (1998–2000)
1879:2003 disestablishments in New Jersey
1259:Supreme Court of the United States.
973:Baraka, Amiri (a.k.a. LeRoi Jones).
621:The Washington Post and Times-Herald
606:(1999). Retrieved December 25, 2013.
575:
427:
421:List of Poets Laureate of New Jersey
169:. Stern had been a finalist for the
139:New Jersey State Council on the Arts
1210:Civil Action No. 04-cv-1959 (2003).
564:Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom
554:List of U.S. states' Poets Laureate
13:
1123:(2002). Retrieved August 30, 2013.
415:Petition for a Writ for Certiorari
411:Supreme Court of the United States
388:being poet laureate on that date.
263:Geraldine R. Dodge Poetry Festival
94:On December 10, 1998, Assemblyman
14:
1895:
1874:1999 establishments in New Jersey
222:had announced the appointment of
167:This Time: New and Selected Poems
1054:(2003). Retrieved June 26, 2013.
990:(2009). Retrieved June 26, 2013.
533:
486:
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398:legislative immunity protections
1842:Municipalities in Massachusetts
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1226:Decision in Baraka v. McGreevey
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1162:Laws of the State of New Jersey
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1156:New Jersey State Legislature.
1119:New Jersey State Legislature.
1052:Amiri Baraka: In His Own Words
711:. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
701:
698:. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
681:
639:
626:
609:
201:Second poet laureate (2002–03)
102:introduced legislation in the
1:
939:"When Poetry Seems to Matter"
849:23(1) (Winter 2000), 290–312.
740:. Retrieved January 12, 2014.
738:Poetry: Winners and Finalists
569:
149:First poet laureate (2000–02)
1869:Poets Laureate of New Jersey
1835:Municipalities in New Mexico
1828:Municipalities in California
1323:Poets Laureate of New Jersey
36:New Jersey State Legislature
7:
1261:Baraka v. McGreevey, et al.
1180:September 13, 2013, at the
1140:September 13, 2013, at the
709:National Book Awards - 1998
652:September 13, 2013, at the
526:
206:Appointment of Amiri Baraka
173:in 1991 for his collection
104:New Jersey General Assembly
42:(1883–1963) who resided in
18:Poet Laureate of New Jersey
10:
1900:
1002:"Somebody Blew Up America"
959:"Somebody Blew Up America"
707:National Book Foundation.
404:. On March 21, 2007, the
310:. It was also considered
1791:
1773:Canadian Provincial Poets
1771:
1464:
1397:
1329:
1050:Anti-Defamation League.
758:The Philadelphia Inquirer
329:Why did Sharon stay away?
171:Pulitzer Prize for Poetry
159:Lawrenceville, New Jersey
1069:The Jewish Daily Forward
602:New Jersey Legislature.
584:New Jersey Legislature.
1884:American Poets Laureate
175:Leaving Another Kingdom
124:New Jersey State Senate
108:William Carlos Williams
40:William Carlos Williams
694:June 22, 2011, at the
475:Christine Todd Whitman
385:
348:Anti-Defamation League
338:
215:
163:Christine Todd Whitman
131:Christine Todd Whitman
120:Rutherford, New Jersey
116:Pulitzer Prize-winning
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59:Christine Todd Whitman
44:Rutherford, New Jersey
28:Governor of New Jersey
20:(statutorily known as
881:The Los Angeles Times
736:The Pulitzer Prizes.
674:State of New Jersey.
377:
364:Newark Public Schools
327:To stay home that day
320:
213:
181:literature professor
89:
1800:District of Columbia
1263:(2007) mentioned on
1033:Stevens, Katherine.
829:Watts, Jerry Gafio,
443:Appointing Governor
370:Repeal and aftermath
271:September 11 attacks
267:Stanhope, New Jersey
133:on October 4, 1999.
1267:, Docket No. 07-79.
1208:Baraka v. McGreevey
1197:, July 2, 2003, B2.
1039:The Yale Daily News
943:The New York Times,
892:Asante, M.K., Jr.,
248:political reporter
112:National Book Award
30:to a distinguished
1864:New Jersey culture
1282:The New York Times
1276:Associated Press.
1195:The New York Times
1103:The New York Times
801:The New York Times
775:The New York Times
769:Mansnerus, Laura.
632:Mariani, Paul L.,
509:James E. McGreevey
446:Notes and remarks
366:in December 2002.
216:
188:Rutgers University
157:(1925–2022), from
92:
76:James E. McGreevey
1851:
1850:
1353:
1352:
875:Chawkins, Steve.
727:(April 15, 1998).
524:
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96:Richard H. Bagger
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462:Gerald Stern
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1466:U.S. States
1420:New Zealand
1413:Netherlands
1345:(2002–2003)
1337:(2000–2002)
723:Gay, Ross.
499:(1934–2014)
465:(1925–2022)
440:Term ended
437:Term began
224:Newark-born
177:. Poet and
1858:Categories
1755:Wisconsin
1706:Tennessee
1608:Minnesota
835:boundary 2
570:References
292:Trent Lott
32:New Jersey
1734:Virginia
1678:Oklahoma
1636:Nebraska
1622:Missouri
1601:Michigan
1594:Maryland
1580:Kentucky
1552:Illinois
1517:Delaware
1503:Colorado
1496:Arkansas
1398:Countries
471:July 2002
431:Portrait
245:Slate.com
218:Governor
78:in 2003.
65:in other
1762:Wyoming
1727:Vermont
1629:Montana
1559:Indiana
1531:Georgia
1524:Florida
1475:Alabama
1441:Scotland
1178:Archived
1138:Archived
843:Callaloo
839:Callaloo
692:Archived
650:Archived
527:See also
265:held in
186:held at
183:Ross Gay
128:Governor
1821:Toronto
1807:Halifax
1782:Ontario
1643:Nevada
1573:Kansas
1538:Hawaii
1482:Alaska
1434:Ireland
1713:Texas
1587:Maine
1545:Idaho
1406:Canada
284:racism
1720:Utah
1671:Ohio
1566:Iowa
1448:Wales
1160:from
1088:>.
864:Slate
358:it."
226:poet
191:'
153:Poet
1389:and
306:and
237:rape
114:and
50:and
16:The
918:sic
331:...
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