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water defences. From these calculations follows an acceptable flood risk from the sea at one in 4,000–10,000 years, while it is one in 100–2,500 years for a river flood. The particular established policy guides the Dutch government to improve flood defences as new data on threat levels become available.
474:
prompted a new approach to the design of dikes and other water-retaining structures, based on an acceptable probability of overflowing. Risk is defined as the product of probability and consequences. The potential damage in lives, property, and rebuilding costs is compared with the potential cost of
456:
region) were set up to maintain the integrity of the water defences around polders, maintain the waterways inside a polder, and control the various water levels inside and outside the polder. Water boards hold separate elections, levy taxes, and function independently from other government bodies.
799:, has a long history of constructing polders. Most of these projects were performed between the 10th and 13th centuries. The Chinese government also assisted local communities in constructing dikes for swampland water drainage. The Lijia (里甲) self-monitoring system of 110 households under a
155:
Polders are at risk of flooding at all times, and care must be taken to protect the surrounding dikes. Dikes are typically built with locally available materials, and each material has its own risks: sand is prone to collapse owing to saturation by water; dry peat is lighter than water and
413:
is frequently associated with polders, as its engineers became noted for developing techniques to drain wetlands and make them usable for agriculture and other development. This is illustrated by the saying "God created the world, but the Dutch created the
Netherlands".
1648:
457:
Their function is basically unchanged even today. As such, they are the oldest democratic institutions in the country. The necessary cooperation among all ranks to maintain polder integrity gave its name to the Dutch version of
648:
of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna River delta. These were constructed in the 1960s to protect the coast from tidal flooding and reduce salinity incursion. They reduce long-term flooding and waterlogging following
83:
1764:
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has a large area of polders: as much as 20% of the land area has at some point in the past been reclaimed from the sea, thus contributing to the development of the country.
1740:
425:
nationwide. By 1961, about half of the country's land, 18,000 square kilometres (6,800 sq mi), was reclaimed from the sea. About half the total surface area of
1709:
Reh, W., Steenbergen, C., Aten, D. 2007. Sea of Land, The polder as an experimental atlas of Dutch landscape architecture. 344 pp, Uitgeverij
Architectura & Natura.
1883:
160:
is known for this activity and hunted in certain
European countries because of it. Polders are most commonly, though not exclusively, found in river deltas, former
1987:
140:, or rainfall, or transport of water by rivers and canals. This usually means that the polder has an excess of water, which is pumped out or drained by opening
156:
potentially unable to retain water in very dry seasons. Some animals dig tunnels in the barrier, allowing water to infiltrate the structure; the
132:
over time. All polders will eventually be below the surrounding water level some or all of the time. Water enters the low-lying polder through
1830:
1361:
1757:
1560:
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in Europe were constructed in Roman times. The first polders were constructed in the 11th century. The oldest extant polder is the
152:(former marshland) will sink in relation to its previous level, because of peat decomposing when exposed to oxygen from the air.
175:. Opening the sluices at high tide and closing them at low tide turned the polders into an inaccessible swamp, which allowed the
1737:
1942:
1891:
167:
Flooding of polders has also been used as a military tactic in the past. One example is the flooding of the polders along the
1857:
2080:
2046:
1636:
British
Travellers in Holland During the Stuart Period: Edward Browne and John Locke as Tourists in the United Provinces
1984:
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1630:, Fordham University Press, 1 sep. 2013. The sentence stems from a poem by Archibald Pitcairn (1652–1713):
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803:(里长) headman was used for the purposes of service administration and tax collection in the polder, with a
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343:
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761:
1796:
Xie, Shi 谢湜 (2010). ""11 Shiji Taihu Diqu
Nongtian Shuili Geju de Xingcheng" 11 世纪太湖地区农田水利格局的形成 ".
912:
552:
325:
133:
1817:
Mindai Kōnan nōson shakai no kenkyū 明代江南農村社会の研究 [Rural
Society in Jiangnan during the Ming Dynasty
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is the most famous polder project of the
Netherlands. Some other countries which have polders are
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separated from the surrounding water by a dike and subsequently drained; these are also known as
31:
17:
2085:
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994:
176:
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1418:
1605:
Sijs, N. van der, 2010. Nederlandse woorden wereldwijd, 747 pp. Sdu
Uitgevers bv, Den Haag.
1112:
The meandering
Stingsloot separates the Vrouw Vennepolder (left) and the Rode Polder (right)
1108:
52:
1981:
Neder-landschap
Internationaal: bouwstenen voor een selectie van gebieden landschapsbehoud.
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8:
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148:. Care must be taken not to set the internal water level too low. Polder land made up of
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1080:
2014:
Man-made Lowlands. History of Water Management and Land Reclamation in the Netherlands
401:: The polder lies lower than the surrounding water on the other side of the dike. The
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has 139 polders, of which 49 are sea-facing, while the rest are along the numerous
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have a long history of reclamation of marshes and fenland, resulting in some 3,000
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Farjon, J.M.J., J. Dirkx, A. Koomen, J. Vervloet & W. Lammers. 2001.
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Two polders (three square kilometres or 1.2 square miles in total) near
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544: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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317: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1920:
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Cf. Forrest Clingerman, Brian Treanor, Martin Drenthen, David Utsler,
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Interpreting Nature: The Emerging Field of Environmental Hermeneutics
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807:(粮长, grain chief) responsible for maintaining the water system and a
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https://pure.knaw.nl/portal/files/458170/Nww_compleet_archief.pdf
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outside the conventional area of the fens but connected to them.
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1219:, one of the oldest medieval polders, drained around 1363-1364.
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706:
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629:) have polders on land claimed from the floodplains around the
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2005:
1972:
Derex, Jean-Michel, Franco Cazzola (eds.) 2004. 2nd ed. 2013.
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Major Dutch polders and the years they were laid dry include
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1738:"Bangladeshi project to enhance polders amidst climate woes"
262:, a piece of land elevated above its surroundings, with the
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997:, a meaning somewhat opposite to that in coastal context.
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system was similar to the Dutch and is widely known from
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88:) is a low-lying tract of land that forms an artificial
1131:
Areas of the Netherlands located below sea level (blue)
2006:
Polders of the World. Keynotes International Symposium
1884:"Rice Bowl in Turmoil: The Kuttanad Wetland Ecosystem"
733:
Uitkerkse polders, near Blankenberge in West Flanders
429:
in northwest Europe is in the Netherlands. The first
277:. The word has been adopted in thirty-six languages.
1999:De inddæmmede Landskaber – En historisk geografi.
1858:"Rain continues to throw a challenge in Kuttanad"
1284:in Denmark the lowest point of the European Union
922:In Germany, land reclaimed by diking is called a
736:Prosperpolder, near Doel, Antwerp and Kieldrecht.
2057:
1819:. Tokyo: Tokyo University Press. pp. 9–65.
253:
2038:in a northwest European and a landmark context
1780:
1371:
1365:
206:. Some examples of Dutch polder projects are
1890:. Indian Academy of Sciences. Archived from
657:. They are also cultivated for agriculture.
103:from a body of water, such as a lake or the
2012:Ven, G.P. van de (ed.) 1993, 4th ed. 2004.
1795:
1514:, reclaimed as a side-effect of building a
235:
1974:Eau et développement dans l'Europe moderne
1783:Taihu Tangpu Weitian Shi Yanjiu 太湖塘浦圩田史研究
1881:
1875:
811:(塘长, dike chief) for polder maintenance.
604:Learn how and when to remove this message
377:Learn how and when to remove this message
112:separated from the sea or river by a dike
92:entity, enclosed by embankments known as
1850:
1666:
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993:recreated by opening dikes during river
911:
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705:Polders of Muisbroek and Ettenhoven, in
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36:
1976:. Paris, Maison des Sciences De L'Homme
1632:Tellurem fecere dei, sua littora Belgae
1188:in the world, last part drained in 1968
490:(1852). Polders created as part of the
14:
2058:
1006:Black Bush Polder, Corentyne, Berbice.
509:
177:Allied armies to stop the German army
75:
2034:Polder landscapes in the Netherlands
1561:Sacramento – San Joaquin River Delta
1061:, such as Bonifica Valle del Mezzano
673:river and West Flemish polders near
542:adding citations to reliable sources
513:
315:adding citations to reliable sources
286:
128:The ground level in drained marshes
1672:
727:Scheldepolders on the left bank of
440:As a result of flooding disasters,
24:
2044:How to make a polder – online film
1966:
1882:Thampatti, Manorama (March 1999).
1815:Hamashima, Atsutoshi 滨岛敦俊 (1982).
452:(near the sea, mainly used in the
63:, the Netherlands (595.41 km)
25:
2107:
2027:
2009:. 1982. Lelystad, The Netherlands
1798:Journal of Sun Yat-sen University
1758:"CRCWSC Trade Mission to Kunshan"
1726:"Bangladesh polders under threat"
1438:
908:is a polder in Schleswig-Holstein
875:, adjacent to the Flemish polder
96:. The three types of polder are:
1770:from the original on 2017-04-09.
1578:Flood control in the Netherlands
1549:
1103:
518:
291:
1949:
1935:
1917:Inch and Foyle Wildfowl Project
1913:"Inch Wildfowl Reserve History"
1905:
1823:
1808:
1789:
1774:
958:Bormerkoog and Meggerkoog near
529:needs additional citations for
448:(when situated more inland) or
302:needs additional citations for
1750:
1731:
1719:
1703:
1685:
1641:
1620:
1599:
1384:
1145:, containing the windmills of
1139:, the oldest polder, from 1533
985:In southern Germany, the term
757:Pitt Polder Ecological Reserve
280:
13:
1:
1593:
636:
1785:. Beijing: Nongye Chubanshe.
1463:Caldicot and Wentloog Levels
1452:, on the north shore of the
1434:were built on reclaimed land
1329:
1091:
937:The Rider on the White Horse
225:
7:
1673:Ley, Willy (October 1961).
1566:
1376:) in reclaimed land around
1342:
1264:Rotterdam The Hague Airport
10:
2112:
2081:Environmental soil science
1317:
1262:Zestienhoven, home of the
1026:
950:and Hollerland near Bremen
894:
890:
834:
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660:
240:derives successively from
29:
1838:littoral-normand.n2000.fr
1651:Kijk naar de geschiedenis
1288:
1000:
882:Polders de Couesnon near
861:
740:
616:
1943:"De Mastenbroekerpolder"
1677:. For Your Information.
1424:
1394:, adjacent to the river
1065:
1051:
1010:
772:
2001:Landbohistorik Selskab.
1864:. The Hindu Group. 2011
1781:Liao, Qiyu 繆启愉 (1985).
1370:), and Škocjan Polder (
1173:, a World Heritage Site
944:Altes Land near Hamburg
715:Polder of Stabroek, in
254:
245:
124:, especially in Germany
32:Polder (disambiguation)
1997:Stenak, Morten. 2005.
1679:Galaxy Science Fiction
1490:Parts of the coast of
1390:Parts of the coast of
1372:
1366:
1357:
1132:
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995:floodplain restoration
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762:Grand Pré, Nova Scotia
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621:Several cities on the
406:
258:, and ultimately from
236:
136:and water pressure of
64:
49:
1983:Alterra, Wageningen.
1529:North Somerset Levels
1419:North Jeolla Province
1228:Prins Alexanderpolder
1130:
1119:
1111:
1075:in Kyushu, mainly in
915:
904:
782:has over 100 polders.
668:
392:
164:, and coastal areas.
55:
40:
2091:Coastal construction
2071:Artificial landforms
2019:Wagret, Paul. 1972.
1957:"Polder Mastenbroek"
1675:"The Home-Made Land"
1496:Some land along the
721:Kabeljauwpolder, in
538:improve this article
488:Haarlemmermeerpolder
405:are clearly visible.
311:improve this article
73:Dutch pronunciation:
30:For other uses, see
2016:, Matrijs, Utrecht.
1923:on 7 September 2015
1638:, Leiden 1993, 164.
1634:. C.D. van Strien,
1539:Sealand, Flintshire
1404:Delta of the river
1373:Škocjanska bonifika
1367:Semedelska bonifika
1358:Ankaranska bonifika
1166:Anna Paulownapolder
1151:World Heritage Site
1057:Delta of the river
978:in the district of
968:in the district of
954:Nordstrand, Germany
797:Yangtze River Delta
510:Examples of polders
496:Wieringermeerpolder
472:1953 flood disaster
437:polder, from 1533.
393:Pumping station in
2096:Freshwater ecology
2049:2021-04-17 at the
1990:2012-10-28 at the
1743:2014-04-08 at the
1681:. pp. 92–106.
1270:), in the city of
1133:
1125:
1120:Wind farms in the
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691:Polders along the
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459:third-way politics
407:
403:Archimedes' screws
65:
50:
1655:. Rijkswaterstaat
1544:Humberhead Levels
1512:Grange-over-Sands
1506:Some land around
1378:Koper/Capodistria
1312:Kostrzyn nad Odrą
1303:Nowy Dwór Gdański
1186:artificial island
1045:Newtowncunningham
917:Wesselburenerkoog
884:Mont-Saint Michel
747:Tantramar Marshes
655:tropical cyclones
627:São Paulo (state)
614:
613:
606:
588:
486:(1633–1635), and
450:hoogheemraadschap
387:
386:
379:
361:
77:[ˈpɔldər]
16:(Redirected from
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2076:Land reclamation
2023:London: Methuen.
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1467:Severn Estuary
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1184:, the largest
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646:distributaries
638:
635:
631:Paraíba do Sul
623:Paraíba Valley
618:
615:
612:
611:
526:
524:
517:
511:
508:
385:
384:
299:
297:
290:
282:
279:
227:
224:
126:
125:
113:
107:
101:Land reclaimed
27:Reclaimed land
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2108:
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2089:
2087:
2086:Riparian zone
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2015:
2011:
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1986:
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1952:
1944:
1938:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1894:on 2010-12-16
1893:
1889:
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1878:
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1839:
1832:
1831:"les polders"
1826:
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1550:United States
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1296:
1293:
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1283:
1280:, along with
1279:
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1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1248:Wieringermeer
1246:
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1234:
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1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
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1199:, containing
1198:
1195:
1193:
1192:'s-Gravesloot
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970:Nordfriesland
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932:Theodor Storm
929:
926:. The German
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752:Holland Marsh
750:
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687:West Flanders
684:
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605:
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583:
579:
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572:
569:
565:
562:
558:
555: –
554:
550:
549:Find sources:
543:
539:
533:
532:
527:This section
525:
521:
516:
515:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
482:(1609–1612),
481:
476:
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466:
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460:
455:
451:
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443:
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436:
432:
428:
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381:
378:
370:
359:
356:
352:
349:
345:
342:
338:
335:
331:
328: –
327:
323:
322:Find sources:
316:
312:
306:
305:
300:This section
298:
294:
289:
288:
285:
278:
276:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
252:
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243:
238:
233:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
180:
178:
174:
171:River during
170:
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84:
78:
70:
62:
58:
54:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
2037:
2021:Polderlands.
2020:
2013:
2004:
1998:
1980:
1973:
1951:
1937:
1925:. Retrieved
1921:the original
1916:
1907:
1896:. Retrieved
1892:the original
1887:
1877:
1866:. Retrieved
1861:
1852:
1841:. Retrieved
1837:
1825:
1816:
1810:
1804:(5): 94–106.
1801:
1797:
1791:
1782:
1776:
1752:
1733:
1721:
1705:
1697:the original
1693:"waterschap"
1687:
1678:
1668:
1657:. Retrieved
1650:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1601:
1534:Romney Marsh
1483:River Witham
1337:Pulau Tekong
1324:Danube Delta
1098:Rusnė Island
1079:but also in
1033:Lough Swilly
989:is used for
986:
984:
980:Dithmarschen
975:
965:
935:
927:
923:
921:
876:
841:Söderfjärden
829:Lammefjorden
808:
804:
800:
790:
778:The city of
651:storm surges
640:
620:
600:
591:
581:
574:
567:
560:
548:
536:Please help
531:verification
528:
506:(1956–1968)
477:
469:
464:Polder Model
462:
449:
445:
442:water boards
439:
426:
422:
416:
408:
373:
364:
354:
347:
340:
333:
321:
309:Please help
304:verification
301:
284:
274:
272:epenthetical
267:
264:augmentative
259:
242:Middle Dutch
229:
181:
166:
154:
134:infiltration
127:
119:
110:Flood plains
90:hydrological
68:
66:
1985:Rapport 358
1728:, Irin News
1573:Afsluitdijk
1556:New Orleans
1450:Sunk Island
1445:Traeth Mawr
1385:South Korea
1310:delta near
1297:delta near
1258:Wijdewormer
1217:Mastenbroek
1212:Lauwersmeer
1182:Flevopolder
1177:Bijlmermeer
1104:Netherlands
1087:Prefectures
1071:Around the
1041:Inch Island
934:'s novella
886:in Normandy
879:in Belgium.
767:Minas Basin
729:the Scheldt
504:Flevopolder
502:(1942) and
431:embankments
411:Netherlands
399:Netherlands
281:Netherlands
216:Flevopolder
184:Netherlands
173:World War I
138:groundwater
47:Netherlands
43:Flevopolder
2060:Categories
1898:2011-06-10
1868:2011-06-10
1843:2023-03-25
1659:2008-01-21
1617:, page 155
1594:References
1519:embankment
1498:River Plym
1465:along the
1415:Saemangeum
1282:Lammefjord
1147:Kinderdijk
1137:Achtermeer
1073:Ariake Sea
873:Les Moëres
824:Kolindsund
805:liangzhang
697:Nieuwpoort
642:Bangladesh
637:Bangladesh
564:newspapers
446:waterschap
435:Achtermeer
395:Zoetermeer
337:newspapers
192:Bangladesh
188:IJsselmeer
1888:Resonance
1862:The Hindu
1481:, by the
1472:Parts of
1430:Parts of
1335:Parts of
1330:Singapore
1272:Rotterdam
1268:Overschie
1092:Lithuania
948:Blockland
928:Deichgraf
877:De Moeren
809:tangzhang
723:Zandvliet
701:Diksmuide
675:Diksmuide
594:July 2021
367:July 2021
251:Old Dutch
226:Etymology
2047:Archived
1988:Archived
1765:Archived
1741:Archived
1588:Windpump
1567:See also
1510:east of
1502:Plymouth
1474:The Fens
1456:east of
1364:Polder (
1362:Semedela
1352:Polder (
1343:Slovenia
1238:Schermer
1201:Schiphol
1171:Beemster
1085:Kumamoto
1019:Region,
1017:Kuttanad
856:Korsholm
793:Jiangnan
717:Stabroek
711:Hoevenen
633:river.
553:"Polder"
498:(1930),
494:include
484:Schermer
480:Beemster
326:"Polder"
212:Schermer
208:Beemster
162:fenlands
146:low tide
130:subsides
2066:Polders
1516:railway
1508:Meathop
1406:Nakdong
1400:Incheon
1354:Slovene
1318:Romania
1295:Vistula
1203:airport
1156:Alkmaar
1081:Fukuoka
1039:. Near
1027:Ireland
891:Germany
835:Finland
815:Denmark
801:lizhang
787:History
780:Kunshan
661:Belgium
578:scholar
454:Holland
444:called
427:polders
423:polders
351:scholar
266:suffix
249:, from
196:Belgium
158:muskrat
142:sluices
116:Marshes
18:Polders
1927:5 June
1713:
1609:
1454:Humber
1432:Málaga
1299:Elbląg
1289:Poland
1233:Purmer
1161:Andijk
1021:Kerala
1001:Guyana
987:polder
862:France
852:Vassor
846:Munsmo
741:Canada
707:Ekeren
683:Veurne
617:Brazil
580:
573:
566:
559:
551:
353:
346:
339:
332:
324:
237:polder
200:Canada
105:seabed
69:polder
45:, the
1834:(PDF)
1768:(PDF)
1761:(PDF)
1492:Essex
1425:Spain
1410:Busan
1308:Warta
1066:Japan
1052:Italy
1011:India
976:koogs
966:koogs
820:Filsø
773:China
653:from
585:JSTOR
571:books
461:—the
419:Dutch
358:JSTOR
344:books
255:polra
246:polre
234:word
232:Dutch
204:China
121:koogs
94:dikes
1929:2015
1711:ISBN
1607:ISBN
1527:and
1523:The
1458:Hull
1348:The
1301:and
1149:, a
1083:and
1077:Saga
1043:and
924:koog
897:Koog
791:The
709:and
699:and
693:Yser
671:Yser
669:The
557:news
470:The
417:The
409:The
330:news
270:and
260:pol-
230:The
218:and
202:and
182:The
169:Yser
150:peat
1500:in
1417:in
1408:in
1398:in
1396:Han
1360:),
974:12
964:36
854:in
685:in
540:by
313:by
275:-d-
268:-er
144:at
59:of
2062::
2036:–
1915:.
1886:.
1860:.
1836:.
1802:50
1800:.
1613:,
1356::
1059:Po
1035:,
940:.
467:.
397:,
222:.
214:,
210:,
198:,
194:,
179:.
67:A
2040:.
1994:.
1959:.
1945:.
1931:.
1901:.
1871:.
1846:.
1662:.
1653:"
1649:"
1380:.
1274:.
1266:(
1047:.
607:)
601:(
596:)
592:(
582:·
575:·
568:·
561:·
534:.
380:)
374:(
369:)
365:(
355:·
348:·
341:·
334:·
307:.
71:(
34:.
20:)
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