100:
the upper and lower boundaries for the Polar
Classes, it was agreed that the highest Polar Class vessels (PC 1) should be capable of operating safely anywhere in the Arctic or the Antarctic waters at any time of the year while the lower boundary was set to existing tonnage operating during the summer season, most of which followed the Baltic ice classes with some upgrades and additions. The lowest Polar Class (PC 7) was thus set to the similar level with the Finnish-Swedish ice class 1A. The definition of operational conditions for each Polar Class was intentionally left vague due to the wide variety of ship operations carried out in polar waters.
639:
459:
27:
293:
122:. These definitions are intended to guide owners, designers and administrations in selecting the appropriate Polar Class to match the intended voyage or service of the vessel. Ships with sufficient power and strength to undertake "aggressive operations in ice-covered waters", such as escort and ice management operations, can be assigned an additional notation "
99:
Prior to the development of the unified requirements, each classification society had their own set of ice class rules ranging from Baltic ice classes intended for operation in first-year ice to higher vessel categories, including icebreakers, intended for operations in polar waters. When developing
264:
The IACS Polar Class rules apply for ships contracted for construction on or after 1 July 2007. This means that while vessels built prior to this date may have an equivalent or even higher level of ice strengthening, they are not officially assigned a Polar Class and may not in fact fulfill all the
239:
In the Polar Class rules, the hull of the vessel is divided longitudinally into four regions: "bow", "bow intermediate", "midbody" and "stern". All longitudinal regions except the bow are further divided vertically into "bottom", "lower" and "icebelt" regions. For each region, a design ice load is
251:
In addition to structural details, the Polar Class rules have requirements for machinery systems such as the main propulsion, steering gear, and systems essential for the safety of the crew and survivability of the vessel. For example, propeller-ice interaction should be taken into account in the
113:
The IACS has established seven different Polar Class notations, ranging from PC 1 (highest) to PC 7 (lowest), with each level corresponding to operational capability and strength of the vessel. The description of ice conditions where ships of each Polar Class are intended to operate are
90:
The development of the Polar Class rules began in the 1990s with an international effort to harmonize the requirements for marine operations in the polar waters in order to protect life, property and the environment. The guidelines developed by the
International Maritime Organization (IMO), which
255:
Although the rules generally require the ships to have suitable hull form and sufficient propulsion power to operate independently and at continuous speed in ice conditions corresponding to their Polar Class, the ice-going capability requirements of the vessel are not clearly defined in terms of
95:
developed by the
International Association of Classification Societies (IACS). In May 1996, an "Ad-Hoc Group to establish Unified Requirements for Polar Ships (AHG/PSR)" was established with one working group concentrating on the structural requirements and another working on machinery-related
133:(1A Super and 1A, respectively). However, unlike the Baltic ice classes intended for operation only in first-year sea ice, even the lowest Polar Classes consider the possibility of encountering multi-year ice ("old ice inclusions").
1586:
2170:
2457:
485:
4 requirements. However, the 228 metres (748 ft) long and 42 metres (138 ft) wide vessel does not feature an icebreaking hull and is designed to operate primarily in pre-broken ("managed") ice.
547:
class notation "Icebreaker(+)". The latter part of the notation refers to additional structural strengthening based on analysis of the vessel's operational profile and potential ice loading scenarios.
676:
in 2016. The 206.3 metres (677 ft) long and 43 metres (141 ft) wide vessels, capable of breaking up to 1.5-metre (5 ft) ice independently, were built for year-round transportation of
1033:
252:
propeller design, cooling systems and sea water inlets should be designed to work also in ice-covered waters, and the ballast tanks should be provided with effective means of preventing freezing.
866:, has been delayed by several years and now is not expected to be delivered to the U.S. Coast Guard until at least 2028. While the vessels these Polar Security Cutters are intended to replace,
2037:
71:(IACS). Seven Polar Classes are defined in the rules, ranging from PC 1 for year-round operation in all polar waters to PC 7 for summer and autumn operation in thin first-year ice.
426:
420:
248:
of structural elements such as shell plating and frames in each location. The design scenario used to determine the ice loads is a glancing collision with a floating ice floe.
673:
2067:
1590:
1005:
2178:
2382:
2446:
1104:
Finnish ice classes equivalent to class notations of recognized classification societies and documentation required for the determination of the ice classes of ships
265:
requirements in the unified requirements. In addition, particularly
Russian ships and icebreakers are assigned ice classes only according to the requirements of the
860:
75:
2424:
68:
2479:
601:
1899:"AUDAX and PUGNAX, Unique PC-3 Class Heavy Transport Vessels Designed for Module Transportation for LNG Liquefaction Projects in Arctic Remote Locations"
1028:
706:
1273:
256:
speed or ice thickness. In practice, this means that the Polar Class of the vessel may not reflect the actual icebreaking capability of the vessel.
895:
1728:
668:
662:
477:
1055:
2268:
1103:
436:
298:
2045:
740:(AHTS) for Alaskan operations. However, the construction of the vessels due for delivery by the end of 2016 was later cancelled following
509:
442:
358:
1560:
2407:
840:. The 270-passenger vessel, capable of breaking up to 2.5 metres (8 ft) thick multi-year ice and taking passengers to the
905:
2 rating with an additional notation "Icebreaker(+)". While a single vessel was initially scheduled for delivery in 2017, the
691:
266:
240:
calculated based on the dimensions, hull geometry, and ice class of the vessel. This ice load is then used to determine the
2148:
2089:
1898:
1002:
909:
has since been revised to include two such icebreakers, the first of which is planned to enter service by
December 2029.
79:
1757:
19:
This article is about ice class. For ships or projects referred to as polar icebreakers or Polar-class icebreakers, see
468:, built in 2016, is rated Polar Class 4 with an additional notation "Icebreaker(+)" denoting additional strengthening.
1082:
768:
737:
341:
115:
20:
1779:
2360:
2171:"RSV Nuyina, the world's first-ever Polar Class 3 Icebreaker Plus vessel equipped with our heaviest rudder system"
1684:
612:
2315:
1216:
906:
1805:
1106:. Maritime Safety Regulation TRAFI/31299/03.04.01.00/2010, Finnish Transport Safety Agency, 23 November 2010.
856:
778:
1284:
1662:
1164:
394:
1475:
638:
2383:"GAO: Polar Security Cutter Design Won't Complete Until 2024, Delivery of First Hull Estimated in 2028"
327:
848:
758:
649:
130:
1587:"Otson kylkiin terästä, kannelle helikopterikenttä ja vesiallas – miehistölle arktiset palkanlisät"
1052:
401:
2512:
2004:
1971:
1938:
551:
129:
The two lowest Polar
Classes (PC 6 and PC 7) are roughly equivalent to the two highest
2346:
Coast Guard Polar
Security Cutter (Polar Icebreaker) Program: Background and Issues for Congress
2294:
591:
881:
530:
4 level to allow the vessel to support seismic surveys in the Arctic during the summer months.
60:
1079:"Guide to meteorological instruments and methods of observation: Sea Ice Nomenclature, 7th ed"
2532:
2344:
2200:
1864:
1831:
1527:
1494:
1445:
1342:
1309:
1119:
831:
677:
458:
2504:
2537:
572:
534:
463:
431:
408:
373:
8:
1053:
History Files (HF) and
Technical Background (TB) documents for Unified Requirements (URs)
837:
752:
643:
565:
544:
354:
26:
2038:"Rolls-Royce to supply propulsion and deck machinery to a new vessel for Edison Chouest"
2447:"Federal government soliciting pitches from Canadian shipyards to build new icebreaker"
2234:
2114:
1914:
1613:
1411:
1376:
1239:
1186:
964:
558:
1078:
214:
Summer/autumn operation in medium first-year ice which may include old ice inclusions
1918:
521:
387:
366:
1647:"Chapter 2 Ice Operations - Ice Class - Section 12 Requirements for Icebreaker(+)",
225:
Summer/autumn operation in thin first-year ice which may include old ice inclusions
181:
Year-round operation in second-year ice which may include multi-year ice inclusions
2542:
1906:
867:
712:
630:
in the 2020s and 2030s, and the first vessel is expected to enter service in 2028.
380:
316:
272:
Although numerous ships have been built to the two least hardened Polar
Classes, PC
203:
Year-round operation in medium first-year ice which may include old ice inclusions
32:
269:, which maintains its own ice class rules parallel to the IACS Polar Class rules.
192:
Year-round operation in thick first-year ice which may include old ice inclusions
1152:
1059:
1037:
1009:
874:
307:
91:
were later incorporated in the Polar Code, made reference to the compliance with
2016:
1983:
1950:
1062:. International Association of Classification Societies (IACS), December 2016.
726:
587:
502:
292:
1706:
2526:
2247:
2127:
1897:
van
Lievenoogen, Rinse; Hovilainen, Mika; Valtonen, Ville (1 November 2018),
1626:
1424:
1389:
1252:
1195:
888:
498:
447:
1012:. International Association of Classification Societies (IACS), April 2016.
619:
4 Icebreaker(+). The first icebreaker is expected to enter service in 2027.
680:
513:. The 28,000-tonne vessels are primarily used to transport nickel ore from
347:
917:
As of 2024, no ships have been built, under construction or planned to PC
802:
796:
702:
622:
The new Canadian Coast Guard Multi-Purpose Vessels (MPV) will be rated PC
514:
334:
321:
245:
2269:"MSV Fennica and MSV Nordica now Polar Code certified with PC3 notation"
841:
772:
763:
695:
407:
are under construction. Two additional ships have been ordered for the
241:
123:
1561:"Fednav Welcomes the MV Arvik I - Its Newest Icebreaking Bulk Carrier"
1910:
741:
732:
In April 2015, it was reported that Edison Chouest would build two PC
718:
473:
357:
awarded a shipbuilding contract for the construction of six to eight
310:
intended for scientific missions in the polar regions are built to PC
52:
2451:
811:
3 rating as part of the vessels' Polar Code certification in 2019.
699:
1896:
684:
627:
579:
4 rating as part of the vessels' conversion to Canadian service.
96:
issues. The first IACS Polar Class rules were published in 2007.
1649:
Rules and Regulations for the Classification of Ships, July 2021
747:
As of 2023, three polar research vessels have been built with PC
1030:
Polar Ship Design Standards – State of the Art, and Way Forward
792:
notation includes Lloyd's Register's "Icebreaker(+)" notation.
490:
280:
7, only a small number of ships have been assigned ice class PC
2507:, International Association of Classification Societies (IACS)
1707:"Japan to build new icebreaker for researching Arctic region"
705:
built in 2016–2019 as well as the arctic condensate tankers
302:
is a small expedition cruise ship with Polar Class 5 rating.
2149:"China Launches Domestically-Built "Xue Long 2" Icebreaker"
615:
is in the process of acquiring 2–3 new icebreakers rated PC
170:
Year-round operation in moderate multi-year ice conditions
56:
2480:"Polar icebreakers and the National Shipbuilding Strategy"
2408:
LR to class versatile icebreaker for Canadian Coast Guard
2212:
1876:
1843:
1539:
1506:
1453:
1354:
1321:
1219:. The Royal Institution of Naval Architects. January 2017
1131:
590:
intended to complement the country's existing icebreaker
146:
884:, these mid-1970s icebreakers do not carry a PC rating.
830:
2 rated vessel in service is the expedition cruise ship
520:
In 2015, the hull of the Finnish 1986-built icebreaker
74:
The IACS Polar Class rules should not be confused with
608:
4 rated icebreaker for researching the Arctic region.
76:
International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters
414:
As of 2023, four cruise ships have been built with PC
69:
International Association of Classification Societies
785:
also has the additional notation "Icebreaker" while
602:
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology
30:The 2012-built South African polar research vessel
2349:, Congressional Research Service, 28 February 2022
2233:
2113:
1612:
1410:
1375:
1238:
1185:
887:The future Canadian Coast Guard polar icebreakers
626:4 Icebreaker(+). Sixteen vessels will be built by
184:Up to 2.5 m (8.2 ft) and sometimes more
2482:(Press release). Government of Canada. 6 May 2021
1217:"Planet ice and the dual-functional Attenborough"
604:(JAMSTEC) is in the process of acquiring a new PC
2524:
1685:"Argentina funds construction of new icebreaker"
921:1, the highest ice class specified by the IACS.
2068:"Chouest said to have canceled Arctic AHTS duo"
855:2 rated heavy polar icebreakers referred to as
2422:
2416:
1473:
642:The Polar Class 3 icebreaking research vessel
2513:"Ice Class Rules: Description and Comparison"
2423:Newbury, Scott; McGreer, Dan (October 2014).
1283:. Naval Association of Canada. Archived from
1758:"Sjöfartsverket: Första nya isbrytaren 2027"
1589:. Talouselämä. 10 April 2015. Archived from
1474:Hals, Torbjørn; Efraimsson, Fredrik (2011),
807:, built in the early 1990s, were assigned PC
744:'s decision to halt Arctic oil exploration.
597:in Antarctica is currently in design stage.
2438:
2361:"USCG PSC Equals meaningful Polar Presence"
1760:(in Swedish). Aftonbladet. 11 November 2022
2505:Unified Requirements for Polar Class ships
2444:
2401:
1780:"Multi-Purpose Vessel Designed for Canada"
1729:"Baltic Sea icebreaker sets new benchmark"
1097:
1023:
1021:
1003:Unified Requirements for Polar Class ships
526:was reinforced with additional steel to PC
386:is undergoing post-acceptance trials, and
65:Unified Requirements for Polar Class Ships
2375:
1663:"Feature: A Canadian Coast Guard upgrade"
1046:
159:Year-round operation in all polar waters
2472:
660:3 vessels were two heavy load carriers,
637:
457:
291:
228:30 to 70 cm (0.98 to 2.30 ft)
108:
25:
1018:
851:has ordered two out of three planned PC
571:, built in 2000–01 and acquired by the
481:has a hull strengthened according to PC
217:70 to 120 cm (2.3 to 3.9 ft)
206:70 to 120 cm (2.3 to 3.9 ft)
173:Up to 3.0 m (9.8 ft) or more
2525:
690:Although usually referred to by their
142:Ice descriptions in Polar Class rules
2510:
2316:"Le Commandant Charcot in ice trials"
1477:DP Ice Model Test of Arctic Drillship
1073:
1071:
795:The Finnish multipurpose icebreakers
692:Russian Maritime Register of Shipping
267:Russian Maritime Register of Shipping
2445:Berthiaume, Lee (29 February 2020).
2151:. High North News. 11 September 2018
1905:, OTC Arctic Technology Conference,
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
859:. Construction of the first vessel,
818:3 rated vessels under construction.
259:
93:Unified Requirements for Polar Ships
1274:"Arctic and Offshore Patrol Vessel"
533:The Finnish LNG-powered icebreaker
462:The Finnish LNG-powered icebreaker
359:Arctic Offshore Patrol Ships (AOPS)
145:Corresponding ice thickness in the
80:International Maritime Organization
13:
2460:from the original on 10 March 2020
1709:. The Asahi Shimbun. 12 April 2021
1281:Naval Affairs Program Briefing #14
1068:
738:anchor handling tug supply vessels
672:, built for the Netherlands-based
36:is one of the few vessels rated PC
14:
2554:
2498:
2425:"Vessel report: Polar icebreaker"
2295:"Le Commandant Charcot delivered"
1083:World Meteorological Organization
981:
963:Propulsion units strengthened to
769:Polar Research Institute of China
116:World Meteorological Organization
21:polar icebreaker (disambiguation)
2177:. 28 August 2021. Archived from
1483:, Dynamic Positioning Conference
912:
821:
633:
586:4 polar logistics vessel of the
453:
287:
2353:
2337:
2308:
2287:
2261:
2226:
2193:
2163:
2141:
2106:
2082:
2060:
2030:
1997:
1964:
1931:
1890:
1857:
1824:
1798:
1772:
1750:
1721:
1699:
1687:. Defense Brief. 1 January 2022
1677:
1655:
1640:
1605:
1579:
1553:
1520:
1487:
1467:
1438:
1403:
1368:
1335:
1302:
1266:
1231:
1209:
957:
944:
880:, are sometimes referred to as
836:operated by the French company
698:, the fifteen first-generation
613:Swedish Maritime Administration
234:
195:Over 120 cm (3.9 ft)
2363:. MarineLink. 14 November 2019
2044:. 4 March 2015. Archived from
1345:National Geographic Resolution
1178:
1145:
1112:
931:
907:National Shipbuilding Strategy
489:The Canadian shipping company
427:National Geographic Resolution
346:is under construction for the
1:
2090:"Kronprins Haakon Ice Trials"
1312:National Geographic Endurance
974:
779:Australian Antarctic Division
421:National Geographic Endurance
103:
85:
2511:Daley, Claude (April 2014).
2070:. MarineLog. 9 November 2015
1903:Day 1 Mon, November 05, 2018
1786:. Aker Arctic. March 8, 2023
674:ZPMC-Red Box Energy Services
575:2018, will be upgraded to PC
539:, built in 2016, is rated PC
314:5 rating: the South African
7:
1665:. Drydock. 3 September 2019
1165:American Bureau of Shipping
814:As of 2023, there are no PC
131:Finnish-Swedish ice classes
10:
2559:
517:in the Canadian Arctic.
18:
2412:Retrieved 2015-04-29.
1812:. Seaspan. March 16, 2023
1108:Retrieved 2011-11-21.
1064:Retrieved 2017-03-11.
1042:Retrieved 2017-03-11.
1014:Retrieved 2024-02-16.
849:United States Coast Guard
844:, was delivered in 2021.
759:Norwegian Polar Institute
650:Norwegian Polar Institute
326:in 2014, and the British
924:
550:The interim icebreakers
424:(delivered in 2020) and
333:in 2020. In addition, a
2209:Vessel Register for DNV
2175:Damen Marine Components
1873:Vessel Register for DNV
1840:Vessel Register for DNV
1806:"Multi-Purpose Vessels"
1536:Vessel Register for DNV
1503:Vessel Register for DNV
1450:Vessel Register for DNV
1351:Vessel Register for DNV
1318:Vessel Register for DNV
1128:Vessel Register for DNV
937:Hull strengthened to PC
882:Polar-class icebreakers
826:As of 2023, the only PC
2456:. The Canadian Press.
950:Bow strengthened to PC
857:Polar Security Cutters
653:
469:
379:have entered service,
330:Sir David Attenborough
320:in 2012, the American
303:
61:classification society
41:
833:Le Commandant Charcot
641:
543:4 with an additional
461:
295:
109:Polar Class notations
29:
2410:. Lloyd's Register.
1242:ASMAR TALCAHUANO 114
721:project also have PC
711:(built in 2018) and
573:Canadian Coast Guard
432:Lindblad Expeditions
409:Canadian Coast Guard
150:Sea Ice Nomenclature
120:Sea Ice Nomenclature
78:(Polar Code) by the
2325:. Aker Arctic. 2021
2323:Arctic Passion News
1784:Arctic Passion News
1736:Arctic Passion News
838:Compagnie du Ponant
717:(2019) serving the
648:is operated by the
404:Robert Hampton Gray
355:Royal Canadian Navy
2181:on 28 October 2021
1651:, Lloyd's Register
1058:2015-10-19 at the
1036:2017-09-13 at the
1008:2012-06-20 at the
965:Det Norske Veritas
901:are designed to PC
654:
554:Captain Molly Kool
470:
339:5 Antarctic vessel
304:
42:
2434:. pp. 68–71.
2432:Marine Technology
2275:. 31 January 2019
683:plant modules to
397:Frédérick Rolette
260:Polar Class ships
232:
231:
67:developed by the
2550:
2519:
2517:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2454:Vancouver Island
2442:
2436:
2435:
2429:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2405:
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2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2241:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2203:Kronprins Haakon
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2145:
2139:
2138:
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2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1911:10.4043/29113-MS
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1810:Seaspan Shipyard
1802:
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1122:S. A. Agulhas II
1116:
1110:
1109:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1085:. pp. 12–13
1075:
1066:
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1016:
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1000:
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961:
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854:
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817:
810:
791:
783:Kronprins Haakon
754:Kronprins Haakon
750:
735:
724:
659:
645:Kronprins Haakon
625:
618:
607:
594:Almirante IrĂzar
585:
578:
545:Lloyd's Register
542:
529:
496:
484:
417:
364:
338:
317:S. A. Agulhas II
313:
308:research vessels
283:
279:
275:
136:
135:
51:) refers to the
39:
33:S. A. Agulhas II
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2019:
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1988:
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1955:
1953:
1941:Boris Vilkitsky
1937:
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1593:on 4 March 2016
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1567:. 29 April 2021
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1001:
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540:
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507:and 2021-built
494:
493:operates two PC
482:
472:The 2012-built
456:
415:
376:Margaret Brooke
365:5. As of 2023,
362:
336:
311:
296:The 2020-built
290:
281:
277:
273:
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111:
106:
88:
37:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2500:
2499:External links
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2400:
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2286:
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2248:S&P Global
2225:
2192:
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2140:
2128:S&P Global
2105:
2081:
2059:
2048:on 3 June 2016
2029:
2017:Bureau Veritas
1996:
1984:Bureau Veritas
1963:
1951:Bureau Veritas
1930:
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1627:S&P Global
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1425:S&P Global
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1390:S&P Global
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1290:on 25 May 2019
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1177:
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967:ICE-10 rating.
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863:Polar Sentinel
823:
820:
727:Bureau Veritas
725:3 rating from
635:
632:
588:Argentine Navy
568:Vincent Massey
455:
452:
343:Almirante Viel
289:
286:
284:5 or higher.
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2018:
2014:
2010:
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2007:Boris Sokolov
2000:
1985:
1981:
1977:
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1974:Yuriy Kuchiev
1967:
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1738:. Aker Arctic
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1027:Kendrick, A.
1024:
1022:
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991:
989:
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913:Polar Class 1
910:
908:
900:
899:
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883:
879:
878:
872:
871:
865:
864:
858:
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822:Polar Class 2
819:
812:
806:
805:
800:
799:
793:
788:
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780:
776:
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771:in 2019, and
770:
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743:
739:
730:
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720:
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715:
714:Yuriy Kuchiev
710:
709:
708:Boris Sokolov
704:
701:
697:
693:
688:
686:
682:
679:
675:
671:
670:
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664:
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647:
646:
640:
634:Polar Class 3
631:
629:
620:
614:
609:
603:
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596:
595:
589:
580:
574:
570:
569:
563:
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561:Jean Goodwill
556:
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538:
537:
531:
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518:
516:
512:
511:
506:
505:
501:, 2014-built
500:
499:bulk carriers
492:
487:
480:
479:
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467:
466:
460:
454:Polar Class 4
451:
449:
448:Swan Hellenic
445:
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353:In 2012, the
351:
350:as of 2023.
349:
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340:
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301:
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288:Polar Class 5
285:
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2533:Shipbuilding
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2474:
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2450:
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2403:
2391:. Retrieved
2389:. 3 Aug 2023
2386:
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2355:
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2327:. Retrieved
2322:
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2299:. Retrieved
2297:. 2021-08-03
2289:
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2272:
2263:
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2216:. Retrieved
2208:
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2179:the original
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2046:the original
2041:
2032:
2020:. Retrieved
2012:
2006:
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1987:. Retrieved
1979:
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1954:. Retrieved
1946:
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1902:
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1809:
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1622:
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1591:the original
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1350:
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1317:
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1292:. Retrieved
1285:the original
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1248:
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1211:
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1048:
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703:LNG carriers
689:
681:liquefaction
667:
661:
656:The first PC
655:
644:
621:
610:
599:
593:
581:
567:
560:
553:
549:
535:
532:
522:
519:
508:
503:
488:
478:Stena IceMAX
476:
471:
464:
441:
435:
425:
419:
413:
403:
396:
390:William Hall
389:
382:
375:
369:Harry DeWolf
368:
352:
348:Chilean Navy
342:
329:
322:
315:
306:A number of
305:
297:
271:
263:
254:
250:
246:steel grades
238:
235:Requirements
162:Not defined
149:
139:Polar Class
128:
119:
112:
98:
92:
89:
73:
64:
48:
44:
43:
40:5 or higher.
31:
2538:Icebreakers
2042:Rolls-Royce
1669:24 February
1157:(14221929)"
875:USCGC
868:USCGC
861:USCGC
515:Raglan Mine
446:(2022) for
440:(2021) and
430:(2021) for
383:Max Bernays
361:rated at PC
45:Polar Class
2527:Categories
2301:2021-09-17
2239:(9797060)"
2119:(9829241)"
2117:Xue Long 2
1618:(9734161)"
1416:(9895252)"
1381:(9895240)"
1379:SH Minerva
1244:(9843948)"
1161:ABS Record
975:References
896:CCGS
889:CCGS
870:Polar Star
842:North Pole
764:Xue Long 2
751:3 rating:
694:ice class
582:The new PC
437:SH Minerva
418:5 rating:
299:SH Minerva
242:scantlings
124:Icebreaker
104:Definition
86:Background
2387:USNI News
2009:(31415Y)"
1976:(31594T)"
1943:(28765T)"
1919:134457857
1816:March 27,
1790:March 27,
1187:"9798222"
898:Imnaryuaq
877:Polar Sea
781:in 2021.
761:in 2018,
742:Shell Oil
719:Yamal LNG
474:drillship
114:based on
53:ice class
16:Ice class
2458:Archived
2452:CTV News
2367:7 August
2329:7 August
2279:7 August
2253:7 August
2218:7 August
2205:(34021)"
2185:7 August
2155:7 August
2133:7 August
2013:BV Fleet
1980:BV Fleet
1947:BV Fleet
1924:7 August
1882:7 August
1869:(34383)"
1849:7 August
1836:(34382)"
1713:7 August
1691:7 August
1632:7 August
1597:11 April
1571:7 August
1545:7 August
1532:(39740)"
1512:7 August
1499:(32867)"
1459:7 August
1430:7 August
1395:7 August
1360:7 August
1347:(40923)"
1327:7 August
1314:(39066)"
1258:7 August
1223:7 August
1201:7 August
1155:Sikuliaq
1137:7 August
1124:(30528)"
1056:Archived
1034:Archived
1006:Archived
891:Arpatuuq
777:for the
767:for the
757:for the
700:Yamalmax
497:4 rated
323:Sikuliaq
276:6 and PC
2543:Sea ice
2244:Sea-web
2124:Sea-web
2098:22 July
1623:Sea-web
1616:Polaris
1530:Arvik I
1497:Nunavik
1446:"30052"
1421:Sea-web
1414:SH Vega
1386:Sea-web
1249:Sea-web
1192:Sea-web
1170:16 June
1089:5 April
804:Nordica
798:Fennica
685:Sabetta
628:Seaspan
536:Polaris
510:Arvik I
504:Nunavik
465:Polaris
443:SH Vega
82:(IMO).
2273:Arctia
2237:Nuyina
2074:14 May
2052:14 May
1917:
1867:Pugnax
1565:Fednav
1294:25 May
952:
939:
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774:Nuyina
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564:, and
541:
528:
495:
491:Fednav
483:
434:, and
416:
363:
337:
312:
282:
278:
274:
118:(WMO)
38:
2516:(PDF)
2486:8 May
2464:8 May
2428:(PDF)
2393:4 Aug
2319:(PDF)
2093:(PDF)
2022:3 May
1989:3 May
1956:3 May
1915:S2CID
1834:Audax
1764:2 May
1742:2 May
1732:(PDF)
1481:(PDF)
1288:(PDF)
1277:(PDF)
925:Notes
790:'
663:Audax
566:CCGS
559:CCGS
552:CCGS
402:HMCS
395:HMCS
388:HMCS
381:HMCS
374:HMCS
367:HMCS
222:PC 7
211:PC 6
200:PC 5
189:PC 4
178:PC 3
167:PC 2
156:PC 1
59:by a
2488:2021
2466:2021
2395:2023
2369:2022
2331:2022
2281:2022
2255:2022
2220:2022
2187:2022
2157:2022
2135:2022
2100:2019
2076:2016
2054:2016
2024:2023
1991:2023
1958:2023
1926:2022
1884:2022
1851:2022
1818:2023
1792:2023
1766:2023
1744:2023
1715:2022
1693:2022
1671:2020
1634:2022
1599:2015
1573:2022
1547:2022
1514:2022
1461:2022
1432:2022
1397:2022
1362:2022
1329:2022
1296:2019
1260:2022
1225:2022
1203:2022
1172:2014
1139:2022
1091:2023
894:and
873:and
847:The
801:and
696:Arc7
666:and
611:The
600:The
592:ARA
523:Otso
400:and
372:and
328:RRS
244:and
57:ship
2213:DNV
1907:doi
1877:DNV
1844:DNV
1540:DNV
1507:DNV
1454:DNV
1355:DNV
1322:DNV
1132:DNV
678:LNG
147:WMO
126:".
2529::
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1960:.
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