Polar vortex - Knowledge

415:, growing seasons of vegetation, and overall ecosystem productivity. The timing of the transition also influences changes in sea ice, ozone, air temperature, and cloudiness. Early and late polar breakup episodes have occurred, due to variations in the stratospheric flow structure and upward spreading of planetary waves from the troposphere. As a result of increased waves into the vortex, the vortex experiences more rapid warming than normal, resulting in an earlier breakup and spring. When the breakup comes early, it is characterized by with persistent of remnants of the vortex. When the breakup is late, the remnants dissipate rapidly. When the breakup is early, there is one warming period from late February to middle March. When the breakup is late, there are two warming periods, one January, and one in March. Zonal mean temperature, wind, and 48: 60: 479:. In general, the mixing is less inside the vortex than outside. Mixing occurs with unstable planetary waves that are characteristic of the middle and upper stratosphere in winter. Prior to vortex breakdown, there is little transport of air out of the Arctic Polar Vortex due to strong barriers above 420 km (261 miles). The polar night jet which exists below this, is weak in the early winter. As a result, it does not deviate any descending polar air, which then mixes with air in the mid-latitudes. In the late winter, air parcels do not descend as much, reducing mixing. After the vortex is broken up, the ex-vortex air is dispersed into the middle latitudes within a month. 6359: 624:, and suggested that these patterns were all connected to Arctic amplification. Further work from Francis and Vavrus that year suggested that amplified Arctic warming is observed as stronger in lower atmospheric areas because the expanding process of warmer air increases pressure levels which decreases poleward geopotential height gradients. As these gradients are the reason that cause west to east winds through the thermal wind relationship, declining speeds are usually found south of the areas with geopotential increases. In 2017, Francis explained her findings to the 672:(Polar Amplification Model Intercomparison Project) improved upon the 2010 findings of PMIP2; it found that sea ice decline would weaken the jet stream and increase the probability of atmospheric blocking, but the connection was very minor, and typically insignificant next to interannual variability. In 2022, a follow-up study found that while the PAMIP average had likely underestimated the weakening caused by sea ice decline by 1.2 to 3 times, even the corrected connection still amounts to only 10% of the jet stream's natural variability. 786: 6373: 668:

Northern Hemisphere in recent decades. Cold Arctic air intrudes into the warmer lower latitudes more rapidly today during autumn and winter, a trend projected to continue in the future except during summer, thus calling into question whether winters will bring more cold extremes. A 2019 analysis of a data set collected from 35 182 weather stations worldwide, including 9116 whose records go beyond 50 years, found a sharp decrease in northern midlatitude cold waves since the 1980s.

693: 403:. The result is that the polar air forms a coherent rotating air mass: the polar vortex. As winter approaches, the vortex core cools, the winds decrease, and the vortex energy declines. Once late winter and early spring approach the vortex is at its weakest. As a result, during late winter, large fragments of the vortex air can be diverted into lower latitudes by stronger weather systems intruding from those latitudes. In the lowest level of the stratosphere, strong 483:

stream; for example, the significant northwestward direction of the polar jet stream in the western part of the United States during the winters of 2013–2014, and 2014–2015. This caused warm, dry conditions in the west, and cold, snowy conditions in the north-central and northeast. Occasionally, the high-pressure air mass, called the Greenland Block, can cause the polar vortex to divert to the south, rather than follow its normal path over the North Atlantic.

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warned that frostbite is possible within just 10 minutes of being outside in such extreme temperatures, and hundreds of schools, colleges, and universities in the affected areas were closed. Around 21 people died in US due to severe frostbite. States within the midwest region of the United States had windchills just above -50 °F (-45 °C). The Polar vortex is also thought to have had effects in Europe. For example, the

5315: 472:, is displaced. When this occurs, the vortex rings become more unstable and prone to shifting by planetary waves. The planetary wave activity in both hemispheres varies year-to-year, producing a corresponding response in the strength and temperature of the polar vortex. The number of waves around the perimeter of the vortex are related to the core size; as the vortex core decreases, the number of waves increase. 307:. Beneath that lies a large mass of cold, dense Arctic air. The interface between the cold dry air mass of the pole and the warm moist air mass farther south defines the location of the polar front. The polar front is centered roughly at 60° latitude. A polar vortex strengthens in the winter and weakens in the summer because of its dependence on the temperature difference between the equator and the poles. 314:. Horizontally, most polar vortices have a radius of less than 1,000 kilometres (620 mi). Since polar vortices exist from the stratosphere downward into the mid-troposphere, a variety of heights/pressure levels are used to mark its position. The 50 hPa pressure surface is most often used to identify its stratospheric location. At the level of the tropopause, the extent of closed contours of 464:–related climate anomalies significantly strengthen the polar vortex. Intensification of the polar vortex produces changes in relative humidity as downward intrusions of dry, stratospheric air enter the vortex core. With a strengthening of the vortex comes a longwave cooling due to a decrease in water vapor concentration near the vortex. The decreased water content is a result of a lower 741: 574:, who had first proposed it in a 2012 paper co-authored by Stephen J. Vavrus. While some paleoclimate reconstructions have suggested that the polar vortex becomes more variable and causes more unstable weather during periods of warming back in 1997, this was contradicted by climate modelling, with PMIP2 simulations finding in 2010 that the 130:. The equatorward edge is around 40° to 50°, and it extends from the surface up to around 10 km to 15 km. Its yearly cycle differs from the stratospheric vortex because the tropospheric vortex exists all year, but is similar to the stratospheric vortex since it is also strongest in winter when the polar regions are coldest. 642:

of the recent winter cooling trends over Eurasian midlatitudes". A 2018 paper from Vavrus and others linked Arctic amplification to more persistent hot-dry extremes during the midlatitude summers, as well as the midlatitude winter continental cooling. Another 2017 paper estimated that when the Arctic

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of the Atlantic, and the speed of other ocean currents. Since all other oceans depend on the Atlantic Ocean's movement of heat energy, climates across the planet can be dramatically affected. The weakening or strengthening of the polar vortex can alter the sea circulation more than a mile beneath the

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events are associated with weaker polar vortices. This warming of stratospheric air can reverse the circulation in the Arctic Polar Vortex from counter-clockwise to clockwise. These changes aloft force changes in the troposphere below. An example of an effect on the troposphere is the change in speed

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height exert varying deviations from their normal values before and after early breakups, while the deviations remain constant before and after late breakups. Scientists are connecting a delay in the Arctic vortex breakup with a reduction of planetary wave activities, few stratospheric sudden warming

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In 2013, further research from Francis connected reductions in the Arctic sea ice to extreme summer weather in the northern mid-latitudes, while other research from that year identified potential linkages between Arctic sea ice trends and more extreme rainfall in the European summer. At the time, it

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area warmed up to seven times faster than the global average. While the Arctic remains one of the coldest places on Earth today, the temperature gradient between it and the warmer parts of the globe will continue to diminish with every decade of global warming as the result of this amplification. If

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A study in 2001 found that stratospheric circulation can have anomalous effects on weather regimes. In the same year, researchers found a statistical correlation between weak polar vortex and outbreaks of severe cold in the Northern Hemisphere. In later years, scientists identified interactions with

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that gripped much of the United States and Canada in late January 2019 has been blamed on a "polar vortex". This is not the scientifically correct use of the term polar vortex, but instead is referring to outbreaks of cold Arctic air caused by a weakened polar vortex. The US National Weather Service

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Moreover, a range of long-term observational data collected during the 2010s and published in 2020 suggests that the intensification of Arctic amplification since the early 2010s was not linked to significant changes on mid-latitude atmospheric patterns. State-of-the-art modelling research of PAMIP

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observations require several decades to definitively distinguish various forms of natural variability from climate trends. This point was stressed by reviews in 2013 and in 2017. A study in 2014 concluded that Arctic amplification significantly decreased cold-season temperature variability over the

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Since the early 2000s, climate models have consistently identified that global warming will gradually push jet streams poleward. In 2008, this was confirmed by observational evidence, which proved that from 1979 to 2001, the northern jet stream moved northward at an average rate of 2.01 kilometres

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Sometimes, a mass of the polar vortex breaks off before the end of the final warming period. If large enough, the piece can move into Canada and the Midwestern, Central, Southern, and Northeastern United States. This diversion of the polar vortex can occur due to the displacement of the polar jet

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Additionally, a 2021 study found that while jet streams had indeed slowly moved polewards since 1960 as was predicted by models, they did not weaken, in spite of a small increase in waviness. A 2022 re-analysis of the aircraft observational data collected over 2002–2020 suggested that the North

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Since there is greater air exchange between the Arctic and the mid-latitudes, ozone depletion at the north pole is much less severe than at the south. Accordingly, the seasonal reduction of ozone levels over the Arctic is usually characterized as an "ozone dent", whereas the more severe ozone

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noted that "there a significant change in the vortex mean state over the twenty-first century, resulting in a weaker, more disturbed vortex.", which contradicted the modelling results but fit the Francis-Vavrus hypothesis. Additionally, a 2013 study noted that the then-current

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just like carbon dioxide and methane. It traps heat in the atmosphere. That vapor also condenses as droplets we know as clouds, which themselves trap more heat. The vapor is a big part of the amplification story—a big reason the Arctic is warming faster than anywhere else."

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in North America goes down by between 1% and 4% on average, with some states suffering up to 20% losses. A 2021 study found that a stratospheric polar vortex disruption is linked with extreme cold winter weather across parts of Asia and North America, including the

605:. In 2015, Francis' next study concluded that highly amplified jet-stream patterns are occurring more frequently in the past two decades. Hence, continued heat-trapping emissions favour increased formation of extreme events caused by prolonged weather conditions. 236:, and polar front equatorward. The jet stream is seen to "buckle" and deviate south. This rapidly brings cold dry air into contact with the warm, moist air of the mid-latitudes, resulting in a rapid and dramatic change of weather known as a " 407:

gradients remain, and the majority of that air remains confined within the polar air mass into December in the Southern Hemisphere and April in the Northern Hemisphere, well after the breakup of the vortex in the mid-stratosphere.

724:. Chlorine concentrations build up during the polar winter, and the consequent ozone destruction is greatest when the sunlight returns in spring. These clouds can only form at temperatures below about −80 °C (−112 °F). 232:(winds at the surface level between 30° and 60° latitude from the west) increase in strength and are persistent. When the polar vortex is weak, high-pressure zones of the mid-latitudes may push poleward, moving the polar vortex, 99:

polar vortex. The stratospheric and tropospheric polar vortices both rotate in the direction of the Earth's spin, but they are distinct phenomena that have different sizes, structures, seasonal cycles, and impacts on weather.

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Zielinski, G.; Mershon, G. (1997). "Paleoenvironmental implications of the insoluble microparticle record in the GISP2 (Greenland) ice core during the rapidly changing climate of the Pleistocene-Holocene transition".

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can lead to a stronger polar vortex during winter for as long as two years afterwards. The strength and position of the polar vortex shapes the flow pattern in a broad area about it. An index which is used in the

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depletion over the Antarctic is considered an "ozone hole". That said, chemical ozone destruction in the 2011 Arctic polar vortex attained, for the first time, a level clearly identifiable as an Arctic "

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can be used to determine its strength. Others have used levels down to the 500 hPa pressure level (about 5,460 metres (17,910 ft) above sea level during the winter) to identify the polar vortex.

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Studies published in 2017 and 2018 identified stalling patterns of Rossby waves in the northern hemisphere jet stream as the culprit behind other almost stationary extreme weather events, such as the

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this gradient has a strong influence on the jet stream, then it will eventually become weaker and more variable in its course, which would allow more cold air from the polar vortex to leak

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Tenenbaum, Joel; Williams, Paul D.; Turp, Debi; Buchanan, Piers; Coulson, Robert; Gill, Philip G.; Lunnon, Robert W.; Oztunali, Marguerite G.; Rankin, John; Rukhovets, Leonid (July 2022).

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tended to strongly underestimate winter blocking trends, and other 2012 research had suggested a connection between declining Arctic sea ice and heavy snowfall during midlatitude winters.

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Blackport, Russell; Screen, James A.; van der Wiel, Karin; Bintanja, Richard (September 2019). "Minimal influence of reduced Arctic sea ice on coincident cold winters in mid-latitudes".

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which contribute to the breakdown of the polar vortex, whereas in the Southern Hemisphere the vortex is less disturbed. The breakdown of the polar vortex is an extreme event known as a

184:. When it is very weak, the flow of Arctic air becomes more disorganized, and masses of cold Arctic air can push equatorward, bringing with them a rapid and sharp temperature drop. 3108: 5865: 107:

rotating winds around 15 km to 50 km high, poleward of 50°, and is strongest in winter. It forms during autumn when Arctic or Antarctic temperatures cool rapidly as the

3935:"Response of Northern Hemisphere Weather and Climate to Arctic Sea Ice Decline: Resolution Independence in Polar Amplification Model Intercomparison Project (PAMIP) Simulations" 364:

When the Arctic vortex is at its strongest, there is a single vortex, but normally, the Arctic vortex is elongated in shape, with two cyclone centers, one over Baffin Island in

1051: 2902: 822: 2058: 176:, and the Arctic air is well contained. When this northern tropospheric vortex weakens, it breaks into two or more smaller vortices, the strongest of which are near 3361:

Kim, Jin-Soo; Kug, Jong-Seong; Jeong, Su-Jong; Huntzinger, Deborah N.; Michalak, Anna M.; Schwalm, Christopher R.; Wei, Yaxing; Schaefer, Kevin (26 October 2021).

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Polar cyclones are low-pressure zones embedded within the polar air masses, and exist year-round. The stratospheric polar vortex develops at latitudes above the

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The breakup of the northern polar vortex occurs between mid March to mid May. This event signifies the transition from winter to spring, and has impacts on the

3983: 3271: 1025: 679:, and found that all of the recently observed changes remain within range of natural variability: the earliest likely time of divergence is in 2060, under the 638:

In a 2017 study conducted by climatologist Judah Cohen and several of his research associates, Cohen wrote that " shift in polar vortex states can account for

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Atlantic jet stream had actually strengthened. Finally, a 2021 study was able to reconstruct jet stream patterns over the past 1,250 years based on Greenland

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Rantanen, Mika; Karpechko, Alexey Yu; Lipponen, Antti; Nordling, Kalle; Hyvärinen, Otto; Ruosteenoja, Kimmo; Vihma, Timo; Laaksonen, Ari (11 August 2022).

1869: 4710: 4702: 582:, and suggesting that warmer periods have stronger positive phase AO, and thus less frequent leaks of the polar vortex air. However, a 2012 review in the 1075: 468:

within the vortex, which places dry stratospheric air above moist tropospheric air. Instability is caused when the vortex tube, the line of concentrated

372:. When the Arctic pattern is at its weakest, subtropic air masses can intrude poleward causing the Arctic air masses to move equatorward, as during the 5825: 4694: 4686: 1341: 205: 201: 188: 4678: 4670: 451:

occurs, nicknamed the "Achilles Heel of the North Atlantic". Small amounts of heating or cooling traveling from the polar vortex can trigger or delay

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Mitchell, Daniel M.; Osprey, Scott M.; Gray, Lesley J.; Butchart, Neal; Hardiman, Steven C.; Charlton-Perez, Andrew J.; Watson, Peter (August 2012).

5020: 141:, popularizing the term as an explanation of very cold temperatures. The tropospheric vortex increased in public visibility in 2021 as a result of 2470: 4405: 3164: 1762: 5804: 5199: 4117: 137:

observations at altitudes higher than 20 km. The tropospheric polar vortex was mentioned frequently in the news and weather media in the

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The waxing and waning of the polar vortex is driven by the movement of mass and the transfer of heat in the polar region. In the autumn, the

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van Oldenborgh, Geert Jan; Mitchell-Larson, Eli; Vecchi, Gabriel A.; de Vries, Hylke; Vautar, Robert; Otto, Friederike (22 November 2019).

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Schoeberl, M.R.; Hartmann, D.L. (1991). "The Dynamics of the Stratospheric Polar Vortex and Its Relation to Springtime Ozone Depletions".

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However, because the specific observations are considered short-term observations, there is considerable uncertainty in the conclusions.

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occurs most heavily within the polar vortices – particularly over the Southern Hemisphere – reaching a maximum depletion in the spring.

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When the tropospheric vortex of the Arctic is strong, it has a well defined and nearly circular shape. There is a single vortex with a

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patterns, and other weather anomalies have caused the Arctic to heat up faster than other parts of the globe, in what is known as the

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Wei, K; Chen, W; Huang, R (2007). "Dynamical diagnosis of the breakup of the stratospheric polar vortex in the northern hemisphere".

704:, although the effect has been weakening since the 2000s. It is expected to return to 1980 levels in about 2075. The nitric acid in 4359: 3576:

Weng, H. (2012). "Impacts of multi-scale solar activity on climate. Part I: Atmospheric circulation patterns and climate extremes".

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The tropospheric polar vortex was first described as early as 1853. The stratospheric vortex's SSWs were discovered in 1952 with

6399: 649: 392:, here the vortex completely breaks down and an associated warming of 30–50 °C (54–90 °F) over a few days can occur. 142: 4141:"Aircraft observations and reanalysis depictions of trends in the North Atlantic winter jet stream wind speeds and turbulence" 597:

was also suggested that this connection between Arctic amplification and jet stream patterns was involved in the formation of

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Li, L; Li, C; Pan, Y (2012). "On the differences and climate impacts of early and late stratospheric polar vortex breakup".

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that migrate into higher latitudes when the polar vortex is weak can disrupt the single vortex creating smaller vortices (

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Schoeberl, Mark R.; Lait, Leslie R.; Newman, Paul A.; Rosenfield, Joan E. (1992). "The structure of the polar vortex".

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Reichler, Tom; Kim, J; Manzini, E; Kroger, J (2012). "A stratospheric connection to Atlantic climate variability".

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Reichler, Tom; Kim, J; Manzini, E; Kroger, J (2012). "A stratospheric connection to Atlantic climate variability".

630:: "A lot more water vapor is being transported northward by big swings in the jet stream. That's important because 1274:"The association between stratospheric weak polar vortex events and cold air outbreaks in the Northern Hemisphere" 115:

causes the vortex to spin up. The stratospheric polar vortex breaks down during spring as the polar night ends. A

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jet stream. Climate scientists have hypothesized that the jet stream will also gradually weaken as a result of

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one. In the Arctic the distribution of land masses at high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere gives rise to

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Osman, Matthew B.; Coats, Sloan; Das, Sarah B.; McConnell, Joseph R.; Chellman, Nathan (13 September 2021).

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of the Atlantic Ocean circulation pattern. A soft spot just south of Greenland is where the initial step of

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waves. Strengthening storm systems within the troposphere that cool the poles, intensify the polar vortex.

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begins. The increased temperature difference between the pole and the tropics causes strong winds, and the

4527:"The Area of the Stratospheric Polar Vortex as a Diagnostic for Tracer Transport on an Isentropic Surface" 3190: 2925: 2596:"Arctic Oscillation during the Mid-Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum from PMIP2 Coupled Model Simulations" 2505:; Vavrus, Stephen J. (2012). "Evidence linking Arctic amplification to extreme weather in mid-latitudes". 47: 6213: 6195: 5797: 5214: 900: 373: 3656:"Weakening and shift of the Arctic stratospheric polar vortex: Internal variability or forced response?" 5282: 5078: 4957: 3513:"Increasing large wildfires over the western United States linked to diminishing sea ice in the Arctic" 2645:"The Effect of Climate Change on the Variability of the Northern Hemisphere Stratospheric Polar Vortex" 652:. Another 2021 study identified a connection between the Arctic sea ice loss and the increased size of 501: 4589:

Coy, Lawrence; Nash, Eric R.; Newman, Paul A. (1997). "Meteorology of the polar vortex: Spring 1997".

2807:(December 2013). "Extreme summer weather in northern mid-latitudes linked to a vanishing cryosphere". 59: 5977: 5920: 4409: 3688: 3131: 1803: 705: 439:, part of the northern polar vortex weakening, on the record-setting cold morning of January 21, 1985 3984:"Landmark study casts doubt on controversial theory linking melting Arctic to severe winter weather" 2527: 1790: 1071: 518: 475:

The degree of the mixing of polar and mid-latitude air depends on the evolution and position of the

6363: 5695: 5488: 5439: 4817: 4081: 1477: 631: 3045:"Influence of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Planetary Wave Resonance and Extreme Weather Events" 1761:

Limpasuvan, Varavut; Hartmann, Dennis L.; Thompson, David W.J.; Jeev, Kumar; Yung, Yuk L. (2005).

6277: 5982: 5432: 5397: 5390: 5303: 3712: 613: 4082:"Recent Trends in the Waviness of the Northern Hemisphere Wintertime Polar and Subtropical Jets" 3876:"Insignificant effect of Arctic amplification on the amplitude of midlatitude atmospheric waves" 3442:

Cohen, Judah; Agel, Laurie; Barlow, Mathew; Garfinkel, Chaim I.; White, Ian (3 September 2021).

1870:"The dynamics of the stratospheric polar vortex and its relation to springtime ozone depletions" 6218: 6172: 4822: 4812: 4748: 4434: 2522: 1785: 617: 535: 493: 456: 311: 81: 2168: 2112:

Baldwin, M.P.; Dunkerton, TJ (2001). "Stratospheric Harbingers of Anomalous Weather Regimes".

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Zou, Yofei; Rasch, Philip J.; Wang, Hailong; Xie, Zuowei; Zhang, Rudong (26 October 2021).

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Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences

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The tropospheric polar vortex is often defined as the area poleward of the tropospheric

6026: 5266: 5043: 4918: 4882: 4797: 4787: 4614: 4230: 4195: 4176: 4109: 4062: 4049: 4017:"Robust but weak winter atmospheric circulation response to future Arctic sea ice loss" 4016: 3964: 3910: 3875: 3856: 3803: 3693: 3601: 3558: 3545: 3512: 3481: 3338: 3297: 3263: 3220: 3077: 3044: 3020: 2987: 2868: 2843: 2780: 2745: 2682: 2625: 2540: 2446: 2413: 2362: 2265: 2145: 1958: 1908: 1708: 1623: 1580: 1441: 1311: 1285: 1254: 709: 644: 575: 539: 497: 412: 358: 4140: 2744:; Curry, Judith A.; Wang, Huijun; Song, Mirong; Horton, Radley M. (27 February 2012). 88: 6419: 6282: 6042: 5646: 5418: 5358: 5063: 4933: 4892: 4802: 4772: 4741: 4651: 4618: 4335: 4308: 4281: 4235: 4180: 4168: 4113: 4066: 4054: 3968: 3915: 3860: 3807: 3697: 3605: 3562: 3550: 3485: 3473: 3382: 3343: 3325: 3255: 3082: 3025: 2785: 2686: 2674: 2629: 2451: 2366: 2354: 2137: 1962: 1900: 1712: 1627: 1584: 1389: 1353: 1315: 1056: 104: 3933:

Streffing, Jan; Semmler, Tido; Zampieri, Lorenzo; Jung, Thomas (24 September 2021).

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has been nearly four times faster than the global average, and some hotspots in the

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James E. Overland (December 8, 2013). "Atmospheric science: Long-range linkage".

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Nash, Eric R.; Newman, Paul A.; Rosenfield, Joan E.; Schoeberl, Mark R. (1996).

3225:"More-Persistent Weak Stratospheric Polar Vortex States Linked to Cold Extremes" 2017:

Waugh, D; Plumb, R; Elkins, J; Fahey, D; Boering, K; Dutton, G; Lait, L (2012).

1896: 6255: 5660: 5618: 5611: 5604: 5555: 5541: 5527: 5502: 5495: 5166: 4040: 3798: 3773: 3536: 3321: 3101:"Extreme global weather is 'the face of climate change' says leading scientist" 2437: 2339: 2314: 1342:"Investigation of the Role of Polar Vortex in Iranian First and Last Snowfalls" 790: 531: 225: 146: 4763: 4196:"North Atlantic jet stream projections in the context of the past 1,250 years" 3842: 3597: 2726: 2701: 1619: 1576: 866: 6393: 6180: 6134: 5830: 5625: 5583: 5569: 5376: 5204: 5173: 4923: 4867: 4172: 3959: 3934: 3329: 3259: 3251: 2678: 2358: 1678:"The February 2010 Artcic Oscillation Index and its stratospheric connection" 1677: 1502: 1497: 1357: 923:"A Glimpse of America's Future: Climate Change Means Trouble for Power Grids" 556: 547: 436: 369: 339: 228:, near 160 west longitude. When the polar vortex is strong, the mid-latitude 177: 4220: 3469: 2770: 2133: 842: 91:. The term polar vortex can be used to describe two distinct phenomena; the 6267: 6185: 5765: 5758: 5744: 5737: 5723: 5681: 5667: 5653: 5632: 5194: 5134: 5068: 4655: 4239: 4058: 3919: 3900: 3771: 3554: 3477: 3362: 3347: 3086: 3029: 3011: 2926:"Polar Vortex: Climate Change Might Just Be Driving the Historic Cold Snap" 2789: 2741: 2669: 2644: 2620: 2595: 2475: 2455: 2141: 1954: 1904: 1853: 1828: 1490: 943: 765: 748:

Other astronomical bodies are also known to have polar vortices, including

692: 416: 400: 304: 247:, the polar vortex, known there as a "polar blast" or "polar plunge", is a 92: 31: 27: 3444: 3298:"The influence of Arctic amplification on mid-latitude summer circulation" 2315:"The Arctic has warmed nearly four times faster than the globe since 1979" 1249: 1224: 6325: 6245: 6139: 5992: 5855: 5772: 5751: 5730: 5716: 5548: 5467: 4872: 4847: 4768: 4105: 3736: 3679: 3640: 2828: 2536: 2349: 2260: 2235: 1799: 1437: 817: 812: 664: 560: 551: 452: 448: 385: 300: 173: 108: 96: 2988:"Evidence linking rapid Arctic warming to mid-latitude weather patterns" 1763:"Stratosphere-troposphere evolution during polar vortex intensification" 504:

anomalies or weather anomalies which are linked to the polar vortex and

299:

The bases of the two polar vortices are located in the middle and upper

6330: 6320: 6299: 6260: 5972: 5891: 4908: 4862: 4827: 3851: 3745: 3296:

Coumou, D.; Di Capua, G.; Vavrus, S.; Wang, L.; Wang, S. (2018-08-20).

2878: 2059:"The Warm West, Cool East U.S. Temperature Divide | Climate Nexus" 729: 505: 465: 423: 288: 252: 248: 233: 229: 169: 134: 127: 85: 4727:"Current map of antarctic winds and temperatures at the 500 hPa level" 4719:"Current map of antarctic winds and temperatures at the 250 hPa level" 4610: 4581: 4517: 3386: 3068: 2957:"How frigid 'polar vortex' could be result of global warming (+video)" 2195:"Dynamical Mechanisms for Stratospheric Influences on the Troposphere" 2043: 2018: 1541: 1205: 1180: 803:– a persisting hexagonal cloud pattern around the north pole of Saturn 774:'s south pole is the only known hot polar vortex in the solar system. 461: 334:

Polar vortices are weakest during summer and strongest during winter.

6294: 6250: 6230: 5946: 5835: 5073: 4989: 4984: 4976: 4832: 4711:"Current map of antarctic winds and temperatures at the 70 hPa level" 4703:"Current map of antarctic winds and temperatures at the 10 hPa level" 4454: 4015:

Smith, D.M.; Eade, R.; Andrews, M.B.; et al. (7 February 2022).

3378: 1747: 1662: 1339: 717: 546:. In 2021–2022, it was found that since 1979, the warming within the 469: 377: 244: 237: 217: 200:. Similarly, the severe cold in the United Kingdom in the winters of 17: 4493: 4164: 3159: 2381:"The Arctic is warming four times faster than the rest of the world" 1933:

Widnall, S; Sullivan, J (1973). "On the stability of vortex rings".

1704: 1517: 1072:"Stratospheric Polar Vortex Influences Winter Cold, Researchers Say" 683:

8.5 which implies continually accelerating greenhouse gas emissions.

326: 23:

Persistent cold-core low-pressure area that circles one of the poles

6315: 6208: 6203: 5314: 5209: 5085: 4695:"Current map of arctic winds and temperatures at the 500 hPa level" 4687:"Current map of arctic winds and temperatures at the 250 hPa level" 3820: 2594:

Lue, J.-M.; Kim, S.-J.; Abe-Ouchi, A.; Yu, Y.; Ohgaito, R. (2010).

1307: 1222: 713: 676: 653: 280: 268: 256: 4679:"Current map of arctic winds and temperatures at the 70 hPa level" 4671:"Current map of arctic winds and temperatures at the 10 hPa level" 4304:

Tracer-tracer Relations as a Tool for Research on Polar Ozone Loss

4253: 1466: 1319: 1290: 1272:

Kolstad, Erik W.; Breiteig, Tarjei; Scaife, Adam A. (April 2010).

1098:"Polar Blast Set To Hit Australia This Weekend, First in 15 Years" 6272: 6048: 5053: 4947: 4764: 2312: 1829:"Physical mechanisms of tropopause polar vortex intensity change" 1381: 757: 349: 345: 224:

is a single low-pressure zone that is found near the edge of the

181: 53:

A strong tropospheric polar vortex configuration in November 2013

2702:"Winter and Summer Northern Hemisphere Blocking in CMIP5 Models" 65:

A more typical weak tropospheric polar vortex on January 5, 2014

2802: 1124:"'Twin peaks': Sydney prepares for double burst of polar chill" 771: 761: 740: 700:

The chemistry of the Antarctic polar vortex has created severe

428: 381: 365: 2844:"Influence of Arctic sea ice on European summer precipitation" 1975: 1760: 5048: 4792: 4559: 4491: 4138: 2985: 2471:"New data reveals extraordinary global heating in the Arctic" 2085:"What's a Polar Vortex?: The Science Behind Arctic Outbreaks" 1978:"On the motion of air through the stratospheric polar vortex" 1515: 1225:"Potential Vorticity Diagnosis of a Tropopause Polar Cyclone" 749: 721: 590: 432: 330:

Polar vortex and weather impacts due to stratospheric warming

3932: 3774:"Cold waves are getting milder in the northern midlatitudes" 2412:

Isaksen, Ketil; Nordli, Øyvind; et al. (15 June 2022).

399:

winds increase in speed and the polar vortex rises into the

196:

were blamed on the Polar vortex bringing severe cold in the

4552:

10.1175/1520-0469(1986)043<1319:TAOTSP>2.0.CO;2

2700:

Masato, Giacomo; Hoskins, Brian J.; Woollings, Tim (2013).

2581:

10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0547:piotim>2.3.co;2

2220:

10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<1711:DMFSIO>2.0.CO;2

2003:

10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<2973:otmoat>2.0.co;2

753: 260: 3219: 2642: 1385:

Polar lows: mesoscale weather systems in the polar regions

696:

Southern Hemisphere Ozone Concentration, February 22, 2012

3413:"Climate change: Arctic warming linked to colder winters" 3129: 843:"Dynamics and circulation regimes of terrestrial planets" 752:(double vortex – that is, two polar vortices at a pole), 103:

The stratospheric polar vortex is an area of high-speed,

3441: 3295: 1725: 1640: 1516:

Nash, E; Newman, P; Rosenfield, J; Schoeberl, M (2012).

380:

polar vortex is more pronounced and persistent than the

255:

which brings rain showers, snow (typically inland, with

143:

extreme frigid temperatures in the central United States

2746:"Impact of declining Arctic sea ice on winter snowfall" 2495: 2462: 2306: 4331:

Stratosphere troposphere interactions: an introduction

4193: 3874:

Blackport, Russell; Screen, James A. (February 2020).

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in the south-eastern parts of the country, such as in

4145:

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

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Mann, Michael E.; Rahmstorf, Stefan (27 March 2017).

2895:"Arctic ice loss amplified Superstorm Sandy violence" 2016: 1976:

Manney, G; Zurek, R; O'Neill, A; Swinbank, R (1994).

1685:

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

1467:

Arctic Oscillation (AO) time series, 1899 – June 2002

1278:

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

1271: 526:(1.25 mi) per year, with a similar trend in the 2948: 2234:

Archer, Cristina L.; Caldeira, Ken (18 April 2008).

1340:

Abdolreza Kashki & Javad Khoshhal (2013-11-22).

1223:

Cavallo, Steven M.; Hakim, Gregory J. (April 2009).

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American Association for the Advancement of Science

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Pyle (1997). 4151:(747): 2927–2941. 3939:Journal of Climate 3049:Scientific Reports 2998:(2045): 20140170. 2706:Journal of Climate 2600:Journal of Climate 2418:Scientific Reports 1691:(669): 1961–1969. 1472:2003-12-12 at the 1078:. December 3, 2001 1060:. 7 November 2016. 927:The New York Times 791:Weather portal 746: 698: 645:primary production 576:Arctic oscillation 540:evapotranspiration 498:evapotranspiration 441: 413:hydrological cycle 359:Arctic oscillation 332: 74:circumpolar vortex 6387: 6386: 6347: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6283:Satellite tornado 6158: 6157: 6123: 6122: 6119: 6118: 6043:Pacific hurricane 5959: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5900: 5899: 5844: 5843: 5814: 5813: 5359:Eyemouth disaster 5275:14th-18th century 5223: 5222: 5183: 5182: 5064:Low-pressure area 4942: 4941: 4934:Subtropical ridge 4893:Subtropical ridge 4803:Low-pressure area 4773:Centers of action 4611:10.1029/97GL52832 4597:(22): 2693–2696. 4582:10.1029/91JD02168 4568:(D8): 7859–7882. 4537:(13): 1319–1339. 4518:10.1029/96JD00066 4504:(D5): 9471–9478. 4341:978-1-4020-8216-0 4314:978-3-89336-614-9 4287:978-90-5699-020-6 3945:(20): 8445–8457. 3367:Nature Geoscience 3069:10.1038/srep45242 2899:Cornell Chronicle 2756:(11): 4074–4079. 2712:(18): 7044–7059. 2606:(14): 3792–3813. 2294:on 17 August 2016 2205:(14): 1711–1725. 2171:on March 16, 2010 2120:(5542): 581–584. 2044:10.1029/96JD03715 1988:(20): 2973–2994. 1941:(1590): 335–353. 1839:(11): 3359–3373. 1728:Nature Geoscience 1643:Nature Geoscience 1542:10.1029/96JD00066 1528:(D5): 9471–9478. 1395:978-0-521-62430-5 1206:10.1029/96JD03715 1159:on March 24, 2010 1074:(Press release). 1057:Independent.co.uk 899:(Press release). 534:. Trends such as 348:eruptions in the 279:(but only on the 6427: 6376: 6375: 6374: 6362: 6361: 6360: 6236: 6235: 6169: 6168: 6112: 6105: 6098: 6091: 6081: 6071: 6064: 6057: 6045: 6036: 6029: 6019: 6014: 6013: 5926:Black nor'easter 5911: 5910: 5907: 5826:Black Sea storms 5807: 5800: 5782: 5775: 5768: 5761: 5754: 5747: 5740: 5733: 5726: 5719: 5712: 5705: 5698: 5691: 5684: 5677: 5670: 5663: 5656: 5649: 5642: 5635: 5628: 5621: 5614: 5607: 5600: 5593: 5586: 5579: 5572: 5565: 5558: 5551: 5544: 5537: 5530: 5512: 5505: 5498: 5491: 5484: 5477: 5470: 5468:Braer Storm 1993 5463: 5456: 5449: 5442: 5435: 5428: 5421: 5414: 5407: 5400: 5393: 5386: 5379: 5361: 5354: 5347: 5340: 5333: 5317: 5306: 5299: 5292: 5285: 5269: 5259: 5252: 5245: 5236: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5176: 5169: 5151: 5144: 5137: 5130: 5117: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5106: 5101: 5100: 5097: 5023: 5016: 5009: 5000: 4999: 4973: 4972: 4969: 4964: 4963: 4960: 4953: 4952: 4909:South Polar High 4863:North Polar High 4853: 4852: 4758: 4751: 4744: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4722: 4714: 4706: 4698: 4690: 4682: 4674: 4659: 4622: 4585: 4556: 4554: 4521: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4392: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4261: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4233: 4223: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4052: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3989:Science Magazine 3979: 3973: 3972: 3962: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3913: 3903: 3880:Science Advances 3871: 3865: 3864: 3854: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3801: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3748: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3691: 3666:(7): 3365–3373. 3651: 3645: 3644: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3548: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3447: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3379:10.1038/ngeo2986 3358: 3352: 3351: 3341: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3276: 3229: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3169: 3162: 3136: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3080: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3023: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2871: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2783: 2773: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2672: 2655:(8): 2608–2618. 2640: 2634: 2633: 2623: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2530: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2449: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2386:Science Magazine 2377: 2371: 2370: 2352: 2342: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2288:Associated Press 2280: 2274: 2273: 2263: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2222: 2190: 2181: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2109: 2100: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2070: 2061:. Archived from 2055: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2014: 2008: 2007: 2005: 1973: 1967: 1966: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1921: 1915:. Archived from 1874: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1856: 1824: 1818: 1817: 1815: 1814: 1808: 1802:. Archived from 1793: 1767: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1748:10.1038/ngeo1586 1723: 1717: 1716: 1682: 1673: 1667: 1666: 1663:10.1038/ngeo1586 1638: 1632: 1631: 1606:(9): 1369–1379. 1595: 1589: 1588: 1563:(5): 1119–1128. 1552: 1546: 1545: 1513: 1507: 1487: 1481: 1463: 1457: 1456: 1454: 1448:. Archived from 1415: 1406: 1400: 1399: 1379: 1373: 1372: 1370: 1369: 1360:. Archived from 1337: 1331: 1330: 1328: 1327: 1318:. Archived from 1293: 1269: 1263: 1262: 1252: 1235:(4): 1358–1371. 1220: 1211: 1210: 1208: 1176: 1170: 1168: 1166: 1164: 1155:. Archived from 1148: 1142: 1141: 1139: 1137: 1120: 1114: 1113: 1111: 1109: 1094: 1088: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1068: 1062: 1061: 1048: 1042: 1041: 1039: 1037: 1022: 1016: 1015: 1013: 1011: 996: 990: 989: 987: 985: 970: 964: 963: 961: 959: 940: 931: 930: 918: 912: 911: 909: 907: 893: 887: 877: 871: 870: 838: 801:Saturn's hexagon 789: 788: 572:Jennifer Francis 89:planetary bodies 62: 50: 6435: 6434: 6430: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6425: 6424: 6390: 6389: 6388: 6383: 6372: 6370: 6358: 6356: 6335: 6304: 6225: 6190: 6154: 6115: 6108: 6101: 6094: 6087: 6079: 6074: 6067: 6060: 6053: 6041: 6032: 6025: 6017: 6005: 5997: 5951: 5930: 5905: 5896: 5875: 5840: 5810: 5803: 5796: 5785: 5778: 5771: 5764: 5757: 5750: 5743: 5736: 5729: 5722: 5715: 5708: 5701: 5694: 5687: 5680: 5673: 5666: 5659: 5652: 5645: 5638: 5631: 5624: 5617: 5610: 5603: 5596: 5589: 5582: 5575: 5568: 5561: 5554: 5547: 5540: 5533: 5526: 5515: 5508: 5501: 5494: 5487: 5480: 5473: 5466: 5459: 5452: 5445: 5438: 5431: 5424: 5417: 5410: 5403: 5396: 5389: 5382: 5375: 5364: 5357: 5350: 5343: 5336: 5329: 5318: 5309: 5302: 5295: 5290:Burchardi flood 5288: 5283:Grote Mandrenke 5281: 5270: 5265: 5263: 5219: 5179: 5172: 5165: 5154: 5147: 5142:Great basin low 5140: 5133: 5128:Alberta clipper 5126: 5104: 5095: 5090: 5032: 5027: 4994: 4990:South Polar low 4985:North Polar low 4967: 4956: 4938: 4929:Australian High 4897: 4842: 4776: 4762: 4725: 4717: 4709: 4701: 4693: 4685: 4677: 4669: 4666: 4634:(4989): 46–52. 4482: 4480: 4472: 4463: 4461: 4453: 4444: 4442: 4439:NOAA.gov (NASA) 4433: 4430: 4428:Further reading 4425: 4415: 4413: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4390: 4388: 4380: 4379: 4375: 4365: 4363: 4354: 4353: 4349: 4342: 4326: 4322: 4315: 4299: 4295: 4288: 4272: 4268: 4259: 4257: 4252: 4251: 4247: 4192: 4188: 4165:10.1002/qj.4342 4137: 4133: 4123: 4121: 4078: 4074: 4013: 4009: 3999: 3997: 3980: 3976: 3931: 3927: 3886:(8): eaay2880. 3872: 3868: 3819: 3815: 3770: 3766: 3756: 3754: 3709: 3705: 3652: 3648: 3617: 3613: 3574: 3570: 3509: 3505: 3495: 3493: 3440: 3436: 3426: 3424: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3396: 3394: 3359: 3355: 3294: 3290: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3227: 3218: 3214: 3204: 3202: 3187: 3183: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3160:10.1002/wcc.474 3134: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3041: 3037: 2984: 2980: 2970: 2968: 2953: 2949: 2939: 2937: 2922: 2918: 2908: 2906: 2891: 2887: 2840: 2836: 2801: 2797: 2739: 2735: 2698: 2694: 2641: 2637: 2592: 2588: 2556: 2552: 2528:10.1.1.419.8599 2500: 2496: 2486: 2484: 2467: 2463: 2410: 2406: 2396: 2394: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2311: 2307: 2297: 2295: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2232: 2228: 2191: 2184: 2174: 2172: 2161: 2157: 2110: 2103: 2093: 2091: 2081: 2077: 2068: 2066: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2015: 2011: 1974: 1970: 1931: 1927: 1919: 1883:(4989): 46–52. 1872: 1866: 1862: 1825: 1821: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1791:10.1.1.526.9159 1765: 1759: 1755: 1734:(11): 783–787. 1724: 1720: 1705:10.1002/qj.1935 1680: 1674: 1670: 1649:(11): 783–787. 1639: 1635: 1596: 1592: 1553: 1549: 1514: 1510: 1488: 1484: 1474:Wayback Machine 1464: 1460: 1452: 1413: 1407: 1403: 1396: 1380: 1376: 1367: 1365: 1338: 1334: 1325: 1323: 1270: 1266: 1221: 1214: 1177: 1173: 1162: 1160: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1135: 1133: 1122: 1121: 1117: 1107: 1105: 1096: 1095: 1091: 1081: 1079: 1070: 1069: 1065: 1050: 1049: 1045: 1035: 1033: 1024: 1023: 1019: 1009: 1007: 998: 997: 993: 983: 981: 972: 971: 967: 957: 955: 942: 941: 934: 919: 915: 905: 903: 895: 894: 890: 878: 874: 853:(10): 900–914. 839: 835: 831: 783: 780: 738: 702:ozone depletion 690: 688:Ozone depletion 685: 684: 599:Hurricane Sandy 565:extreme weather 522: 514: 508:configuration. 489: 487:Extreme weather 477:polar night jet 455:, altering the 324: 297: 277:New South Wales 273:South Australia 214: 166: 161: 153:Ozone depletion 113:Coriolis effect 70: 69: 68: 67: 66: 63: 55: 54: 51: 42: 41: 35: 24: 21: 12: 11: 5: 6433: 6423: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6381: 6367: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6312: 6310: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6291: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6270: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6242: 6240: 6233: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6223: 6222: 6221: 6211: 6206: 6200: 6198: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6188: 6183: 6177: 6175: 6166: 6160: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6131: 6129: 6125: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6113: 6106: 6099: 6092: 6084: 6082: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6072: 6065: 6058: 6051: 6046: 6039: 6038: 6037: 6022: 6020: 6011: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5969: 5967: 5961: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5949: 5944: 5938: 5936: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5928: 5923: 5917: 5915: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5894: 5889: 5883: 5881: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5822: 5820: 5816: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5808: 5801: 5793: 5791: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5783: 5776: 5769: 5762: 5755: 5748: 5741: 5734: 5727: 5720: 5713: 5706: 5699: 5692: 5685: 5678: 5671: 5664: 5657: 5650: 5647:Christina 2014 5643: 5636: 5629: 5622: 5615: 5608: 5601: 5594: 5587: 5580: 5573: 5566: 5559: 5552: 5545: 5538: 5531: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5506: 5499: 5492: 5485: 5478: 5471: 5464: 5457: 5450: 5443: 5436: 5429: 5422: 5419:Quimburga 1972 5415: 5408: 5401: 5394: 5387: 5380: 5372: 5370: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5362: 5355: 5348: 5341: 5334: 5326: 5324: 5320: 5319: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5307: 5300: 5293: 5286: 5278: 5276: 5272: 5271: 5262: 5261: 5254: 5247: 5239: 5229: 5225: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5191: 5189: 5185: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5177: 5170: 5167:Panhandle hook 5162: 5160: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5152: 5145: 5138: 5131: 5123: 5121: 5114: 5107: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5033: 5026: 5025: 5018: 5011: 5003: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4992: 4987: 4981: 4979: 4970: 4961: 4958:Synoptic scale 4950: 4944: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4905: 4903: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4859: 4857: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4777: 4771:of the world ( 4761: 4760: 4753: 4746: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4723: 4715: 4707: 4699: 4691: 4683: 4675: 4665: 4664:External links 4662: 4661: 4660: 4623: 4586: 4557: 4522: 4489: 4470: 4451: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4423: 4397: 4373: 4347: 4340: 4320: 4313: 4293: 4286: 4266: 4245: 4186: 4131: 4072: 4007: 3974: 3925: 3866: 3829:(9): 697–704. 3813: 3784:(11): 114004. 3764: 3723:(7): 577–582. 3703: 3646: 3611: 3584:(4): 867–886. 3568: 3503: 3434: 3404: 3373:(8): 572–576. 3353: 3288: 3212: 3181: 3122: 3092: 3035: 2978: 2947: 2916: 2885: 2834: 2805:Francis, J. A. 2795: 2733: 2692: 2635: 2586: 2567:(5): 547–559. 2550: 2494: 2461: 2404: 2389:. 2021-12-14. 2372: 2305: 2275: 2226: 2182: 2155: 2101: 2075: 2050: 2009: 1968: 1925: 1922:on 2019-03-02. 1860: 1819: 1753: 1718: 1668: 1633: 1590: 1547: 1508: 1496:2013-02-01 at 1482: 1458: 1455:on 2020-02-19. 1424:(2): 191–219. 1401: 1394: 1374: 1332: 1308:10.1002/qj.620 1264: 1212: 1191:(D11): 13119. 1171: 1143: 1115: 1089: 1063: 1043: 1032:on 7 June 2019 1017: 991: 965: 944:"Polar vortex" 932: 913: 888: 872: 832: 830: 827: 826: 825: 820: 815: 810: 804: 798: 793: 779: 776: 737: 734: 689: 686: 532:global warming 523: 515: 513: 512:Climate change 510: 488: 485: 340:cold-core lows 323: 320: 296: 295:Identification 293: 226:Ross ice shelf 220:vortex of the 213: 210: 165: 162: 160: 157: 147:climate change 64: 57: 56: 52: 45: 44: 43: 39: 38: 37: 36: 30:'s novel, see 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6432: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6380: 6379: 6368: 6366: 6365: 6354: 6353: 6350: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6307: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6228: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6193: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6181:Catalina eddy 6179: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6161: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6135:Cold-core low 6133: 6132: 6130: 6126: 6111: 6107: 6104: 6100: 6097: 6093: 6090: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6077: 6070: 6066: 6063: 6059: 6056: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6044: 6040: 6035: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6015: 6012: 6009: 6004: 6000: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5962: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5933: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5912: 5909: 5903: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5878: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5831:Icelandic Low 5829: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5817: 5806: 5802: 5799: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5788: 5781: 5777: 5774: 5770: 5767: 5763: 5760: 5756: 5753: 5749: 5746: 5742: 5739: 5735: 5732: 5728: 5725: 5721: 5718: 5714: 5711: 5707: 5704: 5700: 5697: 5693: 5690: 5686: 5683: 5679: 5676: 5672: 5669: 5665: 5662: 5658: 5655: 5651: 5648: 5644: 5641: 5637: 5634: 5630: 5627: 5623: 5620: 5616: 5613: 5609: 5606: 5602: 5599: 5595: 5592: 5588: 5585: 5581: 5578: 5574: 5571: 5567: 5564: 5560: 5557: 5553: 5550: 5546: 5543: 5539: 5536: 5532: 5529: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5511: 5507: 5504: 5500: 5497: 5493: 5490: 5486: 5483: 5479: 5476: 5472: 5469: 5465: 5462: 5458: 5455: 5451: 5448: 5444: 5441: 5437: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5420: 5416: 5413: 5409: 5406: 5402: 5399: 5395: 5392: 5388: 5385: 5381: 5378: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5367: 5360: 5356: 5353: 5349: 5346: 5342: 5339: 5335: 5332: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5321: 5316: 5305: 5301: 5298: 5294: 5291: 5287: 5284: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5273: 5268: 5260: 5255: 5253: 5248: 5246: 5241: 5240: 5237: 5233: 5230: 5226: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5186: 5175: 5174:November gale 5171: 5168: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5157: 5150: 5146: 5143: 5139: 5136: 5132: 5129: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5118: 5115: 5111: 5108: 5105:North America 5102: 5099: 5093: 5087: 5084: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5024: 5019: 5017: 5012: 5010: 5005: 5004: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4968:Surface-based 4965: 4962: 4959: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4945: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4924:Kalahari High 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4900: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4868:Siberian High 4866: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4783: 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