Polish Americans - Knowledge

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those that followed them found employment in the industries of these two cities as well as Linden which housed oil refineries and auto manufacturing. Initial settlements were in Newark, primarily the "Ironbound" section, where St. Stanislaw Roman Catholic Church, followed by Casimir's Parish were the first parish churches founded and built by the communities there. In Elizabeth, the first parish serving the Polish community is St. Adalbert's Roman Catholic Church. All these parishes are over 100 years old, dating from the late 1800s, with churches constructed in the early 20th century. Post-war prosperity allowed many Polish Americans to disperse from the original core in New Jersey's industrial areas to the surrounding suburban communities. Documentation of their early history may be found on individual parish websites. Other significant centers of Polish settlement in New Jersey included Garfield, New Jersey, Manville in Somerset County, Trenton, New Jersey, and Camden, New Jersey.

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B&M, St. James (Cragin), St. Ladislaus, St. Constance, St. Mary of Perpetual Help, St. Barbara, SS. Peter & Paul, St. Joseph (Back of the Yards), Five Holy Martyrs, St. Pancratius, St. Bruno, St. Camillus, St. Michael (South Chicago), Immaculate Conception (South Chicago), St. Mary Magdalene, St. Bronislava, St. Thecla, St. Florian, St. Mary of Częstochowa (Cicero), St. Simeon (Bellwood), St. Blase (Summit), St. Glowienke (Downers Grove), St. John the Fisherman (Lisle), St. Isidore the Farmer (Blue Island), St. Andrew the Apostle (Calumet City) and St. John the Baptist (Harvey), as well as St. Mary of Nazareth Hospital, on the

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changed their names each year. Language proficiency in Polish is rare in Polish-Americans, as 91.3% speak "English only." In 1979, the 8 million respondents of Polish ancestry reported that only 41.5 percent had single ancestry, whereas 57.3% of Greeks, 52% of Italians and Sicilians, and 44% of Ukrainians had done so (clarification needed). Polish-Americans tended to marry exogamously in the postwar era in high numbers, and tended to marry within the Catholic population, often to persons of German (17%), Italian (10%), East European (8%), Irish (5%), French (4%), Spanish-speaking (2%), Lithuanian (2%), and English (1%) ancestry.

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entering the US from 1795 to 1917, when Poland did not exist, did not identify themselves as ethnic Poles and instead identified themselves as either German, Austrian or Russian (this pertained to the nations occupying Poland from 1795 to 1917). Therefore, the actual number of Americans of at least partial Polish ancestry, could be well over 10 million. In the 2011 United States Census Bureau's Population Estimates, there are between 9,365,239 and 9,530,571 Americans of Polish descent, with over 500,000 being foreign-born.

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church. Most of these settlers came from the Polish lands that had been taken by Prussia during the Partitions, with a sub-group coming from Silesia. The Kaszub minority, from Poland's Baltic coast, was also strongly represented among Polish immigrants to Minnesota, most notably in Winona. Despite relative isolation from Poland and larger urban Polonian communities, due to strong community integration these communities continued speaking Polish into the 1970s in some cases and continue to have a strong Polish identity.

2304: 2257: 60: 4378: 3349: 3252: 448:, aided the Americans in the Revolutionary War. Casimir Pulaski created and led the Pulaski Legion of cavalry. Tadeusz Kosciuszko designed and oversaw the construction of state-of-the-art fortifications, including those at West Point, New York. Both are remembered as American heroes. Overall, around 2.2 million Poles and Polish subjects immigrated into the United States between 1820 and 1914, chiefly after national insurgencies and famine. They included former Polish citizens of 2997: 2836: 1421: 4245: 2558: 3183: 2742: 1781: 2859: 3994: 3020: 2974: 2951: 2627: 2211: 3535:, the U.S. Census estimates that 42.5% have bachelor's degrees or higher, whereas the American population as a whole is 32.0%. The median household income for Americans of Polish descent is estimated by the U.S. Census as $ 73,452, with no statistically significant differences from other Slavic-American groups, Czech, Slovak, and Ukrainian. The median household income for those of Russian ancestry has been reported as higher on the U.S. Census, at $ 80,554. 2788: 3159: 2765: 2165: 383: 2489: 3043: 2604: 3206: 2650: 2188: 3431:” and “a filial confidence in her patronage," more explicitly, “to be . . . a true daughter to the immaculate Virgin Mary." The Marianism that was taught in Polish parish schools in the United States was done independent of the Catholic Church, and demonstrated autonomy on the part of the nuns who taught Polish American youths. It is notable that there was a concurrent movement in Poland that eventually led to a separatist Catholic church, the 3135: 2905: 2812: 2696: 2581: 2535: 2466: 2374: 2234: 2142: 911: 3229: 3112: 2673: 2397: 2280: 2119: 2073: 2096: 2328: 2928: 2719: 2443: 2512: 2351: 712:. The Poles, particularly Polish Jews, came in family groups, settled in and/or blended into largely Polish neighborhoods and other Slavic bastions, and aspired to earn wages that were higher than what they could earn back in Europe and so many took the ample job opportunities for unskilled manual labor in industry and mining. The main Ethnically-Polish-American organizations were founded because of high Polish interest in the 3066: 872:(1976) argues that Poles differed from most other ethnic groups in America in several ways. They did not plan to remain permanently and become "Americanized." Instead, they came temporarily to earn money, invest, and wait for the right opportunity to return. Their intention was to ensure a desirable social status in the old world for themselves. However, many of the temporary migrants decided to become permanent Americans. 53: 4392: 3089: 2882: 2420: 3384:(1873), Sacred Heart (1888–2010) Immaculate Heart of Mary (1894), St. John Cantius (Westside Poles), St. Barbara (closed), Sts Peter and Paul Church (1927) in Garfield Heights, Saint Therese (1927) Garfield Heights, Marymount Hospital (1948) Garfield Heights, and Saint Monica Church (1952) Garfield Heights. Also, the Polish Community created the Our Lady of Częstochowa Shrine on the campus of Marymount Hospital. 1044: 1031: 1018: 1005: 992: 979: 966: 4053: 1107: 4088: 3927:

Hop" and the waltz. The musicians, as well as the guests, were expected to enjoy ample amounts of both food and drink. Foods, such as Polish sausage, sauerkraut, pierogi and kluski were common. Common drinks were beer, screwdrivers and highballs. Many popular Polish foods became a fixture in the American cuisine of today, including

1578:, which is slowly emerging as the major center of Polish American activities in the state. An increase in new immigration from Poland is helping to bolster the parish community of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and a host of Polish American civic organizations, located within the city of Wyandotte. Also, the Detroit suburb of 3526:

The typical Polish American male was born in the United States, spoke Polish in his home when he was a child, but speaks English now, is 38.7 years old (female: 40.9), and is married to a Polish wife. If he is between 25 and 34 years of age, he completed 12.7 years of school, and if he is over 35,

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in Virginia; St. Mary in Częstochowa; St. Wojciech (Adalbert) in Silver Lake; Our Lady of Mount Carmel in Opole; Our Lady of Lourdes in Little Falls; St. Stanislaus B&M in Sobieski; St. Stanislaus Kostka in Bowlus; St. Hedwig in Holdingford; Sacred Heart in Flensburg; Holy Cross in North Prairie;

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Poles founded the following churches: St. Stanislaus Kostka, Holy Trinity, St. John Cantius, Holy Innocents, St. Helen, St. Fidelis, St. Mary of the Angels, St. Hedwig, St. Josaphat, St. Francis of Assisi (Humboldt Park), St. Hyacinth Basilica, St. Wenceslaus, Immaculate Heart of Mary, St. Stanislaus

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Historian John Bukowczyk noted that Polish immigrants in America were highly mobile, and 40 to 60 percent were likely to move from any given urban neighborhood within 10 years. The reasons for this are very individualistic; Bukowczyk's theory is that many immigrants with agricultural backgrounds were

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and descendants of non-ethnic Poles, such as Jews or Ukrainians, who were born in the territory of Poland and considered themselves Polish nationals. Therefore, some say, of the 10 million Polish Americans, only a certain portion are of Polish ethnic descent. On the other hand, many ethnic Poles when

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During the third stage from 1914 to present, the United States has seen mass emigration from Poland, and the coming of age of several generations of fully assimilated Polish Americans. Immigration from Poland has continued into the early 2000s and began to decline after Poland had joined the European

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Early Polish immigrants built houses with high-pitched roofs in the United States. The high-pitched roof is necessary in a country subject to snow, and is a common feature in Northern and Eastern European architecture. In Panna Maria, Texas, Poles built brick houses with thick walls and high-pitched

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was founded in 1897 in Scranton, Pennsylvania. Polish parishioners founded the church to assert independence from the Catholic Church in America. The split was in rebellion from the church leadership, then dominated by Irish bishops and priests, and lacking Polish speakers and Polish church leaders.

3435:, which greatly expanded the veneration of the Virgin Mary in its doctrine. In Poland, the Virgin Mary was believed to serve as a mother of mercy and salvation for Catholics, and throughout the Middle Ages, Polish knights prayed to her before battle. Polish American churches featured replicas of the 3426:

for instance, took to Marianism as the cornerstone of their spiritual development, and Polish churches in the U.S. were seen as "cult-like" in their veneration of Mary. Religious catechism and writings from convents found that Polish nuns in the Felician Sisters and The Sisters of the Holy Family of

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in the United States. Replicas of the painting are common in Polish American churches and parishes, and many churches and parishes are named in her honor. The veneration of the Virgin Mary in Polish parishes is a significant difference between Polish Catholicism and American Catholicism; Polish nuns

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represent a different type of settlement with significant Polish communities having been established in rural areas. Historian John Radzilowski estimates that up to a third of Poles in Minnesota settled in rural areas, where they established 40 communities, that were often centered around a Catholic

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The history of Polish immigration to the United States can be divided into three stages, beginning with the first stage in the colonial era down to 1870, small numbers of Poles and Polish subjects came to America as individuals or in small family groups, and they quickly assimilated and did not form

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that was created by these roofs was a popular living space for the Polish Texans, who spent much of their time there to escape the hot temperatures of subtropical Texas. The Poles in Texas added porches to these verandas, often in the southward windy side, which is an alteration to traditional folk

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found that Polish Americans are 36% Democrats, 33% Independents, and 26% are Republicans as of 2008. Ideologically, they were categorized as being in the more conservative wing of the Democratic Party, and demonstrated a much stronger inclination for third-party candidates in presidential elections

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between the late 18th and early 20th century. Complicating the U.S. Census figures further is the high proportion of Polish Americans who married people of other national descent. In 1940, about 50 percent married other American ethnics and a study in 1988 found that 54% of Polish Americans were of

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suburbs, such as Whiting, Hammond and East Chicago, always occurred on Saturdays. The receptions were typically held in a large hall, such as a VFW Hall. A polka band of drums, a singer, accordion, and trumpet, entertained the people, as they danced traditional dances, such as the oberek, "Polish

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In the early part of the 20th century, up to and immediately following the second World War, Newark, New Jersey and Elizabeth, New Jersey were the primary, historic centers of 'Polonia' as Polish-Americans of that era thought of themselves. Castle Garden and Ellis Island generation immigrants and

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Historically, Polish-Americans have assimilated very quickly to American society. Between 1940 and 1960, only 20 percent of the children of Polish-American ethnic leaders spoke Polish regularly, compared to 50 percent for Ukrainians. In the early 1960s, 3,000 of Detroit's 300,000 Polish-Americans

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won a majority of the Polish vote in 1960, owing in part to his Catholicism and connection to ethnic communities and the labor movement. Since then, Polish voters have been tied to the more conservative wing of the Democratic Party, but shifted away from the Democrats over social issues such as

2024:, where an estimated 30,000 residents claim Polish heritage. Visitors can do an entire day's business completely in Polish including banking, shopping, dining, legal consultations, and even dance lessons. The area has retained its Polish character since 1890. There is also a Polish community in 3367:

in St. Paul; Holy Cross, St. Philip, St. Hedwig (Jadwiga Slaska) and All Saints, in Minneapolis; Our Lady Star of the Sea, St. Casimir's, and SS. Peter and Paul in Duluth; and St. Kazimierz (Casimir) and St. Stanislaw Kostka in Winona. A few of the parishes of particular note, founded by Poles

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The U.S. Census asked Polish immigrants to specify Polish as their native language beginning in Chicago in 1900, allowing the government to enumerate them as an individual nationality when there was no Polish nation-state. No distinction is made in the American census between

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on their roofs until the early 1900s, another European influence. The first house built by a Pole in Panna Maria is the John Gawlik House, constructed in 1858. The building still stands and is visited as a historical attraction in the cultural history of Texas. In 2011, the

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on the east side of Detroit, the neighborhoods along Michigan Avenue from 23rd street into east Dearborn, the west side of Delray, parts of Warrendale and several sections of Wyandotte downriver. The northern part of Poletown was cleared of residents, to make way for the

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eager to migrate because they were finally freed from the local plots of land they had owned in Poland. Others ventured into business and entrepreneurship, and the majority of them opened small retail shops such as bakeries, butcher shops, saloons, and print shops.

1490:, through music, food and entertainment. Polonia in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul is centered on Holy Cross Church in the Northeast Neighborhood of Minneapolis, where a vibrant Polish ministry continues to care for the Polish Roman Catholic Faithful. 3731:(PAC) in 1944 to create strong leadership and represent Polish interests during World War II. FDR met with the PAC and assured Poles of a peaceful and independent Poland following the war. When this did not come to fruition, and with the publication of 4028:, founded in 1977. It features displays of folk art, costumes, historical artifacts and paintings, as well as bilingual research library with particular focus on achievements of the people of Polish heritage in America. There is also the 1566:

plant. Today it contains some of the most opulent Polish churches in America like St. Stanislaus, Sweetest Heart of Mary, St. Albertus, St. Josephat and St. Hyacinthe. Michigan as a state has Polish populations throughout. In addition to

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is subject to less than 1 inch of snow and a meteorological study conducted 1960-1990 found the lowest one-day temperature ever recorded was 5 degrees Fahrenheit on January 21, 1986, highly unlikely to support much snow. The shaded

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Polish Americans carried on celebrations of Constitution Day throughout their time in the United States without political suppression. In Poland, from 1940 to 1989, the holiday was banned by Nazi and Soviet occupiers.

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contains the state's highest percentage of Polish Americans and one of the highest percentages in the United States, at over 40%. However, within New Jersey, Polish populations are additionally increasing rapidly in

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as skilled craftsmen as early as 1608. Some Jews from Poland even assimilated into cities which were Polish (and also other Slavic and sometimes additionally Jewish) bastions to conceal their Jewish identities.

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In 1969, the median family income was $ 8,849 for Polish Americans. The median family income for all families in the United States in 1968 was $ 7,900. Leonard F. Chrobot summarizes the Census data for 1969:

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Ubriaco, Robert. Jr. "Giving Credit where credit is due: Cold War political culture, Polish American politics, the Truman Doctrine, and the Victory Thesis." The Polish Review. Vol LI. No. 3-4. 2006; 263-281.

3470:. Small groups of both of these groups also immigrated to the United States. One of the most celebrated painters of religious icons in North America today is a Polish American Eastern Orthodox priest, Fr. 1571:, Grand Rapids, Bay City, Alpena and the surrounding area, the thumb of Michigan, Manistee, and numerous places in northern lower Michigan and south-central Michigan also have sizable Polish populations. 5603:

Mary the Messiah: Polish Immigrant Heresy and the Malleable Ideology of the Roman Catholic Church, 1880-1930. John J. Bukowczyk. Journal of American Ethnic History. Vol. 4, No. 2 (Spring, 1985), pp. 5-32

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also contain vibrant Polish communities. In 2014, the New York metropolitan area surpassed Chicago as the metropolitan area attracting the most new legal immigrants to the United States from Poland.

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Even in long-integrated communities, remnants of Polish culture and vocabulary remain. Roman Catholic churches built by Polish American communities often serve as a vehicle for cultural retention.

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architecture. According to oral histories recorded from descendants, the verandas were used for "almost all daily activities from preparing meals to dressing animal hides." The Poles in Texas put

3301:. Historically, less than 5% of Americans who identified as Polish would state any other religion but Roman Catholic. Jewish immigrants from Poland, largely without exception, self identified as " 1174: 5711: 5100: 4991: 5230: 4961: 4631: 4044:, the Polish Museum of Winona features exhibits pertaining to Winona's Kashubian Polish culture and hosts a wide range of events celebrating America's Polish-American heritage in general. 3777:, a politically involved network of Polish organizations, has created a political platform and convention, and has shared its agenda with politicians, both at the state and federal level. 1235:. The community has played a role as a staunch supporter of the Democratic machine, and has been rewarded with several congressional seats. The leading representative has been Congressman 5366: 6177: 1752:

in 1938. After seeing fellow Poles discriminated against by Cleveland's banks, Ben Stefanski formed Third Federal. Today the Stefanski family still controls the bank. Unlike Cleveland's

5187:"Supplemental Table 2. Persons Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth: Fiscal Year 2014" 3951: 4109:

in the Jefferson Park area. The Polish Festival in Portland, Oregon is reported to be the largest in the Western United States. One of the newest and most ambitious festivals is the

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that make issues important to Polish-Americans more likely to be heard by presidential candidates. According to John Kromkowski, Polish-Americans make up an "almost archetypical

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he completed 10.9 years. His median family income is $ 8,849. The male works as a craftsman, foreman, or kindred occupation, and his wife is employed as a clerical worker.

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In 2007, at the urging of Attorney Adrian Baron and the local Polonia Business Association, New Britain, Connecticut officially designated its Broad Street neighborhood as

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have also influenced the adoption of such distinctive rites like the blessing of the baskets before Easter in many areas of the United States by fellow Roman Catholics.

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The Polish Community in Metro Chicago:A Community Profile of Strengths and Needs, A Census 2000 Report, published by the Polish American Association June 2004, p. 18

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The cultural contributions of Polish Americans span a broad spectrum, including in media, in the publishing industry, in religion, art, food, museums, and festivals.

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courted Poles through his promises of Polish autonomy. They gave strong support to the wet Catholic Al Smith in 1928. They gave even more enthusiastic support to the

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Polish Americans have also contributed to altering the physical landscape of the cities they have inhabited, erecting monuments to Polish-American heroes such as

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mixed ancestry from three generations or longer. The Polish American Cultural Center places a figure of Americans who have some Polish ancestry at 19–20 million.

4606:"Detailed Language Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for Persons 5 Years and Over --50 Languages with Greatest Number of Speakers: United States 1990" 7001: 1463: 3708:

Historically, Polish-American voters have swung from the Democratic and Republican parties depending on economic and social politics. In the 1918 election,

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and holds national and religious significance because of its connection to a victorious military defense in 1655. Several towns in America are named

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as the language spoken at home, which is about 1.4% of the census groups who speak a language other than English or 0.25% of the U.S. population.

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in Syracuse's Clinton Square has become the largest cultural event in the history of the Polish community in Central New York. There's also the

4080:. NYPFF is the only annual presentation of Polish films in New York City and the largest festival promoting and presenting Polish films on the 6976:: English translations of 120,000 pages of newspaper articles from Chicago's foreign-language press from 1855 to 1938, many from Polish papers 6095: 4863: 460:

or other minority descent. Exact immigration figures are unknown. Many immigrants were classified as "Russian", "German" or "Austrian" by the

8759: 5643: 3369: 3364: 3352: 1467: 4992:"Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates" 7255: 3762:

seized Polish voters through his expansion of NATO. The relevance of the Polish-American vote has been in question in recent elections, as

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has even recently been designated a Polish Village commercial district. Farther out, other members of Cleveland's Polish community live in

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neighborhood. Third Federal Savings and Loan is in the top 25 saving and loan institutions in the United States. In 2003, they acquired a

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with historically Polish roots, sponsors a popular annual Polish County Fair that bills itself as "America's Largest High School Fair."

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were organized to memorialize the Polish contribution to the American military. Those who contributed to the Polish military created

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Union in 2004. The income levels have gone up from well below average, to above average. Poles became active members of the liberal

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from the 1930s to the 1960s, but since then, many have moved to the suburbs, and have become more conservative and vote less often

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is a city sprawling with Polish culture, billing itself as the largest Polish city outside of Poland, with approximately 185,000

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and the heavy industries (steel mills, iron foundries, slaughterhouses, oil and sugar refineries), of the Great Lakes cities of

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Gurnack, Anne M., and James M. Cook. "Polish Americans, Political Partisanship and Presidential Elections Voting: 1972-2020."

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financed a replacement of the building's roof, identifying it as a "historically and architecturally significant building."

8623: 4106: 1726: 1722: 1307: 1239:, one of the most powerful members of Congress (1959 to 1995), especially on issues of taxation, before he went to prison. 700:

In the second stage from 1870 to 1914, Poles and Polish subjects formed a significant part of the wave of immigration from

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was a Polish nobleman and military commander who fought in the American Revolution, he is credited with saving the life of

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Tentler, Leslie Woodcock. “Who Is the Church?: Conflict in a Polish Immigrant Parish in Late Nineteenth-Century Detroit.”

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retains a large Polish presence, and is home to a Polish Art Center, as well as an annual polka festival. The counties of

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Radzialowski, Thaddeus C. "The View From a Polish Ghetto. Some Observations on the First One Hundred Years in Detroit"

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in regards to name changes, self-identification, &c. as pertaining to Jewish and other immigrants at Ellis Island.

5499: 8175: 7030: 6852: 6792: 6716: 6624: 6585: 6558: 6422: 6402:(Kennikat Press, 1975); focus on demography and social mobility of Germans, Poles, and other Catholics in South Bend 6381: 6342: 6311: 6295: 5966: 5453: 4270: 3686: 1884: 414: 3317:" when inside the United States, and faced a historical trajectory far different from that of the Polish Catholics. 8245: 7991: 7248: 5151:

Tomasz Inglot, and John P. Pelissero. "Ethnic Political Power in a Machine City Chicago's Poles at Rainbow's End."

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Poles established approximately 50 Roman Catholic parishes in Minnesota. Among them: St. Wojciech (Adalbert) and

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in Detroit, not to mention the Ohio University Press Series in Polish American Studies, Przeglad Polski Online,

3418: 3391:, founded four parishes: St. Hedwig Parish (1877), St. Casimir Parish (1898), St. Stanislaus Parish (1907), and 8044: 7984: 7082: 6469: 4839: 4091: 1981:, is the only county in the United States where a plurality of residents state their ancestry as Polish. (See: 1089: 1067: 74:

Americans with Polish ancestry by state according to the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey in 2019

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Walaszek, Adam. "Has the" Salt-Water Curtain" Been Raised Up? Globalizing Historiography of Polish America."

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Jaroszynska-Kirchmann, Anna D., "The Polish American Historical Association: Looking Back, Looking Forward,"

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Pula, James S. (1996). "Image, Status, Mobility and Integration in American Society: The Polish Experience".

5942: 4504: 4297: 4073: 3854: 2048:, the distribution of Polish Americans across the 50 states and DC is as presented in the following table: 1622: 1574:

The Polish influence is still felt throughout the entire metropolitan Detroit area, especially the suburb of

354: 7901: 6691: 4296:. Some of these Polish foods were tweaked and reinvented in the new American environment, such as Chicago's 1082:, attracted by jobs in industry. The minority, by some estimates, only ten percent, settled in rural areas. 8015: 5186: 4203: 4110: 1974: 1263:, is home to the second-largest community of Polish Americans in the nation, and is now closely behind the 1227:

weekend. Nearly 3 million people of Polish descent live in the area between Chicago and Detroit, including

155: 5321:"National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame Artifacts on Display at the American Polish Cultural Center" 4676: 4060:

There are a number of unique festivals, street parties and parades held by the Polish American community.

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Pacyga, Dominic A. "To live amongst others: Poles and their neighbors in industrial Chicago, 1865-1930."

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Jackson, David J. (2003). "Just Another Day in a New Polonia: Contemporary Polish-American Polka Music".

5473: 5060: 4995: 4965: 4939: 4911: 4697: 4662:"Detailed Languages Spoken at Home by English-Speaking Ability for the Population 5 Years and Over: 2011" 4609: 4584: 4508: 4174: 1982: 1646: 1311: 1154: 422: 5470:"Table B04006 - People Reporting Ancestry - 2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, All States" 4125:

is home to a large Polish population and for the last 31 years, All Saints Parish has hosted Polski Day

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During the 1950s–1970s, the Polish wedding was often an all-day event. Traditional Polish weddings in

3475: 1675:, as part of its Warszawa Section. Poles from this part of Cleveland migrated to the suburbs, such as 1181:

has more than one million people that are of Polish descent, the third largest ethnic group after the

8628: 8618: 8274: 8180: 7948: 7812: 7786: 7342: 7075: 6030: 4162: 4065: 4025: 3922:, in areas such as the southeast side of Chicago, inner suburbs like Calumet City and Hegewisch, and 3919: 3337: 2045: 1978: 1614: 1595: 1390: 1264: 1232: 737: 433: 418: 6102: 5768: 1314:, which is a direct line to Manhattan. St. Theresa's Roman Catholic Church offers masses in Polish. 8774: 8613: 8509: 8427: 8115: 4870: 4831: 4580: 4467: 4009: 3998: 3773:

In modern politics, the Polish-American vote continues to have influence in the United States. The

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The Polish culture left also culinary marks in the United States – the inclusion of traditional

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is home to more than 440,000 people of Polish descent, their presence felt most strongly in the

7999: 7835: 5165: 4445: 4312: 4021: 3838: 3321: 2014: 1994: 1990: 1714:, located on Cleveland's west side. The home parishes are St. John Cantius and St. John Kanty. 1676: 1626: 1599: 1455: 1339: 1280: 7919: 6938: 6144: 8688: 8657: 8542: 8262: 7912: 7758: 7701: 7599: 7492: 7397: 7166: 6602:

Mello, Caitlin. "Polish Immigration to Chicago and the Impact on Local Society and Culture."

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coal in the region. Polish influences are still common today, in the form of church bazaars,

1968: 1956: 1952: 1409: 1381:, stores, and St. Isidore's R.C. Church, and Polish Town hosts an annual summer Polish Fair. 1216: 1063: 1058: 6814: 6699:"Of Patriots and Presidents: America's Polish Diaspora and U.S. Foreign Policy since 1917," 6400:

Immigrants and the city: Ethnicity and mobility in a nineteenth century Midwestern community

4505:"Table B04006 - People Reporting Ancestry - 2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates" 638: 445: 8284: 7820: 7696: 7589: 7525: 7507: 7417: 7402: 7161: 7110: 6359:

Erdmans, Mary Patrice. "Immigrants and ethnics: Conflict and identity in Chicago Polonia."

4455: 4383: 4332: 4274: 4114: 3802: 3662: 3510: 3479: 3455:

It exists today with 25,000 parishioners and remains independent from the authority of the

2309: 1843: 1794:, was founded by Upper Silesian settlers on Christmas Eve in 1854. Some people still speak 1568: 1356: 1268: 1200: 673: 650: 465: 8557: 8547: 6688:

For your freedom through ours : Polish-American efforts on Poland's behalf, 1863-1991

4020:. The Museum Library ranks as one of the best outside of Poland. Equally ambitious is the 665: 69: 8: 8737: 8667: 8640: 8608: 8603: 8578: 8537: 8422: 8081: 7906: 7881: 7564: 7512: 7497: 7447: 7337: 7323: 7202: 7151: 7125: 4410: 4156: 4122: 3388: 3333: 1948: 1924: 1757: 1575: 1555: 1382: 1362: 1348: 1335: 646: 429: 362: 8552: 8107: 6842: 6405:

PhD version University of Notre Dame ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1972. 7216267.

4932: 3750:

abortion. Poland's liberation from Soviet occupation during the 1980s was championed to

8683: 8521: 8335: 7840: 7706: 7674: 7669: 7659: 7649: 7633: 7604: 7594: 7574: 7554: 7468: 7427: 7392: 7308: 7278: 7264: 7181: 7156: 6614: 6547: 6519: 6451: 6371: 6269: 6261: 5962: 5529: 4819: 4405: 3713: 3620: 3278: 3164: 1928: 1920: 1819: 1791: 1761: 1742: 1696: 1454:

inhabitants. Nevertheless, the city's once numerous Polish community built a number of

1440: 1398: 1299: 725: 693: 685: 410: 5920: 4315:

of architecture became part and parcel of the areas where Polish settlement occurred.

4244: 8633: 8494: 8479: 8464: 8459: 8279: 8220: 8096: 8004: 7851: 7801: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7727: 7711: 7691: 7679: 7664: 7628: 7614: 7609: 7569: 7559: 7538: 7518: 7502: 7478: 7473: 7437: 7422: 7412: 7371: 7329: 7315: 7222: 7176: 7171: 7146: 7141: 7115: 6949: 6922: 6858: 6848: 6838: 6798: 6788: 6751: 6743: 6722: 6712: 6696: 6684: 6679: 6672: 6630: 6620: 6591: 6581: 6564: 6554: 6523: 6511: 6503: 6465: 6460: 6428: 6418: 6387: 6377: 6348: 6338: 6317: 6307: 6273: 6253: 6150: 6120: 5769:"PL - polsko-amerykański dwujęzyczny miesięcznik / Polish-American bilingual monthly" 5533: 5449: 4845: 4835: 4815: 4740: 4713: 4425: 4319: 4252: 4033: 3923: 3877: 3842: 3755: 3732: 3594: 3471: 3286: 1960: 1876: 1860: 1811: 1799: 1737:

and the Slavic Village Harvest Festival, celebrating with Polish food, customer, and

1692: 1684: 1664: 1606: 1551: 1487: 1288: 1079: 892: 717: 669: 374: 7533: 6762:

Pula, James S. "Polish-American Catholicism: A Case Study in Cultural Determinism",

1141:

speakers, making Polish the third most spoken language in Chicago. The influence of

8588: 8573: 8516: 8469: 8412: 8366: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8289: 8269: 8257: 8252: 8230: 8215: 8210: 8170: 8091: 7938: 7793: 7766: 7732: 7654: 7463: 7432: 7407: 7366: 7288: 7217: 7023: 6495: 6436: 6245: 5983: 5521: 5341: 4672: 4440: 4430: 4266: 4248: 4133: 4102: 3830: 3806: 3742: 3555: 3502: 3432: 3423: 2817: 2262: 1904: 1869: 1807: 1803: 1539: 1436: 1272: 1236: 1228: 1212: 1192: 1142: 1101: 642: 370: 300: 296: 111: 6607: 5712:"Romney hopes Polish visit can pay dividends in swing states – Political Hotsheet" 5025: 1780: 1734: 8489: 8484: 8474: 8417: 8386: 8371: 8345: 8340: 8330: 8138: 8086: 7875: 7859: 7806: 7752: 7620: 7579: 7442: 7376: 7283: 7197: 7120: 7010: 6890: 6009: 5949: 5443: 5320: 4734: 4256: 4013: 3978: 3763: 3746: 3701: 3607: 3450:

Though the majority of Polish Americans remained loyal to the Catholic Church, a

3314: 3298: 1835: 1718: 1711: 1668: 1610: 1591: 1451: 1386: 1284: 1182: 1138: 1092:

is an event in October by Polish American communities, first celebrated in 1981.

900: 713: 709: 705: 649:. He designed and oversaw the construction of fortifications, including those at 473: 441: 394: 366: 350: 308: 6553:. Ethnic groups in American life series. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. 6532:

The exile mission: The Polish political diaspora and Polish Americans, 1939-1956

6499: 6056:

The Golden Age of Polish Philosophy: Kazimierz Twardowski's Philosophical Legacy

4415: 8598: 8583: 8391: 8381: 8376: 7825: 7358: 7212: 7044: 6979: 6844:

The Polish Peasant in Europe and America: A Classic Work in Immigration History

5422:"The Cleveland Society of Poles | Polish Foundation | Cleveland Ohio" 4905:"Rank of States for Selected Ancestry Groups with 100,00 or more persons: 1980" 4435: 4281: 3970: 3966: 3955: 3709: 3581: 3310: 3002: 2841: 2010: 1916: 1831: 1823: 1815: 1795: 1765: 1672: 1579: 1560: 1352: 1186: 1166: 1125:

One of the most notable in size of the urban Polish American communities is in

449: 358: 6711:. Twayne's immigrant heritage of America series. New York: Twayne Publishers. 6676:

PNA: A Centennial History of the Polish National Alliance of the United States

6660:

Polish immigrants and industrial Chicago: Workers on the south side, 1880-1922

5256: 4864:"Waclaw Kruszka, Historya Polska w Ameryce, Milwaukee 1905, p. 65 (in Polish)" 4849: 3943:, and, especially around the time of Ash Wednesday and the beginning of Lent, 3444: 1629:

also have a large percentage and population of families of Polish immigrants.

1450:'s Polish population has always been overshadowed by the city's more numerous 8753: 8142: 6862: 6802: 6755: 6747: 6515: 6507: 6455: 6352: 6257: 5512:

Radzilowski, John (2009). "A Social History of Polish-American Catholicism".

5421: 4823: 4397: 4184: 4077: 4069: 3962: 3883: 3751: 3463: 3436: 3428: 3306: 3294: 3257: 3188: 2747: 2563: 1936: 1900: 1827: 1343: 1327: 1256: 1071: 453: 437: 406: 329: 143: 59: 8650: 6726: 6634: 6595: 6432: 6414:

Princes, Peasants, and Other Polish Selves: Ethnicity in American Literature

6391: 6321: 5621: 4694:"Mother Tongue of the Foreign-Born Population: 1910 to 1940, 1960, and 1970" 4304: 4168: 4064:

in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, which is a popular annual festival, takes place at

3348: 1733:. Outside of annual church festivals, other major city celebrations include 1546:. Polish Americans make up 8.6% of Michigan's total population. The city of 8437: 7301: 6953: 6834: 6767: 6568: 5537: 4293: 4269:

in various ways. Most prominent among these is that Jefferson drafting the

4129: 3932: 3858: 3786: 3759: 3721: 3486: 3025: 2979: 2956: 2864: 2001:. Many of the immigrants were drawn to this area, because of the mining of 1912: 1896: 1839: 1420: 1378: 1374: 1260: 923: 904: 876: 216: 151: 4016:; founded in 1935, the largest ethnic museum in the U.S. sponsored by the 3724:. FDR consistently won over 90% of the Polish vote during his four terms. 3490: 3417:

Polish Americans preserved their longstanding tradition of venerating the

2017:, has one of the fastest growing Polish communities in the United States. 1703:. Many of these Poles return to their Polish roots by attending masses at 1153:(the oldest Polish American fraternal organization in the United States), 8499: 6926: 5396: 4761: 4308: 4061: 3993: 3974: 3834: 3693: 3674: 3399: 3329: 3325: 2632: 2216: 1964: 1932: 1908: 1892: 1785: 1688: 1680: 1587: 1471: 1366: 1130: 135: 8036: 6871:

Our Way: Family, Parish, and Neighborhood in a Polish-American Community

6777: 6653: 6578:

Traitors and True Poles: Narrating a Polish-American Identity, 1880–1939

6541:

edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 3, Gale, 2014), pp. 477–492.

6265: 6234:"The Polish Army Veterans Association of America (A Historical Outline)" 6233: 5913:"Polish American Historical Association - Resources and Supported Links" 5688: 5676: 5364: 5053: 4894:

Polish Americans, Status in an ethnic Community. by Helena Lopata, p. 89

4581:"Appendix Table 2. Languages Spoken at Home: 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2007" 4289: 3809:, and early 20th century worries about being overrun by immigrants from 6933:

Zurawski, Joseph W. "Out of Focus: The Polish American Image in Film,"

5581: 5525: 4789: 4180: 4150: 4041: 3861:. There are also Polish American newspapers and magazines, such as the 3697: 2793: 2770: 2170: 2002: 1944: 1605:

Outside of Metro Detroit, Polish Americans retain a strong presence in

1535: 1331: 884: 720:, and local community affairs. Relatively few were politically active. 260: 236: 119: 6772:

Radzilowski, John. "A Social History of Polish-American Catholicism",

6071:"Intellicast - Panna Maria Historic Weather Averages in Texas (78144)" 5541: 4197: 3961:

Among the many Polish American writers are a number of poets, such as

8235: 7896: 7233: 6643:

A Nation of Peoples: A Sourcebook on America's Multicultural Heritage

6249: 4342: 3846: 3211: 3048: 2609: 2494: 2025: 1650: 1586:

has over 200 artifacts on display from over 100 inductees, including

1534:'s Polish population of more than 850,000 is the third-largest among 1494: 1479: 1447: 1432: 1428: 1224: 1189:. The Chicago area has many Polish delis, restaurants, and churches. 910: 896: 402: 382: 200: 184: 6334:

Polish Americans and Their History: Community, Culture, and Politics

5885: 4098: 3944: 2040:

Distribution of Americans claiming Polish Ancestry by county in 2018

1478:

festival in the United States, where Polish Americans from all over

8157: 7954: 7772: 7484: 7067: 6904: 6811:

Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit

6373:

Opposite Poles: Immigrants and Ethnics in Polish Chicago, 1976–1990

6207: 4801: 4105:

festival held in Chicago every Labor Day weekend since 1979 at the

3936: 3928: 3498: 3140: 2910: 2701: 2655: 2586: 2540: 2471: 2379: 2239: 2193: 2147: 1802:

is regarded as either a dialect of Polish, or a distinct language.

1543: 1531: 1525: 1498: 1252: 1178: 1145:

is demonstrated by the numerous Polish-American organizations: the

1119: 284: 252: 224: 176: 168: 127: 6304:

And My Children Did Not Know Me: A History of the Polish-Americans

6178:"mySouTex.com - Grant will replace roof of 1858 Panna Maria house" 1667:

area, where half of Ohio's Polish population resides. The city of

1373:, where many Polish immigrants have continued to settle since the 4792:'s paternal grandfather, a non-Polish subject who immigrated to 4337: 4285: 4215: 4137: 4002: 3940: 3767: 3234: 3117: 2678: 2402: 2285: 2124: 2078: 1940: 1865: 1769: 1753: 1550:

has a very large Polish community, which historically settled in

1547: 1521: 1483: 1134: 1126: 1115: 1106: 915: 888: 880: 701: 428:

The first eight Polish immigrants to British America came to the

337: 276: 268: 208: 6970:, immigration records to United States between 1834 through 1897 4700:. March 9, 1999. Archived from the original on September 8, 2019 4037: 1466:. Many Polish residents and businesses are still located in the 7779: 5814: 5231:"Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2012 Supplemental Table 2" 5209:"Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2013 Supplemental Table 2" 5166:"Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 Supplemental Table 2" 4933:"1990 Census of Population Detailed Ancestry Groups for States" 4797: 4793: 4785: 4559:

One Nation Under God: Religion in Contemporary American Society

4118: 4076:, an annual film festival showcasing current and past films of 3797: 3506: 3494: 3302: 2933: 2724: 2448: 2333: 2101: 1880: 1475: 1402: 1394: 641:

was a Polish military engineer and statesman who served in the

244: 52: 6946:

Polish American History and Culture: A Classified Bibliography

6667:

American Warsaw: the rise, fall, and rebirth of Polish Chicago

5793: 1875:

Other industrial cities with major Polish communities include

7294: 5886:"Progress for Poland - Chicago: Fakty, Wiadomości, Opinie..." 5860: 5839: 5772: 4534: 3766:

have assimilated to U.S. society and increased their rate of

3427:

Nazareth were taught to have "a sound appreciation of Mary's

3071: 2517: 2356: 2006: 1738: 1338:

houses New Jersey's largest Polish American community, while

6973: 6376:. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press. 4236:

Polish Army Veterans' Association in America, Branch #57 in

4052: 3380:

Poles in Cleveland established St. Hyacinth's (now closed),

3368:

elsewhere in Minnesota, include: St. John Cantius in Wilno;

1294: 6641:

Pacyga, Dominic A. "Poles," in Elliott Robert Barkan, ed.,

6549:

Polish Americans: Status Competition in an Ethnic Community

4126: 3850: 3411: 3094: 2887: 2425: 1660: 1654: 457: 232: 192: 4478:

List of U.S. cities with large Polish-American populations

3741:

in 1947, Polish-Americans came to feel that they had been

3377:

Holy Cross in Harding; and St. Isadore in Moran Township.

1856:

List of U.S. cities with large Polish American populations

1582:

is home to the American Polish Cultural Center, where the

8203: 8137: 5690: 5055: 4473:

List of place names of Polish origin in the United States

4087: 6142: 3829:

Among the most notable Polish American media groups are

472:

In 2000, 667,414 Americans over five years old reported

4869:. The Polish-American Liturgical Center. Archived from 1772:

banking company and have branches in Florida and Ohio.

5998: 5233:. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Archived from 5049: 5047: 5045: 5043: 3262: 3239: 3216: 3193: 3170: 3145: 3122: 3099: 3076: 3053: 3030: 3007: 2984: 2961: 2938: 2915: 2892: 2869: 2846: 2823: 2798: 2775: 2752: 2729: 2706: 2683: 2660: 2637: 2614: 2591: 2568: 2545: 2522: 2499: 2476: 2453: 2430: 2407: 2384: 2361: 2338: 2315: 2290: 2267: 2244: 2221: 2198: 2175: 2152: 2129: 2106: 2083: 4008:

Among the best known Polish American museums are the

1671:

has a large Polish community, especially in historic

6819:

Swastek, Joseph. "The Poles in South Bend to 1914."

5840:"Polsko Amerykański portal - Polish American portal" 5671:Leonard F. Chrobot, "The Elusive Polish American." 5442:

Simich, Jerry L.; Wright, Thomas C. (7 March 2005).

4373: 4307:

and Pulaski. Distinctive cultural phenomena such as

4227: 1748:

Poles in Cleveland were instrumental in forming the

5310:

St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 2005. p. 6

5040: 1963:. There is a relatively large Polish population in 736:and Democratic politics, politics such as those of 6894:Too Long Ago: A Childhood Memory. A Vanished World 6604:Language, Culture, Politics. International Journal 6546: 6337:. Pittsburgh, Pa: University of Pittsburgh Press. 6149:. University of North Texas Press. pp. 132–. 1078:The vast majority of Polish immigrants settled in 875:Many found manual labor jobs in the coal mines of 386:The language spread of Polish in the United States 6231: 5967:If you're thinking of living in:; Port Washington 5599: 5597: 5223: 5201: 5179: 1971:in addition to the area's many German-Americans. 466:German, Austrian-Hungarian and Russian occupation 8751: 7009: 6138: 6136: 4718:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3857:(formerly Radio Polonia); Polonia Today and the 3833:(founded by Polish American George Blagowidow); 1512:History of the Polish Americans in Metro Detroit 464:as many former territories of Poland were under 6833: 3805:. This prejudice was partially associated with 1846:were either founded or populated by the Poles. 939:Polish-born population in the U.S. since 2010: 740:have heavily involved Polish-Jewish Americans. 6461:Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups 6417:. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. 6284: 5689:Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). 5614:"Serbian Monastery of New Gracanica – History" 5594: 5445:The Peoples Of Las Vegas: One City, Many Faces 5365:Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). 5323:. National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame 5054:Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). 4828:Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups 8123: 8052: 7249: 7083: 6995: 6766:Volume 27, #3 Summer 2009, pp. 1–19; in 6472:. (Harvard University Press, 1980) pp 787–803 6133: 5462: 4788:. Additionally, refer to the similar case of 4136:with many more attractions other than Polish 4056:Polish-American parade in New York City, 2017 3791:The Polish community was long the subject of 3720:. In World War II they were fiercely against 2053:Estimated Polish American population by state 1764:, Third Federal is on Broadway Avenue in the 1242: 96:U.S. Census ACS 2021 estimates, self-reported 6877: 6776:– Volume 27, #3 Summer 2009, pp. 21–43 6232:LACHOWICZ, TEOFIL; Juszczak, Albert (2010). 5441: 4364:Polish Army Veterans' Association in America 4251:who fought in the Blue Army. Image taken in 3155: 1584:National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame 1171:Polish Highlanders Alliance of North America 684:separate communities, with the exception of 40: 6896:, Scotia (NY): Church and Reid Books, 2020. 6539:Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, 5794:"Ohio University Press & Swallow Press" 5511: 4273:was inspired by religious tolerance of the 462:U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service 8130: 8116: 8059: 8045: 7256: 7242: 7090: 7076: 7002: 6988: 6828:Comparative Studies in Society and History 6612: 6477:European Journal of Transformation Studies 6146:Publications of the Texas Folklore Society 6143:Francis Edward Abernathy (1 August 2000). 5730: 4325: 4277:, which guaranteed freedom of conscience. 4040:." Formally established in 1979 by Father 3447:, in commemoration of the town in Poland. 2808: 1439:style of church architecture found in the 1415: 68: 27:Ethnic group; Americans of Polish ancestry 8066: 6782: 6330: 6306:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 6301: 4807: 4753: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4331:roofs. Meteorological and soil data show 3907:, and Progress for Poland, among others. 2300: 1707:, on East 65th Street and Baxter Avenue. 1295:Linden, Elizabeth, and Newark, New Jersey 934: 486:History of the Poles in the United States 6943: 6847:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 6575: 5815:"Welcome to the Polish American Journal" 5704: 5500:"Jewish Surnames (Supposedly) Explained" 5285:. St. Paul Pioneer Press. Archived from 4739:. American Institute of Polish Culture. 4243: 4231: 4086: 4051: 3992: 3977:(poet and editor), along with novelists 3950:Polish American cultural groups include 3743:betrayed by the United States government 3347: 3277: 2035: 1859: 1779: 1636: 1515: 1419: 1105: 1057: 909: 614: 432:colony in 1608, twelve years before the 381: 86:8,810,275 (2.7%) alone or in combination 8724:Polish population transfers (1944–1946) 6919:Poles in American History and Tradition 6916: 6873:(University of Notre Dame Press, 1979). 6485: 6410: 6369: 5907: 5905: 5582:"A History of Polish Hill and the PHCA" 4726: 4140:, and the Wisconsin Dells Polish Fest. 4128:. And last, but not least, there's the 1710:Cleveland's other Polish section is in 620: Foreign-born white population only 14: 8770:European diaspora in the United States 8752: 7263: 6544: 6537:Jones, J. Sydney. "Polish Americans." 6125:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 5752: 5714:. CBS News. 2012-08-01. Archived from 5276: 5211:. U.S. Department of Homeland Security 5189:. U.S. Department of Homeland Security 5168:. U.S. Department of Homeland Security 4813: 4515:from the original on December 12, 2022 4490: 4018:Polish Roman Catholic Union of America 1175:Polish Genealogical Society of America 1151:Polish Roman Catholic Union of America 8111: 8040: 7237: 7071: 6983: 6974:Chicago Foreign Language Press Survey 6948:. Chicago: Polish Museum of America. 6709:Polish Americans: An Ethnic Community 5980:"Święto polskiego kina w Nowym Jorku" 4732: 3429:role in the mystery of the Redemption 8760:Polish diaspora in the United States 7097: 6813:(Princeton University Press, 2005). 6733: 6706: 6669:(University of Chicago Press, 2019). 6662:(University of Chicago Press, 2003). 5902: 5574: 5558:. Marymount Hospital. Archived from 4759: 4527: 4107:Copernicus Cultural and Civic Center 4030:Polish Cultural Institute and Museum 3910: 3687:3.2% of the United States population 3462:Poland is also home to followers of 1308:Newark Liberty International Airport 688:founded in the 1850s. For instance, 616: 495:Polish speakers in the United States 102:Regions with significant populations 6787:. Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press. 5955: 5935: 5024:. Flps.newberry.org. Archived from 3685:parties. Polish Americans comprise 1760:, which have their headquarters in 1721:churches in Cleveland city include 1520:Houses in a Polish neighborhood in 1369:, contains a neighborhood known as 757:(self-reported) as per U.S. Census 24: 6783:Silverman, Deborah Anders (2000). 6736:Journal of American Ethnic History 6678:(Columbia University Press, 1984) 6650:Journal of American Ethnic History 5738:"No Polish jokes on Romney's tour" 5480:from the original on March 6, 2023 4636:United States Bureau of the Census 4360:Polish Legion of American Veterans 4210:Feast of the Immaculate Conception 4113:organized in conjunction with the 3673:Polish-Americans comprise a large 3493:region, helped co-found the first 2031: 1195:was concentrated along the city's 25: 8786: 8765:American people of Polish descent 8176:Polish occupation zone in Germany 6961: 6545:Lopata, Helena Znaniecka (1976). 6292:A history of the Polish Americans 6031:"May 3rd Polish Constitution Day" 6006:"Polish Festival - Press Release" 5675:30#1 (1973), pp. 54-59 at p. 58 4271:Constitution of the United States 4265:Polish-Americans have influenced 4228:Contributions to American culture 3320:Polish Americans built dozens of 3247: 409:ancestry, or are citizens of the 405:who either have total or partial 6917:Wytrwal, Joseph Anthony (1969). 5771:. Plmagazine.net. Archived from 5556:"Our Lady of Czestochowa Shrine" 5342:"Polish Art Center - Contact Us" 4390: 4376: 4348:San Antonio Conservation Society 3952:Polish American Arts Association 3780: 3775:American Polish Advisory Council 3689:but are concentrated in several 3516: 3482:, over the span of three years. 3289:, the city's first Polish parish 3250: 3227: 3204: 3181: 3157: 3133: 3110: 3087: 3064: 3041: 3018: 2995: 2972: 2949: 2926: 2903: 2880: 2857: 2834: 2810: 2786: 2763: 2740: 2717: 2694: 2671: 2648: 2625: 2602: 2579: 2556: 2533: 2510: 2487: 2464: 2441: 2418: 2395: 2372: 2349: 2326: 2302: 2278: 2255: 2232: 2209: 2186: 2163: 2140: 2117: 2094: 2071: 1741:music. Cleveland is home to the 1043: 1042: 1030: 1029: 1017: 1016: 1004: 1003: 991: 990: 978: 977: 965: 964: 658: 631: 58: 51: 8731:Repatriation of Poles (1955–59) 8710:Colonization attempts by Poland 6619:. New York: Perennial Library. 6530:Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann, Anna D. 6225: 6200: 6170: 6088: 6063: 6048: 6023: 5972: 5878: 5853: 5832: 5807: 5786: 5761: 5682: 5665: 5636: 5606: 5548: 5505: 5492: 5435: 5414: 5389: 5367:"American FactFinder - Results" 5358: 5334: 5313: 5300: 5270: 5249: 5158: 5145: 5136: 5127: 5118: 5101:"American FactFinder - Results" 5093: 5084: 5075: 5014: 4984: 4954: 4925: 4897: 4888: 4856: 4778: 4632:"Language Spoken at Home: 2000" 4451:Polish-American organized crime 4421:Polish American Football League 3539:Socioeconomic indicators: 2017 3393:St. Adalbert Parish, South Bend 914:Polish-American grocery, 1922, 743: 6830:vol. 25 (April 1983): 241-276. 6534:(Ohio University Press, 2004). 6370:Erdmans, Mary Patrice (1998). 5397:"Polish Village In Parma Ohio" 4733:Waldo, Arthur Leonard (1977). 4686: 4654: 4624: 4598: 4573: 4564: 4552: 4092:Polish Constitution Day Parade 3669:Poland–United States relations 3439:, which was on feature at the 3293:As in Poland, the majority of 1985:) This includes the cities of 1750:Third Federal Savings and Loan 1464:St. Stanislaus Catholic Church 1321: 1215:festival is celebrated at the 1090:Polish American Heritage Month 1053: 13: 1: 7316:German Mennonites from Russia 5022:"About the Population Census" 4760:Obst, Peter J. (2012-07-20). 4298:Maxwell Street Polish Sausage 4074:New York Polish Film Festival 3855:Polish Radio External Service 3727:Polish-Americans founded the 3474:, who singlehandedly painted 2013:. It is widely believed that 1468:Lincoln Village neighborhood. 1458:, among them the magnificent 91:2,744,941 (0.8%) Polish alone 6944:Zurawski, Joseph W. (1975). 6921:. Detroit: Endurance Press. 5740:. Phillytrib.com. 2012-08-05 5650:. 1937-11-15. Archived from 4483: 4204:General Pulaski Memorial Day 4111:Seattle Polish Film Festival 4047: 3398:Circa 1897, in Pittsburgh's 3283:St. Stanislaus Kostka Church 1784:Polish American recruitment 1037: 1024: 1011: 998: 985: 972: 959: 951: 7: 8717:Ethnic minorities in Poland 6500:10.1080/0300776032000144986 6488:Popular Music & Society 6450:Greene, Victor. "Poles" in 6411:Gladsky, Thomas S. (1992). 6331:Bukowczyk, John J. (1996). 6302:Bukowczyk, John J. (1986). 6300:first edition published as 6285:Sources and further reading 6058:. Springer. 2009. pp. 2-3. 5474:United States Census Bureau 5277:Gauper, Beth (2007-05-27). 5061:United States Census Bureau 4996:United States Census Bureau 4966:United States Census Bureau 4940:United States Census Bureau 4912:United States Census Bureau 4766:Poles in America Foundation 4698:United States Census Bureau 4675:. p. 3. Archived from 4610:United States Census Bureau 4585:United States Census Bureau 4509:United States Census Bureau 4369: 4353: 4143: 4038:The Polish Museum of Winona 3764:Americans of Polish descent 3656: 3273: 3266: 3261: 3243: 3238: 3220: 3215: 3197: 3192: 3174: 3169: 3149: 3144: 3126: 3121: 3103: 3098: 3080: 3075: 3057: 3052: 3034: 3029: 3011: 3006: 2988: 2983: 2965: 2960: 2942: 2937: 2919: 2914: 2896: 2891: 2873: 2868: 2850: 2845: 2827: 2822: 2802: 2797: 2779: 2774: 2756: 2751: 2733: 2728: 2710: 2705: 2687: 2682: 2664: 2659: 2641: 2636: 2618: 2613: 2595: 2590: 2572: 2567: 2549: 2544: 2526: 2521: 2503: 2498: 2480: 2475: 2457: 2452: 2434: 2429: 2411: 2406: 2388: 2383: 2365: 2360: 2342: 2337: 2319: 2314: 2294: 2289: 2271: 2266: 2248: 2243: 2225: 2220: 2202: 2197: 2179: 2174: 2156: 2151: 2133: 2128: 2110: 2105: 2087: 2082: 1983:Maps of American ancestries 1864:Marker of immigration from 1505: 1275:in Brooklyn is home to the 1155:Polish American Association 924:ethnically Polish Americans 755:Number of Polish Americans 10: 8791: 8204:Central and Eastern Europe 7913:Alabama Creoles and Cajuns 6937:(2013) 70#1 pp. 5–35 6903:1#2 (July 1974): 125-150. 6887:, 65 (Spring 2008), 57–76. 6613:Nowakowski, Jacek (1989). 6294:(2nd ed. Routledge, 2017) 4570:Polonia amerykańska, p. 40 3988: 3816: 3811:Central and Eastern Europe 3784: 3705:than the American public. 3666: 3660: 1853: 1564:Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly 1509: 1435:exemplifies the so-called 1397:borough of New York City, 1249:New York metropolitan area 1243:New York metropolitan area 1211:, respectively. Chicago's 1193:Chicago's Polish community 1143:Chicago's Polish community 1099: 1095: 747: 483: 479: 8701: 8676: 8566: 8530: 8452: 8400: 8354: 8298: 8196: 8189: 8181:Poles in the Soviet Union 8149: 8072: 7971: 7889:White Hispanic and Latino 7868: 7720: 7642: 7547: 7456: 7385: 7271: 7190: 7134: 7103: 7018: 6878:Memory and historiography 6839:Znaniecki, Florian Witold 5969:Published: August 8, 1982 5917:Polishamericanstudies.org 4163:Feast of the Annunciation 4159:March (Illinois regional) 4066:Henry Maier Festival Park 4026:Port Washington, New York 3920:Chicago metropolitan area 3903:, the Polish News Online, 3677:sought after by both the 3452:breakaway Catholic church 2046:American Community Survey 1979:northeastern Pennsylvania 1849: 1470:The city is also home to 1391:JFK International Airport 1377:era; the town has Polish 1265:Chicago metropolitan area 1233:Chicago metropolitan area 947: 944: 853: 839: 825: 811: 797: 783: 769: 764: 761: 738:Agudath Israel of America 613: 492: 440:. Two Polish volunteers, 419:American Community Survey 348: 343: 319: 314: 301:American English dialects 295: 290: 106: 101: 84: 79: 67: 49: 38: 8165:Polish-Lithuanian people 7836:Scots-Irish/Ulster Scots 6785:Polish American Folklore 6576:Majewski, Karen (2003). 5155:(1993) 28#4 pp: 526-543. 4832:Harvard University Press 4736:True Heroes of Jamestown 4468:List of Polish Americans 4461: 4318:Poles' cultural ties to 4010:Polish Museum of America 3999:Polish Museum of America 3824: 3729:Polish American Congress 3505:, in 1907, and later, a 3404:Immaculate Heart of Mary 1775: 1731:Immaculate Heart of Mary 1460:Basilica of St. Josaphat 1425:Basilica of St. Josaphat 1279:of New York City, while 1163:Polish National Alliance 1159:Polish American Congress 1147:Polish Museum of America 750:List of Polish Americans 417:, according to the 2021 6935:Polish American Studies 6911:Polish American Studies 6885:Polish American Studies 6821:Polish American Studies 6774:U.S. Catholic Historian 6764:U.S. Catholic Historian 6707:Pula, James S. (1995). 6703:68 (Spring 2011), 5–17. 6701:Polish American Studies 5673:Polish American Studies 5514:U.S. Catholic Historian 4814:Greene, Victor (1980). 4762:"Jamestown 1608 Marker" 4539:University of Minnesota 4358:Organizations like the 4326:Architectural influence 4255:(1955) and featured in 4192:Our Lady of Czestochowa 4036:, known informally as " 3901:Polish American Journal 3489:, originating from the 3476:New Gračanica Monastery 3468:Eastern Orthodox Church 3382:Saint Stanislaus Church 3365:St. Kazimierz (Casimir) 1868:into Texas, located in 1632: 1416:Wisconsin and Minnesota 1131:its surrounding suburbs 1062:A Polish coal miner in 8362:Bosnia and Herzegovina 6363:36.1 (1995): 175-195. 6361:Sociological Quarterly 5943:Polish American Museum 5941:Smithsonian Magazine, 5424:. Clevelandsociety.com 5371:Factfinder2.census.gov 4446:Polish Cathedral style 4313:Polish Cathedral style 4262: 4241: 4095: 4057: 4022:Polish American Museum 4005: 3905:Am-Pol Eagle Newspaper 3839:Polsat 2 International 3644:Total U.S. Population 3533:educational attainment 3529: 3360: 3290: 2041: 2015:Boothwyn, Pennsylvania 1872: 1788: 1657: 1596:St. Mary's Preparatory 1528: 1444: 1412:is based in New York. 1267:'s Polish population. 1122: 1075: 935:Polish-born population 918: 398: 387: 41: 8067:West Slavic Americans 6835:Thomas, William Isaac 6606:1.5 (2020): 183-193. 6398:Esslinger, Dean R. . 5691:"U.S. Census website" 5259:. LOT POLISH AIRLINES 5257:"POLISH AIRLINES LOT" 5056:"U.S. Census website" 4784:See the reference to 4247: 4238:Elizabeth, New Jersey 4235: 4090: 4055: 3996: 3983:Suzanne Strempek Shea 3873:Polish Weekly Chicago 3795:in America. The word 3793:anti-Polish sentiment 3738:I Saw Poland Betrayed 3718:Franklin D. Roosevelt 3667:Further information: 3524: 3457:Roman Catholic Church 3357:Saint Paul, Minnesota 3353:Church of St. Casimir 3351: 3281: 2039: 1969:Saint Louis, Missouri 1957:western Massachusetts 1863: 1783: 1705:St. Stanislaus Church 1643:St. Stanislaus Church 1640: 1519: 1423: 1410:Kosciuszko Foundation 1365:, located on eastern 1217:Copernicus Foundation 1109: 1061: 913: 385: 344:Related ethnic groups 8663:United Arab Emirates 7526:Norwegian Minnesotan 6823:2.3/4 (1945): 79–88. 6616:Polish-American Ways 5346:www.polartcenter.com 5237:on December 22, 2014 5153:Urban Affairs Review 4834:. pp. 787–803. 4800:-Austrian Hungarian 4682:on 8 September 2019. 4642:on February 12, 2020 4456:Polish-American vote 4384:United States portal 4333:that region in Texas 4275:Warsaw Confederation 4115:Polish Film Festival 3663:Polish-American vote 3550:College degrees (%) 3480:Third Lake, Illinois 3441:Jasna Góra Monastery 3408:St. Peter's Basilica 3374:St. John the Baptist 2263:District of Columbia 1569:metropolitan Detroit 1486:, come to celebrate 674:Battle of Brandywine 651:West Point, New York 8738:Polish Diaspora Day 7882:Non-Hispanic whites 6968:PolishMigration.org 6913:73.1 (2016): 47-67. 6665:Pacyga, Dominic A. 6658:Pacyga, Dominic A. 6652:16#1 (1996): 55-73. 6479:9.2 (2021): 30-39. 6452:Thernstrom, Stephan 6290:Bukowczyk, John J. 5889:Progress for Poland 5654:on November 2, 2007 5644:"Religion: Ramadan" 5624:on 21 February 2009 5377:on 12 February 2020 5308:Poles in Minnesota. 5283:MidwestWeekends.com 5028:on 11 December 2014 4972:on 12 February 2020 4942:. 18 September 1992 4820:Thernstrom, Stephan 4411:Kashubian Americans 4157:Casimir Pulaski Day 4123:Kansas City, Kansas 4099:The Polish Festival 3768:exogamous marriages 3633:White non-Hispanic 3540: 3437:Lady of Częstochowa 3419:Lady of Czestochowa 3389:South Bend, Indiana 3334:Mid-Atlantic States 3332:regions and in the 2055: 1949:South Bend, Indiana 1925:Rochester, New York 1758:National City Corp. 1598:, a high school in 1383:LOT Polish Airlines 1363:Riverhead, New York 758: 399:Polonia amerykańska 373: • 369: • 365: • 363:Kashubian Americans 361: • 357: • 353: • 42:Polonia amerykańska 35: 7907:French Louisianian 7309:Pennsylvania Dutch 7265:European Americans 6697:Pienkos, Donald E. 6685:Pienkos, Donald E. 6673:Pienkos, Donald E. 5963:the New York Times 5952:at Smithsonian.com 5948:2008-09-26 at the 5861:"The Am-Pol Eagle" 5526:10.1353/cht.0.0018 5306:John Radzilowski. 5279:"Polish for a day" 5133:Bukowczyk, pg. 36. 5124:Bukowczyk, pg. 35. 5090:Bukowczyck, p. 109 5081:Bukowczyck, p. 108 5002:on 18 January 2015 4426:Polish Australians 4416:Kashubian Diaspora 4406:European Americans 4263: 4242: 4096: 4058: 4006: 3931:(Polish sausage), 3864:Dziennik Związkowy 3714:New Deal Coalition 3538: 3370:St. Jozef (Joseph) 3361: 3291: 2051: 2042: 1929:Syracuse, New York 1921:Erie, Pennsylvania 1873: 1792:Panna Maria, Texas 1789: 1762:Downtown Cleveland 1743:Polka Hall of Fame 1658: 1529: 1445: 1441:Great Lakes region 1300:Linden, New Jersey 1123: 1080:metropolitan areas 1076: 919: 754: 726:New Deal Coalition 686:Panna Maria, Texas 639:Tadeusz Kościuszko 446:Tadeusz Kościuszko 423:U.S. Census Bureau 411:Republic of Poland 388: 267: Growing in 33: 8747: 8746: 8697: 8696: 8448: 8447: 8143:Polish minorities 8105: 8104: 8034: 8033: 8025: 8018: 8011: 8005:White Southerners 7994: 7987: 7962: 7957: 7941: 7934: 7929: 7922: 7915: 7891: 7884: 7854: 7815: 7796: 7789: 7782: 7775: 7761: 7623: 7528: 7521: 7519:Norwegian Dakotan 7487: 7361: 7332: 7330:Hungarian Ohioans 7318: 7311: 7304: 7297: 7231: 7230: 7065: 7064: 6238:The Polish Review 6156:978-1-57441-092-1 6054:Sandra Lapointe. 5796:. Ohioswallow.com 5562:on 6 October 2010 5538:Project MUSE 4796:and passed for a 4746:978-1-881284-11-6 4431:Polish Brazilians 4320:Roman Catholicism 4253:Detroit, Michigan 4034:Winona, Minnesota 4012:in Chicago's old 3924:Northwest Indiana 3911:Cultural identity 3878:Super Express USA 3849:; TV4U New York; 3843:TVN International 3756:George H. W. Bush 3733:Arthur Bliss Lane 3654: 3653: 3547:Household Income 3485:A small group of 3472:Theodore Jurewicz 3322:Polish Cathedrals 3287:Chicago, Illinois 3271: 3270: 1961:Duluth, Minnesota 1877:Buffalo, New York 1701:Broadview Heights 1665:Greater Cleveland 1607:Northern Michigan 1538:, behind that of 1456:Polish Cathedrals 1359:, Bergen County. 1051: 1050: 916:Detroit, Michigan 867: 866: 718:parochial schools 670:George Washington 666:Kazimierz Pułaski 647:Revolutionary War 625: 624: 421:conducted by the 380: 379: 375:Sorbian Americans 322:Roman Catholicism 160:Lackawanna County 16:(Redirected from 8782: 8201: 8200: 8194: 8193: 8171:Great Emigration 8132: 8125: 8118: 8109: 8108: 8061: 8054: 8047: 8038: 8037: 8021: 8014: 8009: 7990: 7983: 7960: 7953: 7939:Creoles of color 7937: 7932: 7927:Louisiana Creole 7925: 7918: 7911: 7887: 7880: 7850: 7811: 7792: 7785: 7778: 7771: 7757: 7619: 7548:Southeast Europe 7524: 7517: 7483: 7357: 7328: 7314: 7307: 7300: 7293: 7258: 7251: 7244: 7235: 7234: 7098:Slavic Americans 7092: 7085: 7078: 7069: 7068: 7011:Polish Americans 7004: 6997: 6990: 6981: 6980: 6957: 6930: 6891:Pietrusza, David 6866: 6809:Sugrue, Thomas. 6806: 6759: 6730: 6645:(1999) pp 428–45 6638: 6599: 6572: 6552: 6527: 6447: 6445: 6444: 6435:. Archived from 6395: 6356: 6325: 6278: 6277: 6250:10.2307/27920674 6229: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6218: 6204: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6184:. Archived from 6174: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6140: 6131: 6130: 6124: 6116: 6114: 6113: 6107: 6101:. Archived from 6100: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6067: 6061: 6052: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6027: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6017: 6008:. Archived from 6002: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5984:Wirtualna Polska 5976: 5970: 5959: 5953: 5939: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5919:. Archived from 5909: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5882: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5847: 5842:. Polishnews.Com 5836: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5819:Polamjournal.com 5811: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5801: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5780: 5765: 5759: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5734: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5718:on July 29, 2012 5708: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5686: 5680: 5669: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5659: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5620:. Archived from 5618:Newgracanica.com 5610: 5604: 5601: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5588: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5509: 5503: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5373:. Archived from 5362: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5352: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5328: 5317: 5311: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5264: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5173: 5162: 5156: 5149: 5143: 5140: 5134: 5131: 5125: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5112: 5103:. Archived from 5097: 5091: 5088: 5082: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5051: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5018: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5007: 4998:. Archived from 4988: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4968:. Archived from 4962:"Ancestry: 2000" 4958: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4937: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4909: 4901: 4895: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4875: 4868: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4811: 4805: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4772: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4717: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4673:US Census Bureau 4666: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4638:. Archived from 4628: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4602: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4577: 4571: 4568: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4501: 4441:Polish Canadians 4400: 4395: 4394: 4393: 4386: 4381: 4380: 4379: 4267:American culture 4249:Polish-Americans 4175:Constitution Day 4134:Whiting, Indiana 4103:Taste of Polonia 4094:in Chicago, 1985 3896:The Polish Times 3887:in New York and 3831:Hippocrene Books 3807:anti-Catholicism 3541: 3537: 3497:organization in 3433:Mariavite Church 3372:in Browerville; 3264: 3256: 3254: 3253: 3241: 3233: 3231: 3230: 3218: 3210: 3208: 3207: 3195: 3187: 3185: 3184: 3172: 3167: 3163: 3161: 3160: 3147: 3139: 3137: 3136: 3124: 3116: 3114: 3113: 3101: 3093: 3091: 3090: 3078: 3070: 3068: 3067: 3055: 3047: 3045: 3044: 3032: 3024: 3022: 3021: 3009: 3001: 2999: 2998: 2986: 2978: 2976: 2975: 2963: 2955: 2953: 2952: 2940: 2932: 2930: 2929: 2917: 2909: 2907: 2906: 2894: 2886: 2884: 2883: 2871: 2863: 2861: 2860: 2848: 2840: 2838: 2837: 2825: 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of Polonia 1112:Milwaukee Avenue 1110:Polish shops at 1102:Poles in Chicago 1046: 1045: 1033: 1032: 1020: 1019: 1007: 1006: 994: 993: 981: 980: 968: 967: 942: 941: 862: 861: 848: 847: 834: 833: 820: 819: 806: 805: 792: 791: 778: 777: 759: 753: 662: 643:Continental Army 635: 621: 490: 489: 391:Polish Americans 371:Slovak Americans 97: 80:Total population 72: 63: 62: 56: 55: 44: 36: 34:Polish Americans 32: 21: 8790: 8789: 8785: 8784: 8783: 8781: 8780: 8779: 8775:Polish diaspora 8750: 8749: 8748: 8743: 8693: 8672: 8562: 8526: 8444: 8396: 8355:Southern Europe 8350: 8299:Northern Europe 8294: 8185: 8145: 8139:Polish diaspora 8136: 8106: 8101: 8068: 8065: 8035: 8030: 7967: 7949:French Canadian 7876:White Americans 7869:Other Europeans 7864: 7813:Irish Traveller 7716: 7643:Southern Europe 7638: 7543: 7457:Northern Europe 7452: 7381: 7343:Liechtensteiner 7267: 7262: 7232: 7227: 7186: 7130: 7099: 7096: 7066: 7061: 7014: 7008: 6964: 6880: 6855: 6795: 6719: 6627: 6588: 6561: 6442: 6440: 6425: 6384: 6345: 6314: 6287: 6282: 6281: 6230: 6226: 6216: 6214: 6206: 6205: 6201: 6191: 6189: 6188:on 29 June 2013 6176: 6175: 6171: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6141: 6134: 6118: 6117: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6098: 6096:"Archived copy" 6094: 6093: 6089: 6079: 6077: 6075:Intellicast.com 6069: 6068: 6064: 6053: 6049: 6039: 6037: 6029: 6028: 6024: 6015: 6013: 6004: 6003: 5999: 5989: 5987: 5978: 5977: 5973: 5960: 5956: 5950:Wayback Machine 5940: 5936: 5926: 5924: 5911: 5910: 5903: 5893: 5891: 5884: 5883: 5879: 5869: 5867: 5859: 5858: 5854: 5845: 5843: 5838: 5837: 5833: 5823: 5821: 5813: 5812: 5808: 5799: 5797: 5792: 5791: 5787: 5778: 5776: 5767: 5766: 5762: 5757: 5753: 5743: 5741: 5736: 5735: 5731: 5721: 5719: 5710: 5709: 5705: 5695: 5693: 5687: 5683: 5670: 5666: 5657: 5655: 5642: 5641: 5637: 5627: 5625: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5602: 5595: 5586: 5584: 5580: 5579: 5575: 5565: 5563: 5554: 5553: 5549: 5510: 5506: 5497: 5493: 5483: 5481: 5468: 5467: 5463: 5456: 5440: 5436: 5427: 5425: 5420: 5419: 5415: 5405: 5403: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5380: 5378: 5363: 5359: 5350: 5348: 5340: 5339: 5335: 5326: 5324: 5319: 5318: 5314: 5305: 5301: 5292: 5290: 5275: 5271: 5262: 5260: 5255: 5254: 5250: 5240: 5238: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5214: 5212: 5207: 5206: 5202: 5192: 5190: 5185: 5184: 5180: 5171: 5169: 5164: 5163: 5159: 5150: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5132: 5128: 5123: 5119: 5110: 5108: 5099: 5098: 5094: 5089: 5085: 5080: 5076: 5066: 5064: 5052: 5041: 5031: 5029: 5020: 5019: 5015: 5005: 5003: 4990: 4989: 4985: 4975: 4973: 4960: 4959: 4955: 4945: 4943: 4935: 4931: 4930: 4926: 4916: 4914: 4907: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4893: 4889: 4879: 4877: 4876:on 4 March 2016 4873: 4866: 4862: 4861: 4857: 4842: 4812: 4808: 4783: 4779: 4770: 4768: 4758: 4754: 4747: 4731: 4727: 4711: 4710: 4703: 4701: 4692: 4691: 4687: 4679: 4664: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4645: 4643: 4630: 4629: 4625: 4615: 4613: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4589: 4587: 4579: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4565: 4557: 4553: 4543: 4541: 4533: 4532: 4528: 4518: 4516: 4503: 4502: 4491: 4486: 4464: 4396: 4391: 4389: 4382: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4356: 4343:straw thatching 4328: 4230: 4221: 4146: 4072:is home to the 4050: 4014:Polish Downtown 3991: 3979:Leslie Pietrzyk 3913: 3890:Tygodnik Polski 3853:Radio Chicago; 3827: 3819: 3789: 3783: 3747:John F. Kennedy 3702:Piast Institute 3671: 3665: 3659: 3519: 3359:, built in 1904 3315:Austrian Jewish 3297:immigrants are 3276: 3251: 3249: 3228: 3226: 3205: 3203: 3182: 3180: 3158: 3156: 3134: 3132: 3111: 3109: 3088: 3086: 3065: 3063: 3042: 3040: 3019: 3017: 2996: 2994: 2973: 2971: 2950: 2948: 2927: 2925: 2904: 2902: 2881: 2879: 2858: 2856: 2835: 2833: 2811: 2809: 2787: 2785: 2764: 2762: 2741: 2739: 2718: 2716: 2695: 2693: 2672: 2670: 2649: 2647: 2626: 2624: 2603: 2601: 2580: 2578: 2557: 2555: 2534: 2532: 2511: 2509: 2488: 2486: 2465: 2463: 2442: 2440: 2419: 2417: 2396: 2394: 2373: 2371: 2350: 2348: 2327: 2325: 2303: 2301: 2279: 2277: 2256: 2254: 2233: 2231: 2210: 2208: 2187: 2185: 2164: 2162: 2141: 2139: 2118: 2116: 2095: 2093: 2072: 2070: 2052: 2044:As of the 2021 2034: 2032:By state totals 1858: 1852: 1778: 1719:Polish language 1669:Cleveland, Ohio 1641:Inside view of 1635: 1615:Leelanau County 1592:Mike Krzyzewski 1514: 1508: 1452:German American 1418: 1387:non-stop flight 1324: 1297: 1245: 1201:Southwest Sides 1187:Irish Americans 1177:. In addition, 1104: 1098: 1068:McDowell County 1056: 937: 863: 859: 858: 849: 845: 844: 835: 831: 830: 821: 817: 816: 807: 803: 802: 793: 789: 788: 779: 775: 774: 756: 752: 746: 714:Catholic church 710:Austria Hungary 706:Imperial Russia 694:Virginia Colony 690:Polish settlers 681: 680: 679: 678: 677: 663: 655: 654: 636: 609: 599: 589: 579: 569: 559: 549: 539: 529: 519: 509: 504: 497: 488: 482: 442:Casimir Pulaski 415:U.S. population 367:Czech Americans 359:Texan Silesians 163: 95: 93: 88: 75: 57: 50: 45: 31: 28: 23: 22: 18:Polish-American 15: 12: 11: 5: 8788: 8778: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8745: 8744: 8742: 8741: 8734: 8727: 8720: 8713: 8705: 8703: 8699: 8698: 8695: 8694: 8692: 8691: 8686: 8680: 8678: 8674: 8673: 8671: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8654: 8653: 8643: 8638: 8637: 8636: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8570: 8568: 8564: 8563: 8561: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8534: 8532: 8528: 8527: 8525: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8513: 8512: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8456: 8454: 8450: 8449: 8446: 8445: 8443: 8442: 8441: 8440: 8433:United Kingdom 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8404: 8402: 8401:Western Europe 8398: 8397: 8395: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8358: 8356: 8352: 8351: 8349: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8302: 8300: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8266: 8265: 8255: 8250: 8249: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8228: 8226:Czech Republic 8223: 8218: 8213: 8207: 8205: 8198: 8191: 8187: 8186: 8184: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8161: 8153: 8151: 8147: 8146: 8135: 8134: 8127: 8120: 8112: 8103: 8102: 8100: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8073: 8070: 8069: 8064: 8063: 8056: 8049: 8041: 8032: 8031: 8029: 8028: 8027: 8026: 8019: 8012: 8002: 7997: 7996: 7995: 7988: 7975: 7973: 7969: 7968: 7966: 7965: 7964: 7963: 7958: 7946: 7945: 7944: 7943: 7942: 7935: 7923: 7916: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7893: 7892: 7885: 7872: 7870: 7866: 7865: 7863: 7862: 7857: 7856: 7855: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7817: 7816: 7804: 7799: 7798: 7797: 7790: 7783: 7776: 7764: 7763: 7762: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7724: 7722: 7721:Western Europe 7718: 7717: 7715: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7688: 7687: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7646: 7644: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7625: 7624: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7551: 7549: 7545: 7544: 7542: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7530: 7529: 7522: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7489: 7488: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7460: 7458: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7389: 7387: 7386:Eastern Europe 7383: 7382: 7380: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7363: 7362: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7334: 7333: 7321: 7320: 7319: 7312: 7305: 7298: 7286: 7281: 7275: 7273: 7272:Central Europe 7269: 7268: 7261: 7260: 7253: 7246: 7238: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7194: 7192: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7138: 7136: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7107: 7105: 7101: 7100: 7095: 7094: 7087: 7080: 7072: 7063: 7062: 7060: 7059: 7048: 7041: 7034: 7027: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7007: 7006: 6999: 6992: 6984: 6978: 6977: 6971: 6963: 6962:External links 6960: 6959: 6958: 6941: 6931: 6914: 6907: 6897: 6888: 6879: 6876: 6875: 6874: 6869:Wrobel, Paul. 6867: 6853: 6831: 6824: 6817: 6807: 6793: 6780: 6770: 6760: 6731: 6717: 6704: 6694: 6682: 6670: 6663: 6656: 6646: 6639: 6625: 6610: 6600: 6586: 6573: 6559: 6542: 6535: 6528: 6494:(4): 529–540. 6483: 6473: 6456:Handlin, Oscar 6454:; Orlov, Ann; 6448: 6423: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6396: 6382: 6367: 6357: 6343: 6328: 6327: 6326: 6312: 6286: 6283: 6280: 6279: 6244:(4): 437–439. 6224: 6208:"PLAV History" 6199: 6169: 6155: 6132: 6087: 6062: 6047: 6035:Ampoleagle.com 6022: 5997: 5971: 5961:James Barron, 5954: 5934: 5901: 5877: 5865:Ampoleagle.com 5852: 5831: 5806: 5785: 5760: 5751: 5729: 5703: 5681: 5664: 5635: 5605: 5593: 5573: 5547: 5504: 5491: 5461: 5454: 5434: 5413: 5388: 5357: 5333: 5312: 5299: 5269: 5248: 5222: 5200: 5178: 5157: 5144: 5135: 5126: 5117: 5092: 5083: 5074: 5039: 5013: 4983: 4953: 4924: 4896: 4887: 4855: 4840: 4824:Handlin, Oscar 4822:; Orlov, Ann; 4806: 4777: 4752: 4745: 4725: 4685: 4653: 4623: 4597: 4572: 4563: 4551: 4526: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4436:Polish British 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4387: 4371: 4368: 4355: 4352: 4327: 4324: 4282:Polish cuisine 4229: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4213: 4207: 4201: 4195: 4188: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4151:Kosciuszko Day 4147: 4145: 4142: 4049: 4046: 3990: 3987: 3971:Cecilia Woloch 3967:John Guzlowski 3956:Polish Falcons 3912: 3909: 3826: 3823: 3818: 3815: 3801:has become an 3785:Main article: 3782: 3779: 3716:and President 3710:Woodrow Wilson 3661:Main article: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3641: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3630: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3518: 3515: 3424:Felician Order 3343:Near West Side 3311:Russian Jewish 3299:Roman Catholic 3275: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3265: 3260: 3246: 3245: 3242: 3237: 3223: 3222: 3219: 3214: 3200: 3199: 3196: 3191: 3177: 3176: 3173: 3168: 3152: 3151: 3148: 3143: 3129: 3128: 3125: 3120: 3106: 3105: 3102: 3097: 3083: 3082: 3079: 3074: 3060: 3059: 3056: 3051: 3037: 3036: 3033: 3028: 3014: 3013: 3010: 3005: 3003:South Carolina 2991: 2990: 2987: 2982: 2968: 2967: 2964: 2959: 2945: 2944: 2941: 2936: 2922: 2921: 2918: 2913: 2899: 2898: 2895: 2890: 2876: 2875: 2872: 2867: 2853: 2852: 2849: 2844: 2842:North Carolina 2830: 2829: 2826: 2821: 2805: 2804: 2801: 2796: 2782: 2781: 2778: 2773: 2759: 2758: 2755: 2750: 2736: 2735: 2732: 2727: 2713: 2712: 2709: 2704: 2690: 2689: 2686: 2681: 2667: 2666: 2663: 2658: 2644: 2643: 2640: 2635: 2621: 2620: 2617: 2612: 2598: 2597: 2594: 2589: 2575: 2574: 2571: 2566: 2552: 2551: 2548: 2543: 2529: 2528: 2525: 2520: 2506: 2505: 2502: 2497: 2483: 2482: 2479: 2474: 2460: 2459: 2456: 2451: 2437: 2436: 2433: 2428: 2414: 2413: 2410: 2405: 2391: 2390: 2387: 2382: 2368: 2367: 2364: 2359: 2345: 2344: 2341: 2336: 2322: 2321: 2318: 2313: 2297: 2296: 2293: 2288: 2274: 2273: 2270: 2265: 2251: 2250: 2247: 2242: 2228: 2227: 2224: 2219: 2205: 2204: 2201: 2196: 2182: 2181: 2178: 2173: 2159: 2158: 2155: 2150: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2127: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2104: 2090: 2089: 2086: 2081: 2067: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2033: 2030: 2011:Polish cuisine 1975:Luzerne County 1917:Columbus, Ohio 1854:Main article: 1851: 1848: 1796:Texas Silesian 1777: 1774: 1766:Slavic Village 1673:Slavic Village 1647:Slavic Village 1634: 1631: 1609:. The town of 1561:General Motors 1507: 1504: 1488:Polish Culture 1474:, the largest 1417: 1414: 1355:as well as in 1353:Passaic County 1323: 1320: 1312:Linden station 1296: 1293: 1244: 1241: 1221:Jefferson Park 1209:Archer Avenues 1167:Polish Falcons 1100:Main article: 1097: 1094: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1040: 1036: 1035: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1014: 1010: 1009: 1001: 997: 996: 988: 984: 983: 975: 971: 970: 962: 958: 957: 954: 950: 949: 946: 936: 933: 865: 864: 857: 855: 851: 850: 843: 841: 837: 836: 829: 827: 823: 822: 815: 813: 809: 808: 801: 799: 795: 794: 787: 785: 781: 780: 773: 771: 767: 766: 763: 745: 742: 664: 657: 656: 637: 630: 629: 628: 627: 626: 623: 622: 611: 610: 607: 605: 601: 600: 597: 595: 591: 590: 587: 585: 581: 580: 577: 575: 571: 570: 567: 565: 561: 560: 557: 555: 551: 550: 547: 545: 541: 540: 537: 535: 531: 530: 527: 525: 521: 520: 517: 515: 511: 510: 507: 505: 502: 499: 498: 493: 484:Main article: 481: 478: 450:Roman Catholic 378: 377: 346: 345: 341: 340: 320:Predominantly 317: 316: 312: 311: 293: 292: 288: 287: 243: Some in 156:Luzerne County 104: 103: 99: 98: 82: 81: 77: 76: 73: 65: 64: 47: 46: 39: 29: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8787: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8757: 8755: 8740: 8739: 8735: 8733: 8732: 8728: 8726: 8725: 8721: 8719: 8718: 8714: 8712: 8711: 8707: 8706: 8704: 8700: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8681: 8679: 8675: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8652: 8649: 8648: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8635: 8632: 8631: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8565: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8535: 8533: 8529: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8511: 8508: 8507: 8506: 8505:United States 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8451: 8439: 8436: 8435: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8405: 8403: 8399: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8359: 8357: 8353: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8303: 8301: 8297: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8264: 8261: 8260: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8233: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8202: 8199: 8195: 8192: 8188: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8166: 8162: 8160: 8159: 8155: 8154: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8133: 8128: 8126: 8121: 8119: 8114: 8113: 8110: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8074: 8071: 8062: 8057: 8055: 8050: 8048: 8043: 8042: 8039: 8024: 8020: 8017: 8013: 8008: 8007: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7993: 7992:San Francisco 7989: 7986: 7982: 7981: 7980: 7977: 7976: 7974: 7970: 7959: 7956: 7952: 7951: 7950: 7947: 7940: 7936: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7924: 7921: 7917: 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6982: 6975: 6972: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6942: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6915: 6912: 6908: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6895: 6892: 6889: 6886: 6882: 6881: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6854:0-252-06484-4 6850: 6846: 6845: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6829: 6825: 6822: 6818: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6794:0-252-02569-5 6790: 6786: 6781: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6718:0-8057-8427-6 6714: 6710: 6705: 6702: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6689: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6677: 6674: 6671: 6668: 6664: 6661: 6657: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6626:0-06-096336-0 6622: 6618: 6617: 6611: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6587:0-8214-1470-4 6583: 6579: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6560:0-13-686436-8 6556: 6551: 6550: 6543: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6484: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6462: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6439:on 2011-01-11 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6424:0-87023-775-6 6420: 6416: 6415: 6409: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6383:0-271-01735-X 6379: 6375: 6374: 6368: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6344:0-8229-3953-3 6340: 6336: 6335: 6329: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6313:0-253-30701-5 6309: 6305: 6299: 6298: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6288: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6228: 6213: 6209: 6203: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6173: 6158: 6152: 6148: 6147: 6139: 6137: 6128: 6122: 6108:on 2009-03-21 6104: 6097: 6091: 6076: 6072: 6066: 6060: 6057: 6051: 6036: 6032: 6026: 6012:on 2011-12-30 6011: 6007: 6001: 5985: 5982:(in Polish). 5981: 5975: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5951: 5947: 5944: 5938: 5923:on 2017-11-25 5922: 5918: 5914: 5908: 5906: 5890: 5887: 5881: 5866: 5862: 5856: 5841: 5835: 5820: 5816: 5810: 5795: 5789: 5775:on 2012-10-13 5774: 5770: 5764: 5755: 5739: 5733: 5717: 5713: 5707: 5692: 5685: 5678: 5674: 5668: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5639: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5609: 5600: 5598: 5583: 5577: 5561: 5557: 5551: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5508: 5501: 5495: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5465: 5457: 5455:9780874176513 5451: 5447: 5446: 5438: 5423: 5417: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5361: 5347: 5343: 5337: 5322: 5316: 5309: 5303: 5289:on 2008-08-28 5288: 5284: 5280: 5273: 5258: 5252: 5241:September 11, 5236: 5232: 5226: 5215:September 11, 5210: 5204: 5193:September 11, 5188: 5182: 5167: 5161: 5154: 5148: 5139: 5130: 5121: 5107:on 2020-02-14 5106: 5102: 5096: 5087: 5078: 5063: 5062: 5057: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5027: 5023: 5017: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4987: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4957: 4941: 4934: 4928: 4913: 4906: 4900: 4891: 4872: 4865: 4859: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4810: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4781: 4767: 4763: 4756: 4748: 4742: 4738: 4737: 4729: 4721: 4715: 4699: 4695: 4689: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4657: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4627: 4611: 4607: 4601: 4586: 4582: 4576: 4567: 4560: 4555: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4489: 4479: 4476: 4474: 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7759:Jersey Dutch 7347: 7302:German Texan 7207: 7167:Montenegrins 7135:South Slavic 6945: 6934: 6918: 6910: 6900: 6893: 6884: 6870: 6843: 6827: 6820: 6810: 6784: 6773: 6768:Project MUSE 6763: 6742:(1): 74–95. 6739: 6735: 6708: 6700: 6687: 6675: 6666: 6659: 6649: 6642: 6615: 6603: 6577: 6548: 6538: 6531: 6491: 6487: 6476: 6459: 6441:. 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