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750:) existed, by name, only during the 1918–1924, 1937–1940, and 1941–1942 periods; not every Red Army political officer was a commissar. The political commissar held military rank equaling the unit commander to whom he was attached; moreover, the commissar also had the military authority to countermand the unit-commander's orders at any time. During the other periods of the Red Army's history political officers were militarily subordinate to unit commanders, and the position of political commissar did not exist.
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851:(single-command) system was restored. In July 1941, consequent to the Red Army's defeats at the war's start, the position of political commissar reappeared. The commissars had an influential role as "second commanders" within the military units during this time. Their rank and insignia generally paralleled those of officers. Because this proved ineffective, General
433:) and are still responsible for the planning and supervision of the political operations of the Republic of China Army where they are involved in psychological warfare, preparing propaganda for external consumption, along with providing counseling, psychological warfare training and processing news for the Taiwanese military.
343:
Usually, the operational command organ has the military commander as the highest decision maker, while the political commissar serves as the second-in-command. As the deputy, political commissar are largely responsible for administrative tasks such as public relations, unit welfare, mental health,
344:
morale, and political education. The party organs are chaired by the political commissar, with the military commanders serving as the deputy secretaries. This framework ensures that both military and political officers can collectively design the goals and tasks of their respective units.
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had constantly emphasized its role in both combat and political missions. The political commissioners were tasked to teach communist ideologies to internal members of the Red Army, as well as propaganda tasks targeting the enemy by showing the Red Army as a righteous force.
487:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
781:-level, comprising at least three members—the commander and two political workers. The political workers were denominated "members of the RVS", not "commissars", despite their position as official political commissars.
832:, assistant commander for political work) officer was commissioned sub-ordinate to him. Earlier, in 1924, the RVSs were renamed as Military Councils, such high-level political officers were known as ChVS (
355:(PLAN), the political commissar and the Party committee are the supreme decision-makers, while military works are delegated to the operational commander as the second-in-command.
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402:, reorganizing and Sovietizing the political officer corps, surveillance, and Kuomintang party activities were propagated throughout the military. Opposed to this was General
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320:(PLA), each level of the command has a dual-command structure, with a military organ and a Party organ. This collective leadership is held between the military commander (
800:
level. Despite their position as official political commissars, they were not addressed as "commissar". Beginning in 1925, the politico-military doctrinal course toward
292:), which established military organizations at various levels with Chinese Communist Party committees. The practice was formalized with the principle of the "
398:(Chinese Nationalist Party) director of secret police in 1950, was educated in the Soviet Union, and initiated Soviet-style military organization in the
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in the Soviet armed forces. Again, in August 1940, the office of political commissars was abolished, yet the
Military Councils continued throughout the
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Each institution (including universities) received a military 'commissar' who supervised both the administrative work and the political atmosphere.
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On 10 May 1937, the role of political commissar was reinstated in the Red Army, and
Military Councils were set up. These derived from the political
507:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
612:, their leaders in each case feared a counter-revolution, and both regarded the military officers as the most likely counter-revolutionary threat.
293:
336:, i.e. the political commissar). The political commissar is always a uniformed military officer with both tactical and political training and
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The political supervision of the
Russian military was effected by the political commissar, who was present in every unit and formation, from
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Finnish propaganda poster (1939–1940) aimed at Red Army soldiers: "Political commissar: worse than the enemy. He shoots you in the back!"
351:(PLAGF), the political commissar is often second-in-command, while the military officer is responsible for the operation. Whereas in the
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871:(deputy for political matters). Although no longer known by the original "commissar" title, political officers were retained by all the
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing
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863:-related functions. The term "commissar" was abolished in August 1942, and at the company- and regiment-level, the
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to subordinate the political officer to commanding officers: the commissars' work was re-focused to
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The role of the political commissar is not universal across different branches of the PLA. In the
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could count on the loyalty of armed forces. Although there was a huge difference between the
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Patterns in the dust: Chinese-American relations and the recognition controversy, 1949-1950
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and set up the role of political officers. They were tasked with making sure that
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The
Generalissimo's son: Chiang Ching-kuo and the revolutions in China and Taiwan
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armies also used political officers patterned on the Soviet model. For example,
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as the unit commander's deputy responsible for political education. During the
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Naktong, North to the Yalu: United States Army in the Korean War
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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382:, literal translation "political warfare officer") also existed in the
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commissars were known as "Cultural
Sections" or "Political Sections".
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Later commissars in the
Eastern bloc could exercise broader roles in
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Nouvelle histoire de la France contemporaine: La République jacobine
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230:(1936–1939). They also existed, with interruptions, in the Soviet
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The
Communist Party and the Red Army – On the military commissar
1509:. Translated by Ancker, Janice W. University Press of Kentucky.
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In Party on the Bridge: Political
Commissars in the Chinese Navy
836:, Member of the Military Council); they were abolished in 1934.
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An early kind of political commissar was established during the
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and the Kuomintang. Sun was placed under house arrest in 1955.
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222:(1789–1799). Political commissars were heavily used within the
1179:
Unrivaled: Why America Will Remain the World's Sole Superpower
1141:. Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS): 9–21.
840:
703:
Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Soviet Navy
308:. Red Army was part of the Communist revolution forces; thus
794:политрук, from политический руководитель, political leader
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to this template: there are already 938 articles in the
1404:(1996). "Sociotechnics: Basic Problems and Issues". In
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was two-fold, either the military commander joined the
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Occupations in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
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534:{{Translated|ru|Комиссар (в воинском подразделении)}}
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from 1918 to 1991, as well as in the armed forces of
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
820:and became his own unit's political officer, or a
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847:(1941–1945), and after. Below army level, the
765:(or Revvoyensoviets, RVS) were established at
576:1917 as the Ispolkom issued the controversial
522:accompanying your translation by providing an
471:Click for important translation instructions.
458:expand this section with text translated from
898:
267:
156:
1246:Opposition and dissent in contemporary China
1418:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 31.
937:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
669:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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1285:. Columbia University Press. p. 181.
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714:(right) in the rank of commissar giving a
421:Today, political commissars belong to the
244:(national socialist leadership officers).
189:or political instructor) is a supervisory
1216:. Harvard University Press. p. 195.
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957:Learn how and when to remove this message
689:Learn how and when to remove this message
284:since the Sanwan Reorganization of 1927 (
193:responsible for the political education (
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1448:
1181:. Cornell University Press. p. 67.
1157:"How China commands its 'people's army'"
796:) was assigned to political officers at
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241:Nationalsozialistische Führungsoffiziere
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1135:"The Role of the Political Commissar"
374:The position of political commissar (
272:The position of political commissar (
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722:In the Red Army (1918–1946) and the
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563:The death of the Political Commissar
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358:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1155:Rawson, Payton (13 November 2023).
1009:(Senior commissar of the battalion)
718:membership card to a soldier (1942)
406:, who was educated at the American
214:(representative on mission) in the
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34:needs additional citations for
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867:officer was replaced with the
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532:You may also add the template
400:Republic of China Armed Forces
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1507:Hitler's Wehrmacht, 1935-1945
1382:, 2nd edition, 1961, Swedish
1249:. Hoover Press. p. 302.
1096:
588:of November 1917, and as the
338:Chinese Communist Party cadre
1548:Military of the Soviet Union
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1015:(Commissar of the battalion)
977:Armeysky komissar 2-go ranga
971:Armeysky komissar 1-go ranga
208:(political commissioner) or
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1003:(Commissar of the regiment)
991:(Commissar of the division)
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504:will aid in categorization.
412:Central Intelligence Agency
408:Virginia Military Institute
328:) and political commander (
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1042:After World War II, other
1007:Starshi batalonny komissar
997:(Commissar of the brigade)
899:Red Army rank designations
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596:gradually established the
584:came to power through the
479:Machine translation, like
268:People's Republic of China
197:) and organization of the
162:, a portmanteau word from
1449:Appleman, Roy E. (1998).
1177:Beckley, Michael (2018).
979:(Army Commissar 2nd rank)
973:(Army Commissar 1st rank)
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460:the corresponding article
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414:of plotting to overthrow
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306:Gutian Conference of 1929
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216:French Revolutionary Army
179:politicheskiy rukovoditel
168:политический руководитель
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1568:People's Liberation Army
1558:Civil–military relations
985:(Commissar of the corps)
889:Strategic Missile Troops
423:Political Warfare Bureau
369:Political Warfare Bureau
318:People's Liberation Army
262:
249:People's Liberation Army
1578:Political communication
1243:Peter R. Moody (1977).
1076:Représentant en mission
543:For more guidance, see
211:représentant en mission
187: political leader
1359:The Russian Revolution
1338:The Russian Revolution
1052:National People's Army
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620:
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384:Republic of China Army
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294:Party commands the gun
253:Republic of China Army
224:International Brigades
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1277:Nancy Bernkopf Tucker
1187:10.7591/9781501724794
1091:Military commissariat
834:Chlen Voennogo Soveta
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545:Knowledge:Translation
516:copyright attribution
366:
238:from 1943 to 1945 as
206:commissaire politique
124:
58:"Political commissar"
1064:Korean People's Army
1033:(Junior politleader)
1021:(Senior politleader)
931:improve this section
663:improve this section
592:of 1917–1922 began,
43:improve this article
1503:Müller, Rolf-Dieter
1210:Jay Taylor (2000).
1038:Eastern Bloc armies
989:Divizionny komissar
891:, et al, until the
873:Soviet Armed Forces
784:In 1919, the title
728:political commissar
631:In the Soviet Union
606:February Revolution
574:February Revolution
567:Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin
148:political commissar
1415:Social Engineering
1408:; Alexander, Jon;
1013:Batalonny komissar
983:Korpusnoy komissar
720:
625:social engineering
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610:October Revolution
586:October Revolution
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524:interlanguage link
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1462:978-0-16-001918-0
1378:Isaac Deutscher,
1196:978-1-5017-2479-4
1001:Polkovoy komissar
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280:) existed in the
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1471:. Retrieved
1467:the original
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1410:Shields, Rob
1399:For example:
1395:
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1317:the original
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36:verification
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1431:20 November
724:Soviet Army
251:, Taiwan's
226:during the
218:during the
1573:Propaganda
1563:Commissars
1542:Categories
1473:2022-08-17
1361:, Swedish
1340:, Swedish
1323:2010-09-11
1298:2010-06-28
1262:2010-11-30
1229:2010-06-28
1114:R. Dupuy,
1097:References
1060:Korean War
853:Ivan Konev
701:See also:
582:Bolsheviks
578:Order no 1
462:in Russian
404:Sun Li-jen
396:Kuomintang
390:(Taiwan).
310:Mao Zedong
304:) and the
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1369:, p. 120.
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1102:Citations
947:July 2023
918:does not
895:in 1991.
885:Air Force
741:romanized
679:July 2023
650:does not
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538:talk page
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1070:See also
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869:zampolit
865:pompolit
830:помполит
822:pompolit
786:politruk
779:flotilla
759:division
747:komissar
736:комиссар
608:and the
598:Red Army
514:provide
232:Red Army
195:ideology
158:politruk
144:military
1485:Sources
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798:company
790:Russian
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656:sources
536:to the
518:in the
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427:Chinese
386:of the
376:Chinese
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322:Chinese
316:In the
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286:Chinese
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191:officer
184:transl.
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164:Russian
142:In the
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920:cite
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767:army
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510:You
353:Navy
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326:军事主官
302:党指挥枪
290:三湾改编
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