Politics of Saudi Arabia

926: 1249:, National Guard Minister Miteb bin Abdullah and Economy and Planning Minister Adel Fakeih. The official line is that the purge was in response to corrupt practices by the accused and that the anti-corruption committee has the right to issue arrest warrants, impose travel restrictions and freeze bank accounts. It is also empowered to investigate financials and freeze assets until cases are decided on. The Royal proclamation further said, "due to the propensity of some people for abuse, putting their interest above public interest, and stealing public funds." 5912: 293: 34: 1604:), which in turn are divided into numerous districts. Regional governors are appointed, usually from the royal family, and preside over one or more municipal councils, half of whose members are appointed and half elected. The governors are responsible for such functions as finance, health, education, agriculture, and municipalities. The consultative principle operates at all levels of government, including the government of villages and tribes. The governors act as regional "mini-kings", sitting in 308: 6641: 657: 1387: 947:, which comprises the first and second deputy prime ministers (usually the first and second in line to the throne respectively), 23 ministers with portfolio, and five ministers of state. The king makes appointments to and dismissals from the council, which is responsible for such executive and administrative matters as foreign and domestic policy, defense, finance, health, and education, administered through numerous separate agencies. There is also a 150-member 7129: 1191:

ash-Sheikh's authority in religious matters and upholding and propagating Wahhabi doctrine. In return, the Al ash-Sheikh support the Al Saud's political authority thereby using its religious-moral authority to legitimize the royal family's rule. Although the Al ash Sheikh's domination of the ulama has diminished in recent decades, they still hold the most important religious posts and are closely linked to the Al Saud by a high degree of intermarriage.

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and holy men made their opinions felt through `golden lists` of religiously approved candidates, sent out to voters on their cell phones... The vote also provided statistical backing for the analysis that informed observers had long maintained – that for all their faults, and quite contrary to their stereotypical reputation, the House of Saud provided a minority force pushing for Western secular change in a Kingdom of largely retrograde caution.

1412:. In many ways, the approach to government differs little from the traditional system of tribal rule. Tribal identity remains strong and, outside the royal family, political influence is frequently determined by tribal affiliation, with tribal sheiks maintaining a considerable degree of influence over local and national events. In recent years there have been limited steps to widen political participation, such as the establishment of the 1870:

rulers still see themselves in a parental role, much like a sheikh of a tribe who is in close touch with the concerns of his tribesmen and keeps those concerns in balance. For so long a time, a relatively benign monarchy has ruled over this populace that it has become used to being looked after in this manner. Therefore, until recently, calls for a more open, representative political system did not win wide support.

1013:). Prince Fahd was a talented administrator who initiated significant industrial development in the Kingdom. He was regarded by many as the "father of the country's modernization". However, during the last 10 years of his reign, ill health prevented him from fully functioning. In the absence of a king who could provide strong central leadership, the state structure began to fragment and the country stagnated. 2717:

Al Saud – on behalf of the people and behalf of the ever-expanding royal family. ... The Majlis Ash-Shura, appointed by the king to `represent` the people has no role in the budget formation. Fully 40% of the budget that is disclosed publicly is labeled `Other sectors` (including defense, security, intelligence, and direct investment of the kingdom's revenues outside the country) and is opaque to the public.

951:, appointed by the King, which can propose legislation to the King but has no legislative powers itself, including no role in budget formation. The government budget itself is not fully disclosed to the public. "Fully 40%" ... is labeled 'Other sectors' (including defense, security, intelligence, direct investment of the kingdom's revenues outside the country, and how much goes directly to the royal family). 1127:(the body of Islamic religious leaders and jurists) is derived from the central role of religion in Saudi society. It has been said that Islam is more than a religion, it is a way of life in Saudi Arabia, and, as a result, the influence of the ulama is pervasive. Saudi Arabia is almost unique in giving the ulama a direct role in government, the only other example being 829: 1627:, the number of registered voters did not exceed 18% of those eligible to vote, representing only 2% of the city's population. There was evidence of much greater interest in the Shia community of the Eastern Province. Women will be allowed to vote beginning in 2012, as King Abdullah announced in the opening speech of the new term of the Shura Council. 1043:. The key ministries have historically been reserved for the royal family, as are the thirteen regional governorships. With the large number of family members seeking well-paying jobs, critics complain that even "middle management" jobs in the Kingdom are out of reach for non-royal Saudis, limiting upward mobility and incentive for commoners to excel. 1651:. Candidates with "Western sympathies or any suspicion of secularism" lost out heavily to "hardline conservatives who were endorsed by the local religious establishment." This demonstrated to some that rather than being a conservative force holding back the country, the royal family was more progressive than the Saudi population as a whole. 991:) was a "modernist" who favored economic, technological and governmental progress but was also politically and religiously conservative. He directed the country's rapid economic and bureaucratic development of the early 1970s, but also made concessions to the religious establishment, and abandoned plans to broaden political participation. 1582:. No political reforms were announced as part of the package, though some prisoners indicted for financial crimes were pardoned. On 18 March the same year, King Abdullah announced a package of $ 93 billion, which included 500,000 new homes to a cost of $ 67 billion, in addition to creating 60,000 new security jobs. 1115:

Al Faisal is one of the strongest supporters of political and social reform. For example, he (as well as King Abdullah) has spoken in favor of women having the right to vote, to follow the career path they wish and to be able to drive a car. Women would be able to vote in municipal elections beginning in 2012.

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Al Saud family members hold all the key jobs, not just at the top but right down through middle management, even to regional managers (the governors of all 13 Saudi provinces are princes). At the bottom of the company, ordinary employees are poorly paid and even more poorly trained because management

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When the Saudi budget is published every year, no less than 40 percent (166.9 billion riyals in the budget for 2008) is labeled `Other sectors`, which includes defense, national security, intelligence, direct investment outside the country, and most interesting of all, how much of the national pie is

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Saudi Arabia is not totalitarian. Travel outside the country is common, political crimes and violence are rare, people are not in constant fear of the police, and the state does not try to take over all existing organizations, such as philanthropic, religious, commercial, and industrial groups. Saudi

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Outside the House of Al Saud, participation in the political process is limited to a relatively small segment of the population and takes the form of the royal family consulting with the ulama, tribal sheiks and members of important commercial families on major decisions. This process is not reported

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in the United States, perpetrated mostly by Saudi nationals, Prince Nayef was strongly criticized by the U.S. for his reaction. It also took pressure from within the royal family for him to launch a hunt for Islamist militants who had attacked Western targets in Saudi Arabia. By contrast, Prince Saud

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All revenue, whether from oil, earnings on the country's $ 400 billion in foreign reserves, or even traffic fines, flows into the central government in Riyadh – that is, to the royal family. No accounting is given to the public of either total revenues to the Al Saud coffers or total spending by the

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In September 1993, King Fahd issued additional reform decrees, appointing the members of the National Consultative Council and spelling out procedures for the new council's operations. He announced reforms to the Council of Ministers, including term limitations of 4 years and regulations to prohibit

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attacks in 2001, there has been mounting pressure to reform and modernize the royal family's rule, an agenda championed by King Abdullah both before and after his accession in 2005. The creation of the Consultative Council in the early 1990s did not satisfy demands for political participation, and,

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The results of the voting proved the truth of what Fahd once prophesied about elections – it was usually the religious who won. Candidates with Western sympathies or any suspicion of secularism lost out heavily to hardline conservatives who were endorsed by the local religious establishment. Imams

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Abdullah was already the first Saudi ruler to have presided over elections. Admittedly the voting, held in the spring of 2005, was only for local, virtually powerless municipal councils – and then for only half the seats on those; women were not allowed to stand for office or to vote. But the male

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was created to regulate the succession. In 2009, the king made significant personnel changes to the government by appointing reformers to key positions and the first woman to a ministerial post. However, the changes have been criticized as being too slow or merely cosmetic, and the royal family is

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leader of Saudi Arabia, Mohammed bin Salman. The NAP is the first formalized political opposition in King Salman's rule. The country's Basic Law bans the formation of political parties and sanctions sedition and condemnation of the king with long jail terms. The founding members of the National

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In the absence of national elections and political parties, politics in Saudi Arabia takes place in two distinct arenas: within the royal family, the Al Saud, and between the royal family and the rest of Saudi society. The royal family is politically divided by factions based on clan loyalties,

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The membership of the Consultative Council was expanded from 60 to 90 members in July 1997, to 120 in May 2001, and to 150 members in 2005. Membership has changed significantly during each expansion of the council, as many members have not been reappointed. The role of the council is gradually

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in the Kingdom, including the legalization of political parties. Other analysts of the Saudi political scene were more skeptical. Islamist candidates, often businessmen, did well, but in practice had little real power. In 2009, promised new elections and hopes for female suffrage in them were

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The royal family dominates the political system. The family's vast numbers allow it to hold most of the kingdom's important posts and to have an involvement and presence at all levels of government. The number of princes is estimated to be anything from 7,000 upwards, with the most power and

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which is today dominant in Saudi Arabia. The family is second in prestige only to the Al Saud (the royal family) with whom they formed a "mutual support pact" and power-sharing arrangement nearly 300 years ago. The pact, which persists to this day, is based on the Al Saud maintaining the Al

804:, which has often been divided by internal disputes and into factions. The members of the family are the principal political actors allowed by the government. Political participation outside the royal family is limited. Saudi Arabia is one of only four countries (the other being 1332:

In March 2021, more than 240 people were arrested in Saudi Arabia for corruption. Employees from the ministries of interior, health, municipal and rural affairs and housing, education, and human resources and social development, customs and the postal story were arrested.

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On 15 March 2020, Saudi Arabia conducted another mass-detention campaign and arrested 298 government employees out of the 674 people investigated on suspicion of corruption. The detainees included current and retired military officers, security officers under the

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electorate got the change to eat large quantities of mutton for three weeks since Saudi electioneering proved to revolve around lamb and tents ... the candidate held court, inviting voters inside and plying them with mountains of rice and whole roasted sheep.

958:, in practice major policy decisions are made outside these formal governmental structures and not solely by the king. Decisions are made by establishing a consensus within the royal family (comprising the numerous descendants of the kingdom's founder, 1162:

radicals. The government's response to the crisis included strengthening the ulama's powers and increasing their financial support: in particular, they were given greater control over the education system and allowed to enforce stricter observance of

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Since 2011, Saudi Arabia has been affected by its own Arab Spring protests. In response, King Abdullah announced on 22 February 2011 a series of benefits for citizens amounting to $ 36 billion, of which $ 10.7 billion was earmarked for

1110:, the Foreign Minister. Prince Nayef was personally committed to maintaining Saudi Arabia's conservative Wahhabi values. Of the senior princes, he was probably the least comfortable with King Abdullah's desire for reform. Following the 1377:

Politics in Saudi Arabia, outside the royal family, can be examined in three contexts: the extent to which the royal family allows political participation by the wider Saudi society, opposition to the regime, and Islamist terrorism.

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By the 1970s, as a result of oil wealth and the modernization of the country initiated by King Faisal, important changes to Saudi society were under way and the power of the ulama was in decline. However, this changed following

912:" was created, comprising King Abdulaziz's surviving sons plus a son of each of his deceased sons, to determine who will be the heir apparent (the Crown Prince) after the previous heir apparent dies or accedes to the throne. 880:, the Saudi government was the eighteenth-most authoritarian regime among the 167 countries rated in 2022, being at it lowest score in 2012 and at its highest from 2020 to 2022. Government is dominated by the royal family. 2258: 1461:

in a rare display of protest against the city's poor infrastructure after deadly floods swept through the city, killing eleven people. Police stopped the demonstration after about 15 minutes and arrested 30 to 50 people.

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was announced that would allow selected professionals and intellectuals to publicly debate current national issues, within certain prescribed parameters. In 2005, the first municipal elections were held. In 2007, the

1207:', to do business as well as patronage systems. The Saudi government and the royal family have often, and over many years, been accused of corruption. In a country that is said to "belong" to the royal family and is 1634:

orientation, a liberal agenda or reliant on tribal status. The Islamist candidates tended to be backed by public figures and the religious establishment and won most of the seats in the Saudi cities such as Riyadh,

6117: 2477: 1759: 1024:) was seen as a reformer and introduced economic reforms (limited deregulation, encouragement of foreign investment, and privatization) and made modernizing changes to the judiciary and government ministries. 499: 1496:

members were exiled in the US, Britain, and elsewhere at the time of the party's launch from London. The opposition party aims to bring democracy as a form of government in the absolute monarchy and oust the

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is responsible to determine the new King and the new Crown Prince. All citizens of full age have a right to attend, meet, and petition the king directly through the traditional tribal meeting known as the

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issued several decrees outlining the basic statutes of government and codifying royal succession for the first time. The King's political reform program also provided for the establishment of a national

5180: 4052: 1211:, the lines between state assets and the personal wealth of senior princes are blurred. The corruption has been described as systemic and endemic, and its existence was acknowledged and defended by 5599: 4651: 4250: 5347: 1620:

were held. The elections for "virtually powerless" municipal councils were for half the seats (half of each council's seats were appointed). Women were not allowed to stand for office or to vote.

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Not only is royal succession subject to the approval of the ulama, so are all new laws (royal decrees). The ulama have also influenced major executive decisions, for example the imposition of the

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Although corruption allegations have often been limited to broad undocumented accusations, specific allegations were made in 2007, when it was claimed that the British defence contractor

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on 5 November, 11 princes and dozens of former ministers were detained in a new anti-corruption probe in Saudi Arabia. Among those detained include prominent billionaire investor Prince

3684: 2944: 2454: 1095:', comprising the late King Fahd and his full brothers and their descendants. Ideological divisions include issues over the speed and direction of reform, and whether the role of the 5369: 2421: 1682:, with appointed members having advisory powers to review and give advice on issues of public interest. It also outlined a framework for councils at the provincial or emirate level. 943:

The king combines legislative, executive, and judicial functions and royal decrees form the basis of the country's legislation. The king is also the prime minister and presides over

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In 2005, candidates tended to be local businessmen, activists, and professionals. Although political parties were not permitted, it was possible to identify candidates as having an

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In 2007, a Saudi commentator noted that the municipal councils were proving to be powerless. Nevertheless, the elections represented an important step in modernizing the regime.

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doesn't want an initiative that might threaten its control. ... Nor surprisingly, the Saudi employees of such a stultifying company are sullen, resentful and unmotivated.

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conflict of interest for ministers and other high-level officials. The members of 13 provincial councils and the councils' operating regulations were also announced.

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country's constitution. There is no legally binding written constitution and the Qur'an and the Sunna remain subject to interpretation. This is carried out by the

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by the Saudi media. In theory, all males of the age of majority have a right to petition the king directly through the traditional tribal meeting known as the

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ruler of Saudi Arabia. Under his rule, he has centralized policymaking, purged competing political elites, and dismantled pre-existing power-sharing dynamics.

213: 4770: 4745: 4337: 1056:. He was a commoner and immensely powerful, which meant he was despised by most royals, especially the Sideris, who sacked him as soon as the old king died. 5317: 5591: 5287: 5339: 4643: 4621: 4500: 4242: 6687: 5057: 4591: 5079: 1457:. However, open protest against the government, even if peaceful, is not tolerated. On 29 January 2011, hundreds of protesters gathered in the city of 694: 6377: 6362: 4800: 4414: 3503: 1956: 1919: 1886: 1473:. Salman was accused of funding extremism in the UK, committing human rights abuses domestically, and breaching international humanitarian law in 2703: 1453:). Of these, the Islamic activists have been the most prominent threat to the regime and have in recent years perpetrated a number of violent or 5257: 7094: 3936: 969:

As an absolute monarchy, the personality and capabilities of the reigning monarch influence the politics and national policies of the country.

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took steps to rein back the powers of the ulama, for instance transferring their control over girls' education to the Ministry of Education.

3676: 2936: 1150:. It plays a major role in the judicial and education systems and has a monopoly of authority in the sphere of religious and social morals. 5377: 2974: 2550: 2411: 980:) was considered incompetent and extravagant and his reign led to an economic and political crisis that resulted in his forced abdication. 784:

is declared as the official constitution of the country. The kingdom's governance is officially proclaimed to be conducted on the basis of

6421: 6250: 2589: 620: 616: 5015: 4674: 1481:, where millions are on the verge of famine. Later that year, he was criticized by many other countries after Saudi American journalist 6579: 5840: 3367: 2003: 1454: 588: 5227: 4933: 3307: 2284: 1585:

The lack of critical thought in the education system has been cited by some as the reason why fewer protests occurred in the Kingdom.

6635: 5716: 3474: 1372: 1136: 857: 271: 4153: 2320: 6634: 6612: 6282: 6042: 5937: 3116: 2040: 860:, the Saudi religious establishment, although the power of the religious establishment has been significantly eroded in the 2010s. 554: 438: 2499: 1588:

Saudi Arabia and other GCC countries also sent some policemen to Bahrain to assist police clampdown on protesters within Bahrain.

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Long term political and government appointments result in the creation of "power fiefdoms" for senior princes. Examples include:

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On 24 September 2020, a group of dissidents from Saudi Arabia announced the launch of a political party in opposition to

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should be increased or reduced. There were also divisions within the family over who should succeed Crown Prince Sultan.

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for 2010 gave Saudi Arabia a score of 4.4 (on a scale from 0 to 10 where 0 is "highly corrupt" and 10 is "very clean").

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Bligh, Alexander (1985). "The Saudi religious elite (Ulama) as participant in the political system of the kingdom".

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constitution adopted by royal decree in 1992, the king must comply with Sharia (that is, Islamic law) and the

6853: 6179: 5967: 4311: 1107: 628: 7099: 6404: 6350: 6245: 6194: 6174: 6090: 6062: 6032: 5813: 1952: 1882: 1425: 1264: 1235: 1226:. Prince Bandar denied the allegations. Investigations by both US and UK authorities resulted, in 2010, in 1064: 758: 567: 484: 451: 355: 7058: 6963: 6444: 6384: 6220: 6127: 6095: 5896: 4303: 1853:

Schlager, Weisblatt, Neil, Jayne; A. Faksh, Hendrickson, Mahmud, Mary (2006). "Kingdom of Saudi Arabia".

1275: 1103: 643: 494: 4792: 4422: 3491: 2412:"Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman says Israel has 'right' to homeland | DW | 03.04.2018" 966:(religious scholars), leading tribal sheiks, and heads of prominent commercial families are considered. 6469: 6340: 6262: 1754: 1696:

took place in 2005 and some journalists saw this as a first tentative step towards the introduction of

1442: 1429: 1231: 1179: 745:(until the mid-2010s), tribal leaders and other traditional elites of the society. Saudi government is 2687: 7068: 6409: 6372: 6367: 6302: 6112: 6080: 6070: 5962: 5920: 5261: 5019: 1795: 1597: 1531: 1212: 1208: 773: 594: 517: 469: 321: 264: 65: 7013: 6933: 6785: 6761: 6515: 6503: 6486: 6399: 6335: 6184: 6141: 5972: 5526:

Inside the Kingdom : Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia

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The King's Messenger. Prince Bandar bin Sultan and America's Tangled Relationship with Saudi Arabia

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Inside the Kingdom : Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia

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agreements with the company, by which it paid $ 447 million in fines but did not admit to bribery.

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personal ambitions and ideological differences. The most powerful clan faction is known as the '

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Inside the Kingdom: Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia

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contains many characteristics of what might be called a constitution in other countries. The

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The Basic Law specifies that the king must be chosen from among the sons of the first king,

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called for the revelation of the legal and evidentiary basis for each person's detention.

1290:, health officials and judges. The mass-detention raised human rights concerns, where the 925: 737:. Decisions are, to a large extent, made on the basis of consultation among the King, the 8: 7083: 7028: 6943: 6923: 6808: 6798: 6754: 6593: 5712: 3268: 3077: 2504: 2313: 1644: 1466: 1310: 1267: 1246: 913: 750: 661: 411: 369: 361: 3108: 2030: 1282:, and his younger brother, to eliminate the risk of potential successors of the throne. 7073: 7008: 6973: 6908: 6888: 6878: 6838: 6823: 6818: 6702: 6661: 6277: 6149: 6002: 5881: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5524: 5426: 4894: 3960: 3897: 3877: 3809: 2731: 2172: 2134: 1946: 1913: 1876: 1742: 1728: 1697: 1523: 1352: 1291: 1279: 1047: 909: 789: 734: 383: 186: 156: 1449:; and long-standing tribal and regional particularistic opponents (for example in the 7138: 7114: 7033: 6993: 6968: 6948: 6883: 6858: 6848: 6833: 6439: 5876: 5871: 5738: 5622: 5535: 5472: 5464: 5437: 5404: 5205:"Saudi ruler offers $ 36bn to stave off uprising amid warning oil price could double" 4963: 4901: 4872: 4715: 4707: 4391: 4370: 4283: 4221: 4196: 4159: 4132: 4114: 4090: 4072: 4031: 4013: 3995: 3971: 3908: 3881: 3840: 3795: 3767: 3736: 3711: 3655: 3644: 3619: 3591: 3566: 3530: 3455: 3430: 3394: 3279: 3246: 3235: 3210: 3199: 3088: 3036: 2915: 2890: 2882: 2830: 2822: 2802: 2794: 2774: 2766: 2742: 2693: 2666: 2641: 2616: 2579: 2356: 2229: 2204: 2179: 2141: 2110: 1979: 1969: 1932: 1927:

A. Dobratz, K. Waldner, Buzzel, Betty, Lisa, Timothy (2016). "2: Role of the state".

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Leading figures in the royal family with differing ideological orientations included

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had been Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1975 to just before his death in 2015; and

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rules of moral and social behaviour. Following his accession to the throne in 2005,

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Freedom in the Middle East and North Africa: A Freedom in the World Special Edition

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as head of the Supreme Judicial Council and appointed the first female minister.

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as a constitution-like charter for the country. The Basic Law declares that the

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Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)

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faced severe criticism from British opposition figures during his visit to the

1131:. Prior to 1971, a council of senior ulama advising the king was headed by the 633: 606: 3873: 2311: 7157: 7132: 5340:"Saudi King to Spend $ 67 Billion on Housing, Jobs in Bid to Pacify Citizens" 4830: 4644:"Saudi ex-spy suing crown prince faces fresh death threat in Canada – report" 1764: 1552: 1175: 1147: 1068: 1033: 869: 801: 746: 730: 722: 715: 330: 292: 152: 117: 52: 49: 33: 2524: 6640: 5836: 1661:, Abdullah announced that women will be able to vote and be elected in the 1503: 1359:

In 2011, Abdullah announced that women will be able to be nominated to the

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from 1963 until 2010, when he then appointed his son to replace him; Crown

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Saudi Arabia in the oil era: regime and elites: conflict and collaboration

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Saudi Arabia in the oil era: regime and elites: conflict and collaboration

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Corruption is widespread in Saudi Arabia, most prevalent in the form of

962:). Also, the views of important members of Saudi society, including the 2613:

International security and the United States: an encyclopedia, Volume 2

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The rule of the Al Saud faces political opposition from four sources:

5050:"Saudi crown prince's UK visit prompts heavy criticism by opposition" 4362:

National Security in Saudi Arabia: Threats, Responses, and Challenges

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The Modern Middle East: A Political History Since the First World War

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activism, liberal critics, including an underground green party, the

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is the current Crown Prince, and is widely regarded as the country's

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was the Minister of Interior from 1975 until his death in 2012;

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had paid Prince Bandar US$ 2 billion in bribes relating to the

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influence being wielded by the 200 or so male descendants of

963: 905: 742: 459: 78: 5713:"RFI – Religious hard-liners take a hit in King's reshuffle" 4820: 4818: 3388: 3270:

Catastrophic consequences: civil wars and American interests

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The government is dominated by the vast royal family, the

5276: 4815: 3449: 2008: 1898:. United Kingdom: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 269. 1563:

and its sister terrorist organizations are flourishing."

1548: 1356:

reportedly divided on the speed and direction of reform.

1297:

On 6 August 2020, former top Saudi Intelligence official

5792:

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5370:"Critical thoughts on critical thinking in Saudi Arabia" 4552:

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2967:"Encyclopædia Britannica Online: Saudi Arabia (History)" 1893: 5660:

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The government of Saudi Arabia is led by the monarch,

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invitation of foreign troops to Saudi Arabia in 1990

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Archived from 2935:Cooper, Helene (29 November 2010). 2302: 2261:from the original on 3 August 2021. 1668: 1046:The one exception to this rule was 431:Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh 138:Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh 13: 5771:Saudi National e-Government Portal 5623:"'Islamist win' in key Saudi poll" 5290:from the original on 6 August 2011 4685:from the original on 15 March 2021 4654:from the original on 9 August 2020 4624:from the original on 28 March 2020 4340:from the original on 31 March 2019 4241:Bergman, Lowell (9 October 2001). 3506:from the original on 6 August 2011 3450:Federal Research Division (2004). 3171:. 23 November 2010. 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(2001). 2094: 2031:"Time to Cut Off Saudi Arabia" 1992: 1843: 1822: 1809: 1777: 1573:2011–13 Saudi Arabian protests 1420:Opposition to the royal family 765:, Mohammed bin Salman, is the 763:Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia 26:سياسة المملكة العربية السعودية 1: 6180:Chairman of the General Staff 3056:House, Karen Elliott (2012). 2686:House, Karen Elliott (2012). 2088: 1455:terrorist acts in the country 1319:Torture Victim Protection Act 1194: 1006:, who succeeded him as King ( 593:Minister of Foreign Affairs: 4892:Cavendish, Marshall (2007). 3555:Hassner, Ron Eduard (2009). 3452:Saudi Arabia A Country Study 2572:Campbell, Christian (2007). 2170:Cavendish, Marshall (2007). 2029:Bandow, Doug (19 May 2020). 1596:The kingdom is divided into 1502:Assembly Party are Activist 1426:Human rights in Saudi Arabia 1265:Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia 1236:Corruption Perceptions Index 7: 6422:Water supply and sanitation 6251:History of the oil industry 6118:Mutaween (religious police) 5171:Fisk, Robert (5 May 2011). 4737:"Saudi king speeds reforms" 4028:The history of Saudi Arabia 3642:Hegghammer, Thomas (2010). 3033:The history of Saudi Arabia 2132:Marshall Cavendish (2007). 1748: 1325:", in October 2018 for his 883: 589:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 233:First Deputy Prime Minister 10: 7180: 4984:"Flood sparks rare action" 3835:Nyrop, Richard F. 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Knopf. p. 25. 1741:, replacing him with 1392:Consultative Assembly 1389: 1327:extrajudicial killing 1301:, who self-exiled in 1263:On 6 March 2020, the 1108:Prince Saud Al-Faisal 949:Consultative Assembly 928: 848:. The Qur'an and the 831: 786:Islamic law (Shari'a) 424:Consultative Assembly 108:Consultative Assembly 7019:United Arab Emirates 5745:. 14 February 2009. 5671:Accessed 8 June 2009 5629:. 11 February 2005. 5471:. pp. 248–250. 5264:on 28 September 2013 5234:. 23 February 2011. 4836:Agence France-Presse 4744:. 15 February 2009. 4030:. pp. 15, 108. 3115:. 21 November 2010. 3075:Owen, Roger (2000). 3035:. pp. 15, 108. 2801:. pp. 118–120. 1698:democratic processes 1680:Consultative Council 1567:Arab Spring protests 1414:Consultative Council 1258:kidnapped and killed 1224:Al-Yamamah arms deal 890:King of Saudi Arabia 739:Council of Ministers 721:, along traditional 419:Council of Ministers 204:Council of Ministers 7046:limited recognition 6278:Saudi Central Bank 6086:Freedom of religion 5862:Early Islamic State 5693:on 18 February 2012 5667:7 June 2011 at the 5210:The Daily Telegraph 5026:. 29 January 2011. 4767:The Financial Times 4742:The Financial Times 3939:on 6 September 2016 3306:. 30 October 2007. 3175:on 24 November 2010 3012:on 10 December 2022 2857:The Financial Times 2505:The Times of Israel 2255:The Washington Post 1828:Since the reign of 1735:Prime Minister and 1612:Municipal elections 1592:Regional government 1467:Mohammed bin Salman 1346:in 2003, an annual 1311:Mohammed bin Salman 1268:Mohammed bin Salman 1247:Al-Waleed bin Talal 1144:oil embargo in 1973 937: 2015–present 836:Saudi Arabia is an 751:Mohammed bin Salman 480:Freedom of religion 412:Mohammed bin Salman 370:Deputy crown prince 362:Mohammed bin Salman 6703:Hezbollah Al-Hejaz 6662:Umma Islamic Party 6293:Telecommunications 6076:Capital punishment 6003:Allegiance Council 5882:Emirate of Diriyah 5867:Rashidun Caliphate 5857:Pre-Islamic Arabia 5530:. Viking. p. 5432:. Viking. p. 5401:Inside the Kingdom 5115:The New York Times 4996:on 1 February 2011 4962:. pp. 50–52. 4900:. pp. 92–93. 4842:on 19 January 2012 4618:Human Rights Watch 4588:The New York Times 4558:The New York Times 4314:on 17 January 2023 4247:The New York Times 3962:Saudi Royal Family 3820:has generic name ( 3681:The New York Times 2941:The New York Times 2912:Inside the Kingdom 2737:. Viking. p. 2476:(in Kinyarwanda). 2140:. pp. 92–93. 2075:10.1111/gwao.12626 1743:Mohammed bin Nayef 1729:Khaled al-Tuwaijri 1716:. He also removed 1616:In February 2005, 1524:Islamist terrorism 1518:Islamist terrorism 1403: 1353:Allegiance Council 1292:Human Rights Watch 1280:Muhammed bin Nayef 1048:Khaled al-Tuwaijri 941: 910:Allegiance Council 902:Abdul Aziz Al Saud 834: 790:Allegiance Council 475:Capital punishment 384:Allegiance Council 187:Allegiance Council 98:Legislative branch 7151: 7150: 7088:other territories 6778:Politics of Asia 6744: 6743: 6602: 6601: 6562: 6561: 6390:Human trafficking 6318: 6317: 6203: 6202: 6136: 6135: 6023:Foreign relations 5981: 5980: 5877:Abbasid Caliphate 5872:Umayyad Caliphate 5346:. 18 March 2011. 5316:. 18 March 2011. 5140:IAGS, Institute. 4930:Middle East Brief 4769:. 27 March 2009. 4650:. 9 August 2020. 4620:. 17 March 2020. 4101:; from the 1980s: 4065:; from the 1990s: 2859:. 1 August 2005. 2116:978-1-80220-563-3 1975:978-3-319-56906-2 1905:978-1-4422-1803-1 1817:legislative power 1512:Madawi al-Rasheed 1396:Al Yamamah Palace 1309:'s Crown Prince, 1288:Interior Ministry 956:absolute monarchy 932:of Saudi Arabia ( 838:absolute monarchy 725:lines, where the 719:absolute monarchy 705: 704: 639:Visa requirements 582:Foreign relations 277: 276: 214:Salman government 134:Presiding officer 128:Al Yamamah Palace 56:absolute monarchy 7171: 7141: 7131: 7130: 7100:Christmas Island 6786:Sovereign states 6771: 6764: 6757: 6748: 6747: 6644: 6643: 6629: 6622: 6615: 6606: 6605: 6582: 6575: 6415:response to ISIL 6329: 6328: 6273:Riyal (currency) 6214: 6213: 5996: 5995: 5992: 5991: 5938:Cities and towns 5926: 5925: 5914: 5892:Kingdom of Hejaz 5830: 5823: 5816: 5807: 5806: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5735: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5689:. Archived from 5678: 5672: 5658: 5652: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5587: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5567:. Archived from 5556: 5550: 5549: 5529: 5519: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5461: 5452: 5451: 5431: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5376:. Archived from 5366: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5306: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5260:. Archived from 5254: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5232:Arabian Business 5224: 5218: 5217: 5207: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5168: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5142:"Fueling Terror" 5137: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5106: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5084:Business Insider 5076: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5012: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4989:Montreal Gazette 4980: 4974: 4973: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4938: 4927: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4899: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4822: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4764: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4739: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4704: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4507:on 25 April 2012 4497: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4455:on 7 August 2011 4441: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4425:on 7 August 2011 4411: 4409: 4407: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4124: 4100: 4082: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4041: 4023: 4005: 3981: 3965: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3935:. Archived from 3925: 3919: 3918: 3902: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3819: 3815: 3813: 3805: 3787: 3778: 3777: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3649: 3639: 3630: 3629: 3611: 3602: 3601: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3552: 3541: 3540: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3487: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3424: 3414: 3405: 3404: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3366:. 15 June 2005. 3356: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3273: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3240: 3230: 3221: 3220: 3204: 3194: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3135: 3129: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3082: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3011: 2996: 2987: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2854: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2736: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2713: 2711: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2539: 2522: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2448: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2408: 2402: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2388:. 15 July 2010. 2378: 2367: 2366: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2325: 2318: 2309: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2289: 2278: 2269: 2263: 2262: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2177: 2167: 2152: 2151: 2139: 2129: 2120: 2119: 2098: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2025: 2023: 2021: 1996: 1990: 1987: 1960: 1950: 1942: 1923: 1917: 1909: 1890: 1880: 1872: 1847: 1841: 1826: 1820: 1813: 1807: 1781: 1669:Political reform 1541:the 19 hijackers 1447:Eastern Province 1317:court under the 1315:Washington, D.C. 1023: 1022: 2005–2015 1021: 1012: 1011: 1982–2005 1010: 1001: 1000: 1975–1982 999: 990: 989: 1964–1975 988: 979: 978: 1953–1964 977: 938: 936: 908:). In 2007, an " 875: 818:legislative body 743:Islamic scholars 697: 690: 683: 660: 659: 658: 311: 310: 295: 279: 278: 146:Executive branch 36: 18: 17: 7179: 7178: 7174: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7169: 7168: 7154: 7153: 7152: 7147: 7119: 7087: 7078: 7059:Northern Cyprus 7045: 7038: 6780: 6775: 6745: 6740: 6726:Politics Portal 6717: 6676: 6645: 6638: 6633: 6603: 6598: 6585: 6578: 6571: 6558: 6520: 6482:Public holidays 6426: 6314: 6258:Foreign workers 6199: 6132: 6057: 6048:Nuclear program 5977: 5915: 5906: 5887:Emirate of Nejd 5843: 5834: 5767: 5762: 5752: 5750: 5737: 5736: 5732: 5722: 5720: 5711: 5710: 5706: 5696: 5694: 5679: 5675: 5669:Wayback Machine 5659: 5655: 5650: 5646: 5636: 5634: 5621: 5619: 5615: 5605: 5603: 5588: 5584: 5574: 5572: 5565:Asharq al-Awsat 5557: 5553: 5542: 5520: 5516: 5506: 5504: 5491: 5490: 5486: 5479: 5462: 5455: 5444: 5422: 5418: 5411: 5397: 5393: 5383: 5381: 5380:on 24 July 2011 5368: 5367: 5363: 5353: 5351: 5338: 5337: 5333: 5323: 5321: 5308: 5307: 5303: 5293: 5291: 5282: 5281: 5277: 5267: 5265: 5256: 5255: 5251: 5241: 5239: 5226: 5225: 5221: 5200: 5196: 5186: 5184: 5177:The Independent 5169: 5165: 5155: 5153: 5138: 5134: 5124: 5122: 5107: 5103: 5093: 5091: 5078: 5077: 5073: 5063: 5061: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5033: 5031: 5024:Thomson-Reuters 5014: 5013: 5009: 4999: 4997: 4982: 4981: 4977: 4970: 4956: 4952: 4942: 4940: 4936: 4925: 4919: 4915: 4908: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4859: 4855: 4845: 4843: 4824: 4823: 4816: 4806: 4804: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4776: 4774: 4759: 4751: 4749: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4722: 4705: 4698: 4688: 4686: 4671: 4667: 4657: 4655: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4627: 4625: 4612: 4611: 4607: 4597: 4595: 4582: 4581: 4577: 4567: 4565: 4550: 4546: 4536: 4534: 4525: 4524: 4520: 4510: 4508: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4484: 4482: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4458: 4456: 4443: 4442: 4438: 4428: 4426: 4413: 4405: 4403: 4388: 4384: 4377: 4357: 4353: 4343: 4341: 4332: 4331: 4327: 4317: 4315: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4290: 4270: 4266: 4256: 4254: 4239: 4235: 4228: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4189: 4185: 4175: 4173: 4166: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4131:. p. 235. 4121: 4097: 4079: 4058: 4056: 4049:The Independent 4043: 4038: 4020: 4002: 3978: 3956: 3952: 3942: 3940: 3927: 3926: 3922: 3915: 3893: 3889: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3833: 3829: 3817: 3816: 3807: 3806: 3802: 3788: 3781: 3774: 3754: 3750: 3743: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3704: 3700: 3690: 3688: 3673: 3669: 3662: 3640: 3633: 3626: 3612: 3605: 3598: 3584: 3580: 3573: 3553: 3544: 3537: 3523: 3519: 3509: 3507: 3488: 3481: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3454:. p. 232. 3448: 3444: 3437: 3415: 3408: 3401: 3393:. p. 358. 3387: 3383: 3373: 3371: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3343: 3341: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3313: 3311: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3286: 3264: 3260: 3253: 3231: 3224: 3217: 3195: 3188: 3178: 3176: 3163: 3162: 3158: 3148: 3146: 3145:on 16 June 2011 3137: 3136: 3132: 3122: 3120: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3095: 3073: 3069: 3054: 3050: 3043: 3029: 3025: 3015: 3013: 3004:Financial Times 2998: 2997: 2990: 2980: 2978: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2950: 2948: 2933: 2929: 2922: 2914:. p. 264. 2908: 2904: 2897: 2889:. p. 212. 2880: 2876: 2866: 2864: 2849: 2848: 2844: 2837: 2829:. p. 143. 2820: 2816: 2809: 2792: 2788: 2781: 2764: 2760: 2749: 2727: 2723: 2709: 2707: 2700: 2684: 2680: 2673: 2665:. p. 136. 2659: 2655: 2648: 2640:. p. 611. 2634: 2630: 2623: 2615:. p. 672. 2609: 2605: 2595: 2593: 2586: 2570: 2566: 2556: 2554: 2541: 2540: 2525: 2515: 2513: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2483: 2481: 2474:Washington Post 2466: 2462: 2441: 2437: 2427: 2425: 2410: 2409: 2405: 2395: 2393: 2380: 2379: 2370: 2363: 2343: 2339: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2316: 2310: 2303: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2276: 2270: 2266: 2247: 2243: 2236: 2222: 2218: 2211: 2203:. p. 791. 2197: 2193: 2186: 2168: 2155: 2148: 2130: 2123: 2117: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2085: 2046: 2044: 2019: 2017: 1997: 1993: 1976: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1911: 1910: 1906: 1874: 1873: 1865: 1848: 1844: 1827: 1823: 1814: 1810: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1751: 1673:In March 1992, 1671: 1614: 1594: 1575: 1569: 1537:Osama bin Laden 1534: 1522:Main articles: 1520: 1483:Jamal Khashoggi 1432: 1422: 1384: 1375: 1369: 1339: 1254:Jamal Khashoggi 1197: 1121: 1036: 1030: 1018: 1007: 996: 985: 974: 933: 898: 892: 886: 878:Democracy Index 873: 826: 701: 672: 668:Other countries 656: 654: 649: 648: 629:Nationality law 625: 621:in Saudi Arabia 613: 584: 574: 573: 572: 557: 547: 546: 543: 520: 509: 508: 507: 505: 454: 444: 443: 433: 402: 394: 393: 378: 364: 345: 333: 316: 305: 286: 255:Judicial branch 210:Current cabinet 85: 76: 68: 41: 27: 24: 23: 12: 11: 5: 7177: 7167: 7166: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7145: 7135: 7124: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7091: 7089: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7050: 7048: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6790: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6774: 6773: 6766: 6759: 6751: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6722: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6684: 6682: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6674: 6672:Hizb ut-Tahrir 6669: 6664: 6659: 6653: 6651: 6647: 6646: 6632: 6631: 6624: 6617: 6609: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6596: 6591: 6584: 6583: 6576: 6568: 6567: 6564: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6530: 6528: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6507: 6506: 6496: 6495: 6494: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6473: 6472: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6436: 6434: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6424: 6419: 6418: 6417: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6381: 6380: 6375: 6365: 6363:Discrimination 6360: 6359: 6358: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6332: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6312: 6311: 6310: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6254: 6253: 6248: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6217: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6197: 6195:Military ranks 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6175:National Guard 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6146: 6144: 6138: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6109: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6067: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6053:Prime Minister 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 5999: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5929: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5904: 5902:Modern history 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5853: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5833: 5832: 5825: 5818: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5794: 5789: 5780: 5779: 5778: 5766: 5765:External links 5763: 5761: 5760: 5730: 5704: 5673: 5653: 5644: 5613: 5582: 5551: 5541:978-0670021185 5540: 5514: 5484: 5478:978-0521747547 5477: 5465:Al-Rasheed, M. 5453: 5443:978-0670021185 5442: 5416: 5410:978-0099539056 5409: 5403:. p. 97. 5391: 5361: 5331: 5301: 5275: 5249: 5219: 5194: 5163: 5132: 5101: 5071: 5041: 5007: 4975: 4969:978-0313380761 4968: 4950: 4913: 4907:978-0761475712 4906: 4884: 4878:978-0313320217 4877: 4853: 4814: 4784: 4727: 4721:978-0521747547 4720: 4708:Al Rasheed, M. 4696: 4665: 4635: 4605: 4575: 4544: 4518: 4492: 4466: 4436: 4382: 4376:978-0275988111 4375: 4351: 4325: 4295: 4289:978-0802716903 4288: 4264: 4233: 4227:978-0742537750 4226: 4220:. p. 63. 4208: 4202:978-0872864047 4201: 4195:. p. 32. 4183: 4165:978-0520267749 4164: 4144: 4138:978-0887381010 4137: 4119: 4096:978-1858983349 4095: 4089:. p. 81. 4078:978-0415093255 4077: 4071:. p. 73. 4037:978-0313340123 4036: 4019:978-0820469249 4018: 4012:. p. 67. 4001:978-0275980917 4000: 3977:978-0791092187 3976: 3950: 3920: 3914:978-0028657707 3913: 3887: 3852: 3846:978-1434462107 3845: 3839:. p. 50. 3827: 3801:978-0739727409 3800: 3779: 3773:978-0313320217 3772: 3748: 3741: 3735:. p. 16. 3723: 3717:978-0709951292 3716: 3698: 3667: 3661:978-0521732369 3660: 3631: 3625:978-0415093255 3624: 3618:. p. 21. 3603: 3597:978-0709951292 3596: 3590:. p. 30. 3578: 3572:978-0801448065 3571: 3542: 3536:978-1874132035 3535: 3529:. p. 29. 3517: 3479: 3467: 3461:978-1419146213 3460: 3442: 3436:978-0816080908 3435: 3406: 3400:978-9774163609 3399: 3381: 3351: 3321: 3291: 3285:978-0801889899 3284: 3258: 3252:978-3531162058 3251: 3222: 3216:978-1845110239 3215: 3186: 3156: 3130: 3100: 3094:978-0415196741 3093: 3067: 3048: 3042:978-0313340123 3041: 3023: 2988: 2958: 2927: 2921:978-0099539056 2920: 2902: 2896:978-0521747547 2895: 2883:Al Rasheed, M. 2874: 2842: 2836:978-0521747547 2835: 2814: 2808:978-0521747547 2807: 2795:Al Rasheed, M. 2786: 2780:978-0521747547 2779: 2767:Al Rasheed, M. 2758: 2748:978-0670021185 2747: 2721: 2699:978-0307473288 2698: 2678: 2672:978-1842770931 2671: 2653: 2647:978-0816071586 2646: 2628: 2622:978-0275992552 2621: 2603: 2585:978-1430319146 2584: 2564: 2523: 2491: 2460: 2435: 2417:Deutsche Welle 2403: 2368: 2362:978-0312238803 2361: 2337: 2301: 2264: 2241: 2235:978-1850656685 2234: 2228:. p. 60. 2216: 2210:978-0816060788 2209: 2191: 2185:978-0761475712 2184: 2178:. p. 78. 2153: 2147:978-0761475712 2146: 2121: 2115: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2081: 2080: 2068:(3): 950–972. 2053: 2036:Cato Institute 2026: 1991: 1989: 1988: 1974: 1961: 1937: 1924: 1904: 1891: 1863: 1842: 1834:prime minister 1821: 1808: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1750: 1747: 1738:éminence grise 1670: 1667: 1613: 1610: 1593: 1590: 1571:Main article: 1568: 1565: 1539:and 15 out of 1519: 1516: 1508:Omar Abdulaziz 1485:was murdered. 1471:United Kingdom 1421: 1418: 1383: 1380: 1368: 1365: 1338: 1335: 1234:in its annual 1209:named after it 1196: 1193: 1120: 1117: 1065:National Guard 1053:éminence grise 1041:King Abdulaziz 1032:Main article: 1029: 1026: 960:King Abdulaziz 888:Main article: 885: 882: 825: 822: 703: 702: 700: 699: 692: 685: 677: 674: 673: 671: 670: 664: 651: 650: 647: 646: 641: 636: 631: 624: 623: 612: 611: 610: 609: 607:Adel al-Jubeir 603: 597: 585: 580: 579: 576: 575: 571: 570: 565: 559: 558: 553: 552: 549: 548: 545: 544: 542: 541: 536: 531: 524: 521: 515: 514: 511: 510: 503: 502: 497: 492: 490:Women's rights 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 456: 455: 450: 449: 446: 445: 442: 441: 436: 435: 434: 428: 421: 416: 415: 414: 407:Prime Minister 403: 400: 399: 396: 395: 392: 391: 386: 381: 380: 379: 374: 367: 366: 365: 360: 353: 352: 351: 337: 334: 329: 328: 325: 324: 318: 317: 301: 300: 297: 296: 288: 287: 282: 275: 274: 268: 267: 262: 258: 257: 251: 250: 247: 243: 242: 239: 235: 234: 231: 227: 226: 224:Prime Minister 221: 217: 216: 211: 207: 206: 201: 197: 196: 190: 189: 184: 180: 179: 174: 170: 169: 164: 160: 159: 149: 148: 142: 141: 135: 131: 130: 125: 121: 120: 115: 111: 110: 105: 101: 100: 94: 93: 63: 59: 58: 47: 43: 42: 37: 29: 28: 25: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7176: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7134: 7126: 7125: 7122: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7085: 7081: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7069:South Ossetia 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7041: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 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5402: 5395: 5379: 5375: 5374:openDemocracy 5371: 5365: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5335: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5305: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5263: 5259: 5253: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5215: 5211: 5206: 5198: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5167: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5136: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5105: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5075: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5045: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5020:The Peninsula 5017: 5011: 4995: 4991: 4990: 4985: 4979: 4971: 4965: 4961: 4954: 4935: 4931: 4924: 4917: 4909: 4903: 4898: 4897: 4888: 4880: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4865: 4857: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4832: 4831:Oman Observer 4827: 4821: 4819: 4802: 4798: 4797:The Economist 4794: 4788: 4772: 4768: 4763: 4747: 4743: 4738: 4731: 4723: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4703: 4701: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4669: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4639: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4579: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4548: 4532: 4528: 4522: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4480: 4476: 4470: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4440: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4378: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4363: 4355: 4339: 4336:. PBS. 2001. 4335: 4329: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4299: 4291: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4276: 4268: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4237: 4229: 4223: 4219: 4212: 4204: 4198: 4194: 4187: 4171: 4167: 4161: 4157: 4156: 4148: 4140: 4134: 4130: 4122: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4107: 4098: 4092: 4088: 4080: 4074: 4070: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4039: 4033: 4029: 4021: 4015: 4011: 4003: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3988: 3979: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3963: 3954: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3924: 3916: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3900: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3856: 3848: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3823: 3811: 3803: 3797: 3793: 3786: 3784: 3775: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3760: 3752: 3744: 3738: 3734: 3727: 3719: 3713: 3710:. p. 4. 3709: 3702: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3671: 3663: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3647: 3638: 3636: 3627: 3621: 3617: 3610: 3608: 3599: 3593: 3589: 3582: 3574: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3559: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3538: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3486: 3484: 3476: 3471: 3463: 3457: 3453: 3446: 3438: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3422: 3413: 3411: 3402: 3396: 3392: 3385: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3325: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3295: 3287: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3271: 3262: 3254: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3238: 3229: 3227: 3218: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3202: 3193: 3191: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3160: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3104: 3096: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3080: 3071: 3064: 3059: 3052: 3044: 3038: 3034: 3027: 3010: 3005: 3001: 2995: 2993: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2962: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2931: 2923: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2898: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2878: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2846: 2838: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2823:Al Rasheed, M 2818: 2810: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2790: 2782: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2762: 2755: 2750: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2734: 2725: 2718: 2705: 2701: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2682: 2674: 2668: 2664: 2657: 2649: 2643: 2639: 2632: 2624: 2618: 2614: 2607: 2591: 2587: 2581: 2577: 2576: 2568: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2511: 2507: 2506: 2501: 2495: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2464: 2456: 2452: 2451:The Telegraph 2447: 2439: 2423: 2419: 2418: 2413: 2407: 2391: 2387: 2386:The Economist 2383: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2364: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2349: 2341: 2322: 2315: 2308: 2306: 2286: 2282: 2281:The Economist 2275: 2268: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2245: 2237: 2231: 2227: 2220: 2212: 2206: 2202: 2195: 2187: 2181: 2176: 2175: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2149: 2143: 2138: 2137: 2128: 2126: 2118: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2097: 2093: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2042: 2038: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2015: 2011: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1948: 1940: 1938:9780205486298 1934: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1915: 1907: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1878: 1871: 1866: 1864:0-8160-5953-5 1860: 1856: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1825: 1818: 1812: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1786:declared the 1785: 1780: 1776: 1766: 1765:The Bees Army 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1731:, Abdullah's 1730: 1726: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1706:King Abdullah 1702: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1681: 1676: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1626: 1621: 1619: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1574: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1553:James Woolsey 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1492:'s rule. The 1491: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1443:Shia minority 1440: 1437: 1431: 1427: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1410: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1379: 1374: 1364: 1362: 1361:Shura Council 1357: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1334: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1176:Al ash-Sheikh 1172: 1170: 1169:King Abdullah 1166: 1161: 1157: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1116: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1093:Sudairi Seven 1088: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1069:Prince Sultan 1066: 1062: 1061:King Abdullah 1057: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1035: 1034:House of Saud 1025: 1016: 1015:King Abdullah 1005: 994: 983: 972: 967: 965: 961: 957: 952: 950: 946: 931: 927: 923: 921: 920: 915: 911: 907: 903: 897: 891: 881: 879: 872: 871: 870:The Economist 866: 861: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 830: 821: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 798: 796: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 770: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 747:authoritarian 744: 740: 736: 732: 731:head of state 728: 724: 720: 717: 713: 712: 698: 693: 691: 686: 684: 679: 678: 676: 675: 669: 666: 665: 663: 653: 652: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 626: 622: 618: 615: 614: 608: 604: 602: 598: 596: 592: 591: 590: 587: 586: 583: 578: 577: 569: 566: 564: 561: 560: 556: 551: 550: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 526: 525: 523: 522: 519: 513: 512: 506: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 457: 453: 448: 447: 440: 437: 432: 427: 426: 425: 422: 420: 417: 413: 410: 409: 408: 405: 404: 398: 397: 390: 387: 385: 382: 377: 373: 372: 371: 368: 363: 359: 358: 357: 354: 350: 347: 346: 344: 340: 336: 335: 332: 327: 326: 323: 320: 319: 315: 314: 309: 303: 302: 299: 298: 294: 290: 289: 285: 281: 280: 273: 269: 266: 263: 259: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 230:Deputy leader 228: 225: 222: 218: 215: 212: 208: 205: 202: 198: 195: 191: 188: 185: 181: 178: 175: 171: 168: 165: 161: 158: 154: 153:Head of state 150: 147: 143: 139: 136: 132: 129: 126: 124:Meeting place 122: 119: 116: 112: 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 91: 90: 84: 80: 74: 73: 67: 64: 60: 57: 54: 51: 48: 44: 40: 35: 30: 19: 16: 7084:Dependencies 7014:Turkmenistan 6979:Saudi Arabia 6978: 6735: 6405:Prostitution 6378:universities 6351:Demographics 6246:Oil reserves 6091:Human rights 6033:Crown Prince 5986: 5953:Governorates 5837:Saudi Arabia 5751:. 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