1394:. The Communist-dominated bloc was credited with over 80 percent of the vote, a result that was only obtained through large-scale fraud. The opposition claimed it would have won in a landslide (as much as 80 percent, by some estimates) had the election been genuine and Mikołajczyk would have likely become prime minister. In November, at a meeting with the Silesian society, Mikołajczyk was informed that he was to be arrested along with his advisor Paweł Zaleski. The arrest order was already signed. They immediately took the effort to escape. Mikołajczyk headed north, while Zaleski escaped through the southern channel. From the danger zone, Zaleski was taken away in a straw cart. His brother Jan Zaleski from Boyko helped in the escape. Paweł waited a few days with Mikołaj and his father-in-law, Aries of Kamionka in Korfantów near Głuchołazy, before a transfer was arranged. Then through the Czech Republic, Zaleski got to the west, and Mikołajczyk was taken by ship from Szczecin. This was their last stay in Poland.
1360:
85:
4023:
2443:
2108:
521:
1179:
1592:
3932:
2402:
71:
1271:, called for action, without success, to stop it. The note the Foreign Minister, Count Edward Raczynski, sent on 10 December 1942 to the Governments of the United Nations was the first official denunciation by any Government of the mass extermination and of the Nazi aim of total extermination of the Jewish population. It was also the first official document singling out the sufferings of European Jews as Jews and not only as citizens of their respective countries of origin. The note of 10 December 1942 and the Polish Government efforts triggered the Declaration of the Allied Nations of 17 December 1942.
1900:
3884:
482:
468:
443:
1403:
3699:
3737:
1768:
3668:
3642:
2238:
3814:
2190:
2525:
1636:
2149:
1500:. The liquidation of the London-based government apparatus was declared accomplished on 31 December 1991. In 1992, military medals and other decorations awarded by the government in exile were officially recognized in Poland. The Act on Emoluments of a Former President of the Republic of Poland adopted in 1996 which establishes the rights, privileges, remuneration and other benefits of a former president, awarded them explicitly also to the last President-in-exile.
3784:
2067:
1680:
1133:
1724:
4035:
1941:
1859:
4011:
3999:
2320:
2361:
2026:
3854:
2484:
2631:
2279:
1548:
1985:
1286:, mass graves of 10,000 Polish officers (the German investigation later found 4,443 bodies) who had been taken prisoner in 1939 and murdered by the Soviets. The Soviet government said that the Germans had fabricated the discovery. The other Allied governments, for diplomatic reasons, formally accepted this; the Polish government in exile refused to do so.
3091:
Martin
Gilbert, Auschwitz and the Allies, 1981 (Pimlico edition, p.101) "On december 10, the Polish Ambassador in London, Edward Raczynski sent Eden an extremely detailed twenty-one point summary of all the most recent information regarding the killing of Jews in Poland; confirmation, he wrote, "that
1471:
Despite these setbacks, the government in exile continued in existence. When Soviet influence over Poland came to an end in 1989, there was still a president and a cabinet of eight, meeting every two weeks in London, commanding the loyalty of about 150,000 Polish veterans and their descendants living
1289:
Stalin then severed relations with the Polish government in exile. Since it was clear that it would be the Soviet Union, not the western Allies, who would liberate Poland from the
Germans, this breach had fateful consequences for Poland. In an unfortunate coincidence, Sikorski, widely regarded as the
1410:
Meanwhile, the Polish government in exile had maintained its existence. The London Poles had to vacate the Polish embassy on
Portland Place and were left only with the president's private residence at 43 Eaton Place. The government in exile became largely symbolic of continued resistance to foreign
1333:
populations, should remain in Soviet hands, and that Poland should be compensated with lands to be annexed from
Germany. Mikołajczyk, however, refused to compromise on the question of Poland's sovereignty over her prewar eastern territories. A third matter was Mikołajczyk's insistence that Stalin
3078:
Note of the
Foreign Minister Edward Raczynski "The mass extermination of Jews in German occupied Poland, Note addressed to the Governments of the United Nations on December 10th 1942", also published (30 December 1942) by the Polish Foreign Ministry as a public document with the aim to reach the
1028:
In event of war, the term of the
President's office shall be prolonged until three months after the conclusion of peace; the President of the Republic shall then, by a special act promulgated in the Official Gazette, appoint his successor, in case the office falls vacant before the conclusion of
1338:
region) as a basis for the future Polish-Soviet border. However, this was a position that could not be defended in practice – Stalin was in occupation of the territory in question. The government-in-exile's refusal to accept the proposed new Polish borders infuriated the Allies,
117:
1496:, the first non-Communist president of Poland since the war, received the symbols of the Polish Republic (the presidential banner, the presidential and state seals, the presidential sashes, and the original text of the 1935 Constitution) from the last president of the government in exile,
134:
1210:, extending to thousands of Polish soldiers who had been taken prisoner in 1939 by the Red Army in eastern Poland, including many Polish civilian prisoners and deportees entrapped in Siberia. The amnesty allowed the Poles to create eight military divisions known as the
3092:
the German authorities aim with systematic deliberation at the total extermination of the Jewish population of Poland" as well as of the "many thousands of Jews" whom the
Germans had deported to Poland from western and Central Europe, and from the German Reich itself."
1371:, a new government established as a result of reshuffling the existing Provisional Government, established under the auspices of the Soviet occupation authorities, through inclusion of his fraction. This provided an excuse for the Western allies to approve tacitly the
141:
1339:
particularly
Churchill, making them less inclined to oppose Stalin on issues of how Poland's postwar government would be structured. In the end, the exiles lost on both issues: Stalin re-annexed the eastern territories, as well as proceeded to impose the communist
126:
130:
131:
137:
140:
132:
135:
127:
124:
123:
118:
139:
136:
121:
120:
119:
1262:
During the war, especially from 1942 on, the Polish government in exile provided the Allies with some of the earliest and most accurate accounts of the ongoing
Holocaust of European Jews and, through its representatives, like the Foreign Minister Count
133:
125:
116:
122:
1033:
It was not until 29 or 30 September 1939 that Mościcki resigned. Raczkiewicz, who was already in Paris, immediately took his constitutional oath at the Polish
Embassy and became President of the Republic of Poland. Raczkiewicz then appointed General
138:
129:
128:
142:
1389:
Many Polish exiles opposed this action, believing that this government was a façade for the establishment of Communist rule in Poland. This view was later proven correct in 1947 when the Communist-dominated Democratic Bloc won
1334:
would not set up a Communist government in postwar Poland. Mikołajczyk and his colleagues in the Polish government-in-exile insisted on making a stand in the defense of Poland's pre-1939 eastern border (retaining its
1447:
in 1956. The Soviet-installed government in Warsaw campaigned for the return of the exiles, promising decent and dignified employment in communist Polish administration and forgiveness of past transgressions. The
1377:
of Poland becoming part of the Soviet sphere of influence, and to legitimise the Warsaw government while withdrawing their recognition of the government-in-exile; France did so on 29 June 1945, followed by the
115:
3501:
1414:
In 1954, political differences led to a split in the ranks of the government in exile. One group, claiming to represent 80% of 500,000 anti-Communist Poles exiled since the war, was opposed to President
4095:
3220:
according to the last official Polish census, the population was over 38% Poles (5.1 million), 37% Ukrainians (4.7 million), 14.5% Belarusians, 8.4% Jews, 0.9% Russians and 0.6% Germans.
113:
4070:
84:
917:(Home Army) resistance. Abroad, under the authority of the government-in-exile, Polish military units that had escaped the occupation fought under their own commanders as part of
1386:
on 5 July 1945. The Polish Armed Forces in exile were disbanded in 1945, and most of their members, unable to safely return to Communist Poland, settled in other countries.
2217:
114:
3525:
4145:
4027:
841:
3101:
Krzysztof Kania, Edward Raczynski, 1891–1993, Dyplomata i Polityk (Edward Raczynski, 1891–1993, Diplomat and Politician), Wydawnictwo Neriton, Warszawa, 2014, p. 232
1464:) were the last countries to withdraw recognition of the government-in-exile, though diplomatic privileges had already been withdrawn by Vatican Secretary of State
1439:. Only after Zaleski's death in 1972 did the two factions reunite. Some supporters of the government in exile eventually returned to Poland, such as Prime Minister
1183:
3497:
3549:
4130:
1351:, in favor of Poland becoming a republic of the Soviet Union. In November 1944, despite his mistrust of the Soviets, Mikołajczyk resigned to return to Poland.
1309:, tried to bring about a resumption of talks between Stalin and the Polish government in exile. But these efforts broke down over several matters. One was the
3573:
4135:
1203:
928:, the government-in-exile remained in existence albeit without effective power. It lost recognition of the majority of states upon formation of the
1029:
peace. Should the President's successor assume office, the term of his office shall expire at the end of three months after the conclusion of peace.
4060:
3631:
1344:
1347:
on 31 December 1944. However, Poland preserved its status as an independent state, despite the arguments of some influential Communists, such as
1207:
1017:
3622:
834:
3383:
4085:
3307:
4105:
520:
3438:
3384:"The Foreign Policy of the Polish Government-in-Exile, 1939–1945: Political and Military Realities versus Polish Psychological Reality"
2606:
17:
1202:, the Polish government in exile established diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union against Hitlerism, but also in order to help
827:
1321:). Another was Poland's postwar borders. Stalin insisted that the territories annexed by the Soviets in 1939, which had millions of
3217:
2012:
1368:
929:
461:
373:
1359:
4140:
3721:
2656:
1340:
804:
545:
70:
4110:
3796:
3521:
905:
Despite the occupation of Poland by hostile powers, the government-in-exile exerted considerable influence in Poland during
4125:
4075:
2114:
1960:
883:
611:
3433:
3008:
The Polish Deportees of World War II: Recollections of Removal to the Soviet Union and Dispersal Throughout the World
4065:
2568:
3963:
3615:
3481:
tells the story of the Polish government-in-exile in the form of five short episodes available on the YouTube channel:
3209:
3016:
2712:
2222:
1046:
799:
4120:
3545:
3409:
3350:
3291:
3264:
3244:
3178:
3158:
3138:
3118:
2992:
2945:
2872:
2837:
2802:
2747:
1591:
1481:
945:
810:
525:
502:
396:
262:
2678:, Finance Minister and Minister in the Middle East for the Sikorski government; Ambassador to London for Mikolajczyk
3672:
2442:
1391:
210:
4100:
4022:
2616:
2611:
660:
555:
3569:
1045:
Most of the Polish Navy escaped to Britain, and tens of thousands of Polish soldiers and airmen escaped through
4090:
4080:
3788:
725:
3477:
2958:
3826:
3608:
3006:
1191:
1105:
360:
1767:
3936:
631:
3317:
3646:
2107:
1021:
1012:) near the southern Polish border, issued a proclamation about his plan to transfer power and appointing
925:
895:
745:
1691:
1436:
1264:
3909:
3897:
3589:
3565:
3541:
3517:
3493:
3037:
1991:
1559:
1484:
did the government-in-exile formally pass its responsibilities and insignia onto the government of the
1299:
1148:
1013:
948:
did the government-in-exile formally pass its responsibilities and insignia onto the government of the
766:
581:
347:
233:
4003:
3858:
3818:
3741:
2650:
1420:
1291:
606:
550:
2579:
2574:
2073:
1679:
1178:
3838:
3195:
3041:
1799:
1754:
1710:
1622:
1578:
1249:
910:
755:
714:
688:
636:
510:
3593:
3194:(1997). Włodzimierz Bonusiak; Stanisław Jan Ciesielski; Zygmunt Mańkowski; Mikołaj Iwanow (eds.).
1635:
1152:
3902:
2675:
1947:
1865:
1172:
1136:
1086:
1039:
1035:
735:
678:
668:
586:
284:
3191:
2244:
1444:
1163:, where it was recognized by all the Allied governments. Politically, it was a coalition of the
4115:
4015:
3944:
3080:
2552:
2511:
2470:
2401:
2388:
2347:
2265:
2176:
2135:
2094:
2053:
1971:
1927:
1886:
1666:
1489:
1168:
1078:
997:
953:
918:
899:
601:
576:
448:
106:
90:
1899:
1647:
1547:
1253:
704:
3931:
2429:
2306:
1485:
1432:
1245:
1238:
960:
949:
771:
730:
591:
3956:
2155:
1723:
1175:, although these parties maintained only a vestigial existence in the circumstances of war.
1057:
to continue the fight in France. Many Poles subsequently took part in Allied operations: in
1042:
stepped down, Raczkiewicz also made Sikorski Commander-in-Chief of the Polish Armed Forces.
3866:
3600:
3482:
1199:
1164:
1070:
936:, while the last country to withdraw its diplomatic recognition on 19 October 1972 was the
3977:
3434:
Statement of the Polish government in exile following the death of General Sikorski (1943)
3202:
Sovietization of Education in Eastern Lesser Poland During the Soviet Occupation 1939–1941
8:
3768:
3754:
3749:
2644:
2408:
1779:
1497:
1449:
871:
250:
154:
1159:
from 2 December 1939 until June 1940. Escaping from France, the government relocated to
956:, while the liquidation of its apparatus was declared accomplished on 31 December 1991.
4039:
3970:
3949:
3916:
3871:
3761:
2670:
2367:
2032:
1428:
1402:
1257:
1241:, which together with other, earlier-created Polish units fought alongside the Allies.
1050:
879:
740:
699:
330:
2449:
1001:
343:
3736:
3711:
3405:
3346:
3338:
3287:
3279:
3260:
3240:
3205:
3174:
3154:
3134:
3114:
3047:
3012:
2988:
2941:
2868:
2833:
2826:
2798:
2743:
2531:
1306:
1234:
1121:
1074:
299:
3448:
1310:
1275:
3831:
2708:
2688:
2682:
2490:
2196:
1735:
1493:
1465:
1348:
1094:
1090:
1066:
972:
616:
3402:
In the Shadow of Auschwitz: The Polish Government-in-exile and the Jews, 1939–1942
3204:]. Kielce: Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna im. Jana Kochanowskiego. pp. 294–.
3686:
3577:
3553:
3529:
3505:
3419:
3312:
2660:
1453:
1411:
occupation of Poland while retaining some important archives from prewar Poland.
1113:
1082:
863:
203:
51:
3681:
2326:
2237:
3667:
3655:
1906:
1603:
1416:
1383:
1223:
1187:
980:
933:
924:
After the war, as the Polish territory came under the control of the communist
76:
3583:
3559:
3535:
3511:
3487:
3465:
2189:
1124:, formed in the USSR in 1944, remained there and fought under Soviet command.
4054:
3801:
3470:(1943) about Nazi crimes and Nazi lies created by Polish government in exile.
3197:
Sowietyzacja oświaty w Małopolsce Wschodniej pod radziecką okupacją 1939–1941
3051:
2636:
2596:
2586:
1379:
1373:
1322:
1098:
932:
on 5 July 1945 though continued to be hosted and informally supported by the
914:
759:
718:
692:
3449:
Polish Chancellery website: Prime Ministers IInd Republic of Poland in exile
1298:
in July 1943. He was succeeded as head of the Polish government in exile by
3716:
2524:
1475:
1461:
1230:
1227:
1109:
941:
906:
891:
887:
781:
313:
2148:
1116:, intended to fight Nazi Germany in the USSR, but instead transferred via
3813:
3703:
3698:
2285:
2066:
1440:
1424:
1219:
1211:
3443:
2910:
Bogusław Brodecki; Zbigniew Wawer; Tadeusz Kondracki; Janusz Błaszczyk.
1419:'s continuation in office when his seven-year term expired. It formed a
3783:
1940:
1858:
1268:
1132:
1054:
1020:, as his successor. This was done in accordance with Article 24 of the
673:
2319:
2360:
2025:
1295:
653:
3369:, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, zeszyt 154 (T. XXXVII/3, 1997, p. 474
4034:
2716:
2483:
1457:
1279:
937:
317:
3395:
God's Playground: A History of Poland, Vol. 2: 1795 to the Present
4010:
3998:
3641:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1274:
In April 1943, the Germans announced that they had discovered at
1009:
3883:
3853:
3421:
The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War
1283:
1160:
1156:
1144:
1062:
1058:
976:
968:
875:
475:
189:
183:
164:
2278:
1984:
1143:
The Polish government in exile, based first in Paris, then in
3454:
Polish World War II website on the Polish government in exile
2653:, alternative President of the Republic of Poland (1972–1990)
1335:
964:
621:
177:
3630:
3081:
http://www.projectinposterum.org/docs/mass_extermination.htm
3453:
1354:
1314:
1215:
1117:
1005:
3439:
Publications on the Polish government (in exile) 1939–1990
4096:
People from wartime administrations in Poland (1939–1947)
3537:"Republic in Exile, Episode 3: Polish Voice in the World"
1139:, first Prime Minister of the Polish government in exile.
1024:, adopted in April 1935. Article 24 provided as follows:
1476:
Dissolution and recognition in the Third Polish Republic
1184:
The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland
385:• Diplomatic recognition withdrawn by last country
331:
Government evacuated from Poland and interred in Romania
1427:
to exercise the functions of head of state, comprising
1305:
During 1943 and 1944, the Allied leaders, particularly
1488:
at a special ceremony held on 22 December 1990 at the
1186:", by the Polish government-in-exile addressed to the
952:
at a special ceremony held on 22 December 1990 at the
4071:
Dissident movement in the People's Republic of Poland
3513:"Republic in Exile, Episode 2: Poland Outside Poland"
3036:
2916:
The Poles on the Battlefronts of the Second World War
3190:
2626:
1343:
established on 22 July 1944 by renaming it into the
1267:
and the courier of the Polish Underground movement,
3302:
3300:
1406:
Seat of the Presidents of Poland-in-exile in London
1108:of July 1941 Polish soldiers taken prisoner by the
3046:. Sampson Low, Marston & Co. pp. 19, 26.
3004:
397:Handover of national insignia to Warsaw government
4146:World War II governments in exile based in London
27:Government of Poland in exile (London, 1940–1990)
4052:
3297:
1367:On 28 June 1945, Mikołajczyk took office in the
1345:Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland
3386:in: John S. Micgiel and Piotr S. Wandycz eds.,
3032:
3030:
3028:
2777:Jozef Pilsudski, Waclaw Jedrzejewicz (Editor).
2773:
2771:
2769:
1233:. These Polish units formed the basis for the
921:forces in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East.
3444:Stamp Issues by the Polish government in exile
2848:
2846:
2711:on his inauguration. Died on 10 April 2010 in
1472:in Britain, including 35,000 in London alone.
1290:most capable of the Polish exile leaders, was
4131:States and territories disestablished in 1990
3616:
3065:
3063:
3061:
868:Rząd Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej na uchodźstwie
860:Government of the Republic of Poland in exile
835:
408:• Liquidation of apparatus accomplished
3250:
3230:
3164:
3025:
2965:
2959:"Pignerolle dans la Seconde Guerre mondiale"
2904:
2789:
2787:
2766:
1222:, where they were desperately needed by the
41:
3585:"Republic in Exile, Episode 5: Free Poland"
3184:
3124:
2978:
2843:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2733:
996:On 17 September 1939, the President of the
4136:States and territories established in 1939
3623:
3609:
3561:"Republic in Exile, Episode 4: Solidarity"
3058:
2975:Sampson Low, Marston & Co 1948 Page 17
2930:
2895:
2779:Poland in the British Parliament 1939–1945
2607:Polish resistance movement in World War II
1503:
842:
828:
3361:
3359:
2886:
2877:
2784:
2753:
3632:Governments in exile during World War II
3275:
3273:
3218:Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union
3216:Of the 13.5 million civilians living in
3144:
3104:
3079:public opinions of the Free World. See:
2860:
2858:
2808:
1401:
1397:
1369:Provisional Government of National Unity
1358:
1355:Provisional Government of National Unity
1177:
1131:
930:Provisional Government of National Unity
462:Provisional Government of National Unity
4061:20th century in the City of Westminster
3722:French Committee of National Liberation
2657:Polish Committee of National Liberation
1341:Polish Committee of National Liberation
14:
4053:
3356:
3256:John Coutouvidis & Jamie Reynolds
3236:John Coutouvidis & Jamie Reynolds
3170:John Coutouvidis & Jamie Reynolds
3005:Tadeusz Piotrowski (2004). "Amnesty".
2951:
2763:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1962 Page 39
1022:Constitution of the Republic of Poland
882:of September 1939, and the subsequent
3990:Unrecognised or non-autonomous bodies
3604:
3399:
3332:
3270:
2912:Polacy na frontach II wojny światowej
2855:
1832:
1515:
1456:and finally (on 19 October 1972) the
1208:the Kremlin signed a one-time amnesty
1120:to fight with US and British forces.
959:The government-in-exile was based in
3388:Reflections on Polish Foreign Policy
2665:Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego
1004:, who was then in the small town of
3489:"Republic in Exile, Episode 1: War"
2569:Polish contribution to World War II
1529:
1526:
1363:Standard of the President in exile.
374:Loss of wide diplomatic recognition
24:
3011:. McFarland. pp. 93–94, 102.
2998:
2739:John Coutouvidis, Jamie Reynolds.
2713:2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash
1807:
1127:
944:). However, only after the end of
25:
4157:
3427:
3353:, Paperback First Edition, p. 45.
3316:. 19 January 1959. Archived from
2852:Coutouvidis and Reynolds, Page 26
2647:, special envoy of the government
4086:History of Poland (1989–present)
4033:
4021:
4009:
3997:
3930:
3882:
3852:
3812:
3782:
3735:
3697:
3666:
3640:
3294:, Paperback First Edition, p. 8.
3043:The Pattern of Soviet Domination
2973:The Pattern of Soviet Domination
2918:) Warsaw: Bellona. 2005. Page 29
2629:
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2482:
2441:
2400:
2359:
2318:
2277:
2236:
2188:
2147:
2106:
2065:
2024:
1983:
1939:
1898:
1857:
1836:
1766:
1722:
1678:
1634:
1590:
1546:
991:
519:
480:
466:
441:
111:
83:
69:
4106:Poland–United Kingdom relations
3376:
3095:
3085:
3072:
2921:
2866:Sikorski: Soldier and Statesman
2781:. Volume I, 1946. Pages 317–318
2701:
2617:Polish Armed Forces in the East
2612:Polish Armed Forces in the West
2562:
2549:
2508:
2467:
2426:
2385:
2344:
2303:
2262:
2173:
2132:
2091:
2050:
2009:
1968:
1924:
1883:
1200:war against the Soviets in 1941
1112:in 1939, were released to form
983:until its dissolution in 1990.
963:during 1939 and 1940, first in
878:formed in the aftermath of the
4141:United Kingdom in World War II
3343:The Poles in Britain 1940–2000
3284:The Poles in Britain 1940–2000
2938:Poland in the Second World War
2831:The Poles in Britain 1940–2000
2795:Poland in the Second World War
1815:
1516:
909:through the structures of the
898:, which brought to an end the
752:Non-integrated but recognizing
726:National Military Organization
43:Rząd Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
13:
1:
4111:Polish diaspora organizations
3459:
2726:
2575:Association of Armed Struggle
1508:
679:National Security Corps (PKB)
3225:Wrocławskie Studia Wschodnie
2547:4 years, 258 days
2506:9 years, 246 days
2465:3 years, 363 days
2383:4 years, 349 days
2342:9 years, 277 days
2048:2 years, 215 days
1966:2 years, 344 days
1619:24 years, 304 days
1443:in 1955 and his predecessor
1204:Poles persecuted by the NKVD
1038:to be prime minister. After
7:
4126:Political history of Poland
4076:Former governments in exile
3382:Cienciala, Anna M. (2005).
2622:
2424:1 year, 359 days
2214:
2171:3 years, 74 days
2130:1 year, 171 days
2089:1 year, 223 days
2007:1 year, 133 days
1751:3 years, 102 days
1663:6 years, 349 days
1575:7 years, 249 days
1423:in July 1954, and set up a
1171:, the Labour Party and the
1081:, in North Africa (notably
971:. From 1940, following the
746:Confederation of the Nation
526:History of Poland 1939–1945
342:• Presidency ceded by
38:Republic of Poland in exile
10:
4162:
4066:Cold War history of Poland
3214:– via Google Books.
2566:
2260:1 year, 13 days
2218:Polish Independence League
1796:1 year, 156 days
1243:
986:
975:, the government moved to
913:and its military arm, the
858:, officially known as the
856:Polish government-in-exile
767:Jewish Combat Organization
18:Polish government in exile
3989:
3928:
3880:
3850:
3810:
3780:
3733:
3695:
3664:
3638:
3418:Kochanski, Halik (2012).
3021:– via Google Books.
2707:Transferred authority to
2651:Juliusz Nowina-Sokolnicki
1835:
1829:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1707:7 years, 0 days
1535:
1421:Council of National Unity
1214:. They were evacuated to
1106:Sikorski–Mayski agreement
420:
416:
406:
393:
383:
370:
361:Sikorski–Mayski agreement
357:
340:
327:
323:
309:
305:
290:
275:
271:
261:
257:
240:
223:
219:
209:
199:
170:
160:
150:
101:
65:
60:
34:
4121:Polish Underground State
3839:Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy
2759:Count Edward Raczynski.
2694:
1692:Edward Bernard Raczyński
1482:communist rule in Poland
1250:The Black Book of Poland
1198:When Germany launched a
946:communist rule in Poland
926:Polish People's Republic
911:Polish Underground State
3797:Grand Duchess Charlotte
3393:Davies, Norman (2005).
2927:Brodecki et al, Page 37
2676:Henryk Leon Strasburger
1504:Government and politics
736:Camp of Fighting Poland
568:Political organizations
4101:Poland in World War II
2971:Stanislaw Mikolajczyk
2901:Garlinski, Pages 55–56
2892:Garlinski, Pages 17–18
2864:Keith Sword (Editor).
2664:
2580:Związek Walki Zbrojnej
2471:Polish Socialist Party
2348:Polish Socialist Party
2074:Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski
2054:Polish Socialist Party
1556:Raczkiewicz, Władysław
1490:Royal Castle in Warsaw
1480:Only after the end of
1407:
1364:
1325:in addition to mostly
1292:killed in an air crash
1195:
1169:Polish Socialist Party
1140:
1079:Battle of the Atlantic
1031:
979:, and remained in the
954:Royal Castle in Warsaw
900:Second Polish Republic
867:
669:Armed Resistance (ZWZ)
649:Military organizations
602:Camp of National Unity
577:Polish Socialist Party
449:Second Polish Republic
107:Poland Is Not Yet Lost
42:
4091:Paris in World War II
4081:Governments in Poland
3910:Stanisław Mikołajczyk
3898:Władysław Raczkiewicz
3466:Anti-Nazi color film
3400:Engel, David (2014).
3038:Stanisław Mikołajczyk
2013:Polish People's Party
1992:Stanisław Mikołajczyk
1560:Władysław Raczkiewicz
1486:Third Polish Republic
1405:
1398:Later postwar history
1362:
1300:Stanisław Mikołajczyk
1246:The Polish White Book
1181:
1153:Château de Pignerolle
1149:Władysław Raczkiewicz
1135:
1085:), Italy (notably at
1026:
1018:Marshal of the Senate
1014:Władysław Raczkiewicz
950:Third Polish Republic
772:Jewish Military Union
731:National Armed Forces
637:Polish Workers' Party
632:National Radical Camp
622:Betar (Zionist youth)
476:Third Polish Republic
348:Władysław Raczkiewicz
234:Władysław Raczkiewicz
200:Common languages
3576:30 June 2017 at the
3552:30 June 2017 at the
3544:(26 December 2014),
3528:30 June 2017 at the
3520:(19 December 2014),
3504:30 June 2017 at the
3496:(12 December 2014),
3345:, Frank Cass, 2004,
3320:on 19 September 2009
3286:, Frank Cass, 2004,
3192:Elżbieta Trela-Mazur
2984:Wojciech Roszkowski
2245:Stanisław Mackiewicz
1776:Kaczorowski, Ryszard
1644:Ostrowski, Stanisław
1445:Stanisław Mackiewicz
1206:. On 12 August 1941
1165:Polish Peasant Party
884:occupation of Poland
711:Partially integrated
661:Service for Poland's
3769:Georgios Papandreou
3755:Emmanouil Tsouderos
3592:(16 January 2015),
3404:. UNC Press Books.
3152:Death in the Forest
3112:Death in the Forest
2986:The Shadow of Yalta
2645:Tadeusz Chciuk-Celt
2409:Zygmunt Muchniewski
2115:Tadeusz Tomaszewski
1780:Ryszard Kaczorowski
1748:19 July 1989 †
1648:Stanisław Ostrowski
1616:8 April 1972 †
1498:Ryszard Kaczorowski
1450:Republic of Ireland
872:government in exile
800:Cultural activities
251:Ryszard Kaczorowski
155:Government in exile
3957:Slobodan Jovanović
3917:Tomasz Arciszewski
3903:Władysław Sikorski
3872:Johan Nygaardsvold
3762:Sofoklis Venizelos
3568:(9 January 2015),
3367:Władysław Sikorski
3308:"Phantoms in Rome"
2883:Garlinski, Page 49
2840:Chapter 4, Page 33
2671:Ignacy Schwarzbart
2667:; PKWN), 1944–1945
2368:Aleksander Zawisza
2336:10 September 1955
2298:10 September 1955
2156:Roman Odzierzyński
2127:25 September 1950
2033:Tomasz Arciszewski
1948:Władysław Sikorski
1875:30 September 1939
1866:Władysław Sikorski
1572:6 June 1947 †
1429:Tomasz Arciszewski
1408:
1365:
1226:, hard pressed by
1196:
1141:
1137:Władysław Sikorski
1040:Edward Rydz-Śmigły
1036:Władysław Sikorski
880:Invasion of Poland
741:Pomeranian Griffin
705:Peasant Battalions
700:Gwardia Ludowa WRN
612:Jewish Labour Bund
285:Władysław Sikorski
4048:
4047:
3712:Charles de Gaulle
3594:Polish Embassy UK
3570:Polish Embassy UK
3546:Polish Embassy UK
3522:Polish Embassy UK
3498:Polish Embassy UK
3483:Polish Embassy UK
3478:Republic in Exile
3468:Calling Mr. Smith
3339:Peter D. Stachura
3280:Peter D. Stachura
3130:Louis Fitzgibbon
2827:Peter D. Stachura
2793:Jozef Garlinski.
2560:
2559:
2544:22 December 1990
2532:Edward Szczepanik
2165:25 December 1950
2086:10 February 1949
2042:29 November 1944
2004:24 November 1944
1805:
1804:
1786:
1742:
1732:Sabbat, Kazimierz
1698:
1688:Raczyński, Edward
1654:
1610:
1569:30 September 1939
1566:
1392:a rigged election
1307:Winston Churchill
1237:, led by General
1101:, and elsewhere.
1075:Battle of Britain
852:
851:
811:History of Poland
685:Mostly integrated
513:Underground State
496:
495:
492:
491:
488:
487:
454:
453:
353:30 September 1939
336:17 September 1939
300:Edward Szczepanik
295:
292:• 1986–1990
280:
277:• 1939–1943
245:
242:• 1989–1990
228:
225:• 1939–1947
143:
36:Government of the
16:(Redirected from
4153:
4038:
4037:
4026:
4025:
4014:
4013:
4002:
4001:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3964:Miloš Trifunović
3961:
3954:
3948:Prime Minister:
3935:
3934:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3901:Prime Minister:
3887:
3886:
3870:Prime Minister:
3857:
3856:
3843:
3836:
3832:Dirk Jan de Geer
3830:Prime Minister:
3827:Queen Wilhelmina
3817:
3816:
3800:Prime Minister:
3787:
3786:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3753:Prime Minister:
3740:
3739:
3726:
3702:
3701:
3685:Prime Minister:
3671:
3670:
3654:Prime Minister:
3645:
3644:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3602:
3601:
3586:
3562:
3538:
3514:
3490:
3415:
3370:
3365:Roman Wapiński,
3363:
3354:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3304:
3295:
3277:
3268:
3258:Poland 1939–1947
3254:
3248:
3238:Poland 1939–1947
3234:
3228:
3227:, Wrocław, 1997.
3222:
3188:
3182:
3172:Poland 1939–1947
3168:
3162:
3148:
3142:
3128:
3122:
3108:
3102:
3099:
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3034:
3023:
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2982:
2976:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2955:
2949:
2936:Jozef Garlinski
2934:
2928:
2925:
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2902:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2875:
2862:
2853:
2850:
2841:
2825:Wojciech Rojek,
2823:
2806:
2791:
2782:
2775:
2764:
2761:In Allied London
2757:
2751:
2741:Poland 1939–1947
2737:
2720:
2705:
2689:Szmul Zygielbojm
2683:Western betrayal
2639:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2538:
2527:
2497:
2491:Kazimierz Sabbat
2486:
2456:
2445:
2415:
2404:
2374:
2363:
2333:
2322:
2292:
2281:
2251:
2240:
2226:
2206:18 January 1954
2203:
2197:Jerzy Hryniewski
2192:
2168:8 December 1953
2162:
2151:
2121:
2110:
2080:
2069:
2039:
2028:
1998:
1987:
1954:
1943:
1913:
1902:
1872:
1861:
1838:
1833:Political party
1827:
1817:
1812:
1811:
1793:22 December 1990
1784:
1777:
1770:
1740:
1736:Kazimierz Sabbat
1733:
1726:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1466:Domenico Tardini
1437:Edward Raczyński
1433:Władysław Anders
1425:Council of Three
1349:Wanda Wasilewska
1265:Edward Raczyński
1254:Raczyński's Note
1239:Władysław Anders
1147:, France, where
844:
837:
830:
813:during 1939–1945
756:Armed Resistance
715:Armed Resistance
689:Armed Resistance
617:Hashomer Hatzair
607:Democratic Party
523:
498:
497:
484:
483:
470:
469:
458:
457:
445:
444:
438:
437:
422:
421:
412:31 December 1991
402:22 December 1990
293:
278:
253:
243:
236:
226:
171:Capital-in-exile
145:
144:
87:
73:
55:
47:
32:
31:
21:
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3905:
3900:
3881:
3876:
3869:
3867:King Haakon VII
3851:
3846:
3841:
3834:
3829:
3811:
3806:
3799:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3764:
3757:
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3729:
3724:
3696:
3691:
3684:
3665:
3660:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3584:
3578:Wayback Machine
3560:
3554:Wayback Machine
3536:
3530:Wayback Machine
3512:
3506:Wayback Machine
3488:
3462:
3430:
3412:
3379:
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2495:
2494:
2454:
2453:
2450:Alfred Urbański
2413:
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2201:
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2078:
2077:
2037:
2036:
1996:
1995:
1952:
1951:
1911:
1910:
1870:
1869:
1849:Time in office
1830:Term of office
1825:
1824:
1810:
1808:Prime ministers
1787:
1783:
1775:
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1739:
1731:
1728:
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1695:
1687:
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1640:
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1607:
1600:Zaleski, August
1599:
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1595:
1563:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1511:
1506:
1478:
1454:Francoist Spain
1400:
1357:
1313:(and others at
1260:
1258:Witold's Report
1235:Polish II Corps
1130:
1128:Wartime history
1002:Ignacy Mościcki
998:Polish Republic
994:
989:
896:Slovak Republic
848:
819:
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389:19 October 1972
386:
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344:Ignacy Mościcki
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3808:
3807:
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3750:King George II
3746:
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3728:
3727:
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3673:Czechoslovakia
3662:
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3656:Hubert Pierlot
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3428:External links
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3211:978-8371331008
3210:
3183:
3163:
3143:
3132:Katyn Massacre
3123:
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3018:978-0786455362
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1417:August Zaleski
1399:
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1384:United Kingdom
1356:
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1311:Katyń massacre
1192:United Nations
1188:wartime allies
1173:National Party
1129:
1126:
1122:Berling's Army
1053:or across the
993:
990:
988:
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981:United Kingdom
973:Fall of France
934:United Kingdom
850:
849:
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794:Related topics
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45:na uchodźstwie
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3946:
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3407:
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3309:
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3301:
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3292:0-7146-8444-9
3289:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3274:
3266:
3265:0-7185-1211-1
3262:
3259:
3253:
3247:Pages 103–104
3246:
3245:0-7185-1211-1
3242:
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2637:Poland portal
2627:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2601:Armia Krajowa
2598:
2595:
2592:
2591:Szare Szeregi
2588:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2543:
2541:8 April 1986
2540:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2505:
2503:8 April 1986
2502:
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2493:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2474:
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2462:15 July 1976
2461:
2459:18 July 1972
2458:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2421:13 July 1972
2420:
2418:20 July 1970
2417:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2395:
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2390:
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2379:
2377:25 June 1965
2376:
2370:
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2355:
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2341:
2339:14 June 1965
2338:
2335:
2329:
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2324:
2321:
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2308:
2305:
2301:33 days
2300:
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2257:21 June 1955
2256:
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2205:
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2178:
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2150:
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2124:7 April 1949
2123:
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2034:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2003:
2001:14 July 1943
2000:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1957:25 July 1940
1956:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1919:25 July 1940
1918:
1916:19 July 1940
1915:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1888:
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1880:
1878:19 July 1940
1877:
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1660:24 March 1979
1659:
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1395:
1393:
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1385:
1381:
1380:United States
1376:
1375:
1374:fait accompli
1370:
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1193:
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1158:
1154:
1151:lived at the
1150:
1146:
1138:
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1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1099:Wilhelmshaven
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1065:), in France
1064:
1060:
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1052:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
992:Establishment
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
957:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
922:
920:
916:
915:Armia Krajowa
912:
908:
903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
845:
840:
838:
833:
831:
826:
825:
823:
822:
814:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
797:
791:
790:
783:
780:
779:
773:
770:
768:
765:
764:
761:
757:
754:authority of
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
723:
720:
716:
706:
703:
701:
698:
697:
694:
690:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
664:
663:Victory (SZP)
658:
657:
655:
646:
645:
638:
635:
633:
630:
629:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
599:
597:Minor parties
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
572:Major parties
565:
564:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
538:
532:
531:
527:
522:
518:
517:
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429:
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398:
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388:
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375:
369:
365:
362:
356:
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349:
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335:
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326:
322:
319:
315:
312:
308:
304:
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231:
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185:
182:
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176:
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159:
156:
153:
149:
108:
104:
100:
94:
86:
78:
72:
64:
59:
53:
46:
33:
30:
19:
3978:Ivan Šubašić
3888:
3717:Henri Giraud
3682:Edvard Beneš
3476:
3467:
3420:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3377:Bibliography
3366:
3342:
3334:
3322:. Retrieved
3318:the original
3311:
3283:
3257:
3252:
3237:
3232:
3224:
3215:
3201:
3196:
3186:
3171:
3166:
3151:
3150:J.K.Zawodny
3146:
3131:
3126:
3111:
3110:J.K.Zawodny
3106:
3097:
3087:
3074:
3069:Engel (2014)
3042:
3007:
3000:
2985:
2980:
2972:
2967:
2953:
2937:
2932:
2923:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2897:
2888:
2879:
2865:
2830:
2794:
2778:
2760:
2755:
2740:
2735:
2703:
2600:
2590:
2578:
2563:Armed forces
2530:
2489:
2448:
2407:
2380:9 June 1970
2366:
2327:Antoni Pająk
2325:
2284:
2254:8 June 1954
2243:
2209:13 May 1954
2195:
2154:
2113:
2083:2 July 1947
2072:
2045:2 July 1947
2031:
1990:
1946:
1922:6 days
1905:
1864:
1846:Left office
1843:Took office
1790:19 July 1989
1778:
1745:8 April 1986
1734:
1704:8 April 1986
1701:8 April 1979
1690:
1657:9 April 1972
1646:
1602:
1558:
1479:
1470:
1462:Vatican City
1413:
1409:
1388:
1372:
1366:
1304:
1288:
1273:
1261:
1231:Afrika Korps
1197:
1190:of the then-
1142:
1114:Anders' Army
1110:Soviet Union
1103:
1044:
1032:
1027:
995:
967:and then in
958:
942:Vatican City
923:
907:World War II
904:
892:Soviet Union
859:
855:
853:
782:Armia Ludowa
592:Labour Party
540:
431:Succeeded by
430:
425:
366:30 July 1941
314:World War II
102:
91:Coat of arms
29:
4028:Philippines
3981:(1944–1945)
3974:(1943–1944)
3960:(1942–1943)
3953:(1941–1942)
3920:(1944–1945)
3913:(1943–1944)
3906:(1939–1943)
3896:President:
3842:(1940–1945)
3819:Netherlands
3772:(1944–1945)
3758:(1941–1944)
3725:(1943–1945)
3680:President:
3390:. New York.
3324:9 September
2805:Pages 48–49
2709:Lech Wałęsa
2553:Independent
2537:(1915–2005)
2512:Independent
2496:(1913–1989)
2455:(1899–1983)
2414:(1896–1979)
2389:Independent
2373:(1896–1977)
2332:(1893–1965)
2291:(1904–1964)
2286:Hugon Hanke
2266:Independent
2250:(1896–1966)
2221: [
2202:(1895–1978)
2177:Independent
2161:(1892–1975)
2136:Independent
2120:(1881–1950)
2095:Independent
2079:(1895–1966)
2038:(1877–1955)
1997:(1901–1966)
1972:Independent
1961:4 July 1943
1953:(1881–1943)
1928:Independent
1912:(1883–1972)
1887:Independent
1871:(1881–1943)
1826:(born–died)
1800:Independent
1785:(1919–2010)
1755:Independent
1741:(1913–1989)
1711:Independent
1697:(1891–1993)
1653:(1892–1982)
1623:Independent
1613:9 June 1947
1609:(1883–1972)
1579:Independent
1565:(1885–1947)
1530:Left office
1527:Took office
1494:Lech Wałęsa
1441:Hugon Hanke
1220:Middle East
1212:Anders Army
870:), was the
535:Authorities
426:Preceded by
379:5 July 1945
192:(1940–1990)
180:(1939–1940)
93:(1956–1990)
4055:Categories
3937:Yugoslavia
3789:Luxembourg
3687:Jan Šrámek
3460:Multimedia
2829:(Editor).
2727:References
2587:Grey Ranks
1509:Presidents
1431:, General
1331:Belarusian
1276:Katyn Wood
1269:Jan Karski
1244:See also:
1104:Under the
1055:Baltic Sea
894:, and the
777:Opposition
674:Gray Ranks
627:Opposition
551:Parliament
541:Government
3341:, Editor
3282:, Editor
3223:Also in:
3052:247048466
2597:Home Army
1820:Portrait
1524:President
1521:Portrait
1468:in 1959.
1327:Ukrainian
1296:Gibraltar
1077:, in the
1073:, in the
805:Education
760:Home Army
719:Home Army
693:Home Army
211:President
61:1939–1990
4040:Thailand
3574:Archived
3550:Archived
3526:Archived
3502:Archived
3267:Page 107
3141:Page 126
3040:(1948).
2717:Smolensk
2623:See also
1458:Holy See
1280:Smolensk
1228:Rommel's
1218:and the
938:Holy See
503:a series
501:Part of
318:Cold War
4016:Denmark
4004:Austria
3647:Belgium
3590:YouTube
3566:YouTube
3542:YouTube
3518:YouTube
3494:YouTube
3181:Page 88
3161:Page 24
3121:Page 15
2995:Page 27
2948:Page 81
2750:Page 20
1319:Kharkiv
1315:Kalinin
1278:, near
1224:British
1087:Cassino
1071:in 1944
1067:in 1940
1051:Romania
1047:Hungary
1010:Ukraine
987:History
888:Germany
395:•
372:•
359:•
329:•
279:(first)
227:(first)
161:Capital
103:Anthem:
3967:(1943)
3889:Poland
3859:Norway
3835:(1940)
3765:(1944)
3742:Greece
3704:France
3408:
3349:
3290:
3263:
3243:
3208:
3177:
3157:
3137:
3117:
3050:
3015:
2991:
2944:
2871:
2836:
2801:
2746:
2661:Polish
2583:, ZWZ)
1536:Party
1492:where
1435:, and
1284:Russia
1256:, and
1194:, 1942
1167:, the
1161:London
1157:Angers
1145:Angers
1095:Arnhem
1093:), at
1091:Ancona
1083:Tobruk
1063:Narvik
1059:Norway
1016:, the
977:London
969:Angers
961:France
919:Allied
890:, the
876:Poland
864:Polish
556:Courts
511:Polish
505:on the
294:(last)
267:
244:(last)
215:
204:Polish
190:London
186:(1940)
184:Angers
165:Warsaw
151:Status
105:
52:Polish
48:
3200:[
2695:Notes
2225:]
1336:Kresy
1323:Poles
1155:near
1008:(now
965:Paris
940:(the
713:with
687:with
178:Paris
3406:ISBN
3347:ISBN
3326:2023
3313:Time
3288:ISBN
3261:ISBN
3241:ISBN
3206:ISBN
3175:ISBN
3155:ISBN
3135:ISBN
3115:ISBN
3048:OCLC
3013:ISBN
2989:ISBN
2942:ISBN
2869:ISBN
2834:ISBN
2799:ISBN
2744:ISBN
1837:Ref.
1823:Name
1382:and
1329:and
1317:and
1216:Iran
1118:Iran
1089:and
1069:and
1049:and
1006:Kuty
854:The
758:and
717:and
691:and
316:and
77:Flag
3588:on
3564:on
3540:on
3516:on
3492:on
2715:in
2520:16
2479:15
2438:14
2397:13
2356:12
2315:11
2274:10
1816:No.
1667:PPS
1517:No.
1294:at
886:by
874:of
346:to
4057::
3976:,
3969:,
3962:,
3955:,
3915:,
3908:,
3837:,
3767:,
3760:,
3358:^
3310:.
3299:^
3272:^
3060:^
3027:^
2940:,
2857:^
2845:^
2810:^
2797:,
2786:^
2768:^
2663::
2233:9
2223:pl
2185:8
2144:7
2103:6
2062:5
2021:4
1980:3
1963:†
1936:1
1895:2
1854:1
1452:,
1302:.
1282:,
1252:,
1248:,
1097:,
1000:,
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2603:)
2599:(
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1761:6
1717:5
1673:4
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50:(
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