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230:(QWP) and a linearly polarized filter (LPF). The QWP always transforms circularly polarized light into linearly polarized light. However, the angle of polarization of the linearly polarized light produced by a QWP depends on the handedness of the circularly polarized light entering the QWP. In the illustration, the left-handed circularly polarized light entering the analyzing filter is transformed by the QWP into linearly polarized light which has its direction of polarization along the transmission axis of the LPF. Therefore, in this case the light passes through the LPF. In contrast, right-handed circularly polarized light would have been transformed into linearly polarized light that had its direction of polarization along the absorbing axis of the LPF, which is at right angles to the transmission axis, and it would have therefore been blocked.
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211:. The viewer wears eyeglasses which contain a pair of analyzing filters (circular polarizers mounted in reverse) of opposite handedness. Light that is left-circularly polarized is blocked by the right-handed analyzer, while right-circularly polarized light is blocked by the left-handed analyzer. The result is similar to that of stereoscopic viewing using linearly polarized glasses, except the viewer can tilt his or her head and still maintain left/right separation (although stereoscopic image fusion will be lost due to the mismatch between the eye plane and the original camera plane).
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153:. The viewer wears low-cost eyeglasses with a polarizing filter for each eye. The left and right filters have different polarizations, so each eye receives only the image with the matching polarization. This is used to produce a three-dimensional effect by projecting the same scene into both eyes, but depicted from slightly different perspectives with different polarizations. Multiple people can view the stereoscopic images at the same time.
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858:, filmed in 3-D in 1936, was shown by polarized projection in that year, but no contemporary evidence of any kind has yet been presented to support the claim; other sources state that anaglyph projection was used, or that the 3-D version was never shown to the public at all. Sources agree that polarized projection was used for the German short
596:) have introduced displays with horizontal polarizing stripes overlaying the screen. The stripes alternate polarization with each line. This permits using relatively inexpensive passive viewing glasses, similar to those for movies. The principal disadvantage is that each polarization can display only half as many scanning lines.
390:, a short polarized 3-D film was shown at the Chrysler Motors pavilion and seen by thousands of visitors daily. The hand-held cardboard viewers, a free souvenir, were die-cut in the shape of a 1939 Plymouth seen head-on. Their Polaroid filters, stapled over rectangular openings where the headlights ought to be, were very small.
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method. In fact, during the 1950s anaglyph projection was used only for a few short films. Beginning in the 1970s, some 1950s 3-D feature films were re-released in anaglyph form so that they could be shown without special projection equipment. There was no commercial advantage in advertising the fact
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eyeglasses which also contain a pair of orthogonal polarizing filters oriented the same as the projector. As each filter only passes light which is similarly polarised and blocks the orthogonally polarized light, each eye only sees one of the projected images, and the 3D effect is achieved. Linearly
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By rotating either the QWP or the LPF by 90 degrees about an axis perpendicular to its surface (i.e. parallel to the direction of propagation of the light wave), one may build an analyzing filter which blocks left-handed, rather than right-handed circularly polarized light. Rotating both the QWP and
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The images for polarized glasses have to share the screen simultaneously in which full, native resolution is downgraded, compromising picture quality of both sides of the image delivered to each eye simultaneously. A full 1080p picture results from image fusion. This disadvantage does not occur on
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during its 1974 U.S. first run featured unusual glasses consisting of two stiff plastic polarizers held together by two thin silver plastic tubes slit lengthwise, one attached across the tops and bent at the temples to form earpieces, the other a short length bent in the middle and serving as the
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Polaroid filters in disposable cardboard frames were typical during the 1950s, but more comfortable plastic frames with somewhat larger filters, considerably more expensive for the theater owner, were also in use. Patrons were normally instructed to turn them in when leaving so that they could be
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magazine photo of an audience wearing 3-D glasses was one of a series taken at the premiere. The film's title, imprinted on the earpieces, is plainly visible in high-resolution copies of those images. Imaginatively colorized versions have helped to spread the myth that the 3-D movies of the 1950s
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filters are attached to the image screens and appropriately angled filters are worn as glasses. A similar technique uses a single screen with an inverted upper image, viewed in a horizontal partial reflector, with an upright image presented below the reflector, again with appropriate polarizers.
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When stereo images are to be presented to a single user, it is practical to construct an image combiner, using partially silvered mirrors and two image screens at right angles to one another. One image is seen directly through the angled mirror whilst the other is seen as a reflection. Polarized
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of film. The two images are projected through different polarizers and superimposed on the screen. This is a very cost-effective way to convert a theater for 3-D as all that is needed are the attachments and a non-depolarizing screen surface, rather than a conversion to digital 3-D projection.
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polarised glasses require the viewer to keep his or her head level, as tilting of the viewing filters will cause the images of the left and right channels to bleed over to the opposite channel. This can make prolonged viewing uncomfortable as head movement is limited to maintain the 3D effect.
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Cinema uses for stereoscopy. These highlighted products cover everything from recording, projecting, viewing and digital display technologies to live, recorded and pre- and post production facilities and soft- and hardware based product to facilitate 3D content creation. Their systems are
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Cardboard and plastic frames continued to co-exist during the following decades, with one or the other favored by a particular film distributor or theater or for a particular release. Specially imprinted or otherwise custom-made glasses were sometimes used. Some showings of
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projectors, some polarizing filters, a silver screen, and a computer with a dual-head graphics card can be used to form a relatively high-cost (over US$ 10,000 in 2010) system for displaying stereoscopic 3D data simultaneously to a group of people wearing polarized glasses.
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Particularly with the linear polarization schemes popular since the 1950s, the use of linear polarization meant that a level head was required for any sort of comfortable viewing; any effort to tilt the head sideways would result in the polarization failing,
379:, who was privately demonstrating their use for projecting and viewing 3-D images in 1934. They were first used to show a 3-D movie to the general public at "Polaroid on Parade", a New York Museum of Science and Industry exhibit that opened in December 1936.
569:, and both eyes seeing both images. Circular polarization has alleviated this problem, allowing viewers to tilt their heads slightly (although any offset between the eye plane and the original camera plane will still interfere with the perception of depth).
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Circularly polarized 3D glasses in front of an LCD (Liquid
Crystal Display) tablet with a quarter-wave retarder on top of it; the λ/4 plate at 45° produces a definite handedness, which is transmitted by the left filter but blocked by the right
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a circularly polarizing liquid crystal filter which can switch polarity 144 times per second is placed in front of the projector lens. Only one projector is needed, as the left and right eye images are displayed alternately.
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Because neutral-gray linear-polarizing filters are easily manufactured, correct color rendition is possible. Circular-polarizing filters often have a slight brownish tint, which may be compensated for during projection.
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for polarization. Packs of thin glass sheets, angled so as to reflect away light of the unwanted polarity, served as the viewing filters. Polarized 3-D glasses only became practical after the invention of
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A linear polariser converts an unpolarised beam into one with a single linear polarisation. The vertical components of all waves are transmitted, while the horizontal components are absorbed and reflected.
561:, and a poorly synchronized film would negate any increased comfort from the use of polarization. This problem was solved by a number of single strip polarized systems which were standard in the 1980s.
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Optical attachments can be added to traditional 35 mm projectors to adapt them for projecting film in the "over-and-under" format, in which each pair of images is stacked within one
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One can construct a low cost polarized projection system by using a computer with two projectors and an aluminium foil screen. The dull side of aluminium foil is brighter than most
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Zone, op. cit., p. 158 illustrates the viewers given out during the 1940 season of the Fair. The 1939 variety depicted the earlier model car head-on but the filters were identical.
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films can be printed on one line of film, a polarized film was often done with a special set up that uses two projectors. The use of multiple projectors also raises issues with
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images simultaneously: A single 4K projector displays two 2K images one above the other, a special lens attachment polarizes and projects the images on top of each other.
474:& others highlighted their upcoming 3D stereoscopic product portfolios for both the professional and consumer markets to use the same polarization technique as
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bridge piece. The design managed to be both stylish in an appropriately
Warholesque way and self-evidently simple to manufacture from the raw sheet and tube stock.
553:. However, it requires a significant increase in expense: even the low cost polarized glasses typically cost 50% more than comparable red-cyan filters, and while
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sanitized and reissued, and it was not uncommon for ushers to be stationed at the exits to attempt to collect them from forgetful or souvenir-loving patrons.
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436:, digital projection, and the use of sophisticated IMAX 70 mm film projectors, have created an opportunity for a new wave of polarized 3D films.
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399:, the feature-length color 3-D film that premiered on 26 November 1952 and ignited the brief but intense 3-D fad of the 1950s. The well-known
311:(LCD). Ordinary LCD screens already contain polarizers for control of pixel presentation — this can interfere with these techniques.
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Polarized light reflected from an ordinary motion picture screen typically loses most of its polarization, but the loss is negligible if a
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549:, the use of polarized 3D glasses produces a full-color image that is considerably more comfortable to watch and is not subject to
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To present stereoscopic images and films, two images are projected superimposed onto the same screen or display through different
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In 2003 Keigo Iizuka discovered an inexpensive implementation of this principle on laptop computer displays using
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To present a stereoscopic motion picture, two images are projected superimposed onto the same screen through
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To present a stereoscopic motion picture, two images are projected superimposed onto the same screen through
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glasses to create the illusion of three-dimensional images by restricting the light that reaches each
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Polarized 3-D projection was demonstrated experimentally in the 1890s. The projectors used
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Insisting On the
Impossible, The Life of Edwin Land, Inventor of Instant Photography
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Circular polarizer passing left-handed, counter-clockwise circularly polarized light
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Price list showing paper linear polarized glasses at 3 for $ 2, anaglyph 2 for $ 1
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the LPF by the same angle does not change the behaviour of the analyzing filter.
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Polarized 3D systems, and stereoscopy systems in general, commonly exhibit the
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Make Your own Stereo
Pictures Julius B. Kaiser The Macmillan Company 1955
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Glasses don't require a transmitter to synchronize them with the display.
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color film was used. Details about the glasses are not available. At the
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http://hdguru.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Intertek-LG-FPR-Report-.jpg
668:"Resolving the Vergence-Accommodation Conflict in Head-Mounted Displays"
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517: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Cardboard glasses with earpieces and larger filters were used to watch
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interoperable and compatible with existing, passive RealD 3D glasses.
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projections where each pixel can contain information for both eyes.
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Associated with the headaches many people attribute to 3D viewing.
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Thomson
Technicolor currently produces an adapter of this type.
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Narrow vertical viewing angles compared to Active shutter 3D
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Linear polarization was standard into the 1980s and beyond.
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Stereoscopic Cinema and the
Origins of 3-D Film, 1838–1952
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filters (Usually at 45 and 135 degrees). The viewer wears
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One of several photographs taken by J. R. Eyerman at the
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One of several photographs taken by J. R. Eyerman at the
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1479:"Experiments With Polarized Light" by Donald E. Simanek.
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Note: some sources state that the
Italian feature film
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
341:, polarized glasses are used for various tests of
914:A look at Disney and Pixar's 3-D movie technology
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1484:3D STEREO PORTAL Videos & Photos Collection
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303:Polarizing techniques are easier to apply with
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411:that it was not the original release format.
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246:Functional principle of polarized 3D systems
580:and home 3D computer primarily used active
258:is used. This means that a pair of aligned
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814:, University Press of Kentucky, pp. 64-66.
16:Using polarized light to create a 3D image
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533:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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927:http://www.berezin.com/3d/3dglasses.htm
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1461:Stereoscopic Displays and Applications
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939:"3D TV Display Technology Shoot-Out"
515:adding citations to reliable sources
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
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916:. 2008.04.09. Downloaded 2009.06.07
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773:"Contact us – Technicolor Group"
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238:System construction and examples
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1101:Vergence-accommodation conflict
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717:Cowan, Matt (5 December 2007).
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34:needs additional citations for
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1267:Stereo photography techniques
726:European Digital Cinema Forum
719:"REAL D 3D Theatrical System"
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462:several companies, including
275:features a new system called
1277:Stereoscopic depth rendition
755:"Sony – Market Professional"
673:. 2022-09-22. Archived from
608:Glasses don't require power.
483:Advantages and disadvantages
447:were introduced, both using
375:plastic sheet polarizers by
222:As shown in the figure, the
199:Circularly polarized glasses
7:
845:Zone, op. cit., pp. 152-153
832:McElheny, Victor K (1998).
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307:(CRT) technology than with
205:circular polarizing filters
164:Types of polarised glasses
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422:Andy Warhol's Frankenstein
388:1939 New York World's Fair
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299:On TV and computer screens
171:Linearly polarised glasses
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1292:Stereoscopic video coding
1287:Stereoscopic spectroscopy
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1051:Convergence insufficiency
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1388:Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D
1325:3D-enabled mobile phones
1282:Stereoscopic rangefinder
1119:Active shutter 3D system
793:. Individual.utoronto.ca
1360:Virtual reality headset
1355:Stereoscopic video game
1204:Virtual retinal display
836:, Perseus Books, p. 114
1252:Multiview Video Coding
1247:Computer stereo vision
1056:Correspondence problem
897:Getty Images #50611221
823:Zone, op. cit., p. 150
605:Generally inexpensive.
406:were projected by the
309:Liquid crystal display
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881:Getty Images #2905087
449:circular polarization
408:anaglyph color filter
360:Further information:
245:
226:are constructed of a
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58:"Polarized 3D system"
1144:Head-mounted display
1076:Kinetic depth effect
735:on 10 September 2016
588:. TV manufacturers (
511:improve this article
281:circularly polarized
43:improve this article
1232:2D to 3D conversion
1184:Specular holography
1179:Polarized 3D system
1096:Stereoscopic acuity
1091:Stereopsis recovery
279:, which shows both
132:polarized 3D system
1214:Wiggle stereoscopy
1209:Volumetric display
1174:Parallax scrolling
968:"Best TVs of 2016"
810:Zone, Ray (2007).
704:2011-02-26 at the
434:computer animation
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228:quarter-wave plate
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184:linearly polarized
151:polarizing filters
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1430:Sharp Actius RD3D
1350:Stereo microscope
1257:Parallax scanning
1071:Epipolar geometry
1061:Peripheral vision
1036:Binocular rivalry
576:Until 2011, home
551:binocular rivalry
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256:aluminized screen
224:analyzing filters
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1415:Nvidia 3D Vision
1169:Parallax barrier
1154:Integral imaging
1066:Depth perception
1046:Chromostereopsis
1041:Binocular vision
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54:Find sources:
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32:This article
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1403:Nintendo 3DS
1310:3D camcorder
1225:technologies
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1112:technologies
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795:. Retrieved
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737:. Retrieved
730:the original
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682:. Retrieved
675:the original
662:
620:Comfortable.
617:Lightweight.
584:with LCD or
575:
571:
563:
545:Compared to
544:
529:
523:January 2017
520:
509:Please help
504:verification
501:
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441:RealD Cinema
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368:Nicol Prisms
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207:of opposite
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136:polarization
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72:
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1509:Stereoscopy
1435:View-Master
1262:Pseudoscope
1194:Stereoscope
1124:Anaglyph 3D
1013:Stereoscopy
901:Bwana Devil
885:Bwana Devil
777:thomson.net
555:anaglyph 3D
396:Bwana Devil
329:Health care
144:stereoscopy
1499:3D imaging
1493:Categories
1449:Miscellany
1340:Digital 3D
1335:Blu-ray 3D
1199:Vectograph
1164:Multiscopy
1149:Holography
1139:Bubblegram
1086:Stereopsis
1024:Perception
1017:3D display
797:2009-11-03
684:2022-09-22
654:References
648:Vectograph
600:Advantages
384:Kodachrome
377:Edwin Land
350:stereopsis
316:cellophane
209:handedness
180:polarizing
177:orthogonal
99:March 2010
69:newspapers
903:premiere.
887:premiere.
468:Panasonic
343:binocular
335:optometry
277:RealD XLS
1440:XpanD 3D
1425:RealD 3D
1383:Dolby 3D
1378:AMD HD3D
1371:products
972:cnet.com
759:sony.com
702:Archived
699:page 271
642:See also
567:ghosting
476:RealD 3D
458:2011 in
373:Polaroid
318:sheets.
268:RealD 3D
1504:Eyewear
1408:New 3DS
1393:Infitec
1369:Notable
1330:4D film
1315:3D film
1301:Product
1110:Display
739:5 April
362:3D film
356:History
126:filter.
83:scholar
348:(i.e.
85:
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1303:types
1223:Other
733:(PDF)
722:(PDF)
678:(PDF)
671:(PDF)
594:Vizio
381:16 mm
288:frame
134:uses
90:JSTOR
76:books
1015:and
741:2017
464:Sony
443:and
402:Life
337:and
273:Sony
62:news
513:by
472:JVC
456:IBC
454:At
352:).
333:In
260:DLP
254:or
146:).
140:eye
45:by
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