Politics of Puerto Rico

1966:). The bill would have provided for a referendum giving Puerto Ricans the choice between the options of retaining their present political status, or choosing a new status. If the former option won, the referendum would have been held again every 8 years. If the latter option won, a separate referendum would be held where Puerto Ricans would have been given the option of being admitted as a US State "on equal footing with the other states", or becoming a "sovereign nation, either fully independent from or in free association with the United States." The bill enjoyed bi-partisan support in the House of Representatives, with 182 co-sponsors and was reported out of the House Resources Committee on a 30–8 vote. The measure was passed by the House on April 29, 2010. The bill did not pass in the Senate. 1796:, Lopez was forced to resign the chairmanship of the New Democratic Party in exchange of the Governor becoming the President of Carter's campaign in Puerto Rico and throwing the New Progressive Party behind the president's re-election efforts. Lopez' fight with Governor Romero, on behalf of President Carter, paid off and was appointed Deputy Campaign Manager of President Carter national campaign. Lopez efforts moved to Puerto Rico and the status issue at the forefront of the National political discussion. Subsequently, both the statehood faction and the commonwealth shared control on a 50-50 basis from 1984 to 1988 and lost control that year as a result of their defeat in an internal primary that year between PPD forces led by then Senate president 32: 1759:. On October 23, 1979, the first primary of a party affiliated to the Democratic National Committee was held in Puerto Rico. Franklin Delano López was elected Chairman of the New Democratic Party of Puerto Rico by the direct votes of 374,000 American citizens residing on the Island. Lopez then moved the Puerto Rican Legislature to adopt a Presidential Primary Law. During the discussion of the Presidential primary Law, Lopez managed to persuade Presidential Chief of Staff, 2058: 2072: 519: 4381: 4371: 4361: 716:. For much of the 19th Century, the principal parties favored Puerto Rico becoming one of the Spanish provinces on equal footing with the rest of the provinces; such standing was given twice, under liberal governments, but it was revoked as many times when the monarchs regained their power. In this context, Dr. Barbosa returned to the original idea of equal footing, but this time with the constituent members of the American Republic. 2028:"My Administration's position is very clear: if the Task Force and the Bush Administration stand by their 2005 conclusions, then for over 50 years the U.S Government has perpetuated a 'monumental hoax' on the people of Puerto Rico, on the people of the United States and on the international community. If the 2005 report articulates the new official position of the United States, the time has come now for the 796:, initially supported statehood or an autonomous government, it then later added independence. In fact, Matienzo-Cintrón went from statehood advocate to autonomist to independence advocate as a result of eight years of American civil government in Puerto Rico. The Union Party, from the very beginning, was against the colonial government established under the 815:

took statehood out of their platform – not reinstating it until the early 1920s. Many in the Union Party leadership were lawyers who had contracts with the sugar operations recently bought out and enlarged by the new American owners, thus establishing a close relationship between the nascent middle classes and the American corporate interests.

1910:. It also rejects any "colonial or territorial status" as a status option, and vows to keep working for the enhanced Commonwealth status that was approved by the PPD in 1998 which included sovereignty, an association based on "respect and dignity between both nations", and common citizenship. The New Progressive Party (PNP) supported the 789:

Muñoz-Rivera's Federalists into a party that was to bring about the union of all political groups. He was successful, they won the elections of 1904 and all subsequent elections until the 1920s when another defection of Republicans allowed for the creation of yet another party bringing into it persons supporting a status change.

1997:, a group of 119 Democratic and 12 Republican members of Congress introduced H.R. 2000, the Puerto Rico Status Resolution Act to Congress, requesting a process for voting to admit Puerto Rico as a State to be approved and a vote to ratify Puerto Rico as a state. It did not receive a vote in the House. 2045:

In July 2024, Governor Pedro Pierluisi calls a plebiscite on the status of Puerto Rico in November 2024. For the first time, the island's current status as a U.S. territory will not be an option during the non-binding plebiscite. The executive order follows the U.S. House of Representatives' approval

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On March 16, 2011, the President's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status issued a third report that reaffirmed the legal position adopted by the three previous presidents over nearly a quarter century that Puerto Rico remains today "subject to the Territory Clause of the U.S. Constitution (see Report at

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During the 2005–2008 term, former Gov. Rosselló's unsuccessful attempt to unseat Senate President McClintock split the New Progressive Party, a split that continued as Rosselló initiated a fourth bid for the governorship against Resident Commissioner Fortuño in an internal primary that was held March

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in 1912, which paved the path for similar movements. The Union Party quickly gained the attention of the colonial governors, all Republicans, who were willing to work closely with them because of their control of the House of Delegates. The local Republicans protested bitterly and, at one point, they

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to respond diligently and effectively, and to act on the demand of the people of Puerto Rico, as freely and democratically expressed in the plebiscite held on November 6, 2012, to end, once and for all, its current form of territorial status and to begin the process to admit Puerto Rico to the Union

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stated that PR's current status does not meet the criteria for any of the options for full self-government". It concluded that Puerto Rico is still an unincorporated territory of the U.S. under the territorial clause, that the establishment of local self-government with the consent of the people can

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in the roll call of the state in exchange of eliminating from the bill that Puerto Rico was going to be the first Presidential Primary in the Nation. As a result of that effort, the Puerto Rico Legislature approved a law regulating presidential primaries in 1979, the first of which was held in 1980,

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Despite the fact that the U.S. Federal Government holds ultimate sovereignty over all U.S. citizens and the territory of Puerto Rico, residents of Puerto Rico are without an effective voice in the Federal government. This is not because Puerto Rico residents do not have the right to vote, but rather

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to enact the Public Law 81-600 which led to the Congressional approval of a local constitution drafted by a constitutional assembly elected by Puerto Rico and the renaming of the United States unincorporated territory of Puerto Rico as the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, using the same official name as

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regarding territories. Prominent leaders in the pro-statehood and pro-independence political movements agree with this assessment. In 2005 and 2007, two reports were issued by the U.S. President's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status. Both reports conclude that Puerto Rico continues to be a territory

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from treating citizens of other states in a discriminatory manner, with regard to basic civil rights. The clause also embraces a right to travel, so that a citizen of one state can go and enjoy privileges and immunities in any other state; this constitutional clause was expressly extended to Puerto

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to formally notify the United Nations of this new position and assume the international legal consequences. You cannot have a legal and constitutional interpretation for local, political purposes and a different one for the international community. If it is a serious, relevant document, the report

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issued a memorandum on November 30, 1992, to heads of executive departments and agencies establishing the current administrative relationship between the federal government and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. This memorandum directs all federal departments, agencies, and officials to treat Puerto

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of the typical U.S. state" and which answered to governor Winship) opened fire upon, what a U.S. Congressman and others reported were unarmed and defenseless cadets and bystanders alike killing 19 and badly wounding over 200 more, many in their backs while running away. It came to be known as the

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In September 2023, Roger Wicker reintroduced legislation in the United States Congress on the territorial status of Puerto Rico. a two-round consultation process. The first vote is scheduled for August 4, 2024, where Puerto Ricans will have the choice between four alternatives: annexation to the

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After the plebiscite, efforts in the 1970s to enact legislation to address the status issue died in Congressional committees. In the 1993 plebiscite, in which Congress played a more substantial role, Commonwealth status was again upheld. In the 1998 plebiscite, all the options were rejected when

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Act that allowed a vote on the status of Puerto Rico. This constituted the first plebiscite by the Legislature for a choice on three political status options. Puerto Rican leaders had lobbied for such an opportunity repeatedly, in 1898, 1912, 1914, 1919, 1923, 1929, 1932, 1939, 1943, 1944, 1948,

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Matienzo Cintrón had been a Republican, supporting statehood. But two years into the new government, he realized that statehood would not be granted and the desired equality as citizens was not feasible under the United States. He brought with him other former Republicans and practically all of

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gave Puerto Ricans the right to organize a constitutional convention, contingent on the results of a referendum, where the electorate would determine if they wished to organize their own government pursuant to a constitution of their own choosing. Puerto Ricans expressed their support for this

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has challenged the Bush Administration's Task Force Reports stating that in 1953 Puerto Rico achieved a compact of association between both nations that was recognized by the United Nations. Nonetheless, the aforementioned U.S. Presidential and Congressional Reports state that the current

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in 2022 of a bill to help Puerto Rico move toward a change in territorial status. Voters have a choice between statehood, independence, or independence with free association, the terms of which would be negotiated regarding foreign affairs, U.S. citizenship, and use of the U.S. dollar.

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of U.S. under the plenary powers of the U.S. Congress. Reactions from Puerto Rico's two major political parties were mixed. The Popular Democratic Party (PPD) challenged the task force's report and committed to validating the current status in all international forums, including the

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measure in a 1951 referendum, which gave voters a yes-or-no choice for the commonwealth status, defined as a 'permanent association with a federal union' but not choice for independence or statehood. A second referendum was held to ratify the constitution, which was adopted in 1952.

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presented his ideas as to how the party should be run, however, the majority of the party members objected and blamed him for their defeat. Muñoz Marín considered this action the same as having been expelled from the party. Muñoz Marín and his followers, among which were included

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became the Deputy Campaign Manager. Senator Clinton won the Puerto Rico Primary by a 68% to 32% margin. Being the last big primary before the last two states voted on June 3, Puerto Rico's Democratic presidential primary attracted historic levels of national media coverage.

1292:, the son of former governor Pedro Rosselló (PNP) received 41% of the vote defeating five other gubernatorial candidates and was elected the twelfth Governor of Puerto Rico. He was sworn in on January 2, 2017. He resigned in 2019 after mass protest as a result of the 1652:

does not have a zone of reserved sovereignty that is beyond the reach of Congress in the latter's exercise of its territorial powers." That is, Puerto Rico has no recourse to challenge unilateral actions by the United States government that affect citizens of Puerto

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On December 21, 2007, the Bush Administration's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status reiterated and confirmed that Puerto Rico continues to be a territory of the U.S. under the plenary powers of the U.S. Congress, a position shared by the remaining two-major parties:

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be unilaterally revoked by the U.S. Congress, and that U.S. Congress can also withdraw the U.S. citizenship of Puerto Rican residents of Puerto Rico at any time, for a legitimate Federal purpose. The application of the Constitution to Puerto Rico is limited by the

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In 1980, Romero Barcelo was reelected Governor by a controversial 0.2% margin, but lost control of the Senate and, a year later, the House of Representatives to the PPD. Independence radical groups placed bombs on 11 jet fighters in 1981 in the Muñiz Base (a U.S.

1562:. Since 1917, Puerto Ricans have been included in the compulsory draft whenever it has been in effect and more than 400,000 Puerto Ricans have served in the United States Armed Forces. Puerto Ricans have participated in all U.S. wars since 1898, most notably 881:(PPD) which would ironically end up promoting the "Estado Libre Associado" (Free Associated State) status that Barceló, as president of Union Party, had asked for in 1923 under Campbell Bill and which Muñoz Marín had always opposed, instead of independence. 1157:, and sponsored two local non-binding referendums, one in 1993 and another in 1998. While he was elected to a second term, his last four years were met with mounting allegations of corruption. After Rosselló's second term ended, former Speaker of the House 1469:

and all persons born in Puerto Rico between April 11, 1899, and January 12, 1941, and meeting certain other technical requirements, and not citizens of the United States under any other Act, were declared to be citizens of the U.S. as of January 13, 1941.

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and supported a similar development for Puerto Rico under Spain. Before Baldorioty de Castro, other leaders had mentioned the possibility of autonomy, generally as an answer to the Spanish insistence in instituting special laws to govern the colonies.

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was founded in 1922. It strongly criticized the American colonial regime for its menace to the Spanish and Latin American roots of the Puerto Rican culture. It also advocated for complete independence. The PNP began to grow with the leadership of

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must have international consequences. Alternatively, the Task Force may review and amend the 2005 conclusions to make them consistent with legal and historical precedent, and therefore allow future status developments based on a binding compact."

850:". The Liberal Party's political agenda was the same as the original Union Party's agenda and urged independence as a final political solution for Puerto Rico. After the Liberal Party was defeated in the 1936 elections, an assembly was held in 846:, as to the goals of the alliance became apparent. The Unionist sector of the alliance decided to disaffiliate themselves from the "Alliance." Because of legal reasons, Barceló was unable to use the name "Union Party" and in 1932, founded the " 3863:"Governor Aníbal Acevedo Vilá's letter to U.S. President George W. Bush's President's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status (formally addressed to the Co-Chairs of the Bush Administration's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status); October 23, 2007" 1364:", meaning a "politically organized community" or "state", which is simultaneously connected by a compact or treaty to another political system. The convention adopted a translation into Spanish of the term, inspired by the Irish saorstát 657:. The members of the judicial branch are appointed by the Governor with the approval of the Senate to serve until they reach age 70. Due to the status of Puerto Rico as a territory of the United States, its residents cannot vote in the 2538:

of August 14, 1939. It is reported in the Cong. Rec., and various other publications elsewhere, that among those shot in their backs was a 7-year-old girl, Georgina Maldonado, who "was killed through the back while running to a nearby

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chapters in Puerto Rico have selected voting delegates to the national nominating conventions since the early 1900s, public interest in these processes heightened as a result of the efforts of a group of Democratic statehooders led by

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9, 2008, and which he lost. On the PPD side, Acevedo's rocky relationship with the PNP-controlled Legislature was compounded with Federal investigations and unsuccessful indictments of his past political fundraising by grand juries in

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p. 26), that the territory's long-term economic well-being would be enhanced by an early resolution of the political status problem (p. 33) and devotes most of the report to extensive economic analysis and recommendations.

723:(Unconditional Spanish Party) embraced the idea of autonomy. The Incondicionales accepted whatever Spain had for Puerto Rico and the Crown duly recognized their support by giving aristocratic titles to the leaders. The leader of the 1594:, which requires a Presidential nomination and Senate confirmation. In World War II, the Korean War and the Vietnam War Puerto Ricans were the most decorated Hispanic soldiers and in some cases they were the first to die in combat. 590:

have been significantly shaped by its status as territory of the United States. The nature of Puerto Rico's political relationship with the United States is the subject of ongoing debate in Puerto Rico, in the United States, the

1637:. However, it does not have the sovereignty that a state of the Union has, given that Puerto Rico is a possession of the United States and it is, thus, not protected by the US Constitution to the same degree that states are. 2885: 2037:

On December 15, 2022, the U.S. House of Representatives voted in favor of the Puerto Rico Status Act. The act sought to resolve Puerto Rico's status and its relationship to the United States through a binding plebiscite.

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In the first internal primary of a National political party, the new slate of statehooders, headed by Franklin Delano López took control of the local Democratic party chapter. In January 1980 after clashing with Governor

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of "Estado Libre Asociado" (ELA) to represent the agreement adopted "in the nature of a compact" between the people of Puerto Rico and the U.S. literally translated into English, the phrase means "Associated Free State."

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approved a draft resolution calling on the Government of the United States to expedite a process that would allow the Puerto Rican people to exercise fully their inalienable right to self-determination and independence.

1100:, in favor of adding more powers to the commonwealth status. One of his projects was the Puerto Rican owned marine transportation. In order to control the costs of marine transport in Puerto Rico, the marine company 951:

The years of 1944–1948 were crucial ones in the direction of the country. Luis Muñoz Marín shifted his goals from independence to state-like autonomy to accommodate better economic circumstances. This led to the

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denouncing the colonial nature of the Commonwealth Status. As a result of his statement, many other statehooders and commonwealth supporters went to the United Nations requesting the end of the colonial status.

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In April 2023, Puerto Rico's Status Act, which seeks to resolve its territorial status and relationship with the United States through a binding plebiscite at the federal level, was reintroduced in the House by

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was formed six years later by dissidents who saw the PPD moving away from the ideal of independence. During that period, the colonial regime appointed the first Puerto Rican governor,

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The 2008 Republican presidential primary was slated to be held in February, while Democrats held their primary in June. Then Senate President and Democratic National Committeeman

3243: 933:(Bread, Land and Liberty). The party favored independence from the United States in its initial stages but social and economic reform were priorities in their political agenda. 3603: 2909: 897:

by the nationalists after receiving authorization from the pertinent authorities. The march was organized to commemorate the abolition of slavery and to demand the release of

2648: 631: 280: 262: 1901:, it is not possible "to bind future (U.S.) Congresses to any particular arrangement for Puerto Rico as a Commonwealth". This determination was based on articles in the 2004:. According to two consecutive Bush Administration President's Task Force Reports, the latest of which was issued on December 21, 2007 Puerto Rico is an unincorporated 1555:

parties in the U.S., accorded equal-proportional representation in both parties, and delegates from the islands vote in each party's national presidential convention.

1748: 1061:, a month after the July 23, 1967, local plebiscite and the year before the PNP won the 1968 elections. The party saw the ideology of annexation as a U.S. state as a 1603: 1108: 761:. The House of Delegates was elected directly by the voters (male, propertied) and the equivalent to the Senate was the Cabinet appointed by the Governor and by the 3760: 3309: 3182: 5146: 5108: 4028: 1722:, is less active in its opposition of this case of disfranchisement but has officially stated that it favors fixing the remaining "deficits of democracy" that the 3208: 5269: 1127:) was implemented as an economic incentive. This allowed American companies to profit in the island without paying taxes. His administration was shadowed by the 1065:

issue. The creation of the New Progressive Party polarized the political arena to a great degree as radical independence groups were formed in the 1970s and the

2744:"U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico by virtue of the Jones Act, chap. 190, 39 Stat. 951 (1971) (codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731 (1987)") 1086: 2425: 2381: 2355: 2329: 1870:

Several local politicians have expressed concern that Puerto Rico has become a "piggy bank" for presidential campaigns. Recent examples include Vice President

1515: 244: 101: 893:, who was later jailed by the colonial regime under charges as a subversive leader. On March 21, 1937, a peaceful march was organized in the southern city of 1406: 1161:(PNP) was jailed as well as many members of Rosselló's party. Most of the corruption allegations were based on extortion and appropriation of public funds. 2674: 1898: 224: 198: 111: 1614:

Puerto Rico is an organized unincorporated U.S. territory which has been given internal self-governing powers which, taken together, are referred to as "

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and the Co-Chairs of the White House's Presidential Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status on the Bush administration, former governor Acevedo Vilá stated:

1923: 1316: 180: 3502: 2622: 550: 79: 630:, the Tribunal de Apelaciones (English: Court of Appeals), and Tribunal de Primera Instancia (English: Courts of First Instance). There is also a 3982: 3840: 3535: 3088: 2215: 1919: 5626: 5113: 2145:"Commonwealth of Puerto Rico vs Sanchez Valle, No. 15–108. (Argued January 13, 2016—Decided June 9, 2016) Supreme Court of the United States" 4201: 3457:"U.S. hardens position on Puerto Rico ("EE.UU. endurece posición sobre Puerto Rico"); Jesús Dávila – El Diario La Prensa; December 22, 2007" 873: 5874: 5844: 5749: 5593: 5161: 4417: 4128: 4021: 3460: 2017:

prerogatives assumed by the Puerto Rico government are delegated by the U.S. Congress and may be amended or eliminated at its sole behest.

1119:, a supporter of annexation as the U.S. state of Puerto Rico. Under his administration, Section 936 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Tax Code ( 239: 3270: 1862:

co-chaired Clinton's young professionals organization. Prats and McClintock subsequently co-chaired Clinton's Puerto Rico campaign, while

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The nature of Puerto Rico's political relationship with the United States is the subject of ongoing debate in the United Nations and the

1413:. But the General Assembly did not apply its full list of criteria to Puerto Rico to determine if it has achieved self-governing status. 116: 3425: 4266: 3888: 3792: 3632: 207: 189: 3810: 3576: 905:

minutes before the march was to start. The march turned into a bloody event when the Insular Police ("a force somewhat resembling the

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Report's conclusions and supported bills to provide for a democratic referendum process among Puerto Rico voters. It stated that the

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in a hard-fought Democratic primary. More than 1.2 million American citizens residing in Puerto Rico participated in the primaries.

5869: 5583: 4951: 4364: 4113: 4037: 2105: 2085: 1532:, argued that any implicit limits from the Insular Cases on the basic rights granted by the Constitution (including especially the 1353: 1285: 340: 157: 4221: 2501:"Photos of police shooting with rifles (from positions previously occupied by marchers and bystanders) at bystanders running away" 4341: 4320: 4276: 4186: 4014: 2090: 1305: 1078: 654: 415: 372: 235: 3739:"Special committee on decolonization approves text calling on United States to expedite Puerto Rican self-determination process" 2600: 5799: 5255: 4061: 2549: 2527: 2473: 2447: 2403: 2013: 1820: 1719: 1571: 1320: 1245: 1013: 878: 673: 420: 350: 171: 106: 1377:

1956, and 1960. The Commonwealth option, represented by the PPD, won with an overwhelming majority of 60.4% of the votes. The

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Puerto Rico does not have the rights of a state as granted by the US constitution, because it is not a state. These include:

543: 121: 4211: 3646: 2777: 1378: 823: 746: 702: 4968: 4926: 4815: 4761: 2990: 1936: 1715: 1265: 1249: 1241: 1178:(PPD) was elected, becoming the first female governor of Puerto Rico, also gaining control of the Senate, presided over by 1054: 839: 669: 485: 434: 425: 345: 4206: 2575: 1442: 4936: 4916: 4546: 4528: 4246: 4056: 3767: 3316: 3186: 1974: 1947: 1915: 1417: 906: 623: 153: 4191: 1804:. While the PPD Democratic faction controls the Democratic party chapter under the state chairmanship of former senator 5689: 4566: 4541: 4508: 4478: 3212: 1519: 1495: 1311:(PNP) was elected governor with 33% of the vote. The elections marked the first time third-party candidates other than 495: 2850: 5739: 5619: 5037: 4783: 4639: 4556: 4551: 3017: 2944: 2312: 2029: 1454: 56: 2608: 1038:, the official anthem of Puerto Rico, for the first time on July 25, 1952—date in which Puerto Ricans celebrate the 5895: 5565: 5341: 5118: 4561: 4503: 4410: 4118: 3144: 1777: 1743: 1739: 1704: 1700: 1552: 1548: 1544:

Rico administratively as if it were a state, insofar as doing so would not disrupt federal programs or operations.

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became the head of government for the second time in 1984, was reelected in 1988 and remained in power until 1992.

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United States, independence, sovereignty in free association, and a free state associated with the United States.

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In August 1977, the Chairman of the Democratic Party of Puerto Rico, Franklin Delano López, testified before the

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Puerto Rico Status Hearing before the Committee on Resources House of Representative One Hundred Fifth Congress

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American Gunfight: The Plot to Kill Harry Truman: And the Shoot-Out That Stopped It. Simon and Schuster. 2005.

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The corruption led the PNP to lose the 2000 election and the Governorship when he ran again in 2004. In 2000,

5759: 5278: 5047: 4720: 4693: 4493: 4256: 4196: 4151: 4123: 4051: 3866: 3670: 3403: 2100: 1986: 1670: 1586:, the highest military decoration in the United States, also several Puerto Ricans have attained the rank of 1567: 1466: 1410: 511: 397: 385: 360: 266: 3983:

Council on Hemispheric Affairs (COHA)'s press release providing an up-to date country profile on Puerto Rico

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would be known. On February 4, 1952, the convention approved Resolution 22 which chose in English the word "

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of 1900, was a mixture of the British and the American system, somewhat similar to that established for the

5612: 5557: 5451: 5017: 4978: 4788: 4488: 4241: 4231: 4166: 3953: 3510: 3377: 2352:"Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Civil Rights in Puerto Rico. The Commission, 70p, np, May 22, 1937" 2176: 1663:

Puerto Rico has international representation in sports and other international events as a distinct nation.

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hold primaries in Puerto Rico, giving Puerto Ricans a voice selecting each party's presidential nominee.

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In 1967, the Legislative Assembly tested the political interests of the Puerto Rican people by passing a

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outright reject the status quo that permits disfranchisement. The remaining political organization, the

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Consejo de Salud Playa de Ponce v Johnny Rullan, Secretary of Health of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico

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50.3% of voters chose the "none of the above" option, favoring the commonwealth status quo by default.

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Puerto Rico has approximately the same degree of authority over its internal affairs as an American

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won the elections in 1900 and again in 1902. The new government of Puerto Rico, organized under the

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from federal prison. The permit, however, was revoked by the U.S.-appointed governor of the Island

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During the last twenty years under the Spanish flag, the local parties, with the exception of the

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to grant Puerto Rico the right for a more robust delegation, the inclusion of Puerto Rico after

1077:-friendly party, was created. Two of the radical groups were labeled as terrorist groups by the 5829: 5824: 5819: 5674: 5446: 5441: 5316: 5215: 5128: 5052: 5042: 4992: 4666: 4592: 4536: 4473: 4438: 3277: 1955: 1688: 1618:" status. Puerto Rico has more latitude over its internal affairs than the U.S. territories of 1529: 1465:

on June 27, 1952, declared all persons born in Puerto Rico on or after January 13, 1941, to be

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In a letter sent by the former governor of Puerto Rico to the former U.S. Secretary of State,

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Administrations have publicly recognized in writing through Presidential Task Force Reports.

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Puerto rico labor laws and regulations handbook : strategic information and basic laws

1819:

On the Republican side PNP-affiliated statehood Republicans control the GOP local chapter (

1179: 941: 868: 778: 754: 610:

is divided into three branches: executive, legislative and judicial, as established by the

175: 5247: 1205:

by about 3,000 votes, but his party lost control of the Senate, which elected PNP Senator

766: 8: 5794: 5789: 5719: 5699: 5541: 5516: 5421: 5361: 5336: 5306: 5296: 5171: 5022: 4862: 4854: 4823: 3925:"Porto Rico inclura un plébiscite sur le statut lors des élections générales de novembre" 2005: 1623: 1248:(PPD) by more than 223,000 votes. Also the PNP won supermajorities in the Commonwealth's 1128: 1089:(FALN). These groups were viewed by many pro-independence followers as freedom fighters. 898: 890: 91: 3714:"Political Status of Puerto Rico: Background, Options, and Issues in the 109th Congress" 1922:

of the U.S. Constitution. In a 1996 report on a Puerto Rico status political bill, the "

1289: 284: 228: 5734: 5724: 5669: 5664: 5476: 5431: 5371: 5346: 5301: 5236: 4946: 4931: 4836: 4715: 4703: 4463: 4286: 3406:. Committee on Resources, U.S. House of Representatives, 105th Congress. April 19, 1997 3236:"Absurdly Premature 2012 Watch, Vol. 2: The Governor of Puerto Rico ... for President?" 2063: 1863: 1859: 1839: 1813: 1809: 1507: 1206: 1183: 894: 758: 665: 638: 66: 49: 4735: 4294: 2124:

The number and breadth of these "internal self-governing powers" is a matter of debate

1485:, Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1, also known as the 'Comity Clause') that prevents a 1131:

affair, where two independence activists were killed by police agents. This created a

773:

after the defeat, but returned once the Federal Party was no longer useful and joined

293: 5784: 5709: 5506: 5386: 5351: 4370: 4066: 4000: 3994: 3835:

El Gobernador pide a Rice que enmiende el informe sobre el estatus político de P.Rico

3786: 3626: 3529: 3360: 3350: 3070: 3060: 2668: 2500: 2308: 2288: 1902: 1773: 1540: 1474: 1434: 1244:

its largest victory in history and beating incumbent Gov. Aníbal Acevedo Vilá of the

1153:

became the sixth elected Governor in 1992. He pushed the political status dilemma in

1132: 1031: 365: 4600: 3690: 2710: 2553: 2521: 2477: 2451: 2407: 1958:), was introduced in the United States House of Representatives on May 19, 2009, by 1150: 827: 5679: 5578: 5551: 5511: 5466: 5366: 5141: 4846: 4622: 4006: 2754: 2723: 2021: 1511: 1154: 843: 614:. The executive power is exercised by the executive branch, which is headed by the 2966: 2884:, The United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico, archived from 2688: 1058: 1035: 782: 248: 4671: 4374: 3989: 3957: 3647:"The Senate and the House of Representative of Puerto Rico Concurrent Resolution" 2948: 2785: 2531: 2077: 1994: 1959: 1882: 1851: 1760: 1503: 1499: 1462: 1458: 1323:

took a slight majority of the seats in the Puerto Rico House of Representatives.

1308: 1273: 1124: 1096:

became the undisputed leader of the PPD at age 36. He was, as the fourth elected

1001: 997: 902: 642: 523: 4828: 4605: 2994: 2778:"7 fam 1120 acquisition of u.s. nationality in u.s. territories and possessions" 1886: 1832: 1433:, Puerto Rico is described as a Commonwealth and Puerto Ricans have a degree of 1233: 1214: 4686: 4676: 4632: 4458: 3598: 3484:

Members Hear Petitioners Speak up for Independence, Statehood, Free Association

1982: 1907: 1727: 1627: 1583: 1450: 1397:

On November 27, 1953, shortly after the establishment of the Commonwealth, the

1082: 911: 728: 592: 211: 2689:"Puerto Rico 1898-1998: The Institutionalization of Second Class Citizenship?" 2655:(in Spanish). November 4, 2020. Archived from the original on November 4, 2020 2422:"The "police riot" shot at the demonstrators as well as the crowd standing by" 1846:, Puerto Rico's Democratic State Chair and former PPD gubernatorial candidate 1582:. Several Puerto Ricans became notable commanders, five have been awarded the 622:

that are independent of the legislature. Legislative power is vested upon the

5889: 3364: 3074: 2009: 1928: 1918:

in 1959 reiterated that Congress held power over Puerto Rico pursuant to the

1843: 1805: 1764: 1491: 1345: 1328: 1269: 1140: 962: 770: 450: 5604: 3428:

Report By the President's Task Force On Puerto Rico's Status (December 2007)

2916:. United States Congressional Research Service. May 17, 2000. Archived from 1640:

Some differences between Puerto Rico and a state of the American Union are:

977:. The alternative pro-independence Tydings bill had languished in Congress. 668:. The politics of Puerto Rico are dominated by three political parties: the 4841: 4681: 4610: 2137: 1875: 1781: 1768: 1752: 1723: 1547:

Puerto Rico does participate in the internal political process of both the

1357: 1293: 1222: 1062: 966: 646: 219: 3713: 2941: 2782:

U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7– Consular Affairs

2623:"Puerto Rico: Pro-Statehood Candidate Ricardo Rosselló Wins Governor Race" 2194: 1209:

as its president, and the House of Representatives, which chose the PNP's

992:

support as a sham, and staged a series of uprisings in 1950, known as the

4468: 4426: 1963: 1911: 1871: 1785: 1649: 1575: 1009: 944:, until 1948 when the people elected Luis Muñoz Marín, the first elected 798: 750: 587: 582:. Since the 1898 invasion of Puerto Rico by the United States during the 574:

form of government that is under the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the

215: 2071: 1808:, two of the five DNC members residing in Puerto Rico, Senate president 1687:

because the territory itself does not have voting representation in the

1016:

in 1954. Twenty-three people were killed and more than 50 were injured.

810:, Eugenio Benítez Castaño, and Pedro Franceschi started to organize the 518: 4395: 2150:. Supreme Court of the United States Blog. June 9, 2016. Archived from 1634: 1486: 1438: 1373: 1284:, by a narrow (0.6%) margin, defeating Fortuño 47.73% to 47.13% in the 1213:

as Speaker, and Puerto Rico's seat in Congress, due to the election of

2738: 2271:

César J. Ayala and Rafael Bernabe. Page 82. Accessed January 24, 2020.

2257:

Matthew Liebmann and Uzma Z. Rizvi. Page 54. Accessed January 24, 2020

1881:

Speculation, which began in late 2009 by a national media blog and by

1143:), and the U.S. removed all of its fighter aircraft from Puerto Rico. 3160: 1878:'s 50% longer three-hour trip in November, 2007 to collect $ 200,000 1874:'s whirlwind two-hour visit to collect $ 300,000 in 2006 and Senator 1824: 1645: 1092:

In 1972, the PNP lost to a reunified Popular Democratic Party (PPD).

974: 641:, and the members of the legislature are elected every four years by 568: 3889:"House votes in favor of resolving Puerto Rico's territorial status" 4627: 2550:"Report of the ACLU as echoed by U.S. Congressman Vito Marcantonio" 1695:. Puerto Ricans do, however, play an indirect role in electing the 970: 958: 599:, with all major political parties in the archipelago calling it a 571: 4453: 1656:

Some residents of Puerto Rico are exempt from some aspects of the

626:. Judicial power is exercised by the judiciary, consisting of the 2747: 1102: 1070: 818:

A coalition between the pro-independence Union Party presided by

3950: 634:

to hear cases of a federal nature or with federal jurisdiction.

5282: 3349:. : International Business Publications USA. 2009. p. 22. 2724:"Elections in Puerto Rico: 1998 Status Plebiscite Vote Summary" 1597: 1477:" under the federal constitution apply to Puerto Rico like the 600: 3310:"Report by the President's task force on Puerto Rico's Status" 3271:"Report by the President's task force on Puerto Rico's Status" 2576:"Clouds Lift for Navieras Line After First Profit in 12 Years" 973:, as well as that of other sovereign nation countries such as 713: 693:

One year after the United States invasion of the island, Dr.

1993:

On May 15, 2013, headed by non-voting Resident Commissioner

1424: 834:" was formed. Differences between Barceló and Tous Soto and 5277: 3618: 2955:, August 17, 2005. PDF format. Retrieved November 19, 2006. 2649:"El PPD se perfila con mayoría en el Senado y en la Cámara" 1835:

and Republican National Committeewoman Zoraida Fonalledas.

1619: 1074: 3977: 3967: 3940: 3115:"House Report 110-597 - Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007" 2268:

Puerto Rico in the American Century: A History Since 1898.

2241:

Puerto Rico: The Trials of the Oldest Colony in the World.

1751:

in 1976 to elect delegates supporting former Georgia Gov.

683: 3972: 3553: 3118: 1889:

as a long-shot inclusion in a national political ticket.

1135:-like scandal that was later investigated by the Senate. 3839:. Espanol.news.yahoo.com. April 20, 2011. Archived from 2834: 2832: 2784:. U.S. Department of State. June 1, 2005. Archived from 2770: 701:

as a solution to the colonial situation and founded the

3487:, General Assembly of the United Nations, June 15, 2009 2910:"Political Status of Puerto Rico: Options for Congress" 1733: 3577:"US House approves Puerto Rico status referendum bill" 2284:

Dona Licha's Island: Modern Colonialism in Puerto Rico

2197:

Political Status of Puerto Rico: Options for Congress.

1885:, a well-known Republican commentator, mentioned Gov. 1604:

Implications of Puerto Rico's current political status

3500: 2829: 1954:

Following the reports recommendations the 2009 bill (

1669:

Lack of voting representation in either House of the

4036: 2053: 1182:

and the House of Representatives, headed by Speaker

994:

Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s

2709:For complete statistics of these plebiscites, see 2525:, Speech before the U.S. House of Representatives. 1948:United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization 3451: 3449: 1190:as the island's non-voting delegate in Congress. 5887: 5109:Puerto Ricans in the United States Space Program 2673:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 1831:, Republican National Committeeman and Governor 3825: 3799: 3691:"H.R. 2000: Puerto Rico Status Resolution Act" 3446: 3418: 2498: 2243:Jose Trias Monge. Yale University Press. 1997. 1899:President's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status 1854:'s National Hispanic Leadership Council while 1022:Muñoz Marín inaugurated the new status called 5634: 5620: 5263: 4411: 4022: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3233: 3054: 2280: 1518:was expressly extended to Puerto Rico by the 1405:, removing Puerto Rico's classification as a 996:, of which the most notable were the ones in 608:government of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico 544: 3907:"Wicker Reintroduces Puerto Rico Status Act" 3393:Art. IV, Sec. 3, clause 2, U.S. Constitution 1598:Implications of the current political status 1522:. In a brief concurrence in the judgment of 240:30th House of Representatives of Puerto Rico 3671:"Pierluisi Introduces Historic Legislation" 3550:"HR 2499 Puerto Rico Democracy Act Website" 3534:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3496: 3494: 2404:""Five Years of Tyranny", Vito Marcantonio" 1897:According to a December 2005 report by the 1506:in 1947. Other fundamental rights like the 1449:. The act was signed into law by President 1352:Before approving the new constitution, the 874:Partido Liberal, Neto, Auténtico y Completo 5627: 5613: 5270: 5256: 4418: 4404: 4360: 4202:Partido Liberal Neto, Auténtico y Completo 4029: 4015: 3973:Commonwealth Elections Commission (CEEPUR) 3574: 3295: 2914:Congressional Research Service CRS RL32933 2254:Archaeology and the Postcolonial Critique. 551: 537: 3711: 3685: 3683: 3265: 3263: 3261: 1425:Political status within the United States 712:that favored a republican government for 708:Celso Barbosa had been the leader in the 664:Politics in Puerto Rico revolve around a 4425: 4114:Hostosian National Independence Movement 3677:, 15 May 2013. Retrieved on 15 May 2013. 3491: 2871: 2869: 2274: 2106:Puerto Rico political status plebiscites 2086:List of political parties in Puerto Rico 1441:. Puerto Ricans "were collectively made 957:the commonwealths of the U.S. states of 606:As a republican form of government, the 158:17th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico 4342:Political party strength in Puerto Rico 4321:Independence Association of Puerto Rico 2964: 2091:Political party strength in Puerto Rico 1392: 684:Political history and political parties 5888: 3791:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3680: 3631:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3609:from the original on February 16, 2017 3501:111th Congress (2009) (May 19, 2009). 3258: 3059:. West Palm Beach: Hunter Publishing. 3035: 3015: 2534:The entire speech is contained in the 1892: 1399:General Assembly of the United Nations 1014:United States House of Representatives 678:Partido Independentista Puertorriqueño 421:United States House of Representatives 5608: 5251: 5114:Puerto Rican scientists and inventors 4399: 4267:Unificación Puertorriqueña Tripartita 4222:Partido Unión Republicana Progresista 4010: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3201: 3183:"el Nuevo Día - Obama ignoró consejo" 3157:"The Republican Party of Puerto Rico" 2866: 2012:of the United States government. The 2008:of the United States, subject to the 1676:Puerto Rico residents cannot vote in 1197:(PPD) was declared the winner by the 3963:Puerto Rico House of Representatives 3209:"el Nuevo Día - Llegó, cobró y voló" 3175: 2855:, FindLaw.com Supreme Court Case Law 1734:Presidential politics in Puerto Rico 1057:(PNP) was founded in August 1967 by 840:resident commissioner of Puerto Rico 676:(PPD), and, to a lesser extent, the 426:Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico 4247:Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico Party 3999:Central Intelligence Agency (USA). 3731: 3234:Andrew Romano (November 25, 2009). 2983: 2935: 2693:Penn State International Law Review 1975:Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico 1536:) were anachronistic in the 1970s. 1453:on March 2, 1917. U.S. Federal law 1333: 1087:Armed Forces of National Liberation 637:Puerto Rico's governor, who is the 13: 4509:Tibes Indigenous Ceremonial Center 4212:Partido Republicano Puertorriqueño 3951:Resident Commissioner (U.S. House) 3404:"Puerto Rico Status Field Hearing" 3334: 3089:"Constitutional Rights Foundation" 3016:Brozan, Nadine (August 11, 1992). 2958: 2326:"Law Library Microform Consortium" 2216:"Constitutional Rights Foundation" 1800:and PNP forces led by former Gov. 1379:Partido Republicano Puertorriqueño 1280:(PPD) was elected as the eleventh 867:, held an assembly in the town of 824:Partido Republicano Puertorriqueño 747:Partido Republicano Puertorriqueño 703:Partido Republicano Puertorriqueño 580:organized unincorporated territory 14: 5907: 4207:Partido Reformista Puertorriqueño 4003:(2003). United States of America. 3934: 3523:Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2009 2818:, U.S. Government Printing Office 2756:Constitutional Topic: Citizenship 1924:U.S. House Committee on Resources 1858:Democratic National Committeeman 1850:were appointed co-chairs of Sen. 645:. Puerto Rico's legislature is a 567:take place in the framework of a 5750:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4380: 4379: 4369: 4359: 4192:Partido Estadista Puertorriqueño 4038:Political parties in Puerto Rico 3719:. Congressional Research Service 3145:Puerto Rico Tax and Customs Laws 3057:Puerto Rico's Cordillera Central 2993:. City of Lorain. Archived from 2711:Elections in Puerto Rico:Results 2448:"US Congressman Vito Macartonio" 2287:. South End Press. p. 127. 2070: 2056: 1558:Puerto Ricans may enlist in the 1479:Privileges and Immunities Clause 1356:specified the name by which the 1129:Cerro Maravilla (Maravilla Hill) 929:(PPD) in 1940. Their slogan was 517: 30: 4499:1950s Nationalist Party revolts 4072:Puerto Rican Independence Party 3995:¿Qué es y por qué lucha el MST? 3917: 3899: 3881: 3855: 3809:. Plenglish.com. Archived from 3753: 3705: 3664: 3639: 3583: 3568: 3542: 3475: 3396: 3387: 3371: 3315:. December 2007. Archived from 3276:. December 2005. Archived from 3227: 3149: 3133: 3107: 3081: 3048: 3009: 2902: 2843: 2803: 2716: 2703: 2681: 2641: 2615: 2593: 2568: 2552:. Cheverote.com. Archived from 2542: 2515: 2492: 2476:. Cheverote.com. Archived from 2466: 2450:. Cheverote.com. Archived from 2440: 2414: 2396: 2370: 2344: 2318: 2118: 1941:Puerto Rican Independence Party 1821:Republican Party of Puerto Rico 1712:Puerto Rican Independence Party 1693:United States Electoral College 1691:, nor is it represented in the 1383:Puerto Rican Independence Party 1340:Political status of Puerto Rico 1313:Puerto Rican Independence Party 1164: 938:Puerto Rican Independence Party 735: 688: 628:Tribunal Supremo de Puerto Rico 356:Puerto Rican Independence Party 4119:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party 2699:(2): 295–297. January 1, 1998. 2301: 2260: 2246: 2234: 2208: 2187: 2169: 1848:José Alfredo Hernández Mayoral 1757:Democratic National Convention 1697:President of the United States 982:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party 886:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party 763:President of the United States 1: 5279:Politics of the United States 4314:Other political organizations 4197:Partido Estadista Republicano 4187:Partido del Pueblo Trabajador 4052:Movimiento Victoria Ciudadana 3575:Dwyer Arce (April 30, 2009). 3509:. GovTrack.us. Archived from 2942:Who was Agustín Ramos Calero? 2131: 2101:Municipalities of Puerto Rico 1987:Congress of the United States 1823:), headed by state chair and 1578:wars, as well as the current 1528:, U.S. Supreme Court Justice 1467:citizens of the U.S. at birth 1445:" in 1917 as a result of the 1272:, because of the election of 721:Partido Incondicional Español 512:Politics of the United States 398:Municipalities of Puerto Rico 112:Government-owned corporations 5875:United States Virgin Islands 4242:Puerto Rican Socialist Party 4232:Puerto Rican Communist Party 4177:Movimiento Unión Soberanista 4135:Movimiento Unión Soberanista 3117:. Thomas.gov. Archived from 1610:Voting rights in Puerto Rico 1502:and signed by the President 1407:non-self-governing territory 1286:2012 gubernatorial elections 1199:Supreme Court of Puerto Rico 1067:Puerto Rican Socialist Party 1048: 917: 848:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico 802:. Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón, 740: 666:multi-party political system 7: 5636:Politics of North America 4863:Puerto Rican crested anole 4262:Unconditional Spanish Party 3988:September 29, 2007, at the 3941:Commonwealth of Puerto Rico 2049: 1431:Constitution of Puerto Rico 1418:UN Decolonization Committee 1409:under article 73(e) of the 1266:Puerto Rico's sole delegate 1040:Constitution of Puerto Rico 674:Partido Popular Democratico 659:U.S. presidential elections 612:Constitution of Puerto Rico 10: 5912: 4326:Popular Socialist Movement 4237:Puerto Rican Renewal Party 4129:Socialist Workers Movement 3712:Keith Bea (May 25, 2005). 2759:, U.S. Constitution Online 2503:. Latinamericanstudies.org 2424:. Llmc.com. Archived from 2380:. Llmc.com. Archived from 2354:. Llmc.com. Archived from 2328:. Llmc.com. Archived from 1973:On December 11, 2012, the 1856:Young Democrats of America 1607: 1601: 1461:approved by the President 1385:boycotted the plebiscite. 1337: 1030:in English—and raised the 854:on May 31, 1937, in which 699:annexation as a U.S. state 618:, advised by a cabinet of 361:Citizen's Victory Movement 167:26th Senate of Puerto Rico 107:Fiscal agent and financing 57:United States Constitution 5850:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 5768: 5642: 5564: 5550: 5289: 5209: 5127: 5074: 5065: 5000: 4991: 4899: 4890: 4814: 4779: 4770: 4757: 4750: 4650:El Yunque National Forest 4588: 4579: 4527: 4446: 4437: 4355: 4334: 4313: 4285: 4144: 4101: 4080: 4044: 3956:October 25, 2008, at the 2726:. electionspuertorico.org 2181:www.puertorico-herald.org 1354:Constitutional Convention 1264:The PNP won the seat for 670:Partido Nuevo Progresista 476:Proposed political status 185:Larry Seilhamer Rodríguez 5870:Turks and Caicos Islands 5584:Northern Mariana Islands 5147:Buildings and structures 4217:Partido Republicano Puro 4182:Partido Acción Cristiana 4062:Popular Democratic Party 2953:The Puerto Rican Soldier 2111: 2096:Elections in Puerto Rico 2014:Popular Democratic Party 1720:Popular Democratic Party 1580:Middle Eastern conflicts 1494:through the federal law 1321:Popular Democratic Party 1299: 1278:Alejandro García Padilla 1259: 1250:House of Representatives 1246:Popular Democratic Party 1169: 1042:.</ref> See also: 927:Popular Democratic Party 879:Popular Democratic Party 861:Felisa Rincon de Gautier 775:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón 373:Political party strength 351:Popular Democratic Party 267:Gabriel Rodríguez Aguiló 236:House of Representatives 62:Puerto Rico Constitution 5896:Politics of Puerto Rico 4655:Toro Negro State Forest 4347:Politics of Puerto Rico 4172:Liberal Reformist Party 3579:. JURIST – Paper Chase. 3141:Taxation in Puerto Rico 2474:"Over 200 were wounded" 2177:"puertorico-herald.org" 2002:International Community 1916:U.S. Justice Department 1798:Miguel Hernández Agosto 1435:administrative autonomy 1288:. On November 8, 2016, 1282:Governor of Puerto Rico 1186:. The PPD also elected 1115:The fifth governor was 1109:Navieras of Puerto Rico 1044:Holidays in Puerto Rico 891:Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos 727:model developed by the 597:international community 565:politics of Puerto Rico 203:Ángel Chayanne Martínez 172:President of the Senate 23:Politics of Puerto Rico 5800:British Virgin Islands 4300:Alianza Puertorriqueña 4277:Working People's Party 3978:Bandera Roja Newspaper 3055:Pitzer, Kurt. (2013). 2315:. Accessed 2009-10-09. 2281:Alfredo Lopez (1987). 1946:On June 15, 2009, the 1780:primary and President 1689:United States Congress 1678:presidential elections 1159:Edison Misla Aldarondo 1145:Rafael Hernández Colón 1094:Rafael Hernández Colón 931:Pan, Tierra y Libertad 865:Ernesto Ramos Antonini 832:Alianza Puertorriqueña 822:and the pro-statehood 576:United States Congress 416:Federal representation 122:Office of the Governor 5740:Saint Kitts and Nevis 5023:Operation "Bootstrap" 4974:Shadow representation 4969:Resident Commissioner 4927:Independence movement 4871:Unexpected snake eel 4484:Migration to New York 4479:Immigration to Hawaii 4081:National affiliations 4057:New Progressive Party 3913:. September 28, 2023. 3911:www.wicker-senate.gov 3283:on September 25, 2007 3121:on September 29, 2006 2852:Torres v. Puerto Rico 2839:Torres v. Puerto Rico 2523:Five Years of Tyranny 1979:concurrent resolution 1937:New Progressive Party 1802:Carlos Romero Barceló 1794:Carlos Romero Barceló 1749:Franklin Delano López 1716:New Progressive Party 1658:Internal Revenue Code 1525:Torres v. Puerto Rico 1437:similar to that of a 1242:New Progressive Party 1227:San Juan, Puerto Rico 1117:Carlos Romero Barceló 1055:New Progressive Party 1028:Free Associated State 1024:Estado Libre Asociado 1008:, plus the attack on 781:, also with them was 697:embraced the idea of 649:body consisting of a 393:Mayors in Puerto Rico 346:New Progressive Party 194:Carmelo Ríos Santiago 181:President pro tempore 102:Executive departments 4937:Legislative Assembly 4855:Puerto Rican amazon 4272:Union of Puerto Rico 3895:. December 15, 2022. 3773:on February 16, 2008 3556:on December 17, 2014 3378:Independence Hearing 3322:on February 16, 2008 3246:on November 27, 2009 2967:"Mosdesto Cartagena" 2791:on December 22, 2015 2611:on January 15, 2013. 2536:Congressional Record 2499:Antonio de la Cova. 2428:on December 14, 2010 2410:on January 12, 2012. 2384:on December 14, 2010 2358:on December 14, 2010 2332:on December 14, 2010 1786:Edward "Ted" Kennedy 1516:Fourteenth Amendment 1393:International status 1180:Antonio Fas Alzamora 836:Félix Córdova Dávila 755:territory of Orleans 584:Spanish–American War 176:Thomas Rivera Schatz 5755:Trinidad and Tobago 5650:Antigua and Barbuda 5594:U.S. Virgin Islands 4824:Elfin woods warbler 3869:on October 29, 2008 3843:on January 10, 2008 3513:on January 19, 2012 3215:on November 7, 2007 3189:on November 9, 2007 2923:on November 4, 2009 2556:on January 12, 2012 2480:on January 12, 2012 2454:on January 12, 2012 2006:organized territory 1893:Recent developments 1624:U.S. Virgin Islands 1195:Aníbal Acevedo Vilá 1188:Aníbal Acevedo Vilá 1176:Sila María Calderón 1106:was bought to form 808:Luis Lloréns Torres 524:Politics portal 254:Speaker pro tempore 5690:Dominican Republic 5038:Telecommunications 4962:Statehood movement 4837:Mona ground iguana 4716:Puerto Rico Trench 4687:Isleta de San Juan 4474:Jones–Shafroth Act 4464:Intentona de Yauco 4001:The World Factbook 3968:Puerto Rico Senate 3813:on October 3, 2008 3675:Puerto Rico Report 3382:Puerto Rico Herald 3022:The New York Times 2947:2006-08-25 at the 2530:2012-01-12 at the 2064:Puerto Rico portal 1920:Territorial Clause 1864:Francisco Domenech 1860:Francisco Domenech 1840:Kenneth McClintock 1816:are statehooders. 1814:Francisco Domenech 1810:Kenneth McClintock 1520:U.S. Supreme Court 1508:Due Process Clause 1475:fundamental rights 1447:Jones–Shafroth Act 1315:won seats. In the 1236:(PNP) was elected 1207:Kenneth McClintock 1184:Carlos Vizcarrondo 980:In the 1950s, the 820:Antonio R. Barceló 812:Independence Party 804:Manuel Zeno Gandía 777:in organizing the 769:exiled himself to 759:Louisiana Purchase 695:José Celso Barbosa 639:head of government 431:Jenniffer González 258:José Torres Zamora 127:Transition process 117:Line of succession 5883: 5882: 5772:other territories 5602: 5601: 5245: 5244: 5205: 5204: 5061: 5060: 4987: 4986: 4952:Political parties 4886: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4847:Opalescent grunt 4746: 4745: 4726:Grande de Arecibo 4575: 4574: 4393: 4392: 4067:Proyecto Dignidad 3619:National Archives 3356:978-1-4387-8149-5 3163:on April 22, 2009 3066:978-1-58843-796-9 2294:978-0-89608-257-1 1903:U.S. Constitution 1774:George H. W. Bush 1699:, since both the 1541:George H. W. Bush 1514:guarantee of the 1483:U.S. Constitution 1032:Puerto Rican flag 561: 560: 410:Federal relations 341:Political Parties 276:Urayoán Hernández 5903: 5840:Saint Barthélemy 5770:Dependencies and 5643:Sovereign states 5629: 5622: 5615: 5606: 5605: 5558:Washington, D.C. 5552:Federal district 5272: 5265: 5258: 5249: 5248: 5225: 5218: 5072: 5071: 5013: 4998: 4997: 4957:Political status 4907: 4897: 4896: 4874: 4866: 4858: 4850: 4832: 4777: 4776: 4755: 4754: 4586: 4585: 4514:Military history 4444: 4443: 4420: 4413: 4406: 4397: 4396: 4383: 4382: 4373: 4363: 4362: 4252:Republican Union 4152:Autonomist Party 4093:Republican Party 4088:Democratic Party 4031: 4024: 4017: 4008: 4007: 3929: 3928: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3865:. Archived from 3859: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3790: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3772: 3766:. Archived from 3765: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3718: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3687: 3678: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3651: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3630: 3622: 3616: 3614: 3608: 3595: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3552:. Archived from 3546: 3540: 3539: 3533: 3525: 3520: 3518: 3498: 3489: 3488: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3463:on March 8, 2008 3459:. Archived from 3453: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3434: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3400: 3394: 3391: 3385: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3343: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3321: 3314: 3306: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3282: 3275: 3267: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3242:. Archived from 3231: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3211:. Archived from 3205: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3185:. Archived from 3179: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3159:. Archived from 3153: 3147: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3095:on June 10, 2009 3091:. Archived from 3085: 3079: 3078: 3052: 3046: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2991:"City of Lorain" 2987: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2971: 2962: 2956: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2922: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2890: 2883: 2873: 2864: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2847: 2841: 2836: 2827: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2817: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2790: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2751: 2745: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2720: 2714: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2672: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2607:. Archived from 2597: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2546: 2540: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2444: 2438: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2406:. Archived from 2400: 2394: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2322: 2316: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2278: 2272: 2264: 2258: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2222:on June 10, 2009 2218:. Archived from 2212: 2206: 2205: 2203: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2157:on July 23, 2019 2156: 2149: 2141: 2125: 2122: 2080: 2075: 2074: 2066: 2061: 2060: 2059: 2030:State Department 2022:Condoleezza Rice 1784:beating Senator 1744:Democratic Party 1740:Republican Party 1705:Democratic Party 1701:Republican Party 1512:equal protection 1334:Political status 1290:Ricardo Rosselló 1155:Washington, D.C. 923:Luis Muñoz Marín 856:Luis Muñoz Marín 710:Autonomist Party 553: 546: 539: 522: 521: 464:Political status 285:Tatito Hernández 229:José Luis Dalmau 34: 18: 17: 5911: 5910: 5906: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5886: 5885: 5884: 5879: 5773: 5771: 5764: 5638: 5633: 5603: 5598: 5560: 5546: 5285: 5276: 5246: 5241: 5228: 5221: 5214: 5201: 5192:Public holidays 5123: 5057: 5011: 4983: 4905: 4878: 4872: 4864: 4856: 4848: 4830: 4810: 4766: 4742: 4731:Grande de Loiza 4667:Caja de Muertos 4571: 4523: 4519:Women's history 4433: 4424: 4394: 4389: 4375:Politics portal 4351: 4330: 4309: 4295:Alianza de País 4281: 4257:Socialist Party 4145:Defunct parties 4140: 4124:Socialist Front 4109:Communist Party 4097: 4076: 4040: 4035: 3990:Wayback Machine 3958:Wayback Machine 3937: 3932: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3872: 3870: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3846: 3844: 3831: 3830: 3826: 3816: 3814: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3784: 3783: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3763: 3761:"Archived copy" 3759: 3758: 3754: 3744: 3742: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3722: 3720: 3716: 3710: 3706: 3696: 3694: 3689: 3688: 3681: 3669: 3665: 3655: 3653: 3652:. December 2012 3649: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3624: 3623: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3593: 3591:"Archived copy" 3589: 3588: 3584: 3573: 3569: 3559: 3557: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3527: 3526: 3516: 3514: 3499: 3492: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3466: 3464: 3455: 3454: 3447: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3409: 3407: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3376: 3372: 3357: 3345: 3344: 3335: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3308: 3307: 3296: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3269: 3268: 3259: 3249: 3247: 3232: 3228: 3218: 3216: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3192: 3190: 3181: 3180: 3176: 3166: 3164: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3138: 3134: 3124: 3122: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3098: 3096: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3067: 3053: 3049: 3040: 3036: 3026: 3024: 3014: 3010: 3000: 2998: 2997:on May 20, 2011 2989: 2988: 2984: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2963: 2959: 2949:Wayback Machine 2940: 2936: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2908: 2907: 2903: 2894: 2892: 2891:on May 10, 2011 2888: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2867: 2858: 2856: 2849: 2848: 2844: 2837: 2830: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2776: 2775: 2771: 2762: 2760: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2739: 2729: 2727: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2708: 2704: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2666: 2665: 2658: 2656: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2632: 2630: 2627:www.nbcnews.com 2621: 2620: 2616: 2605:div1.ceepur.org 2599: 2598: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2559: 2557: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2532:Wayback Machine 2520: 2516: 2506: 2504: 2497: 2493: 2483: 2481: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2457: 2455: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2431: 2429: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2387: 2385: 2376: 2375: 2371: 2361: 2359: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2335: 2333: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2306: 2302: 2295: 2279: 2275: 2265: 2261: 2251: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2225: 2223: 2214: 2213: 2209: 2201: 2193: 2192: 2188: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2147: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2078:Politics portal 2076: 2069: 2062: 2057: 2055: 2052: 1995:Pedro Pierluisi 1981:to request the 1960:Pedro Pierluisi 1895: 1883:Grover Norquist 1852:Hillary Clinton 1761:Hamilton Jordan 1755:to that year's 1736: 1612: 1606: 1600: 1504:Harry S. Truman 1463:Harry S. Truman 1427: 1411:Charter from UN 1395: 1342: 1336: 1309:Pedro Pierluisi 1302: 1274:Pedro Pierluisi 1262: 1172: 1167: 1079:U.S. Government 1051: 942:Jesús T. Piñero 920: 903:Blanton Winship 743: 738: 691: 686: 557: 528: 516: 503: 502: 466: 456: 455: 411: 403: 402: 388: 378: 377: 366:Proyect Dignity 331: 323: 322: 313: 303: 302: 294:Ramón Luis Cruz 281:Minority Leader 263:Majority Leader 208:Minority Leader 190:Majority Leader 149: 139: 138: 82: 72: 71: 67:Puerto Rico law 52: 25: 12: 11: 5: 5909: 5899: 5898: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5860:Sint Eustatius 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5805:Cayman Islands 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5776: 5774: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5646: 5644: 5640: 5639: 5632: 5631: 5624: 5617: 5609: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5574:American Samoa 5570: 5568: 5562: 5561: 5556: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5492:South Carolina 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5457:North Carolina 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5286: 5275: 5274: 5267: 5260: 5252: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5239: 5234: 5227: 5226: 5219: 5211: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5162:Colloquialisms 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5133: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5007: 5001: 4995: 4989: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4965: 4964: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4884: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4876: 4868: 4860: 4852: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4826: 4820: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4797: 4796: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4748: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4739: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4718: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4694:Municipalities 4691: 4690: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4677:Isla de Cabras 4674: 4669: 4659: 4658: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4637: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4615: 4614: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4601:Bahía de Ponce 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4533: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4459:Grito de Lares 4456: 4450: 4448: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4423: 4422: 4415: 4408: 4400: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4387: 4377: 4367: 4356: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4349: 4344: 4338: 4336: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4328: 4323: 4317: 4315: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4291: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4227:People's Party 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4148: 4146: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4138: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4095: 4090: 4084: 4082: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4041: 4034: 4033: 4026: 4019: 4011: 4005: 4004: 3997: 3992: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3948: 3943: 3936: 3935:External links 3933: 3931: 3930: 3916: 3898: 3880: 3854: 3824: 3798: 3752: 3730: 3704: 3679: 3663: 3638: 3599:whitehouse.gov 3582: 3567: 3541: 3490: 3474: 3445: 3417: 3395: 3386: 3370: 3355: 3333: 3294: 3257: 3226: 3200: 3174: 3148: 3132: 3106: 3080: 3065: 3047: 3043:New York Times 3034: 3008: 2982: 2957: 2934: 2901: 2865: 2842: 2828: 2802: 2769: 2746: 2737: 2715: 2702: 2680: 2640: 2614: 2592: 2567: 2541: 2514: 2491: 2465: 2439: 2413: 2395: 2369: 2343: 2317: 2300: 2293: 2273: 2259: 2245: 2233: 2207: 2186: 2168: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2116: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2067: 2051: 2048: 2035: 2034: 2010:plenary powers 1956:H.R. 2499 1908:United Nations 1894: 1891: 1842:, former Sen. 1735: 1732: 1728:George W. Bush 1684: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1674: 1664: 1661: 1654: 1628:American Samoa 1602:Main article: 1599: 1596: 1584:Medal of Honor 1534:Bill of Rights 1496:48 U.S.C. 1451:Woodrow Wilson 1426: 1423: 1403:Resolution 748 1394: 1391: 1338:Main article: 1335: 1332: 1317:2020 elections 1306:2020 elections 1301: 1298: 1261: 1258: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1151:Pedro Rosselló 1121:26 U.S.C. 1083:Los Macheteros 1050: 1047: 984:denounced the 919: 916: 912:Ponce massacre 907:National Guard 828:José Tous Soto 742: 739: 737: 734: 690: 687: 685: 682: 603:relationship. 593:United Nations 586:, politics in 559: 558: 556: 555: 548: 541: 533: 530: 529: 527: 526: 514: 508: 505: 504: 501: 500: 499: 498: 493: 488: 483: 473: 471:Current status 467: 462: 461: 458: 457: 454: 453: 448: 447: 446: 445: 444: 443: 442: 412: 409: 408: 405: 404: 401: 400: 395: 389: 386:Municipalities 384: 383: 380: 379: 376: 375: 370: 369: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 338: 332: 329: 328: 325: 324: 321: 320: 314: 309: 308: 305: 304: 301: 300: 299: 298: 297: 296: 287: 278: 269: 260: 251: 233: 232: 231: 222: 212:Eduardo Bhatia 205: 196: 187: 178: 150: 145: 144: 141: 140: 137: 136: 131: 130: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 97:Chief of Staff 94: 83: 78: 77: 74: 73: 70: 69: 64: 59: 53: 44: 43: 40: 39: 36: 35: 27: 26: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5908: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5767: 5761: 5760:United States 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5630: 5625: 5623: 5618: 5616: 5611: 5610: 5607: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5553: 5549: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5532:West Virginia 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5437:New Hampshire 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5397:Massachusetts 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5273: 5268: 5266: 5261: 5259: 5254: 5253: 5250: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5224: 5220: 5217: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 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