2929:
43:
3470:
3480:
1464:
416:. The logo of Turkmen national television was his profile. The two books he wrote were mandatory reading in schools, and public servants were quizzed yearly about their knowledge of their contents. They were also common in shops and homes. Many institutions were named after Niyazov's mother. All watches and clocks made had to bear his portrait printed on the dial-face. A giant 15-meter (50 ft) tall gold-plated
1250:
601:). State media referred to the People's Council as the "supreme organ of government authority". Outside observers consider that the presidency has been stripped of all real authority so that it can be transferred to the National Leader, who is now the genuine chief executive of government. One commentator stated that this makes Turkmenistan an "absolute
448:, 2001 and 2004), which was revered in Turkmenistan almost like a holy text, has been translated into 41 languages as of 2008 and distributed for free among major international libraries. Niyazov once proclaimed that anyone who reads this book three times will "become more intelligent, will recognise the divine being and will go straight to heaven".
464:. In education, his government increased basic education from 9 years to 10 years, and restored higher education from two years to five. He has also increased contacts with the West, which is eager for access to the country's natural gas riches - but fears were mounting that the government would revert to Niyazov's draconian style of rule.
1075:
In late 2003 legislation was passed reducing the powers of the Mejlis and making the Halk
Maslahaty the supreme legislative organ. The Halk Maslahaty could at that point legally dissolve the Mejlis, and the president was now able to participate in the Mejlis as its supreme leader. The Mejlis could no
1980:
Companies are required to collaborate in the personality cult. This is why
Ruhnama, "The Book of Souls" written by the now dead dictator Sarparmurat Nijazov, has to be translated into the language of the company's country of origin as a way of closing a deal. The book praising the dictator has been
1561:
in
Turkmenistan the same month. The statement issued by the government indicated that all existing satellite dishes would have to be removed or destroyed—despite the communications receiving antennas having been legally installed since 1995—in an effort by the government to fully block access of the
544:
Corruption continues to be pervasive. Power is concentrated in the presidency; the judiciary is wholly subservient to the régime, with all judges appointed for five-year terms by the president without legislative review. Little has been done to prosecute corrupt officials. With regard to the legal
455:
became acting president, and was elected president in his own right on 11 February 2007 in elections condemned by international observers as fraudulent. On 20 March, in a decision of significant symbolic weight in the ongoing rejection of
Niyazov's personality cult, he abolished the power of the
613:
Formally, according to the constitution, citizens of
Turkmenistan have the right to set up political parties and other public associations, acting within the framework of the constitution and the laws, and public associations and groups of citizens have the right to nominate their candidates in
1103:
reorganized the
Council of Elders into a new People's Council. In September 2020 the Turkmenistan Parliament adopted a constitutional amendment creating an upper chamber and thus making the Parliament bicameral. The People's Council became the upper chamber. Of its 56 members, 48 are
568:
unanimously passed a resolution adopting a new constitution. The latter resulted in the abolition of the council and a significant increase in the size of
Parliament in December 2008. The constitution also enables the formation of multiple political parties. President
1008:
in
January 1990, and was elected as the country's first president that October. He was the only candidate in Turkmenistan's first presidential elections in 1992. A 1994 plebiscite extended his term to 2002, and Parliament extended his term indefinitely in 1999.
1020:, the Chairman of the Parliament of Turkmenistan, would be the next in line in the order of succession (allegedly because the prosecutor-general had initiated investigations against Ataýew). The president appoints the deputy chairmen of the cabinet of ministers.
516:
faiths. Religious congregations must register with the government, and individual parishes must have at least 500 members to register. Severe measures deal with religious sects that have not been able to establish official ties of state recognition, especially
1562:
population to many "hundreds of independent international media outlets" which are currently accessible in the country only through satellite dishes, including all leading international news channels in different languages. The main target of this campaign is
1520:
Foreign policy of
Turkmenistan is based on the status of permanent positive neutrality recognized by the UN General Assembly Resolution on Permanent Neutrality of Turkmenistan on 12 December 1995. Articles on Turkmenistan's foreign policy as a neutral state:
545:
profession, while law practice may be conducted in
Turkmenistan in assorted ways (collegium of lawyers, lawyers' association, private practice, etc.), there is no clear indication as to how certain demographic groups, such as women, have fared in the field.
967:
1573:
Internet access is filtered and websites to which the government objects are blocked. Blocked websites include opposition news media, YouTube, many social media including Facebook, and encrypted communications applications. Use of
2559:"Постановление Халк Маслахаты Милли Генгеша Туркменистана, О создании Конституционной комиссии по разработке и обобщению предложений в связи с внесением изменений и дополнений в Конституцию Туркменистана и утверждении её состава"
459:
After the death of Saparmurat Niyazov Turkmenistan's leadership made tentative moves to open up the country. Berdimuhamedow repealed some of Niyazov's most idiosyncratic policies, including banning opera and the circus for being
3023:
955:
1084:
was both the "Chairman for Life" of the Halk Maslahaty and the supreme leader of the Mejlis, the 2003 law had the effect of making him the sole authority of both the executive and legislative branches of government.
1126:
In January 2023 both chambers of parliament proposed to abolish the Halk Maslahaty as a legislative organ, to reform it as an independent representative body, and to place all legislative authority in a unicameral
3033:
2804:
2022:
991:
3038:
2536:
2387:
404:, noting place of residence—a practice carried over from the Soviet era. Movement into and out of the country, as well as within its borders, is difficult. Turkmenistan is dominated by a pervasive
979:
912:
1607:
3043:
816:
497:, are nominally independent. Cable television, which existed in the late 1980s, was shut down. Access to foreign media is impeded by internet blockage of roughly one third of the world's
2562:
1191:
1068:
or Halk Maslahaty (supreme legislative body of up to 2,500 delegates, some of whom were elected by popular vote and some of whom were appointed; met at least yearly) and a unicameral
3028:
2447:
2357:
2023:
https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20060320/od_afp/turkmenistanliteraturepoliticsreligionoffbeat_060320121440;_ylt=AsRXhh7.6MyFPUb5Lk3xIDugOrgF;_ylu=X3oDMTA5aHJvMDdwBHNlYwN5bmNhdA--
1959:
386:. (The Mejlis itself had taken office only a week earlier in elections that included only candidates hand-picked by President Niyazov; no opposition candidates were allowed.)
810:
798:
779:
2417:
3013:
467:
The constitution provides for freedom of the press, but the government does not practice it. The government effectively controls all media outlets. Only two newspapers,
2510:
2800:
2660:
1096:
under which the Halk Maslahaty was reformed into an "Elders Council" with no legislative authority, and nominal legislative authority reverted to a unicameral Mejlis.
2633:
2476:
2951:
2914:
1352:
134:
482:
2040:
2892:
2532:
2777:
2379:
2327:
1993:
1615:
2588:
1683:
1679:
469:
2830:
2139:
973:
822:
804:
1695:
282:
2182:
1914:
1635:
1623:
17:
329:) with authority to amend the constitution, and who exercises supreme political authority. No true opposition parties are allowed; every registered
1595:
428:
101:
541:. Practitioners of these sects have allegedly been harassed, imprisoned, and/or tortured, according to some foreign human-rights advocacy groups.
1563:
792:
766:
530:
3435:
3053:
3048:
1663:
2982:
2907:
2585:"Указ Президента Туркменистана О проведении совместного заседания палат Милли Генгеша Туркменистана с участием представителей общественности"
1866:
1599:
2558:
2295:
1183:) was legally allowed to contest elections. Other parties are now formally allowed to exist following the adoption of the new Constitution.
2972:
1929:
1187:
3071:
1888:"Turkmenistan: President Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedov is awarded the status of Arkadag – protector - Ferghana Information agency, Moscow"
1887:
2091:
1004:
Under the 1992 constitution, the president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term. Niyazov added the post of chairman of the
2439:
1619:
1195:
181:
2349:
1967:
2922:
2900:
2856:
1719:
1659:
2270:
1211:), operates in exile. Since all opposition was banned within Turkmenistan, so it has been forced to form and operate from abroad.
3445:
3384:
2409:
2120:
1072:
or Mejlis (originally 50 seats, eventually expanded to 125, whose members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms).
1023:
164:
159:
154:
1799:
3003:
2502:
1743:
1474:
275:
113:
255:
2656:
1667:
3359:
3109:
2690:
2629:
2472:
2089:
Resolutions Adopted by the General Assembly: Maintenance of International Security and Permanent Neutrality of Turkmenistan
2756:
2745:
2734:
2723:
2061:
1550:
2614:
1675:
1647:
1065:
1039:
623:
590:
565:
494:
427:
A slogan popular in Turkmen propaganda was "Halk! Watan! Türkmenbaşy!" ("People! Motherland! Head of Turkmen!"). Niyazov
367:
322:
186:
176:
90:
61:
2034:
3404:
3018:
2249:
2218:
1835:
1587:
371:
3504:
2769:
2317:
1723:
1639:
1631:
1611:
1603:
1591:
1507:
268:
224:
3008:
2977:
2946:
2001:
1748:
1711:
1257:
1202:
1174:
1156:
412:("Head Turkmen"), a title he assumed in 1993. His face adorned many everyday objects, from banknotes to bottles of
394:
128:
2998:
2584:
2100:
1655:
1567:
549:
379:
2956:
2826:
1308:
214:
123:
105:
2136:
3194:
1108:
and 8 are appointed by the president. Together with the previous unicameral parliamentary body, the 125-seat
354:
2611:"Г.Бердымухамедов снова намерен изменить Конституцию, чтобы вернуть однопалатный парламент и Халк Маслахаты"
1123:
Election to the upper chamber was held 28 March 2021. Elections to the Mejlis were last held 25 March 2018.
3440:
2178:
1933:
1093:
526:
236:
196:
56:
2883:
3399:
3304:
1643:
431:
the days of the week after members of his family and wrote the new Turkmen national anthem/oath himself.
229:
1727:
1707:
1554:
828:
438:
resources cooperated with Niyazov since he also controlled access to the natural resources. His book,
3409:
1715:
1160:
1144:
1100:
1089:
1013:
883:
864:
586:
570:
452:
310:
209:
145:
76:
68:
2162:
3319:
3274:
3126:
3102:
2938:
1758:
1731:
1627:
1575:
1546:
1489:
1236:
1128:
1109:
1069:
1035:
95:
2801:"Turkmenistan Increases Crackdown on Internet Access As Living Standards Continue Downward Spiral"
1860:
1485:
3244:
3239:
3134:
2291:
1140:
509:
502:
204:
1450:
A list of administrative divisions as of 5 January 2018, can be seen on the OpenStreetMap wiki.
3364:
3339:
3254:
3234:
3184:
3154:
3144:
1795:
1703:
534:
1753:
573:
has stated that "The new constitution corresponds to all international and democratic norms".
3450:
3329:
3324:
3204:
1687:
1367:
1017:
961:
870:
716:
582:
334:
321:. However, as of 21 January 2023 a "national leader" was appointed who chairs an independent
82:
1891:
1131:. This proposal was adopted in a joint session of the National Council on 21 January 2023.
3394:
3344:
3299:
3279:
3269:
3169:
2711:
2088:
1671:
650:
2211:
Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow raised is individual authority to the level of absolute monarchy
1481:
538:
8:
3424:
3369:
3284:
3264:
3149:
3139:
3095:
1763:
1284:
417:
405:
303:
2852:
1424:
3414:
3349:
3314:
3249:
3229:
3219:
3179:
3164:
3159:
2206:«Гурбангулы Бердымухамедов возвёл свою единоличную власть до уровня абсолютной монархии
2179:"Türkmenistanyň Prezidentiniň PERMANY Türkmenistanyň Halk Maslahatynyň Başlygy hakynda"
1081:
985:
854:
841:
722:
383:
363:
360:
318:
2610:
2117:
3479:
3455:
3374:
3334:
3309:
3289:
3224:
3199:
3189:
3174:
2380:"President For Life? Turkmen Leader Signs Mysterious Constitutional Changes into Law"
1827:Халк Маслахаты стал самостоятельным законодательным органом, а парламент однопалатным
1789:
1373:
1105:
943:
906:
735:
704:
662:
656:
474:
401:
1143:
parliament. The Turkmen legislature is described as under the "full control" of the
3294:
3259:
3214:
3209:
3118:
1791:
Cоздан высший представительный орган народной власти – Халк Маслахаты Туркменистана
1440:
1408:
1322:
1113:
1045:
754:
741:
594:
1194:
which was itself banned in 1991. This led a coalition for democratic reform named
1186:
There have been political parties and opposition groups in the past—a group named
760:
3066:
2887:
2143:
2124:
2095:
1420:
1170:
1053:
553:
508:
Turkmen authorities restrict the activities of all but the officially recognized
390:
375:
330:
2682:
2533:"Совместное Постановление Халк Маслахаты и Меджлиса Милли Генгеша Туркменистана"
2241:В Туркменистане начали повсеместно развешивать портреты Бердымухамедова-старшего
2443:
1691:
1558:
1428:
1005:
674:
522:
2072:
493:, both created by presidential decree, and two private internet news portals,
487:
3498:
3473:
1439:, is a separate entity and though a city has the legal status of a province (
1432:
1416:
949:
937:
931:
918:
710:
698:
692:
686:
644:
314:
2239:
2204:
1825:
2928:
1271:
1166:
1112:, as the lower chamber, the Parliament is now called the National Council (
680:
350:
338:
298:
2350:"Turkmenistan's Council of Elders To Be Transformed into People's Council"
890:
3483:
2164:Указ Президента Туркменистана О Председателе Халк Маслахаты Туркменистана
1327:
1280:
1064:
The 1992 constitution established two parliamentary bodies, a unicameral
997:
668:
513:
435:
42:
2724:"UN General Assembly Resolution on Permanent Neutrality of Turkmenistan"
2318:"Turkmenistan approves new constitution to increase president's powers"
1077:
498:
1966:(INternational Edition - Foreign ed.). Helsinki. Archived from
1012:
After Niyazov's death, Deputy Prime Minister for Science and Health
3087:
2410:"Turkmen Voters Given Two Hours To Cast Ballots in Senate Election"
1651:
1436:
1404:
1297:
1277:
638:
602:
518:
421:
306:
895:
867:(21 December 2006 – 19 March 2022) (acting until 14 February 2007)
786:
2440:"Туркменистан впервые в истории избрал верхнюю палату парламента"
2148:
1377:
1331:
1052:) is unicameral, with a 125-seat single chamber. The Assembly is
900:
440:
424:, so it would always face the sun and shine light onto the city.
397:. Political gatherings are illegal unless government sanctioned.
242:
633:
382:. On 28 December 1999 the Mejlis (parliament) declared Niyazov
2880:
2506:
2413:
2383:
2322:
2276:
2245:
2214:
1925:
1831:
1699:
1159:. An overview on elections and election results is included in
748:
617:
357:), Turkmenistan declared its independence on 27 October 1991.
413:
2757:"The World Recognized Turkmenistan's Neutrality 9 Years Ago"
2657:"Explaining the Evolution of Turkmenistan's Assembly Bodies"
2587:(in Russian). «Туркменистан: золотой век». 11 January 2023.
2561:(in Russian). «Туркменистан: золотой век». 11 January 2023.
2535:(in Russian). «Туркменистан: золотой век». 11 January 2023.
456:
president to rename any landmarks, institutions, or cities.
2036:В Туркменистане заблокировали треть существующих IP-адресов
1581:
1249:
1190:(Unity) was banned in January 1990. Its members formed the
1139:
Outside observers consider the Turkmen legislature to be a
1044:
As of January 2023, Turkmenistan's Parliament ("Assembly",
857:(2 November 1990 – 21 December 2006) (from 22 October 1993
370:, ruled Turkmenistan from 1985, when he became head of the
1924:(Human Rights in Russia and the Former Soviet Republics).
1531:
The World Recognized Turkmenistan's Neutrality 9 Years Ago
729:
2952:
Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs of Turkmenistan
2827:"Turkmenistan: Internet welcome, or no VPNs allowed here"
1353:
Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs of Turkmenistan
434:
Foreign companies seeking to exploit Turkmenistan's vast
2473:"Turkmenistan votes for a new 'rubber-stamp' parliament"
593:
with the title "National Leader of the Turkmen People" (
925:
891:
List of heads of government of Turkmenistan (1925–1991)
2503:"Turkmen Elections Look Like Next Step Toward Dynasty"
2062:"Independence of the Legal Profession in Central Asia"
647:(19 November 1924 – 1926) (acting to 20 February 1925)
1960:"The deadly watchful eye of Turkmenistan's holy book"
628:
2923:
2181:(in Turkmen). Türkmenistan Bu gün. 21 January 2023.
1358:
Türkmenistanyň Senagatçylar we Telekeçiler partiýasy
1076:
longer adopt or amend the constitution, or announce
118:
2167:(in Russian), Туркменистан сегодня, 21 January 2023
835:
552:recognized and supported Turkmenistan's "status of
2712:"List of administrative divisions of Turkmenistan"
1150:
773:
576:
3496:
1540:
639:First secretaries of the Turkmen Communist Party
389:Prior to 2008, the authorities permitted only a
787:Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
2966:Extraparliamentary legal parties/organizations
1088:Following Niyazov's death, in 2008, President
952:(20 January 1959 – 13 June 1960) (second time)
901:Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
3103:
2983:Magtymguly Youth Organisation of Turkmenistan
2908:
2467:
2465:
2039:(in Russian), Turkmen.News, 10 October 2022,
1216:list of parliamentary parties in Turkmenistan
1206:
1178:
940:(14 July 1951 – 14 January 1958) (first time)
896:Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (1924–1991)
634:Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (1924–1991)
451:After Niyazov's death, Deputy Prime Minister
276:
3039:The Liberal Democratic Party of Turkmenistan
3034:People's Democratic Movement of Turkmenistan
3024:The Turkmen socio-political movement «Vatan»
2973:Organisation of Trade Unions of Turkmenistan
1930:Josef Korbel School of International Studies
1820:
1818:
1816:
302:nominally takes place in the framework of a
2496:
2494:
2137:"Eye on Image, Turkmenistan Overhauls Laws"
1915:"Totalitarianism: The Case of Turkmenistan"
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1545:Despite the launch of Turkmenistan's first
1398:
749:Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee
618:Current members of the Cabinet of Ministers
559:
337:. The country is frequently described as a
3110:
3096:
2915:
2901:
2761:
2462:
2171:
2104:. 90th Plenary Meeting. 11 January 1996. (
1024:A presidential election to replace Niyazov
374:, until his death in 2006. He ruled with
283:
269:
2770:"Satellite dishes banned in Turkmenistan"
2767:
2654:
1854:
1852:
1813:
1508:Learn how and when to remove this message
608:
333:supports the third and current President
2491:
2152:. The New York Times. 26 September 2008.
1775:
1582:International organization participation
1578:to circumvent censorship is prohibited.
1480:Relevant discussion may be found on the
408:extolling the late president Niyazov as
2845:
2819:
2798:
2792:
2648:
2627:
2500:
2263:
2232:
1981:translated into 41 different languages.
1890:. Enews.fergananews.com. Archived from
1858:
1208:Türkmenistanyň Respublikan partiýasynyň
730:Chairmen of the Revolutionary Committee
344:
14:
3497:
3004:Communist Party of Turkmenistan (1998)
2621:
2390:from the original on 25 September 2022
2197:
2155:
1957:
1849:
1744:State Security Council of Turkmenistan
1492:to additional sources at this section.
1180:Türkmenistanyň Demokratik partiýasynyň
585:appointed his father and predecessor,
3091:
2896:
2628:Clement, Victoria (21 October 2019).
2402:
2372:
1958:Moring, Kirsikka (29 February 2008).
1134:
1029:
976:(17 December 1975 – 15 December 1978)
970:(25 December 1969 – 17 December 1975)
763:(acting) (August 1937 – October 1937)
725:(21 December 1985 – 16 December 1991)
719:(24 December 1969 – 21 December 1985)
3117:
2853:"Phone and internet in Turkmenistan"
2799:Pannier, Bruce (19 September 2020).
2591:from the original on 3 February 2023
2565:from the original on 3 February 2023
2539:from the original on 3 February 2023
2298:from the original on 10 January 2021
2252:from the original on 27 January 2023
2221:from the original on 3 February 2023
2185:from the original on 3 February 2023
2111:
2043:from the original on 3 February 2023
1912:
1869:from the original on 3 February 2023
1838:from the original on 3 February 2023
1802:from the original on 3 February 2023
1457:
926:Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
3044:Turkmen Initiative for Human Rights
2693:from the original on 6 October 2022
2630:"Passing the baton in Turkmenistan"
2118:"Turkmenistan takes reformist step"
2069:International Commission of Jurists
2054:
1263:Türkmenistanyň Demokratik Partiýasy
994:(4 January 1986 – 17 November 1989)
992:Annamurat Hojamyradowyç Hojamyradow
946:(14 January 1958 – 20 January 1959)
844:(19 January 1990 – 2 November 1990)
825:(15 December 1978 – 13 August 1988)
624:Cabinet of Ministers (Turkmenistan)
378:control over the country after the
368:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
24:
3019:Turkmen Union of Democratic Forces
2859:from the original on 19 April 2021
2833:from the original on 24 March 2021
2807:from the original on 28 March 2021
2780:from the original on 23 April 2015
2768:Forrester, Chris (22 April 2015).
2513:from the original on 15 April 2021
2479:from the original on 15 April 2021
2475:. bne IntelliNews. 26 March 2018.
2432:
1859:Pannier, Bruce (27 January 2023),
1586:Turkmenistan is affiliated to the
1566:, the Turkmen-language service of
1535:
1473:relies largely or entirely upon a
1447:) under the Turkmen constitution.
1403:Turkmenistan is divided into five
1248:
1080:or its elections. Since President
982:(15 December 1978 – 26 March 1985)
964:(26 March 1963 – 25 December 1969)
877:
831:(13 August 1988 – 19 January 1990)
819:(26 March 1963 – 15 December 1978)
629:Leaders of Turkmenistan since 1924
614:accordance with the election law.
372:Communist Party of the Turkmen SSR
25:
3516:
2924:Political parties in Turkmenistan
2874:
2636:from the original on 8 April 2021
2330:from the original on 29 July 2014
1453:
1201:The latest opposition party, the
1155:For other political parties, see
1016:took over, despite the fact that
921:(17 October 1945 – 15 March 1946)
757:(20 February 1925 – 21 July 1937)
713:(13 June 1960 – 24 December 1969)
581:As of 21 January 2023, President
18:Political parties in Turkmenistan
3478:
3469:
3468:
3009:Republican Party of Turkmenistan
2947:Democratic Party of Turkmenistan
2927:
2881:Republican Party of Turkmenistan
2746:"Neutral Factor of Turkmenistan"
2655:Muhamedov, Rustam (5 May 2021).
2501:Pannier, Bruce (22 March 2018).
2450:from the original on 23 May 2021
2420:from the original on 21 May 2021
2360:from the original on 9 June 2021
1922:Human Rights & Human Welfare
1749:Republican Party of Turkmenistan
1462:
1258:Democratic Party of Turkmenistan
1203:Republican Party of Turkmenistan
1192:Party for Democratic Development
1175:Democratic Party of Turkmenistan
1157:Democratic Party of Turkmenistan
1040:People's Council of Turkmenistan
988:(26 March 1985 – 4 January 1986)
915:(October 1937 – 17 October 1945)
909:(20 February 1925 – 8 July 1937)
591:People's Council of Turkmenistan
420:stood on a rotating pedestal in
395:Democratic Party of Turkmenistan
41:
2999:Communist Party of Turkmenistan
2750:
2739:
2735:"Regional Strategy of Ashgabat"
2728:
2717:
2705:
2675:
2663:from the original on 6 May 2021
2603:
2577:
2551:
2525:
2354:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
2342:
2310:
2284:
2130:
2101:United Nations General Assembly
2082:
1568:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
1151:Political parties and elections
1000:(5 December 1989 – 18 May 1992)
813:(30 March 1959 – 26 March 1963)
744:(December 1920 – February 1925)
707:(14 December 1958 – 4 May 1960)
677:(April – October 1937) (acting)
550:United Nations General Assembly
380:dissolution of the Soviet Union
3436:British Indian Ocean Territory
2957:Agrarian Party of Turkmenistan
2027:
2016:
1986:
1951:
1906:
1880:
1528:Neutral Factor of Turkmenistan
1314:Türkmenistanyň agrar partiýasy
1309:Agrarian Party of Turkmenistan
1026:was held on 11 February 2007.
958:(13 June 1960 – 26 March 1963)
934:(15 March 1946 – 14 July 1951)
836:Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
807:(6 March 1948 – 30 March 1959)
774:Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
738:(October 1924 – December 1924)
701:(July 1951 – 14 December 1958)
683:(October 1937 – November 1939)
589:, chairperson of the reformed
577:National Leader appointed 2023
349:After 69 years as part of the
13:
1:
2992:Banned and historical parties
2978:Women's Union of Turkmenistan
2829:. Eurasianet. 23 March 2021.
1769:
1541:Restrictions on communication
1525:Regional Strategy of Ashgabat
974:Bally Ýazgulyýewyç Ýazgulyýew
968:Oraz Nazarowyç Orazmuhammedow
848:
823:Bally Ýazgulyýevyç Ýazgulyýew
782:(24 July 1938 – 27 July 1938)
769:(October 1937 – 24 July 1938)
671:(August 1930 – 15 April 1937)
599:türkmen halkynyň Milli Lideri
366:, a former bureaucrat of the
1862:PANNIER: A very Turkmen coup
1551:TürkmenÄlem 52°E / MonacoSAT
1413:welaýatlar, singular welaýat
689:(November 1939 – March 1947)
7:
2272:Turkmenistan: Nice Try, Son
1737:
1099:In October 2017, President
886:(21 January 2023 - present)
665:(11 May 1928 – August 1930)
135:Party of Industrialists and
10:
3521:
3029:Turkmen Movement «Revival»
2939:Parliament of Turkmenistan
2615:Chronicles of Turkmenistan
1998:www.tagesspiegel-berlin.de
1154:
1059:
1033:
956:Abdy Annalyýewyç Annalyýew
829:Roza Atamuradovna Bazarova
621:
3464:
3423:
3383:
3125:
3072:List of political parties
3062:
2991:
2965:
2937:
2281:podcast (streaming audio)
1932:: 107–116. Archived from
1223:
1161:Elections in Turkmenistan
1090:Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
1014:Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
884:Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
873:(19 March 2022 – present)
865:Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
587:Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
571:Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
453:Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
353:(including 67 years as a
311:President of Turkmenistan
69:Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
3505:Politics of Turkmenistan
3185:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3077:Politics of Turkmenistan
2292:"CIA The World Factbook"
2127:, BBC, 26 September 2008
2123:29 December 2008 at the
2094:18 December 2008 at the
1994:"Tagesspiegel-berlin.de"
1576:virtual private networks
1399:Administrative divisions
1036:Assembly of Turkmenistan
695:(March 1947 – July 1951)
560:New constitution of 2008
503:virtual private networks
462:"insufficiently Turkmen"
400:All citizens must carry
197:Administrative divisions
34:Politics of Turkmenistan
3446:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2886:30 October 2020 at the
2687:Encyclopedia Britannica
1547:communication satellite
980:Çary Soýunowyç Garryýew
564:In September 2008, the
2683:"Turkmenistan - Trade"
1796:Neytralny Turkmenistan
1444:
1412:
1253:
1207:
1179:
1117:
1049:
609:Freedom of association
598:
556:" on 11 January 1996.
527:Seventh-day Adventists
391:single political party
114:State Security Council
3014:«Agzybirlik» Movement
2386:. 25 September 2020.
2326:. 26 September 2008.
1913:Gore, Hayden (2007).
1654:(nonsignatory user),
1252:
1169:was until recently a
962:Muhammetnazar Gapurow
871:Serdar Berdimuhamedow
801:(1941 – 6 March 1948)
795:(27 July 1938 – 1941)
717:Muhammetnazar Gapurow
583:Serdar Berdimuhamedow
335:Serdar Berdimuhamedow
83:Serdar Berdimuhamedow
3360:United Arab Emirates
2714:, OpenStreetMap wiki
2632:. Atlantic Council.
2213:] (in Russian),
2142:22 July 2016 at the
1553:—in April 2015, the
1486:improve this article
1435:. The capital city,
913:Aitbaý Hudaýbergenow
651:Shaymardan Ibragimov
554:permanent neutrality
501:and a ban on use of
345:Political background
106:Dünýägözel Gulmanowa
3387:limited recognition
2774:Advanced Television
2356:. 10 October 2017.
2248:, 24 January 2023,
2217:, 25 January 2023,
1939:on 29 February 2020
1865:, bne IntelliNews,
1834:, 23 January 2023,
1798:, 22 January 2023,
1764:Gurbannazar Ashirov
1759:Şemşat Annagylyjowa
1754:Annaberdi Kakabaýew
1285:Social conservatism
1241:Political position
817:Annamuhamet Gylyjow
535:Jehovah's Witnesses
406:cult of personality
2617:. 12 January 2023.
1555:Turkmen government
1368:Saparmyrat Owganow
1254:
1135:De facto authority
1106:indirectly elected
1082:Saparmurat Niyazov
1030:Legislative branch
986:Saparmurat Niyazov
855:Saparmurat Niyazov
842:Saparmurat Niyazov
799:Allaberdi Berdiyev
780:Allaberdi Berdiyev
723:Saparmurat Niyazov
653:(June 1926 – 1927)
495:Infoabad and Arzuw
402:internal passports
384:President for Life
364:Saparmurat Niyazov
361:President for life
319:head of government
313:is nominally both
3492:
3491:
3429:other territories
3119:Politics of Asia
3085:
3084:
2446:. 28 March 2021.
2416:. 28 March 2021.
2279:, 29 January 2023
1964:Helsingin Sanomat
1666:(correspondent),
1518:
1517:
1510:
1393:
1392:
1360:
1316:
1265:
1173:wherein only the
1129:Assembly (Mejlis)
1092:introduced a new
1054:popularly elected
944:Jumadurdy Karayev
907:Gaygysyz Atabayev
811:Nurberdi Bayramov
736:Gaygysyz Atabayev
705:Jumadurdy Karayev
663:Grigory Aronshtam
657:Nikolay Paskutsky
418:statue of Niyazov
293:
292:
225:Foreign relations
119:Political parties
16:(Redirected from
3512:
3482:
3472:
3471:
3441:Christmas Island
3127:Sovereign states
3112:
3105:
3098:
3089:
3088:
2932:
2931:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2894:
2893:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2855:. Caravanistan.
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
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2748:
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2732:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2659:. The Diplomat.
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2625:
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2607:
2601:
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2169:
2168:
2159:
2153:
2134:
2128:
2115:
2109:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2078:on 29 July 2019.
2077:
2071:. Archived from
2066:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2031:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2004:on 27 March 2022
2000:. Archived from
1990:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1970:on 9 August 2014
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1938:
1919:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1894:on 1 August 2013
1884:
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1856:
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1843:
1822:
1811:
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1786:
1559:satellite dishes
1513:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1493:
1466:
1465:
1458:
1425:Daşoguz Province
1385:
1370:
1356:
1339:
1312:
1293:
1287:
1261:
1230:Leader/Chairman
1221:
1220:
1210:
1182:
1066:People's Council
1018:Öwezgeldi Ataýew
755:Nedirbay Aytakov
742:Nedirbay Aytakov
566:People's Council
510:Russian Orthodox
491:
478:
323:People's Council
285:
278:
271:
129:Democratic Party
108:
71:
62:People's Council
45:
29:
28:
21:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3460:
3428:
3419:
3400:Northern Cyprus
3386:
3379:
3121:
3116:
3086:
3081:
3067:Portal:Politics
3058:
2987:
2961:
2933:
2926:
2921:
2888:Wayback Machine
2877:
2872:
2862:
2860:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2836:
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2797:
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2781:
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2492:
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2471:
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2463:
2453:
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2433:
2423:
2421:
2408:
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2393:
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2269:
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2255:
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2160:
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2144:Wayback Machine
2135:
2131:
2125:Wayback Machine
2116:
2112:
2096:Wayback Machine
2087:
2083:
2075:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2046:
2044:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1973:
1971:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1917:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1872:
1870:
1857:
1850:
1841:
1839:
1824:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1803:
1788:
1787:
1776:
1772:
1740:
1584:
1543:
1538:
1536:Domestic policy
1514:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1488:by introducing
1479:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1445:welaýat hukukly
1421:Balkan Province
1401:
1395:
1386:
1383:
1376:
1366:
1355:
1340:
1337:
1330:
1311:
1294:
1291:
1283:
1276:
1260:
1171:one-party state
1164:
1153:
1137:
1062:
1042:
1032:
928:
903:
898:
893:
880:
878:National Leader
851:
838:
805:Akmamed Saryyev
789:
776:
751:
732:
641:
636:
631:
626:
620:
611:
579:
562:
485:
472:
347:
331:political party
289:
260:
256:Other countries
219:
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175:Parliamentary:
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85:
66:
36:
23:
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2897:
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2890:
2876:
2875:External links
2873:
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2870:
2844:
2818:
2791:
2760:
2749:
2738:
2727:
2716:
2704:
2674:
2647:
2620:
2613:(in Russian).
2602:
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2490:
2461:
2444:Deutsche Welle
2442:(in Russian).
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2401:
2371:
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2309:
2283:
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2244:(in Russian),
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2015:
1985:
1950:
1905:
1879:
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1830:(in Russian),
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1484:. Please help
1470:
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1455:
1454:Foreign policy
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1429:Lebap Province
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1006:Supreme Soviet
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3408:
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1564:Radio Azatlyk
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1475:single source
1471:This section
1469:
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1434:
1433:Mary Province
1430:
1426:
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1417:Ahal Province
1414:
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1406:
1396:
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1379:
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1374:Industrialism
1372:
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1323:Rejep Bazarow
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1214:Below is the
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950:Balysh Ovezov
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938:Balysh Ovezov
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932:Suhan Babayev
930:
929:
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919:Suhan Babayev
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712:
711:Balysh Ovezov
709:
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699:Suhan Babayev
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693:Shaja Batyrov
691:
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687:Mikhail Fonin
685:
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645:Ivan Mezhlauk
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35:
31:
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27:
19:
3425:Dependencies
3355:Turkmenistan
3354:
3320:Saudi Arabia
3076:
3054:Shurai Islam
3049:Shurai Ulema
2861:. Retrieved
2847:
2835:. Retrieved
2821:
2809:. Retrieved
2794:
2782:. Retrieved
2773:
2763:
2752:
2741:
2730:
2719:
2707:
2695:. Retrieved
2686:
2677:
2665:. Retrieved
2650:
2638:. Retrieved
2623:
2605:
2593:. Retrieved
2579:
2567:. Retrieved
2553:
2541:. Retrieved
2527:
2515:. Retrieved
2481:. Retrieved
2452:. Retrieved
2434:
2422:. Retrieved
2404:
2392:. Retrieved
2374:
2362:. Retrieved
2353:
2344:
2332:. Retrieved
2321:
2312:
2300:. Retrieved
2286:
2271:
2265:
2254:, retrieved
2240:
2234:
2223:, retrieved
2210:
2205:
2199:
2187:. Retrieved
2173:
2163:
2157:
2147:
2132:
2113:
2105:
2099:
2084:
2073:the original
2068:
2056:
2045:, retrieved
2035:
2029:
2018:
2006:. Retrieved
2002:the original
1997:
1988:
1979:
1972:. Retrieved
1968:the original
1963:
1953:
1941:. Retrieved
1934:the original
1921:
1908:
1896:. Retrieved
1892:the original
1882:
1871:, retrieved
1861:
1840:, retrieved
1826:
1804:, retrieved
1790:
1662:(observer),
1585:
1572:
1544:
1519:
1504:
1495:
1472:
1449:
1402:
1394:
1357:
1313:
1272:Ata Serdarov
1262:
1215:
1213:
1200:
1185:
1167:Turkmenistan
1165:
1141:rubber stamp
1138:
1125:
1122:
1098:
1094:constitution
1087:
1074:
1063:
1043:
1022:
1011:
1003:
858:
761:Batyr Ataýew
681:Yakov Chubin
612:
580:
563:
547:
543:
531:Hare Krishna
523:Pentecostals
507:
499:IP addresses
481:
468:
466:
461:
458:
450:
445:
439:
433:
426:
409:
399:
388:
376:totalitarian
359:
351:Soviet Union
348:
339:totalitarian
326:
304:presidential
299:Turkmenistan
297:politics of
296:
294:
241:
237:Human rights
57:Constitution
33:
26:
3484:Asia portal
3385:States with
3305:Philippines
3245:South Korea
3240:North Korea
3135:Afghanistan
2697:24 December
1898:5 September
1734:(observer)
1557:banned all
1498:August 2023
1328:Agrarianism
1281:nationalism
1118:Milli Geňeş
1078:referendums
998:Han Ahmedow
859:Türkmenbaşy
669:Yakov Popok
659:(1927–1928)
514:Sunni Islam
486: [
473: [
436:natural gas
410:Türkmenbaşy
230:Visa policy
3365:Uzbekistan
3340:Tajikistan
3255:Kyrgyzstan
3235:Kazakhstan
3155:Bangladesh
3145:Azerbaijan
2803:. RFE/RL.
2595:22 January
2569:22 January
2543:22 January
2302:24 January
2275:, Majlis,
2256:27 January
2225:27 January
2189:22 January
2047:22 January
1873:27 January
1842:22 January
1806:22 January
1770:References
1188:Agzybirlik
1034:See also:
849:Presidents
3451:Hong Kong
3405:Palestine
3330:Sri Lanka
3325:Singapore
3205:Indonesia
2106:Dead Link
1490:citations
1482:talk page
1405:provinces
1389:Big tent
1343:Big tent
1233:Ideology
1145:president
210:Districts
146:elections
77:President
3499:Category
3474:Category
3395:Abkhazia
3345:Thailand
3300:Pakistan
3280:Mongolia
3275:Maldives
3270:Malaysia
3170:Cambodia
2884:Archived
2863:31 March
2857:Archived
2837:31 March
2831:Archived
2811:31 March
2805:Archived
2784:23 April
2778:Archived
2691:Archived
2661:Archived
2640:31 March
2634:Archived
2589:Archived
2563:Archived
2537:Archived
2517:31 March
2511:Archived
2483:31 March
2477:Archived
2454:31 March
2448:Archived
2424:31 March
2418:Archived
2394:31 March
2388:Archived
2364:31 March
2358:Archived
2328:Archived
2296:Archived
2250:archived
2219:archived
2183:Archived
2140:Archived
2121:Archived
2092:Archived
2041:archived
1974:29 April
1867:archived
1836:archived
1800:archived
1738:See also
1652:Intelsat
1437:Ashgabat
1384:18 / 125
1338:24 / 125
1298:Big tent
1292:65 / 125
1070:Assembly
603:monarchy
519:Baptists
483:Galkynyş
446:Rukhnama
422:Ashgabat
307:republic
96:Assembly
3370:Vietnam
3285:Myanmar
3265:Lebanon
3195:Georgia
3150:Bahrain
3140:Armenia
2334:25 July
2149:Reuters
2098:(pdf).
1943:29 June
1441:Turkmen
1409:Turkmen
1378:Statism
1332:Statism
1278:Turkmen
1196:Gengesh
1114:Turkmen
1060:History
1046:Turkmen
595:Turkmen
539:Baháʼís
441:Ruhnama
429:renamed
341:state.
243:Ruhnama
144:Recent
102:Speaker
91:Cabinet
3415:Taiwan
3350:Turkey
3315:Russia
3250:Kuwait
3230:Jordan
3220:Israel
3180:Cyprus
3165:Brunei
3160:Bhutan
2507:RFE/RL
2414:RFE/RL
2384:RFE/RL
2323:Pravda
2277:RFE/RL
2246:RFE/RL
2215:RFE/RL
2008:22 May
1926:Denver
1832:RFE/RL
1700:UNESCO
1696:UNCTAD
1431:, and
1237:Mejlis
1227:Abbr.
1110:Mejlis
1050:Mejlis
537:, and
470:Adalat
393:, the
215:Cities
205:Region
3456:Macau
3375:Yemen
3335:Syria
3310:Qatar
3290:Nepal
3225:Japan
3200:India
3190:Egypt
3175:China
2667:6 May
2209:[
2076:(PDF)
2065:(PDF)
1937:(PDF)
1918:(PDF)
1636:IFRCS
1608:ESCAP
1363:TSTP
1224:Name
490:]
477:]
414:vodka
3295:Oman
3260:Laos
3215:Iraq
3210:Iran
2865:2021
2839:2021
2813:2021
2786:2015
2699:2020
2669:2021
2642:2021
2597:2023
2571:2023
2545:2023
2519:2021
2485:2021
2456:2021
2426:2021
2396:2021
2366:2021
2336:2014
2304:2021
2258:2023
2227:2023
2191:2023
2049:2023
2010:2022
1976:2014
1945:2021
1900:2015
1875:2023
1844:2023
1808:2023
1728:WToO
1720:WIPO
1712:WFTU
1684:OSCE
1680:OPCW
1624:ICRM
1620:ICAO
1616:IBRD
1596:EBRD
1592:EAPC
1319:TAP
1268:TDP
1038:and
548:The
512:and
480:and
444:(or
327:viz.
317:and
295:The
187:2023
182:2021
177:2018
165:2022
160:2017
155:2012
3427:and
1732:WTO
1724:WMO
1716:WHO
1708:WCO
1704:UPU
1688:PFP
1676:OIC
1672:NAM
1668:ITU
1664:ISO
1660:IOM
1656:IOC
1648:IMO
1644:IMF
1640:ILO
1632:IFC
1628:IDB
1612:FAO
1604:ECO
1600:ECE
1588:CIS
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