94:
117:. During manufacture, the PVA polymer chains are stretched such that they form an array of aligned, linear molecules in the material. The iodine dopant attaches to the PVA molecules and makes them conducting along the length of the chains. Light polarized parallel to the chains is absorbed, and light polarized perpendicular to the chains is transmitted.
73:
The resultant electric field of an electromagnetic wave (such as light) determines its polarization. If the wave interacts with a line of crystals as in a sheet of polaroid, any varying electric field in the direction parallel to the line of the crystals will cause a current to flow along this line.
148:, it will absorb impinging light of one plane of polarization, so sunglasses will reduce the partially polarized light reflected from level surfaces such as windows and sheets of water, for example. They are also used to examine for chain orientation in transparent plastic products made from
85:
as they cannot move very much from side to side. This means there will be little change in the perpendicular component of the field leading to transmission of the part of the light wave polarized perpendicular to the crystals only, hence allowing the material to be used as a light
74:
The electrons moving in this current will collide with other particles and re-emit the light backwards and forwards. This will cancel the incident wave causing little or no transmission through the sheet.
39:. The term “Polaroid” entered the common vocabulary with the early 1960s introduction of patented film and cameras manufactured by the corporation that produced “instant photos”.
66:
film. The needle-like crystals are aligned during the manufacture of the film by stretching or by applying electric or magnetic fields. With the crystals aligned, the sheet is
124:
polarizer, which consists of aligned polyvinylene chains in a PVA polymer created by dehydrating PVA. This polarizer material is particularly resistant to humidity and heat.
70:: it tends to absorb light which is polarized parallel to the direction of crystal alignment but to transmit light which is polarized perpendicular to it.
258:
221:
493:
289:
314:
36:
508:
503:
160:
498:
334:
306:
245:
349:
282:
133:
93:
298:
232:
28:
8:
81:
perpendicular to the line of crystals, however, can cause only small movements in the
472:
467:
275:
237:
110:
426:
411:
395:
339:
324:
447:
329:
78:
60:
206:
193:
180:
487:
457:
442:
354:
217:
153:
48:
159:
The intensity of light passing through a
Polaroid polarizer is described by
452:
462:
319:
149:
56:
47:
The original material, patented in 1929 and further developed in 1932 by
416:
370:
267:
141:
137:
390:
385:
145:
87:
67:
32:
380:
82:
375:
63:
52:
24:
344:
220:(1951). "Some aspects on the development of sheet polarizers".
114:
27:
sheet is a brand name product trademarked and produced by the
163:. Polaroids are materials of polycarbonate compounds.
109:Polaroid, invented in 1938 by Land. H-sheet is a
485:
283:
97:A building seen through polaroid sunglasses
290:
276:
222:Journal of the Optical Society of America
297:
92:
59:(herapathite) embedded in a transparent
486:
271:
105:, was later replaced by the improved
242:Polarized Light: Production and Use
13:
14:
520:
252:
315:List of Polaroid instant cameras
120:Another type of Polaroid is the
127:
113:(PVA) polymer impregnated with
51:, consists of many microscopic
199:
186:
173:
132:Polarizing sheets are used in
1:
166:
259:"One-Way Glass Stops Glare"
7:
494:Products introduced in 1929
227:Halliday, Resnick, Walker.
10:
525:
144:. Since Polaroid sheet is
435:
404:
363:
305:
42:
16:Optically active material
263:, April 1936 pp. 481-483
246:Harvard University Press
101:This material, known as
229:Fundamentals of Physics
134:liquid-crystal displays
98:
233:John Wiley & Sons
207:U.S. patent 5,666,223
194:U.S. patent 2,237,567
181:U.S. patent 1,918,848
96:
77:The component of the
509:Brand name materials
504:Polarization (waves)
299:Polaroid Corporation
57:iodoquinine sulphate
29:Polaroid Corporation
138:optical microscopes
99:
499:Optical materials
481:
480:
468:Polaroid transfer
261:Popular Mechanics
238:William Shurcliff
111:polyvinyl alcohol
37:polarizing filter
516:
335:Land Camera 1000
292:
285:
278:
269:
268:
224:41(12): 957–963.
210:
209:
203:
197:
196:
190:
184:
183:
177:
524:
523:
519:
518:
517:
515:
514:
513:
484:
483:
482:
477:
431:
400:
359:
301:
296:
255:
231:, 7th edition,
214:
213:
205:
204:
200:
192:
191:
187:
179:
178:
174:
169:
130:
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
522:
512:
511:
506:
501:
496:
479:
478:
476:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
448:Instant camera
445:
439:
437:
436:Related topics
433:
432:
430:
429:
424:
419:
414:
408:
406:
405:Other products
402:
401:
399:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
367:
365:
361:
360:
358:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
311:
309:
303:
302:
295:
294:
287:
280:
272:
266:
265:
254:
253:External links
251:
250:
249:
235:
225:
212:
211:
198:
185:
171:
170:
168:
165:
129:
126:
79:electric field
61:nitrocellulose
44:
41:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
521:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
491:
489:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
458:Polaroid B.V.
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
443:Edwin H. Land
441:
440:
438:
434:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
409:
407:
403:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
368:
366:
362:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
312:
310:
308:
304:
300:
293:
288:
286:
281:
279:
274:
273:
270:
264:
262:
257:
256:
247:
243:
239:
236:
234:
230:
226:
223:
219:
218:Edwin H. Land
216:
215:
208:
202:
195:
189:
182:
176:
172:
164:
162:
157:
155:
154:polycarbonate
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
125:
123:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
95:
91:
89:
84:
80:
75:
71:
69:
65:
62:
58:
54:
50:
49:Edwin H. Land
40:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
453:Instant film
421:
260:
241:
228:
201:
188:
175:
158:
131:
128:Applications
121:
119:
106:
102:
100:
76:
72:
46:
20:
18:
463:MiNT camera
320:Land Camera
150:polystyrene
488:Categories
417:Polavision
371:Polachrome
167:References
161:Malus' law
142:sunglasses
31:used as a
23:synthetic
422:Polarizer
391:Polascope
386:Polagraph
88:polarizer
83:electrons
33:polarizer
381:Polablue
240:(1962).
146:dichroic
68:dichroic
53:crystals
21:Polaroid
427:Eyewear
412:Palette
396:Type 55
376:Polapan
340:Impulse
325:Swinger
307:Cameras
122:K-sheet
107:H-sheet
103:J-sheet
64:polymer
25:plastic
345:i-Zone
115:iodine
43:Patent
364:Films
350:20Ă—24
330:SX-70
473:Zink
355:Z340
140:and
152:or
55:of
35:or
490::
244:,
156:.
136:,
90:.
19:A
291:e
284:t
277:v
248:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
