262:, the largest naval architect firm in the country, were employed to design the ship. In 1976, the Canadian government asked German and Milne to design a Polar 10, nuclear-powered icebreaker. However, by March 1978, the required design had changed to a hybrid nuclear-conventionally powered vessel and in July 1979, proposals for the propulsion were received from the United States, United Kingdom, Germany and France. Due to various reasons, the nations pulled out, save for France by the following year.
55:
354:. Soon after the project was awarded, Versatile Pacific Shipyards began having financing problems. The costs also began to rise, as Versatile claimed it had been too optimistic in its estimates. In May 1988, the design team asked for a further $ 70–80 million if the vessel was to keep its diesel-electric propulsion. The design was completed in 1988 and estimated costs had climbed over the budgeted amount.
26:
357:
This led the
Canadian Coast Guard to ask the Versatile team to come up with a design based on a cheaper propulsion system. Before this could go any further, the Versatile Pacific Shipyards were put up for sale in December 1988. Funding for the project was reduced over the following years and on 19
333:
had reservations about the project, claiming that the ship had no way to respond to northern submarine threats and that the cost of the vessel would exceed its estimated cost of $ 300–500 million. The competition to build the vessel was messy and the
Mulroney government created a committee to sift
257:
Studies into the construction of large icebreakers for Canada's north began in 1971. The
Canadian Coast Guard initially tried to acquire two types of polar icebreaker, a Polar 7 and a Polar 10. The Polar 7 was to be of conventionally-powered design and the project was approved in the mid-1970s and
265:
The lack of competition for the hybrid-powered Polar 10 icebreaker design led the
Canadian government to consider its alternatives. This led to the Polar 8 Project, a conventionally-powered large icebreaker. A conventionally-powered Polar 10 icebreaker design was rejected as being too costly to
358:
February 1990, the program was officially cancelled, mainly due to rising costs, now pegged at $ 680 million. Following the Polar 8 Project cancellation, the
Canadian Coast Guard funded the modernization overhaul and hull extension of the large icebreaker
246:
sailed around through the
Northwest Passage without having asked permission from the Canadian government, which was required following the changes to the Law of the Sea agreement. This was further amplified by the inability of Canada's icebreaker
278:
and future Arctic oil and mineral exploration. The ship was also required to exert
Canadian sovereignty in the Arctic area after Canada's claim to the area had been challenged by the United States. The ship was to have a planned
307:(35 km/h; 22 mph) at sea. The vessel was to be capable of uninterrupted progress in 2.4-metre (8 ft) pack ice and the steel that the ship was to be built from was to be tested down to −60 °C (−76 °F).
310:
The ship's 875 long tons (889 t) of aviation fuel would have carried in tanks separated from the outer hull to minimize the chances of pollution. The vessel itself would have carried 13,000 long tons (13,000 t) of
319:
and other deck equipment for scientific research. The ship would have been able to operate up to three helicopters. At the time, it would have been the world's largest icebreaker.
218:
traversed the entirety
Northwest Passage with the help of Canadian and American icebreakers. The transit was difficult and in response, the Canadian government passed the
683:
754:
274:
Designed to be capable of year-round operations in the Arctic regions, the vessel was ordered based on the increased oil exploration activity in the
1263:
1058:
395:
838:
725:
223:
1258:
859:
775:
1182:
789:
866:
887:
1043:
1035:
380:
365:
in order to maintain a strategic presence in the Arctic Ocean. The
Canadian Coast Guard also leased a former commercial icebreaker,
323:
330:
219:
178:. It commenced in 1985 but was cancelled in 1990 while still in the final design stage. It was Canada's direct response to the
193:
icebreaker. Polar 8 refers the capability of the ship in ice of that thickness in feet, in this case 8 feet (2.4 m).
718:
667:
648:
629:
606:
678:
1268:
782:
711:
292:
125:
552:
1113:
202:
1146:
971:
231:
179:
1195:
845:
235:
190:
1273:
1120:
957:
901:
359:
1006:
227:
964:
950:
894:
880:
347:
248:
922:
1092:
992:
943:
852:
810:
746:
163:
8:
1070:
1020:
824:
342:
The decision to award the construction contract was taken in 1987 when it was awarded to
280:
213:
60:
300:
129:
1188:
1013:
929:
618:
1106:
1085:
1027:
985:
663:
644:
625:
602:
206:
171:
1099:
803:
351:
343:
978:
241:
209:
were challenged by the United States in the 1969 and 1985. In 1969, the
American
183:
1153:
999:
936:
660:
Diplomatic Departures: The Conservative Era in Canadian Foreign Policy, 1984–93
366:
326:
1252:
1161:
1078:
1051:
915:
831:
817:
388:
296:
210:
174:. The project was developed as a means to assert Canada's sovereignty in the
908:
275:
175:
1203:
873:
796:
761:
312:
304:
303:(80,000 kW). This would have given the vessel a maximum speed of 19
141:
703:
688:
734:
238:
167:
102:
768:
316:
1175:
1139:
284:
259:
114:
180:
unauthorized transit through the Northwest Passage in summer 1985
1168:
738:
426:
424:
422:
420:
418:
577:
575:
230:, expanding Canada's control over their Arctic area. In 1985,
504:
502:
288:
70:
415:
162:
was a Canadian shipbuilding project intended to provide the
572:
487:
519:
517:
499:
451:
329:
government chose the Polar 8 design for construction. The
315:. The ship would have been equipped with laboratories, a
25:
658:
Michaud, Nelson & Nossal, Kim Richard, eds. (2001).
534:
532:
441:
439:
254:
to follow the American ship once the ice got too thick.
643:. St. Catharines, Ontario: Vanwell Publishing Limited.
624:. St. Catharines, Ontario: Vanwell Publishing Limited.
514:
475:
222:. In 1972, Canada had "ice-covered areas" added to the
601:. Montreal, Quebec: McGill-Queen's University Press.
529:
436:
639:Maginley, Charles D. & Collin, Bernard (2001).
1233:* Undergoing refit, under construction or on order
617:
551:
463:
1250:
337:
269:
226:agreement, and in 1982, the agreement included
224:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
638:
430:
334:through the proposals to find the best three.
299:engine driving three shafts, creating 107,000
719:
657:
581:
508:
457:
726:
712:
662:. Vancouver, British Columbia: UBC Press.
733:
596:
523:
493:
481:
615:
538:
445:
1264:Icebreakers of the Canadian Coast Guard
677:Pullen, T.C. (September–October 1986).
170:capable of operating year-round in the
1251:
676:
469:
220:Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act
1259:Abandoned military projects of Canada
707:
641:The Ships of Canada's Marine Services
344:Versatile Pacific Shipyards Limited
13:
620:The Canadian Coast Guard 1962–2002
14:
1285:
599:Politics of the Northwest Passage
597:Griffiths, Franklyn, ed. (1987).
371:, in 1992 as a stop-gap measure.
53:
24:
544:
331:Department of National Defence
1:
616:Maginley, Charles D. (2003).
404:
384:-class offshore patrol vessel
338:Construction and cancellation
270:Design and project initiation
196:
166:with a large and heavy class
409:
7:
374:
144:(35 km/h; 22 mph)
16:Cancelled icebreaker design
10:
1290:
590:
431:Maginley & Collin 2001
291:) and powered by either a
1229:
1213:
1132:
1069:
745:
582:Michaud & Nossal 2001
509:Michaud & Nossal 2001
458:Michaud & Nossal 2001
236:United States Coast Guard
201:Canada's claims to their
191:United States Coast Guard
128:, 3 shafts, 107,000
93:
35:
23:
679:"That Polar Ice-breaker"
553:"Canada Icebreaker Deal"
258:German and Milne Ltd of
228:exclusive economic zones
560:. Reuters. 3 March 1987
322:In September 1985, the
94:General characteristics
234:arose again after the
1269:Icebreakers of Canada
973:Sir William Alexander
684:Northern Perspectives
1236:No longer in service
889:Norman McLeod Rogers
847:Sir Humphrey Gilbert
747:Canadian Coast Guard
164:Canadian Coast Guard
61:Canadian Coast Guard
1122:Robert Hampton Gray
1071:Royal Canadian Navy
959:Sir Wilfrid Laurier
903:Louis S. St-Laurent
496:, pp. 228–229.
362:Louis S. St-Laurent
1008:Captain Molly Kool
558:The New York Times
1246:
1245:
1115:Frédérick Rolette
966:Kopit Hopson 1752
952:George R. Pearkes
882:John A. Macdonald
251:John A. Macdonald
207:Northwest Passage
172:Northwest Passage
156:
155:
1281:
1045:Sermilik Glacier
924:Des Groseilliers
728:
721:
714:
705:
704:
700:
698:
696:
691:on 17 March 2008
687:. Archived from
673:
654:
635:
623:
612:
585:
579:
570:
569:
567:
565:
555:
548:
542:
536:
527:
521:
512:
506:
497:
491:
485:
479:
473:
467:
461:
455:
449:
443:
434:
428:
352:British Columbia
301:shaft horsepower
149:Aircraft carried
132:(80,000 kW)
59:
57:
56:
28:
21:
20:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1274:Cancelled ships
1249:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1225:
1221:Polar 8 Project
1209:
1141:Canmar Kigoriak
1128:
1094:Margaret Brooke
1065:
994:Pierre Radisson
945:Martha L. Black
854:Alexander Henry
812:Ernest Lapointe
741:
732:
694:
692:
670:
651:
632:
609:
593:
588:
580:
573:
563:
561:
550:
549:
545:
537:
530:
522:
515:
507:
500:
492:
488:
480:
476:
468:
464:
456:
452:
444:
437:
429:
416:
412:
407:
377:
348:North Vancouver
340:
293:diesel electric
272:
199:
160:Polar 8 Project
126:Diesel electric
117:(38,000 t)
54:
52:
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1287:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1075:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1041:
1037:Donjek Glacier
1033:
1025:
1022:Vincent Massey
1018:
1011:
1004:
997:
990:
983:
976:
969:
962:
955:
948:
941:
934:
927:
920:
913:
906:
899:
892:
885:
878:
871:
864:
857:
850:
843:
836:
829:
822:
815:
808:
801:
794:
787:
780:
773:
766:
759:
756:Northern Light
751:
749:
743:
742:
731:
730:
723:
716:
708:
702:
701:
674:
668:
655:
649:
636:
630:
613:
607:
592:
589:
587:
586:
571:
543:
528:
526:, p. 229.
524:Griffiths 1987
513:
498:
494:Griffiths 1987
486:
484:, p. 228.
482:Griffiths 1987
474:
462:
450:
435:
433:, p. 157.
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
402:
401:
386:
376:
373:
339:
336:
271:
268:
198:
195:
154:
153:
150:
146:
145:
138:
134:
133:
123:
119:
118:
111:
107:
106:
100:
96:
95:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
68:
64:
63:
50:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
36:Class overview
33:
32:
30:Polar 8 design
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1286:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1162:Arctic Kalvik
1159:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1148:Robert LeMeur
1145:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1015:Jean Goodwill
1012:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1003:
1002:
998:
996:
995:
991:
989:
988:
984:
982:
981:
977:
975:
974:
970:
968:
967:
963:
961:
960:
956:
954:
953:
949:
947:
946:
942:
940:
939:
935:
933:
932:
931:Samuel Risley
928:
926:
925:
921:
919:
918:
914:
912:
911:
907:
905:
904:
900:
898:
897:
893:
891:
890:
886:
884:
883:
879:
877:
876:
872:
870:
869:
865:
863:
862:
858:
856:
855:
851:
849:
848:
844:
842:
841:
837:
835:
834:
830:
828:
827:
823:
821:
820:
816:
814:
813:
809:
807:
806:
802:
800:
799:
795:
793:
792:
788:
786:
785:
781:
779:
778:
774:
772:
771:
767:
765:
764:
760:
758:
757:
753:
752:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
729:
724:
722:
717:
715:
710:
709:
706:
690:
686:
685:
680:
675:
671:
669:0-7748-0864-0
665:
661:
656:
652:
650:1-55125-070-5
646:
642:
637:
633:
631:1-55125-075-6
627:
622:
621:
614:
610:
608:0-7735-0613-6
604:
600:
595:
594:
584:, p. 91.
583:
578:
576:
559:
554:
547:
541:, p. 65.
540:
539:Maginley 2003
535:
533:
525:
520:
518:
511:, p. 90.
510:
505:
503:
495:
490:
483:
478:
471:
466:
460:, p. 89.
459:
454:
448:, p. 63.
447:
446:Maginley 2003
442:
440:
432:
427:
425:
423:
421:
419:
414:
400:
399:
393:
392:
387:
385:
383:
379:
378:
372:
370:
369:
364:
363:
355:
353:
349:
345:
335:
332:
328:
325:
320:
318:
314:
308:
306:
302:
298:
297:diesel direct
294:
290:
287:(40,000
286:
282:
277:
267:
263:
261:
255:
253:
252:
245:
244:
240:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
216:
212:
208:
204:
203:Arctic region
194:
192:
188:
187:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
152:3 helicopters
151:
148:
147:
143:
139:
136:
135:
131:
127:
124:
121:
120:
116:
112:
109:
108:
105:- Polar class
104:
101:
98:
97:
92:
88:
85:
84:
80:
77:
76:
72:
69:
66:
65:
62:
51:
48:
47:
43:
40:
39:
34:
27:
22:
19:
1220:
1202:
1197:Polar Prince
1196:
1189:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1121:
1114:
1108:William Hall
1107:
1100:
1093:
1087:Harry DeWolf
1086:
1079:
1059:
1052:
1044:
1036:
1029:Judy LaMarsh
1028:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1000:
993:
987:Henry Larsen
986:
979:
972:
965:
958:
951:
944:
937:
930:
923:
916:
909:
902:
895:
888:
881:
874:
867:
860:
853:
846:
839:
832:
825:
818:
811:
804:
797:
790:
783:
776:
769:
762:
755:
693:. Retrieved
689:the original
682:
659:
640:
619:
598:
562:. Retrieved
557:
546:
489:
477:
465:
453:
397:
390:
382:Harry DeWolf
381:
367:
361:
356:
341:
324:Conservative
321:
309:
281:displacement
276:Beaufort Sea
273:
264:
256:
250:
242:
214:
200:
185:
176:Arctic Ocean
159:
157:
110:Displacement
18:
1204:Arcticaborg
1183:Arctic Ivik
1101:Max Bernays
826:D'Iberville
805:N.B. McLean
735:Icebreakers
470:Pullen 1986
313:diesel fuel
232:controversy
184:USCGC
73:680 million
1253:Categories
1190:Polar Star
1133:Commercial
980:Ann Harvey
896:John Cabot
564:3 December
405:References
396:CCGS
389:CCGS
360:CCGS
283:of 39,000
249:CCGS
239:icebreaker
211:oil tanker
197:Background
168:icebreaker
122:Propulsion
103:Icebreaker
1155:Terry Fox
1060:Imnaryuaq
1001:Terry Fox
938:Earl Grey
819:C.D. Howe
784:Earl Grey
410:Citations
398:Imnaryuaq
368:Terry Fox
317:moon pool
285:long tons
266:operate.
243:Polar Sea
215:Manhattan
186:Polar Sea
115:long tons
86:Cancelled
49:Operators
1176:Miscaroo
1080:Labrador
1053:Arpatuuq
917:Amundsen
840:Montcalm
833:Labrador
777:Montcalm
695:11 March
391:Arpatuuq
375:See also
327:Mulroney
260:Montreal
205:and the
1239:Planned
910:Griffon
861:Camsell
763:Stanley
591:Sources
113:37,000
78:Planned
44:Polar 8
1169:Ikaluk
875:Tupper
798:Saurel
791:Mikula
739:Canada
666:
647:
628:
605:
58:
1214:Other
868:Wolfe
770:Minto
305:knots
142:knots
137:Speed
71:Can$
697:2008
664:ISBN
645:ISBN
626:ISBN
603:ISBN
566:2016
394:and
189:, a
158:The
99:Type
67:Cost
41:Name
737:of
346:of
295:or
182:by
140:19
130:shp
1255::
681:.
574:^
556:.
531:^
516:^
501:^
438:^
417:^
350:,
1125:*
1048:*
1040:*
1032:*
727:e
720:t
713:v
699:.
672:.
653:.
634:.
611:.
568:.
472:.
289:t
89:1
81:1
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
