Politics of Thailand

4895:" got their start as supporters of deposed former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra. Red shirts transferred their support to Thailand's ruling Pheu Thai party led by his sister, Yingluck Shinawatra. In general, red shirts see attempts by the urban and military elite to control Thai politics as a threat to democracy. The "yellow shirts" represent those opposed to Thaksin. They were the force behind the street protests that led to the 2006 coup. The yellow shirts are a loose grouping of royalists, ultra-nationalists, and the urban middle class opposed to Thaksin and overarching democratic rule by a rural majority. 921: 5323:

Abhisit's proposal of early parliamentary elections were withdrawn. This was followed by a warning issued from the prime minister that protesters must disperse or face imminent military action. The red shirts led another protest on 19 May. The army killed over 90 protesters in the ensuing military crackdown. Army tactics were heavily criticised for failing to abide by international standards and using lethal force on unarmed protesters. At least six people including nurses and medics were shot by snipers inside a Buddhist temple set up as a safe area.

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legislature, and a committee to draft a permanent constitution. Local and municipal elections were held as usual. In 2007 the new constitution was eventually issued, said to be a "junta supported constitution" by many critics. The 2007 constitution was again abolished in another military takeover on 22 May 2014. According to the 2017 constitution, Thailand's entire political system is under the control of the army, through the appointed Senate but also via an array of military-dominated oversight bodies

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Minister Pongthep Thepkanchana informed media that the polling date remained unchanged. Election commissioner Somchai Srisuthiyakorn stated that the EC would organise the 2 February vote to the best of its ability, including the enactment of measures to prevent violence and the staging of a second round of elections to accommodate voters hindered during the inaugural voting stage. During the meeting at the Army Club, an anti-government protester sustained a gunshot wound; the gunman was arrested.

2341: 5079:'s deputy spokesman Kuthep Suthin Klangsang, on 12 September 2008 announced: "Samak has accepted his nomination for prime minister. Samak said he is confident that parliament will find him fit for office, and that he is happy to accept the post. A majority of party members voted on Thursday to reappoint Samak. Samak is the leader of our party so he is the best choice." Despite objections from its five coalition partners, the PPP, in an urgent meeting, unanimously decided to renominate 5377:

at least 475 filled seats, or 95 per cent of the total number of seats, and the problems caused by protesters meant that this target was not reached—the EC, which believes that the final result will fall three seats short, explained that it would be necessary to hold by-elections over several months in problematic constituencies until all 500 members of the parliament's lower house were selected. In the 2011 elections, a 75 per cent voter turnout rate was registered.

9172: 536: 138: 1865: 9182: 549: 5252: 4749: 4564: 4339: 2427: 2154: 2016: 24: 5222:. Protesters blocked the entrance of the ministry, to seize the premier and other ministers. However, the premier escaped. The government began to deploy anti-riot troops. Armored vehicles were deployed in downtown Bangkok. Anti-riot actions took place in the early morning of the next day. Anti-riot troops, armed with shields, batons, and M-16s with live ammo, started dispersing and shooting protesters on Bangkok's streets. 5087:, Matchima Thipataya, Pracharaj, Puea Pandin, and Ruam Jai Thai Chart Pattana, unanimously agreed to support the PPP to set up the new government and vote for the person who should be nominated as the new prime minister. Chart Thai deputy leader Somsak Prissananantakul and Ruam Jai Thai Chart Pattana leader Chettha Thanajaro said the next prime minister was nominated. Caretaker prime minister 2222:'s reign, the kingdom still had no national assembly. Men of royal blood held positions in the government as ministers. The situation became tense after the World War I. An economic crisis bedeviled the country. A young generation of students and intellectuals studying in Europe began criticizing the crown's government as backward, corrupt, and ineffective. On 24 June 1932, troops in 5381:

officials and others. The army's other key responsibilities will involve providing medical aid in areas close to protest sites, as well as traffic co-ordination duties in such areas. Assistant national police chief Amnart Unartngarm stated that its 200,000 police officers, plus 1,450 rapid-deployment units, would guard 93,535 polling stations in 76 provinces and Bangkok.

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opposed the election announcement and the PDRC stated that it would boycott the process, with Suthep calling for the appointment of an unelected council to lead the country until reforms can be implemented. Protesters marched to the Thai-Japanese sports stadium, the venue of the registration process, on 22 December 2013 to block the work of the Election Commission (EC).

2234:, and the kingdom's elite, changes took place, ending absolute rule by the king. The king remained the titular head of state, but the constitutional government ruled the country with the prime minister at its head. A general election was held for the creation of the first national assembly. The election was the first in which women were permitted to vote. 4981:, who pressured local officers to support his party in the previous election, would subject the party to dissolution. The Administrative Court also ruled that his government seriously violated the constitution and might have prejudiced national sovereignty in negotiating over the sovereignty of territory immediately adjacent to the 2371:. The Prime Minister is elected by both houses of the National Assembly. Under section 151 of the constitution, members of the House of Representative constituting at least one-fifth of the existing total Members of the house have the right to submit a vote of no-confidence of a single Minister or the Council of Ministers en masse. 5123:, candidate for prime minister to succeed Samak Sundaravej. The PPP will endorse Somchai, and his nomination will be set for a parliamentary vote on Wednesday. Meanwhile, the Supreme Court ruled on Wednesday in a corruption case against Thaksin and his wife, to be promulgated after the parliament vote for the new prime minister. 2406:

that the cost of bureaucratic corruption alone in 2018 amounted up to a 100 billion Thai baht, with state officials at various levels embezzling funds from large and small governmental projects. As of 2018, Corruption Perception Index by Transparency International has ranked Thailand as the 99th least corrupt.

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The smooth completion of the 2 February election did not resolve Thailand's political situation, as issues of continuing relevancy remained of concern to the caretaker government: firstly, due to protester blockades, 28 constituencies failed to register candidates; secondly, the constitution required

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Prime Minister Samak held daily national state television broadcasts with his own political messages. These were not well received by PAD. NBT, the National Broadcasting Television, the state-owned media enterprise, was openly used to counter the PAD's message, which emphasizes the overturning of the

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Despite the majority and surging popularity among rural Thais, Thaksin came under severe questioning for selling telecommunication shares to Temasek, a Singapore investor, for about 70,000 million baht without paying any tax. More complex and high-level corruption and conspiracies were discovered and

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After absorbing several smaller parties, TRT gained an absolute majority in the lower house of parliament, controlling 296 of 500 seats. In a cabinet reshuffle of October 2002, the Thaksin administration further put its stamp on the government. A package of bureaucratic reform legislation created six

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The 2019 General Election was held on 24 March 2019; it was the first election held in accordance with the new 2017 constitution and also the first election held since the 2014 coup. The election selected 500 members of the House of Representatives, in which 350 were elected from a constituency basis

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In September 2022, Thailand's Constitutional Court ruled that Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-ocha can stay in office. The opposition had challenged him, because the new constitution limits the term for prime minister as a total period of eight years in office. The Constitutional Court's ruling was that

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Protesters charged that the government was killing protesters. The government denied the charge. Although two bodies were found, the government found no evidence that it was involved in the killings. On major avenues and streets, burning buses were seen, as well as wounded people were carried to the

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Anti-Thaksin protesters were vastly outnumbered by Thaksin's supporters in the rural majority, who delivered to his party two resounding election victories. Their loyalty was rewarded by generous social and economic welfare programs. The anti-government forces were well-organized, and criticized the

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During 2006 and 2007, organized underground terrorist activities took place, including the burning numerous schools in rural areas of the north and the northeast of Thailand and the planting of bombs in ten locations in Bangkok, the latter of which killed and injured several people on New Year's Eve

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Domestic and international reactions to the violence forced Suchinda to resign, and the nation once again turned to Anand, who was appointed interim prime minister until new elections were held in September 1992. In the September 1992 elections, political parties that had opposed the military in May

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All of Thailand's charters and constitutions have recognized a unified kingdom with a constitutional monarchy, but with widely differing balances of power between the branches of government. Most Thai governments have stipulated parliamentary systems. Several, however, also called for dictatorships,

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On 29 January, the Thai Army announced its support of the CMPO operation to protect the election. Deputy army spokesman Winthai Suvari provided details of the deployment of additional military personnel in areas of particular concern and a joint operation with the CMPO to ensure the safety of state

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Protesters at the Thai-Japanese sports stadium clashed with police on 26 December 2013, resulting in two fatalities (one police officer was killed by a live bullet fired by a protester). Protesters armed themselves with sling shots and wore gas masks to fight with police, and around 200 people were

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Following the announcement of a proposed amnesty bill by the Yingluck government, protests resurfaced in October 2013. The bill would allow former prime minister Thaksin to re-enter Thailand. Protesters perceived the Yingluck administration as corrupt, illegitimate, and a proxy for her brother. The

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resigned and admitted partial responsibility for violence due to police tear gas clearance of the blockade of the parliament, causing injuries to 116 protesters, 21 seriously. His resignation letter stated: "Since this action did not achieve what I planned, I want to show my responsibility for this

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Street protests led by PAD, the major opposition movement, began in late-May after the ruling party agreed to amend the constitution. Their main objective was to block any constitutional amendment aimed chiefly at reinstating Thaksin's reputation and saving the PPP from dissolution after one of its

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did not rule out the possibility of a military coup, stating, "Whether it is going to happen, time will tell. We don't want to overstep the bounds of our authority. We don't want to use force. We try to use peaceful means, talks and meetings to solve the problem." During the same period, an arrest

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On 11 May, Suthep presented himself to the Department of Special Investigation. The red shirt protesters, however, were not satisfied and demanded Suthep be formally charged instead by police. The red shirts failure to disperse was taken as a decline of the conciliatory road map and Prime Minister

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PM Samak Sundaravej tried using legal means involving civil charges, criminal charges, and police action to remove PAD protesters from government offices on 29 August. However, PAD managed to get temporary relief from the courts enabling them to legally continue the siege of the government office.

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and it has developed increasingly close ties with the organisation's other members, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Brunei, Laos, Cambodia, Burma, and Vietnam. Thailand also attends the annual meetings held by the foreign and economic ministers of the ASEAN nations, including the

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has plagued Thailand for much of its modern history, with both the private and government sectors partaking in various forms of corruption. Corruption is embedded within Thai society due to its history and culture, where patronage plays a huge role and those with connections thrive. Research shows

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Following the announcement of a 60-day emergency decree on 21 January 2014, Yingluck met with the EC on 27 January to discuss the possibility of postponing the election due to the latter's fear of violence on the day of the election. However, following a three-hour meeting, caretaker Deputy Prime

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Abhisit's rise to power was controversial and opposed from the beginning. In April 2009, anti-government protesters, known as "red shirts", began a demonstration aimed at the resignation of the prime minister and fresh elections. The major site of the demonstration was Bangkok. From 8 April, the

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The anti-government protesters were, said, mostly better educated, more affluent, urban Thais criticizing a Western-style electoral system corrupted by rich politicians. Thaksin was accused of buying votes, bureaucrats, policemen, military officers, and even political factions. Thaksin became the

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A complaint was filed against PPP in the Thai Supreme Court, charging PPP of being the TRT nominee party. Moreover, in 2008, one of its leading members was charged with electoral fraud. The Election Committee also proposed that the PPP should be dissolved due to the violation of the constitution.

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following allegations of Thaksin's corruption and abuse of power. This constitution was particularly designed to increase control of corruption and of conflicts of interests of politicians while decreasing the previously strengthened authority of the government. A national referendum accepted the

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resulted in another landslide victory for Thaksin and TRT, which controlled 374 seats in parliament's lower house. Thaksin's populist policies found great favour in rural areas. Thaksin introduced government programs which greatly benefited rural areas of the country. These programs included debt

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Since becoming a Western-style constitutional democratic monarchy in 1932, most of the time the country has been ruled by military governments. The disputes and struggles among the elites old and new, civilians, politicians, and military have occurred regularly since 1932. The first military coup

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Prime Minister Yingluck dissolved the Thai parliament following the recommencement of protests and announced a new election in accordance with the Thai constitution. The constitution states that elections must be held 45 to 60 days from the date that parliament is dissolved. The protest movement

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Student-led uprisings in October 1973 led to a new vision of liberating the country from military government for a short period. The media received more freedom to criticize politicians and governments, while revolutionary and socialist movements became more apparent. The new civilian government

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Following an army-led coup on 19 September 2006, the 1997 constitution was abrogated. The junta ruled the country by martial law and executive decree for weeks, until it published an interim constitution on 1 October 2006. The interim constitution allowed the junta to appoint a prime minister, a

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Previously Thaksin and Pojaman's three lawyers were caught red-handed attempting to bribe Supreme Court judges and were given jail sentences. That was an ominous sign for Thaksin. Later a criminal court returned a verdict of tax evasion against Pojaman. He was to be jailed for three years. Days

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in his war on drugs, special security laws passed by the administration, and the government's increasingly hardline responses to the insurgency in the southern provinces. Thaksin's government was facing mounting opposition from the urban middle classes, while continuing to remain popular in the

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The system of rule fluctuated between unstable civilian governments and interludes of military takeover. During democratic periods, the middle class in the cities ignored the poor in the rural areas. The media accepted bribes. To corrupt bureaucrats and politicians became well-accepted business

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was issued, expected to be the most important guideline of the kingdom. Constitutions have traditionally been considered to be the "symbol of democracy" in Thailand, despite their many abrogations and changes. However, when political disputes took place among the elites, the first military coup

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By the second half of September 2008, PM Samak Sundaravej was the subject of several court cases for his past actions. He faced an appeals court judgement of slander and a pending ruling from the Constitutional Court as to whether he had a conflict of interest by being a private employee while

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on 14 October 1973, and a further military coup was conducted, giving him the interior minister position in the junta. In 1976 there was another massacre at the university. Thai military personnel, police and others, were seen shooting at protesters at the university. Many were killed and many

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was considered a landmark for the degree of public participation involved in its drafting, as well as the democratic nature of its articles. It prescribed a bicameral legislature, both houses of which are elected. Many civil rights were explicitly acknowledged, and measures were established to

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The opposition forced a no-confidence vote on a constitutional amendment which may have resulted in the reinstatement of Thaksin's reputation. The failure to address dramatically rising food and energy prices, and a temple dispute with Cambodia damaged the coalition government's reputation.

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On 3 May the Thai Prime Minister announced he was willing to hold elections on 14 November should the opposition red shirts accept the offer. The following day red shirt leaders accepted the proposal to leave the occupied parts of Bangkok in return for an election on the scheduled date.

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Thaksin also marginally escaped (8:7) a guilty verdict in the Constitutional Court, where he was charged by the Board of Anti-Corruption of hiding shares worth hundreds of millions of baht. A decade later, a Supreme Court ruling in another case accepted the possibility of bribery in the

4924:. Hundreds of killings and murder cases noted by the police were said by them to be merely fighting among the drug traffickers, but no further investigation ever occurred. The judicial process was seen as useless; instead, decisive justice was seen to be in the hands of the police. 2313:

aiming to create checks and balance of powers between strengthened government, separately elected senators, and anti-corruption agencies. Administrative courts, constitutional courts, and election-control committees were established to strengthen the checks and balance of politics.

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holding the premiership. The Anti-Corruption Board contemplated bringing a charge of abuse of power in the Preah Vihear case to the Constitutional Court. These legal difficulties ended PM Samak's political role. Ex-PM Thaksin and Pojaman also faced verdicts from the Supreme Court.

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Samak Sundaravej, an articulate politician, acknowledged being the "nominee" of fugitive Thaksin Shinawatra. Samak Sundaravej's position in power, however, did not put an end to the conflict. People claimed that Thaksin still influenced Thai politics even though he was in exile.

5146:, however, stated demonstrations would continue: "I am warning you, the government and police, that you are putting fuel on the fire. Once you arrest me, thousands of people will tear you apart." Srimuang's wife, Ying Siriluck visited him at the Border Patrol Police Region 1, 4927:

As the anti-government movement had criticized Thaksin as an example of a corrupt politician, it discredited the election system, suggesting at once a system in which part of the representatives in the national assembly would be chosen by certain professions or social groups.

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injured. Due to the escalation in violence, the EC released a statement in which it urged the government to consider postponing the elections. The government explained that it was unable to change the date of the election, but remained open to discussions with protesters.

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with a prime minister as the head of government. The first written constitution was issued. Politics became the arena of fighting factions between old and new elites, bureaucrats, and generals. Coups occurred from time to time, often bringing the country under the rule of

5482:. Political parties were able to nominate anyone as their prime minister candidate, including non-party members, which led commentators to believe that Prayut planned to be selected as prime minister with votes from 250 senators and MPs from pro-junta parties, namely the 5057:

and refusing orders to disperse. Meanwhile, General Anupong Paochinda stated: "The army will not stage a coup. The political crisis should be resolved by political means". Samak and the ruling coalition called for an urgent parliamentary debate and session for 31 August.

2287:, investment by foreign businesses helped alleviate poor infrastructure and social problems. The middle classes constituted only 10 per cent of the 60 million inhabitants. They enjoyed wealth and increasing freedom, leaving the majority poor in the rural areas and slums. 2413:, the National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO) declared a war on corruption, a common mission by all military dictatorships following the numerous coup in Thailand's history. However, the junta was also entangled with various embarrassing corruption scandals itself. 4985:

with Cambodia. The case brought the resignation of his first foreign minister, Nopadon Patama. Several other ministers found wrongfully informing the Anti-corruption Board or Election Governing Board of important information, were discharged when this was discovered.

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A national referendum for the 2007 constitution was called by the military and the 2007 constitution was accepted by the majority of the voters. The junta promised a democratic general election, which was finally held on 23 December 2007, 16 months after the coup.

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Every time a coup was staged, scapegoats or excuses were found to justify it. Eventually, the ensuing junta government would hand the government back to elected officials. As a result, there have been 18 coups and 18 constitutions in the history of Thai politics.

4720:. After floating several suggestions on 4 April 2006, Thaksin announced that he would step down as prime minister as soon as parliament had selected a successor. In a televised speech to senior judges, King Bhumibol requested that they execute their duty justly. 5217:

In Bangkok, the protest became fiercer because of the arrest of the leaders of the Pattaya protest. Protesters blocked the entrances of the Criminal Court, calling for the release of their leaders. Prime Minister Abhisit, at The Ministry of Interior, declared a

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Another of PAD's objectives was to support the courts and the judicial system in hearing Thaksin's cases. While PM Samak has been successful in controlling the police and civil service, various courts remain independent and issued several independent verdicts.

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have abrogated existing constitutions and promulgated interim charters. Negotiations between politicians, bureaucrats, influence peddlers, corporate leaders and army officers have become a driving force in the restoration of temporary political stability.

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later, Thaksin and Pojaman jumped bail and issued a statement from London announcing through Thai TV his decision to seek political asylum in the UK in an attempt to avoid what he called "biased" treatment under Thailand's current judicial system.

5112:(a group of royalist businessmen, academics and activists) vowed to continue its occupation of Government House if a PPP candidate were nominated: "We would accept anyone as prime minister, as long as he is not from the People's Power Party." 2509:

Regional cooperation is progressing for Thailand in economic, trade, banking, political, and cultural matters. In 2003, Thailand served as an APEC host and formulated the meeting's theme: "A World of Differences: Partnership for the Future".

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By the afternoon of 14 April, the military controlled all main streets. The leaders of the protest decided to suspend their activities. Thai politics after the pro-Thaksin protest has so far been the stage of the two opposing factions: the

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said PPP secretary-general Surapong Suebwonglee would notify the five parties who the PPP nominated, to take office again. Some lawmakers, however, said they would propose an alternate candidate. Meanwhile, Thailand's army chief General

5015:, a leader of PAD, ordered 45 PAD guards to break into the main government building on Saturday. Three regional airports were closed for a short period and 35 trains between Bangkok and the provinces were canceled. Protesters raided the 1718: 5421:

granting himself an amnesty for leading the coup and new sweeping powers. The junta legislature unanimously voted Prayut, the sole candidate, as the new prime minister. The formal appointment was made on 24 August 2014, in which King

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consists of 250 senators that hold a five-year term. Under section 107 of the 2017 constitution, senators are selected from professional and social groups, having the knowledge, expertise, and experience in various areas of society.

4422:. Notably, it highlighted the growing influence of Thai university students in politics. Only three years later, left-wing movements were cracked down by the extremely violent suppression from right wings and ultra royalists in the 2256:, the politics of the kingdom became even more tense. The military government, with the support of the US, tightened its control over the country's politics, while intellectuals and leftist students strongly opposed the junta. 7248: 5103:

abandoned his bid to regain the premiership, and he also resigned from the PPP's leadership. Meanwhile, PPP's chief party spokesmen, Kudeb Saikrachang and Kan Thiankaew, announced on 13 September that caretaker prime minister

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is the lower house of the National Assembly and consists of 500 members sitting for four years; 350 members are elected from a constituency basis and 150 members are elected from a party-list proportional representation. The

4879:(PPP), or Thaksin's proxy party, gained the majority, with just under half of the total seats in parliament, and won the general election by a solid margin after five minor parties joined it to form a coalition government. 5314:

However, one week later, 10 May, protesters had yet to disband despite accepting the road map proposed by the prime minister for early elections. They placed new demands upon the prime minister that Deputy Prime Minister

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led by PAD. The conflict centred on the constitution. The PPP supported the amendment of the 2007 constitution, while anti-government protesters considered it to be a political amnesty for Thaksin and his followers.

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A month after the coup, an interim civilian government was formed, including an appointed House of Representatives from a variety of professions and an appointed Constitutional Court. Freedom of speech was restored.

2241:, Western, democratic-style of government was alien to the kingdom. It was claimed that Siam had insufficient time to educate its population in preparation for Western political, industrial, and economic changes. 2359:

and exercises power through the National Assembly, the Council of Ministers, and the Courts in accordance with the 2017 constitution. The king, as the head of state, is the symbol of national identity and unity.

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staged armed struggle in the countryside in the 1960s. Communist and radical ideas attracted a handful of intellectuals. The communist movement was seen as congruent with the independence movements in other

1381: 5176:(AHRC) issued a statement saying that the current crisis was a watershed moment for democracy and rule of law in Thailand. It contains harsh critique of PAD and the criminal justice system of Thailand. 4949:

In 1973, he ran a prominent month-long propaganda campaign, accusing democratic student movements of being communist rebels, traitors and spies. The event ended in a massacre of hundreds of students at

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ousting, was particularly designed to be tighter in its control of corruptions and conflicts of interests while reducing the authority of the government. It was repealed in the 22 May 2014 coup d'état.

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As a result of imperialism, the kings began minor reforms. The king was the president of the government, consulted with his councillors, mainly his relatives. Though significant reforms had occurred in

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Criminal charges and allegations of administrative abuse cases were brought against the Election Committee. The courts voided the election results, jailed the committee for abuse of power, and ordered

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PAD gathered in Bangkok and demanded that Thaksin resign as prime minister so that the king could directly appoint someone else. Thaksin refused and protests continued for weeks. Thaksin consequently

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of the populist Pheu Thai party, became Thailand's new prime minister, while the Pheu Thai party's billionaire figurehead Thaksin Shinawatra returned to Thailand after years in self-imposed exile.

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said he backed the creation of a national unity government that would include all the country's parties, and he also asked for the lifting of a state of emergency that Samak imposed on 2 September.

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behind-the-scenes support of the military, the country's most influential institution, seeing Thaksin supported by anti-royalists, former revolutionaries, and ex-communists aiming at regime change.

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and 150 were elected from a party-list proportional representation. The National Assembly convened on 5 June to elect the new prime minister, in which the incumbent prime minister and coup leader

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PM Samak Sundaravej, through his parliament, was able to complete budget bills for mega-projects which cost so much that the King of Thailand spoke out in protest and to thank the head of the

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The Constitutional Court unanimously dissolved the populist Thai Rak Thai Party following punishment according to the 1997 constitution, banning 111 TRT members from politics for five years.

2089:. Both unicameral and bicameral parliaments have been used, and members of parliament have been both elected and appointed. The direct powers of the monarch have also varied considerably. 1958:

enforced throughout the kingdom, military courts have been tasked to be responsible for some cases that are normally under the civilian courts. However, the court system, including the

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demonstrators spread their activities to significant locations such as major intersections. Streets were blocked and barricaded. The demonstration took place at the same time as the

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Former PM Thaksin had welcomed offers to come back to Thailand in February 2008 to face corruption charges and to get close control of the PPP, successor of his Thai Rak Thai Party.

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his term in office began in April 2017, simultaneously with the new constitution, although General Prayuth had ruled as the leader of the government since the 2014 military coup.

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exposed by Sonthi Limthongkul, Manager Media Group owner, who reached the middle class in the capital and the cities through the only small satellite and internet media channel,

4492:. An estimated 52 to 100 protesters were killed, 696 were injured, and 175 had "disappeared", it had not been concluded until today. Shortly, Suchinda regime received sweeping 2493:

Thailand is an active participant in international and regional organizations, and maintains a particularly close and longstanding security relationship with the United States.

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took place. Its leaders were both bureaucrats and young military officers, urging national reforms, including the first written constitution. After negotiation with the king,

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predominantly poor and rural north and northeastern regions. However, the most severe critic of Thaksin seemed to be Sondhi Limthongkul, a media tycoon and former colleague.

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Before the 1932 revolution, the kingdom had no written constitution. The monarch was the originator of all laws and the head of the government. In 1932 the first written

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staged by the 1932 revolutionary, military wing itself, occurred in 1933. The military became a tool for political stability. Political freedom, freedom of speech, and

5108:, caretaker justice minister Sompong Amornwiwat, and PPP Secretary-General Surapong Suebwonglee were PPP's candidates for premiership. However, Suriyasai Katasila of 5901: 4476:, a businessman and former diplomat, headed a largely civilian interim government and promised to hold elections in the near future. However, following inconclusive 5234:-led government allied with their coalition partners, who also have the tacit support of the PAD, the military, and the police, against the Thaksin loyalists, the 2302:

are always the target of the political parties, no grassroots party has ever led the country. Money seems to be the major factor in gaining power in the country.

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The issue of voting rights in Thailand is addressed under Section 95 of the 2017 constitution. A person must have the following qualifications in order to vote:

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have abused of the rights and freedoms and harmed the state's security and ordered an end to all movements, declaring unconstitutional. It has been likened to

1954:(NCPO) had taken over administration. The chief of NCPO abolished the national assembly and assumed the responsibilities of the legislative branch. Under the 4978: 6588: 1962:, still remains in existence, even without the constitution. The NCPO was formally dissolved following the swearing-in of the new cabinet on 16 July 2019. 497: 6558: 6858: 5369:

warrant was issued for Suthep by authorities who cited insurrection as the reason, but police did not act on the order for fear of further provocation.

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reacted to the appointment by demanding an end to military influence in government, but demonstrations were violently suppressed by the military in

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was introduced as the first constitution to be drafted by a popularly elected Constitutional Drafting Assembly, hence was popularly called the

1902: 831: 7704: 6905: 6816: 6786: 6613: 6368: 5214:. Demonstrators moved there to protest, aiming at disrupting the summit. Protesters stormed the site of the summit, causing its cancellation. 8449: 7397: 5069:(NohPohKoh) protesters, supported by Thaksin and the PPP moved toward PAD at about 03:00, 2 September without adequate police intervention. 4838:

was abrogated, although most of the institutions of government remained intact. A new constitution was drafted and promulgated in late-2007.

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Must be of Thai nationality, those that have acquired citizenship through naturalisation must hold the Thai nationality for at least 5 years.

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The protesters attempted to hold 320 MPs and senators as hostages inside the parliament building, cutting off the power supply, and forcing

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Thaksin and his family fled to Great Britain on 11 August 2008, to apply for political asylum after his wife was convicted of tax evasion.

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endorsed the coup, formally appointing Prayut to "take charge of public administration" as of 24 May. On 22 July 2014, Prayut issued an

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of the interim constitution. It authorises Prayut to issue "any order to suppress" any act that "undermines public peace and order or

1986:. To date, Thailand has had 20 charters and constitutions, reflecting a high degree of political instability. After successful coups, 8144: 7816: 7317: 5334:

per capita more than doubled to US$ 1,475. Over the same period, GDP in the Bangkok area soared from US$ 7,900 to nearly US$ 13,000.

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Civil movements in Thailand were active in the 2000s, with some groups perceiving the Thaksin government as authoritarian, citing

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also emerged for the first time. These organs later became a threat to politicians, particularly when the financial dealings of

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and a new healthcare program that brought coverage to all Thais for 30 baht per visit (equivalent to about US$ 1). During the

1875: 8298: 8198: 7195: 6088: 5669: 5418: 5405:, banned gatherings of five or more persons and arrested politicians and anti-coup activists, some of whom were charged with 5269: 5165:

to escape by jumping a back fence after his policy address. But other trapped MPs failed to leave and flee from the mob. The

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on the area beside the near prime minister's office forced the government to transfer its activities to Don Mueang Airport.

5000:(under threats from the government) for warning that the country was on the brink of disaster because of high expenditures. 4531:

caused a loss of confidence in the Chavalit government and forced him to hand over power to Chuan Leekpai in November 1997.

67: 9061: 8811: 8635: 8075: 7892: 7025: 5475: 1951: 1603: 4920:

example of the businessman autocrat, launching so-called populist projects, some of which were controversial, such as the

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Thailand's "popular constitution", called the "people's constitution" was successfully promulgated in 1997 after the 1992

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Thongchai Winichakul (2002). "Remembering/ Silencing the Traumatic Past". In Shigeharu Tanabe and Charles F. Keyes eds.,

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operation." After being dispersed, 5,000 demonstrators returned and blocked all four entries to the parliament building.

4682: 4655: 4617: 4458: 2379: 2368: 1713: 1501: 1481: 1329: 1146: 1141: 967: 912: 712: 646: 268: 8288: 6660: 1633: 1623: 1536: 9106: 8320: 8044: 7979: 6956: 6454: 5574:, meaning the royalist-military parties that supported Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-ocha lost power. On 22 August 2023, 5505:

500 votes to 244, in which 249 of 500 votes came from a near-unanimous body of senators appointed by the junta (NCPO).

5131: 5109: 4876: 4865: 4674: 4646: 4623: 2541:

Must have their name listed in the household register in the constituency for at least 90 days on the date of election.

1895: 984: 5927: 5623: 2378:, as the bicameral legislative branch of the government, consists of the House of Representatives and the Senate. The 74: 8208: 7606: 6566: 5467: 5343: 5291: 4796: 4603: 4386: 2474: 2201: 2097: 2077: 2063: 1797: 1707: 1461: 1401: 731: 107: 7774: 7769: 7747: 5718: 5649: 4778: 4368: 2456: 2183: 2045: 8004: 7938: 7928: 6028: 5539: 5008: 4523:

became prime minister, but held the office for little more than a year. Following elections held in November 1996,

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officially shut US bases amid the fear of communist victory in the Indochinese countries in 1975. In 1976, Admiral

2102: 1959: 1765: 1034: 1022: 504: 487: 7141: 5978: 8261: 8095: 7989: 7763: 7725: 5686: 4712:

of 20 per cent of eligible votes. As the Thai constitution requires all seats to be filled from the beginning of

1781: 1416: 1205: 1182: 56: 7540: 5011:. Riot police entered the occupied compound and delivered a court order for the eviction of the PAD protesters. 4861:

2007 constitution, although there was significant disapproval in Thaksin's stronghold, the north and northeast.

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new ministries in an effort to streamline the bureaucratic process and increase efficiency and accountability.

4585: 4466: 4364: 2452: 2179: 2041: 45: 8588: 7087: 9206: 8896: 8481: 8415: 8176: 8102: 8039: 8014: 7809: 7430: 5498: 5173: 5116: 5076: 5003:

On 26 August 2008, 30,000 protesters, led by PAD, occupied Sundaravej's Government House compound in central

4939: 4857: 4835: 4713: 4535: 4435: 2488: 2375: 2318: 2310: 1888: 1724: 1352: 1306: 818: 671: 656: 340: 186: 7464: 7221: 4708:

by the opposition parties, leading to unopposed TRT candidates for 38 seats failing to obtain the necessary

9142: 8657: 8508: 8388: 8362: 8276: 7974: 7943: 7933: 6938: 6592: 5859: 5198: 5016: 4314: 1628: 1496: 1421: 1345: 1339: 436: 7789: 9101: 9006: 8647: 8425: 8019: 8009: 7752: 5726: 5514: 4681:. Due to an inability to clear himself of the corruption allegations, Thaksin's regime fell apart during 4651: 4528: 2260: 1995: 1506: 1348: 1051: 7785:

Interview with Red Shirt leader Jakkraphob Bhenkair by Radio France Internationale in English April 2009

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were detained by the Thai police led by Col. Sarathon Pradit, by virtue of 27 August arrest warrant for

4864:

On 23 December 2007, a national parliamentary election was held, based on the new constitution, and the

4462: 2410: 1947: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1564: 1559: 8578: 8372: 8342: 8313: 8303: 8203: 7897: 7872: 6856: 6725: 6522: 6501: 5571: 5490: 5305: 4449:, civilian democratic political institutions slowly gained greater authority, culminating in 1988 when 4411: 4400: 2578: 2227: 2101:

increase the stability of elected governments. New organs supervising administrative power such as the

1974: 1924: 1547: 1526: 1491: 1486: 1466: 1095: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1046: 707: 357: 292: 7001: 6882: 6678: 9111: 8563: 8456: 8335: 8330: 8293: 8283: 8271: 8249: 8034: 7867: 6832: 6403: 5231: 4907:

saw increasing political turmoil, with the PPP government facing pressure to step down amid mounting

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stated: "Before Thaksin, no politicians came here. Thaksin understood our situation and helped us."

2298:

From 1932, bureaucrats, generals, and businessmen have run most of the political parties. While the

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incident. Publicly, constitutional devices have often charged as the root of political turmoil. The

1977:

in 1932, led by westernized bureaucrats and a tradition-oriented military, Siam officially became a

9056: 9021: 8976: 8828: 8804: 8541: 8432: 8420: 8112: 8085: 7802: 6921: 6903: 6814: 6794: 6621: 6366: 5602: 5532: 4759: 4349: 2515: 2437: 2246: 2164: 2129: 2026: 1821: 1342: 765: 608: 575: 565: 558: 169: 7492: 7387: 81: 8946: 8941: 8836: 8738: 8236: 8117: 7780:

Interview with Thaksin Shinawattra by Radio France Internationale/France 24 in English April 2009

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Following the defection of a coalition partner, Chuan dissolved parliament in May 1995, and the

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occurred in 1933 and the first official constitution was removed, to be replaced by a new one.

1587: 935: 838: 719: 694: 676: 367: 303: 278: 7439: 7363: 6277: 5519:

The protests began in early 2020 with demonstrations against the government of Prime Minister

9152: 9031: 9026: 8906: 8667: 8583: 8503: 8444: 8357: 8129: 8090: 8024: 7957: 6062: 5455: 5154: 4892: 4731: 4717: 4677:(PAD), a large group of middle class Thais and a coalition of anti-Thaksin protesters led by 4634:(TRT) won an overwhelming victory on a populist platform of economic growth and development. 4543: 4415: 2511: 2352: 1999: 1987: 1831: 1792: 1692: 1682: 1657: 1553: 1521: 1217: 1064: 997: 681: 613: 463: 7350:[Proclamation on Appointment of Leader of the National Council for Peace and Order] 4407:. Changes of government were affected primarily by a long series of mostly bloodless coups. 2140:, which he used on occasion to resolve political crises that threatened national stability. 1265: 9096: 9001: 8981: 8971: 8871: 8684: 8498: 8476: 8466: 8461: 8400: 8171: 8164: 8149: 8139: 7857: 7852: 7392: 7322: 5543: 5528: 5524: 5502: 5435: 4951: 4827: 4534:

Chuan formed a coalition government based on the themes of economic crisis management. The

4450: 4427: 2637: 2106: 1687: 738: 638: 595: 386: 320: 156: 7070:"Troops killed six unarmed people in temple during Thai 'Red Shirt' protests, court rules" 6066: 5238:(UDD). Both sides have claimed the fighting as the struggle for democracy and the nation. 2268:

countries, waging war against the US. In response, the military junta tightened its grip.

8: 9126: 9071: 8986: 8966: 8851: 8841: 8797: 8764: 8757: 8726: 8721: 8528: 8352: 8224: 8080: 8029: 7984: 7837: 7829: 7784: 6982: 5592: 5547: 5451: 5443: 5398: 4982: 4872:, seized the reins of government. Thailand's new parliament convened on 21 January 2008. 4659: 4631: 4520: 4481: 4419: 2284: 1932: 1826: 1816: 1786: 1581: 1541: 1449: 1406: 920: 793: 785: 755: 480: 406: 396: 5755: 5438:". Political rights had been a free fall since Prayut took control. On 13 October 2016, 9116: 9051: 9016: 8951: 8931: 8921: 8881: 8866: 8861: 8699: 8558: 8493: 8471: 8266: 8186: 7999: 6408: 6353: 6139: 5563: 5471: 5423: 5414: 5219: 5143: 5042: 4908: 4831: 4678: 4627: 4519:

won the largest number of parliamentary seats in the subsequent election. Party leader

4497: 2703: 2384: 2364: 2344: 2322: 2214:

Thailand was a kingdom under an absolute monarch for over seven centuries before 1932.

2133: 2114: 1928: 959: 865: 759: 661: 514: 347: 223: 206: 142: 7731: 6761: 6429: 6320: 6295: 6254: 6228: 6189: 5190: 1003: 9181: 9157: 9076: 9036: 9011: 8991: 8926: 8901: 8891: 8876: 8773: 8652: 8642: 8630: 8625: 8518: 8405: 8193: 7882: 7877: 7438:(Special Part 159 D). Bangkok: Cabinet Secretariat: 1. 25 August 2014. Archived from 5694: 5665: 5597: 5520: 5494: 5431: 5394: 5365: 5316: 5162: 5127: 5120: 5105: 5093: 5088: 5054: 5012: 4819:

to make a speech at UN Headquarters, the military seized power on 19 September 2006.

4485: 4473: 4446: 4227: 2681: 2552: 1970: 1846: 1836: 1260: 1255: 904: 900: 888: 857: 824: 247: 233: 5953: 8996: 8961: 8916: 8911: 8820: 8716: 8704: 8672: 8254: 7887: 6044: 6040: 5831: 5657: 5575: 5100: 5080: 4997: 4935: 4869: 4547: 4527:

formed a coalition government and became prime minister. However, the onset of the

4516: 4489: 4454: 2503: 2306: 2273: 2125: 2093: 1851: 1575: 1476: 1391: 939: 842: 2514:, the former Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand, served as Director-General of the 700: 8778: 8694: 8598: 8159: 8154: 8134: 7469: 6944: 6909: 6862: 6820: 6372: 6283: 5902:"The East Asia Summit, Kuala Lumpur, 14 December 2005 : issues and outcomes" 5567: 5410: 5023: 4667: 2615: 2238: 2137: 1869: 1747: 953: 777: 771: 750: 742: 723: 570: 7362:(Special Part 82 D). Bangkok: Cabinet Secretariat: 1. 2014-05-26. Archived from 5954:"FORMER DIRECTOR-GENERAL Supachai Panitchpakdi, WTO Director-General, 2002–2005" 5397:

quickly cracked down on dissent. He put in place controls on the media, imposed

5364:

In his response to the media on 27 December 2013, Thailand's army chief General

601: 8709: 8662: 8536: 7667: 7631: 7506: 7318:"The Thai junta's latest crackdown on dissent is a bogus Facebook login button" 7299: 7043: 5979:

http://www.constitutionalcourt.or.th/occ_en/download/article_20170410173022.pdf

5038: 1983: 1366: 651: 620: 330: 250: 6015:

Cultural Crisis and Social Memory: Modernity and Identity in Thailand and Laos

5486:, which has close ties to the junta and is led by Prayut's cabinet ministers, 5065:

One person died and 40 people were wounded in a clash which occurred when the

9200: 9175: 8615: 8593: 8488: 7424:[Proclamation on Appointment of Prime Minister dated 24 August 2014] 5698: 5531:(FFP) in late February 2020 which was critical of Prayut, the changes to the 5523:. They later expanded to include the unprecedented demands for reform of the 5019: 4816: 4697: 4505: 1936: 1326: 310: 153: 5026:

resulting to 118 flights canceled or diverted, affecting 15,000 passengers.

4868:(Thai Rak Thai's and Thaksin's proxy party), led by former Bangkok governor 2280:

that brought hard-line anti-communists to power and reversed these reforms.

873: 8568: 7578: 7545: 5147: 5135: 5046: 4404: 2356: 2249:

were strongly compromised in the first three-quarters of the 20th century.

6048: 5661: 9185: 8677: 8603: 8551: 8437: 7862: 7760:

Weekly column on human rights & the rule of law in Thailand and Burma

4686: 4493: 2340: 2265: 2253: 1955: 1411: 258: 213: 176: 2136:—on the throne from 1946 to 2016—commanded enormous popular respect and 2117:, one of the most popular politicians in Thai history, became an issue. 5845: 5349:

protest movement was led by Suthep Thaugsuban and was supported by the

5276: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5084: 4588: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2299: 7650:"Thai court rules calls for curbs on monarchy are 'abuse of freedoms'" 6523:"สลด! ตร.ปล่อย "ม็อบนรก" ฝ่าด่าน ปะทะการ์ดพันธมิตรที่มัฆวานฯ เจ็บอื้อ" 8689: 8610: 8572: 8241: 4484:

was appointed prime minister. Thais, more than 200,000 people led by

4442: 2110: 1940: 535: 453: 196: 137: 7794: 7742: 7705:"Srettha Thavisin elected Thailand PM as Thaksin returns from exile" 5888:"Prayuth's Brother a No-Show on Legislature, Collects Salary Anyway" 5535:

in 2017 and the country's political landscape that it gave rise to.

5251: 5142:) against him and eight other protest leaders. At Government House, 4830:

was formed. Political activities were banned by the junta after the

4748: 4563: 4338: 2426: 2153: 2015: 548: 23: 8789: 8546: 7825: 5587: 5439: 5406: 4904: 4431: 2494: 2231: 1966: 1735: 5527:. The protests were initially triggered by the dissolution of the 4685:

led by PAD, which led to widespread calls for his resignation and

4461:

in more than a decade. Three years later, another bloodless coup,

7766:

Page archiving daily news about the violence in southern Thailand

7726:

In depth – Thailand – Political turmoil in the streets of Bangkok

7607:"Thailand's junta chief elected as country's next prime minister" 7274:"Army boosts support for CMPO, cites intensification of violence" 7113: 6957:"Thai Deputy Premier Quits as Police Battle Protesters (Update3)" 5650:"Thailand: Contestation, Polarization, and Democratic Regression" 5211: 5139: 5138:, conspiracy, illegal assembly, and refusing orders to disperse ( 5034: 5004: 4977:

The Constitutional Court concluded that PPP's second-in-command,

4705: 2347:, meeting place of Thailand's legislature, the National Assembly. 2223: 1293: 1283: 7687:"'Impressive victory': Thai opposition crushes military parties" 7668:"Prayuth Chan-ocha: Thai court rules coup leader can remain PM" 7572:

Sattaburuth, Aekarach; Bangprapa, Mongkok (26 September 2018).

6480:"ภาพชัดๆ "ปืนจ่อหัว" พิสูจน์ "ความด้าน" ของตำรวจไทยและ "สมัคร"" 5426:

officially endorsed Prayut as prime minister. Prayut activated

5402: 4912: 4709: 4512:, became prime minister at the head of a five-party coalition. 4457:, assumed office as the country's first democratically elected 2219: 1950:

revoking the 2007 constitution, a military organization called

1232: 1227: 7632:"Future Forward: Thai pro-democracy party dissolved over loan" 6455:"Thai Party Calls Urgent Session as Protests Spread (Update3)" 5562:

In May 2023, Thailand's reformist opposition, the progressive

5115:

On 14 September the state of emergency was lifted. The ruling

2351:

Thailand categorizes itself as a constitutional monarchy, the

1943:

is independent of the executive and the legislative branches.

7737: 5207: 5166: 5030: 4938:

was elected prime minister of the first government under the

2538:

Must not be less than 18 years of age on the day of election.

2498: 2309:

uprising, in 1992, lead to more reform when promulgating the

1371: 1237: 7526:"Thai ruler boosts his power with $ 30bn property portfolio" 5774:"How Thailand Became the World's Last Military Dictatorship" 2237:

Despite the efforts of many democrats in the past including

5874:"Prayuth's Nephew Quits Army a Year After Nepotism Scandal" 5327: 4824:

Council for Democratic Reform under Constitutional Monarchy

5991:"House, Senate elect Prayut Thailand's new prime minister" 4323: 6115:"Red Shirt v Yellow Shirt: Thailand's political struggle" 5226:

hospitals, but the government reported no serious cases.

5029:

Protesters also blocked the entrances of the airports in

4727:. Thaksin continued to work as caretaker prime minister. 1455: 7539:

Jotikasthira, Om; Sabpaitoon, Patpon (28 October 2018).

7114:

CHRIS BRUMMITT; PAPITCHAYA BOONNGOK (26 December 2013).

4673:

Thaksin refused to publicly answer the questions of the

2545: 2226:

seized government buildings and some key ministers. The

7044:"Rights group criticises 'interfering' Thai army chief" 5687:"Bangkok Is Engulfed by Protests. What's Driving Them?" 4546:. For the first time in Thai history, both houses were 7538: 7465:"Junta Clarifies Scope of Article 44's Sweeping Power" 6589:"The article you've requested is no longer available" 6215:"Thailand Marks the Darkest Day in Its Living Memory" 6190:"Asia-Pacific | Thaksin ally elected as Thai PM" 6166:"Thai government rejects army call for new elections" 6089:"Thai northeast vows poll payback to Shinawatra clan" 6061: 4414:

of 14 October 1973 resulted in the end of the ruling

4328: 7571: 7246: 7116:"Thai election body urges delay in polls amid clash" 6983:"Bangkok protesters hurt in anti-government clashes" 6541:"ย้อนรอยก่อนสู่วันตัดสินโทษ"แม้ว-มาน"อาชญากรแผ่นดิน" 5622:

Nanuam, Wassana; Bangprapa, Mongkol (17 July 2019).

5446:

became the new monarch. On 16 July 2017, Prayut and

5179: 7421:ประกาศแต่งตั้งนายกรัฐมนตรี ลงวันที่ 24 สิงหาคม 2557 7171:"Thai Army Chief Urges Calm, Doesn't Rule out Coup" 5685:Paddock, Richard C.; Lindner, Emmett (2020-10-24). 5461: 48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 7604: 6922:"Thai clashes kill 2 in Bangkok, hundreds injured" 6724: 6498:"ชมภาพจะจะ! แก๊สน้ำตาปลิวออกจาก บช.น.ใส่พันธมิตรฯ" 5478:and would select the prime minister alongside the 4658:older residents of the Baan Dong Yaang village in 4630:, who had relations with the 1990s junta, and his 2521: 2132:, but is a symbol of national identity and unity. 7753:Asian Human Rights Commission – Thailand homepage 7139: 6404:"Thai Protest of Premier Stops Trains and Planes" 2252:Due to the pressure of outside events during the 9198: 6699:"Thai ruling coalition begins search for new PM" 4553: 2506:that was held in Kuala Lumpur in December 2005. 7507:"Thailand's King Bhumibol Adulyadej dead at 88" 7000:Mydans, Seth; Fuller, Thomas (8 October 2008). 6787:"Thai ruling party picks Thaksin in-law for PM" 5621: 5236:United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship 5195:United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship 5130:and rally organiser Chaiwat Sinsuwongse of the 6980: 6614:"Party spokesman: Samak accepts PM nomination" 5711: 5684: 8805: 7810: 7142:"Suthep: Protesters to block EC registration" 6385:"'I will never resign' says besieged Thai PM" 4426:event, following by a coup to strengthen the 1896: 1672:1999 attack on the Myanmar Embassy in Bangkok 7347:ประกาศแต่งตั้งหัวหน้าคณะรักษาความสงบแห่งชาติ 7249:"Thai Protesters Warming Up to Disrupt Poll" 6999: 5037:(which were later re-opened). Police issued 4886: 4725:a new round of elections for 15 October 2006 2005: 7168: 6033:Japanese Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 4777:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4367:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2455:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2182:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2044:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 8812: 8798: 7817: 7803: 7388:"Thai military announces new constitution" 6643:"Thai ruling party nominates Samak for PM" 5908:. Commonwealth of Australia. December 2005 5647: 5615: 5045:and eight other PAD leaders on charges of 4970:leaders was charged with electoral fraud. 4650:relief for farmers still reeling from the 4472:Shortly thereafter, the royally appointed 1903: 1889: 7109: 7107: 5860:"Thai Junta Beset by Corruption Scandals" 5292:Learn how and when to remove this message 5241: 5153:On 7 October 2008, Deputy Prime Minister 5007:, forcing he and his advisers to work at 4797:Learn how and when to remove this message 4604:Learn how and when to remove this message 4387:Learn how and when to remove this message 4313:Sources: Election Commission of Thailand 2475:Learn how and when to remove this message 2202:Learn how and when to remove this message 2064:Learn how and when to remove this message 108:Learn how and when to remove this message 7300:"Thailand military seizes power in coup" 7247:Warangkana Chomchuen (30 January 2014). 7067: 7026:"Thai PM jumps fence to flee protesters" 6346:"Thai minister to stay despite protests" 5337: 5189: 4898: 4647:general election held on 6 February 2005 2339: 1919:are conducted within the framework of a 7310: 6833:"Police Arrest Leader of Thai Protests" 6112: 6082: 6080: 6017:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 5832:"The cost of corruption: Bt100 billion" 4324:Political history of the democratic era 2497:'s foreign policy includes support for 2276:, the armed forces commander, staged a 1270:Subdistrict Administrative Organisation 380:(Nominated by House of Representatives) 9199: 7164: 7162: 7140:Thanarak Khoonton (22 December 2013). 7104: 6401: 6140:"Profile: Thailand's reds and yellows" 6026: 5450:issued the Crown Property law, making 5389:On 22 May 2014, the military staged a 4626:, telecommunications multimillionaire 4465:ended his term and the military junta 2143: 1666:Israeli Bangkok Embassy hostage crisis 1252:Provincial Administrative Organisation 297:Party-list proportional representation 8793: 7824: 7798: 7586:from the original on 12 February 2020 7574:"PM allows ministers to back parties" 7553:from the original on 12 February 2020 7524:Parry, Richard Lloyd (17 July 2017). 7523: 7400:from the original on 29 November 2020 7214: 5719:Democracy Index 2023: Age of Conflict 5542:ruled that demands for reform of the 5508: 4441:Beginning with a brief experiment in 3347:The Farmer Network of Thailand Party 2546:Results of 2019 Thai General Election 427:(by the advice of the Prime Minister) 8819: 7266: 7240: 7196:"Yingluck commits to Feb 2 election" 6252: 6077: 5351:People's Democratic Reform Committee 5274:adding citations to reliable sources 5245: 4775:adding citations to reliable sources 4742: 4586:adding citations to reliable sources 4557: 4365:adding citations to reliable sources 4332: 2453:adding citations to reliable sources 2420: 2416: 2180:adding citations to reliable sources 2147: 2042:adding citations to reliable sources 2009: 1952:National Council for Peace and Order 46:adding citations to reliable sources 17: 7684: 7188: 7159: 7002:"Hundreds Injured in Thai Protests" 6793:. 15 September 2008. Archived from 6741:"Bangkok state of emergency lifted" 6717:"Bangkok state of emergency lifted" 6321:"Ex-Thai PM's wife guilty of fraud" 6229:"Thai protesters defy PM's warning" 6086: 6067:"Thailand: The massacre in Bangkok" 3247:Thai Power Builds the Nation Party 1069:Recent elections & referendums 13: 7222:"Feb 2 election facts and figures" 7068:Buncombe, Andrew (6 August 2013). 6430:"Pressure mounts on Thailand's PM" 5932:Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation 5756:"Britannica: Promoters Revolution" 5454:in control of the world's biggest 4542:. The 1997 constitution created a 4504:1992 won by a narrow majority and 4329:Transition to democracy after 1932 2355:has little direct power under the 2128:has little direct power under the 1965:The Kingdom of Siam (now known as 985:26th Thai House of Representatives 14: 9223: 7764:Southern Thailand insurgency news 7732:Thailand Calls State of Emergency 7719: 6981:Matthew Weaver (7 October 2008). 6762:"Thai faction rejects PM nominee" 6402:Fuller, Thomas (30 August 2008). 6255:"Embattled Thai PM survives vote" 5497:became prime minister, defeating 5180:2009–2010 protests and crackdowns 5083:. Five coalition parties, namely 4696:on 24 February 2006 and called a 3847:Bhumphalangkasettrakonthai Party 9180: 9171: 9170: 7734:, BBC News, accessed 2006-09-19. 7169:Jinda Wedel (27 December 2013). 6500:. Manager Online. Archived from 6296:"Former Thai PM flees to the UK" 5806:www.business-anti-corruption.com 5624:"HM gives cabinet moral support" 5462:2017 military junta constitution 5250: 5009:Don Mueang International Airport 4747: 4562: 4478:March 1992 Thai general election 4337: 2526: 2425: 2152: 2014: 1863: 1002: 919: 872: 823: 699: 600: 547: 534: 397:Council of Ministers of Thailand 136: 22: 8636:Traditional musical instruments 7697: 7678: 7660: 7642: 7624: 7598: 7565: 7532: 7517: 7499: 7485: 7457: 7412: 7380: 7338: 7292: 7133: 7080: 7061: 7036: 7018: 6993: 6974: 6949: 6932: 6914: 6897: 6867: 6850: 6825: 6808: 6779: 6754: 6733: 6709: 6691: 6671: 6653: 6635: 6606: 6581: 6551: 6533: 6515: 6490: 6472: 6447: 6422: 6395: 6377: 6360: 6338: 6313: 6288: 6271: 6246: 6221: 6207: 6182: 6158: 6132: 6106: 6055: 6020: 6007: 5983: 5972: 5946: 5928:"2003 APEC Ministerial Meeting" 5920: 5894: 5880: 5866: 5852: 5838: 5737:from the original on 2024-06-09 5261:needs additional citations for 5186:2008–2010 Thai political crisis 5132:People's Alliance for Democracy 5110:People's Alliance for Democracy 4675:People's Alliance for Democracy 4656:2013–2014 Thai political crisis 4618:2005–2006 Thai political crisis 4573:needs additional citations for 3007:Thai Teachers for People Party 2867:Thai Forest Conservation Party 2522:Political parties and elections 1714:Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812) 1017:President: Anocha Chevitsophon 33:needs additional citations for 9138:British Indian Ocean Territory 6029:"Coups in Thailand, 1980-1991" 5824: 5794: 5784: 5766: 5748: 5678: 5641: 5119:, on 15 September 2008, named 4858:controversial new constitution 4467:National Peace Keeping Council 4434:period, including increase of 2807:Action Coalition for Thailand 1948:the coup d'état of 22 May 2014 1619:March 1977 coup d'état attempt 1041:President: Nakarin Mektrairat 1029:President: Vorapot Visrutpich 647:Head of the Royal Armed Forces 1: 7493:"World Report 2015: Thailand" 7431:Royal Thai Government Gazette 7088:"Thailand Descent into Chaos" 6253:Head, Jonathan (2008-06-27). 6113:McNeill, David (2010-08-20). 5608: 5553: 5499:Thanathorn Juangroongruangkit 5344:2013–14 Thai political crisis 5174:Asian Human Rights Commission 4554:2001–2006, Thaksin Shinawatra 4445:during the mid-1980s, led by 3727:Thai Social Democratic Party 2518:(WTO) between 2002 and 2005. 2489:Foreign relations of Thailand 2391: 2376:National Assembly of Thailand 2329: 1798:Cambodian–Thai border dispute 672:Bureau of the Royal Household 6875:"Bangkok Post: Breakingnews" 6679:"Bangkok Post – Most recent" 6559:"Bangkok Post: Breakingnews" 5384: 5017:Phuket International Airport 4738: 3567:Palang Thai Rak Chart Party 958:Paradorn Prissanananthakul ( 488:Supreme Administrative Court 7: 8514:Water supply and sanitation 7396:. Australia. 27 July 2014. 6908:September 26, 2012, at the 6819:September 24, 2012, at the 6371:September 21, 2012, at the 5727:Economist Intelligence Unit 5648:Kongkirati, Prajak (2024). 5581: 4959:current democratic system. 4638:Constitutional Court case. 4430:and military status in the 4167:Thai Save the Nation Party 3987:Thailand Development Party 3907:Commoner Party of Thailand 2947:Palang Thai Rak Thai Party 2261:Communist Party of Thailand 1996:Economist Intelligence Unit 1312:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1065:Elections & referendums 10: 9228: 9212:Politics of Southeast Asia 8368:Controlled-access highways 7605:Helen Regan; Kocha Olarn. 6027:Tamada, Yoshifumi (1995). 5654:Cambridge University Press 5512: 5341: 5306:2011 Thai general election 5303: 5183: 4808: 4615: 4401:Siamese revolution of 1932 3367:Thaen Khun Phaendin Party 3067:Thai Citizens Power Party 3027:Thai People Justice Party 2486: 2395: 2333: 1719:Ai Sa Kiad Ngong rebellion 1548:Rebellion of the Sergeants 1502:2013–2014 political crisis 1482:2005–2006 political crisis 764:Pirapan Salirathavibhaga ( 293:First-past-the-post system 9166: 9125: 9085: 8827: 8751: 8527: 8450:Universities and colleges 8396: 8387: 8232: 8223: 8071: 8062: 7965: 7956: 7921: 7845: 7836: 7541:"Young voters find voice" 6943:October 29, 2008, at the 6282:January 23, 2009, at the 5448:military junta legislator 5172:On 26 November 2008, the 4887:Red shirts, yellow shirts 4832:coup on 19 September 2006 4811:2006 Thailand coup d'état 4312: 3807:Palang Pandinthong Party 3667:Thai Teacher Power Party 3627:Phuea Thai Pattana Party 3287:The Land of Dharma Party 2927:People Progressive Party 2566: 2563: 2560: 2006:Politics of constitutions 1725:Lao rebellion (1826–1828) 786:64th Council of Ministers 747:Suriya Juangroongruangkit 510: 503: 493: 486: 476: 469: 459: 452: 442: 432: 420: 412: 402: 392: 385: 373: 363: 353: 346: 336: 326: 316: 309: 302: 288: 274: 264: 257: 243: 229: 219: 212: 202: 192: 182: 175: 165: 149: 135: 122: 8887:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 8182:House of Representatives 8076:Administrative divisions 7728:, CBC News, 21 May 2010. 7420: 7346: 6861:January 8, 2009, at the 5958:World Trade Organization 5603:Constitution of Thailand 5480:House of Representatives 5401:, declared a nationwide 5022:on the resort island of 4480:, former army commander 4067:People for People Party 4007:Phue Sahagon Thai Party 3947:Cooperative Power Party 3887:Thai Power Labour Party 2907:Thai Nation Power Party 2887:Thai People Power Party 2516:World Trade Organization 2380:House of Representatives 1775:Foreign relations crisis 1634:1985 coup d'état attempt 1624:October 1977 coup d'état 1266:Subdistrict Municipality 1201:Administrative divisions 968:Leader of the Opposition 913:House of Representatives 776:Prasert Chanruangthong ( 269:House of Representatives 170:Constitution of Thailand 9148:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 7253:The Wall Street Journal 6087:AFP (31 January 2013). 5906:Parliament of Australia 5566:(MFP) and the populist 5515:2020–2021 Thai protests 5484:Phalang Pracharat Party 5326:Between 2001 and 2011, 4955:survivors were abused. 4856:The military drafted a 4424:6 October 1976 massacre 3387:Siam Development Party 3207:Democratic Force Party 3107:New Palangdharma Party 2847:Thai Local Power Party 2594:Palang Pracharath Party 1979:constitutional monarchy 1921:constitutional monarchy 1629:1981 military rebellion 1570:Army General Staff plot 1497:2010 political protests 1472:6 October 1976 massacre 1351:(Maritime : India 981:13th Senate of Thailand 238:President of the Senate 160:constitutional monarchy 8321:Science and technology 8289:Special economic zones 7770:Extrajudicial Killings 5538:In November 2021, The 5242:Resolution to conflict 5202: 4826:(CDRM) led by General 4732:extrajudicial killings 4652:Asian financial crisis 4624:January 2001 elections 4529:Asian financial crisis 4525:Chavalit Youngchaiyudh 3967:Phue Cheevitmai Party 3827:Thai Rung Rueng Party 3527:Thai Population Party 3167:New Alternative Party 2726:Chartthaipattana Party 2398:Corruption in Thailand 2348: 2336:Government of Thailand 1708:Taksin's reunification 1532:April 1933 coup d'état 1438:After reunited in 1767 1317:Diplomatic missions of 952:Pichet Chuamuangphan ( 936:Wan Muhamad Noor Matha 839:Wan Muhamad Noor Matha 732:Deputy Prime Ministers 720:Paetongtarn Shinawatra 677:Royal Security Command 368:Paetongtarn Shinawatra 279:Wan Muhamad Noor Matha 57:"Politics of Thailand" 8678:Mythological creature 8209:Deputy Prime Minister 8125:Intelligence agencies 6624:on September 19, 2008 6071:Amnesty International 6063:Amnesty International 6049:10.20495/tak.33.3_317 5662:10.1017/9781108565677 5474:was appointed by the 5338:2013 political crisis 5304:Further information: 5193: 5155:Chavalit Yongchaiyudh 4899:2008 political crisis 4815:While Thaksin was in 4718:constitutional crisis 4544:bicameral legislature 4540:People's Constitution 4463:1991 Thai coup d'état 4416:military dictatorship 4207:Thailand Sport Party 3927:Thai Dee Power Party 3607:New Aspiration Party 3587:Power of Faith Party 3227:Phue Khon Thai Party 2967:Thai Civilized Party 2512:Supachai Panitchpakdi 2411:2014 Thai coup d'état 2343: 2087:the 1959 constitution 1793:2003 Phnom Penh riots 1693:2019 Bangkok bombings 1683:2012 Bangkok bombings 1554:Songsuradet Rebellion 1537:June 1933 coup d'état 1522:Palace Revolt of 1912 1492:2009 political unrest 1487:2008 political crisis 1467:1973 popular uprising 1462:1970s peasant revolts 770:Pichai Chunhavajira ( 682:Crown Property Bureau 9207:Politics of Thailand 9062:United Arab Emirates 8336:Traditional medicine 8050:World Heritage Sites 8005:Environmental issues 7674:. 30 September 2022. 7093:. Human Rights Watch 6705:. 13 September 2008. 6667:. 13 September 2008. 6649:. 11 September 2008. 5834:. 18 September 2018. 5802:"En | Show All" 5540:Constitutional Court 5529:Future Forward Party 5503:Future Forward Party 5419:interim constitution 5270:improve this article 4952:Thammasat University 4877:People's Power Party 4866:People's Power Party 4828:Sonthi Boonyaratglin 4771:improve this section 4694:dissolved parliament 4582:improve this article 4451:Chatichai Choonhavan 4361:improve this section 3867:Rak Thong Thin Thai 3787:Powerful Love Party 3687:Thai Morality Party 3427:Ruam Jai Thai Party 3087:New Democracy Party 3047:People Reform Party 2827:Chart Pattana Party 2747:New Economics Party 2638:Future Forward Party 2449:improve this section 2176:improve this section 2107:Administrative Court 2103:Constitutional Court 2038:improve this section 1960:Constitutional Court 1917:politics of Thailand 1766:Communist insurgency 1760:Separatist Rebellion 1754:Dusun Nyor Rebellion 1742:Holy Man's Rebellion 1688:2015 Bangkok bombing 1206:Ministry of Interior 1035:Constitutional Court 1023:Administrative Court 804:Independent agencies 739:Phumtham Wechayachai 639:Dipangkorn Rasmijoti 527:Politics of Thailand 505:Constitutional Court 253:with self-nomination 124:Politics of Thailand 42:improve this article 9089:limited recognition 7656:. 10 November 2021. 7638:. 21 February 2020. 6879:www.bangkokpost.com 6797:on January 10, 2009 6768:. 15 September 2008 6665:The Washington Post 6563:www.bangkokpost.com 5890:. 16 February 2017. 5593:History of Thailand 5452:King Vajiralongkorn 5444:King Vajiralongkorn 5399:Internet censorship 5126:On 4 October 2008, 4983:Preah Vihear Temple 4979:Yongyuth Tiyapairat 4660:Udon Thani Province 4632:Thai Rak Thai Party 4521:Banharn Silpa-archa 4482:Suchinda Kraprayoon 4420:Thanom Kittikachorn 4107:Kasikornthai Party 3767:Foundational Party 3507:Thai Citizen Party 3487:Thai Network Party 3327:Social Power Party 2144:Democracy post-1932 1870:Thailand portal 1787:Blue Diamond Affair 1582:Manhattan Rebellion 1542:Boworadet rebellion 1450:Front Palace Crisis 1183:Election Commission 756:Anutin Charnvirakul 481:Anocha Chevitsophon 407:Paetongtarn cabinet 8348:Telecommunications 8000:Floods in Thailand 7898:Siamese Revolution 7685:Rasheed, Zaheena. 7513:. 13 October 2016. 7445:on August 26, 2014 7356:Government Gazette 7006:The New York Times 6837:The New York Times 6661:"Around the World" 6409:The New York Times 6073:. ASA 39/010/1992. 5848:. 29 January 2019. 5691:The New York Times 5564:Move Forward Party 5509:2020–2021 protests 5501:of the anti-junta 5424:Bhumibol Adulyadej 5415:Bhumibol Adulyadej 5413:. On 26 May, King 5220:state of emergency 5203: 5144:Sondhi Limthongkul 5117:People Power Party 5077:People Power Party 5043:Sondhi Limthongkul 4909:civil disobedience 4716:, this produced a 4700:for 2 April 2006. 4679:Sonthi Limthongkul 4628:Thaksin Shinawatra 4508:, a leader of the 4498:Bhumibol Adulyadej 4418:of anti-communist 4187:Thai Friend Party 4147:Thai Worker Party 4127:Thai Future Party 4047:Thai Rubber Party 4027:People Vote Party 3547:Thai Ethnic Party 3187:Paradonphab Party 3147:Puea Pandin Party 3127:Thairaktham Party 2987:Prachaniyom Party 2767:Prachachart Party 2704:Thai Liberal Party 2365:head of government 2349: 2345:Sappaya-Sapasathan 2283:At the end of the 2247:basic human rights 2115:Thaksin Shinawatra 1998:rated Thailand a " 1975:Siamese revolution 1969:) was ruled as an 1933:hereditary monarch 1929:head of government 1527:Revolution of 1932 1507:2020–2021 protests 515:Nakarin Mektrairat 498:Vorapot Visrutpich 348:Head of government 207:Sappaya-Sapasathan 177:Legislative branch 143:Emblem of Thailand 9194: 9193: 9131:other territories 8821:Politics of Asia 8787: 8786: 8747: 8746: 8734:Traditional games 8383: 8382: 8219: 8218: 8199:Political parties 8103:Foreign relations 8058: 8057: 7952: 7951: 7883:Ayutthaya Kingdom 7878:Sukhothai Kingdom 7709:www.aljazeera.com 7691:www.aljazeera.com 7495:. 9 January 2015. 7280:. 30 January 2014 7228:. 30 January 2014 7202:. 28 January 2014 6928:. 7 October 2008. 6391:. 30 August 2008. 6217:. 6 October 2016. 5876:. 21 August 2017. 5780:. March 20, 2019. 5671:978-1-108-56567-7 5598:Media in Thailand 5533:Thai constitution 5521:Prayut Chan-o-cha 5495:Prayut Chan-o-cha 5468:2017 constitution 5432:national security 5395:Prayut Chan-o-cha 5366:Prayut Chan-o-cha 5317:Suthep Thaugsuban 5302: 5301: 5294: 5163:Somchai Wongsawat 5128:Chamlong Srimuang 5121:Somchai Wongsawat 5106:Somchai Wongsawat 5094:Anupong Paochinda 5089:Somchai Wongsawat 5055:unlawful assembly 5013:Chamlong Srimuang 4940:2007 constitution 4836:1997 constitution 4807: 4806: 4799: 4614: 4613: 4606: 4536:1997 constitution 4486:Chamlong Srimuang 4474:Anand Panyarachun 4447:Prem Tinsulanonda 4397: 4396: 4389: 4321: 4320: 4292:Registered Voters 4228:None of the above 3747:Commoners' Party 3647:Thinkakhao Party 3467:Phungluang Party 3447:Klong Thai Party 3407:Phuea Tham Party 2682:Bhumjaithai Party 2553:Prayut Chan-o-cha 2485: 2484: 2477: 2417:Foreign relations 2409:A year after the 2319:2007 constitution 2311:1997 constitution 2278:massacre and coup 2212: 2211: 2204: 2098:1997 constitution 2074: 2073: 2066: 1971:absolute monarchy 1913: 1912: 1730:Kedahan rebellion 1604:Rebellion of 1964 1330:Visa requirements 1307:Foreign relations 1261:Town Municipality 1256:City Municipality 1188:Political Parties 1073:General Elections 905:Bunsong Noisophon 901:Kriangkrai Srirak 889:Mongkol Surasajja 858:Mongkol Surasajja 520: 519: 275:Presiding officer 234:Mongkol Surasajja 230:Presiding officer 187:National Assembly 118: 117: 110: 92: 9219: 9184: 9174: 9173: 9143:Christmas Island 8829:Sovereign states 8814: 8807: 8800: 8791: 8790: 8767: 8760: 8509:Waste management 8394: 8393: 8245: 8230: 8229: 8069: 8068: 7963: 7962: 7893:Rattanakosin era 7888:Thonburi Kingdom 7843: 7842: 7819: 7812: 7805: 7796: 7795: 7713: 7712: 7701: 7695: 7694: 7682: 7676: 7675: 7664: 7658: 7657: 7646: 7640: 7639: 7628: 7622: 7621: 7619: 7617: 7602: 7596: 7595: 7593: 7591: 7569: 7563: 7562: 7560: 7558: 7536: 7530: 7529: 7521: 7515: 7514: 7503: 7497: 7496: 7489: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7478: 7461: 7455: 7454: 7452: 7450: 7444: 7427: 7416: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7384: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7374: 7368: 7353: 7342: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7331: 7314: 7308: 7307: 7296: 7290: 7289: 7287: 7285: 7270: 7264: 7263: 7261: 7259: 7244: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7233: 7218: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7207: 7192: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7181: 7166: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7137: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7126: 7111: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7098: 7092: 7084: 7078: 7077: 7065: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7055: 7050:. 23 August 2012 7040: 7034: 7033: 7022: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7012: 6997: 6991: 6990: 6978: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6968: 6963:. 7 October 2008 6953: 6947: 6936: 6930: 6929: 6918: 6912: 6901: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6881:. Archived from 6871: 6865: 6854: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6844: 6839:. 5 October 2008 6829: 6823: 6812: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6802: 6783: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6773: 6758: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6748: 6737: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6723:. Archived from 6713: 6707: 6706: 6695: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6685: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6657: 6651: 6650: 6639: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6629: 6620:. Archived from 6610: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6600: 6591:. Archived from 6585: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6565:. Archived from 6555: 6549: 6548: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6519: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6509: 6494: 6488: 6487: 6476: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6466: 6461:. 30 August 2008 6451: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6441: 6436:. 29 August 2008 6426: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6416: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6381: 6375: 6364: 6358: 6357: 6352:. Archived from 6342: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6332: 6317: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6307: 6292: 6286: 6275: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6265: 6250: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6240: 6225: 6219: 6218: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6186: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6176: 6162: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6136: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6084: 6075: 6074: 6065:(October 1992). 6059: 6053: 6052: 6041:Kyoto University 6024: 6018: 6011: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6001: 5987: 5981: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5950: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5884: 5878: 5877: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5808:. Archived from 5798: 5792: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5762:. July 20, 1998. 5752: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5742: 5736: 5730:(Report). 2024. 5723: 5715: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5705: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5619: 5576:Srettha Thavisin 5572:general election 5297: 5290: 5286: 5283: 5277: 5254: 5246: 5101:Samak Sundaravej 5081:Samak Sundaravej 4998:Bank of Thailand 4936:Samak Sundaravej 4870:Samak Sundaravej 4802: 4795: 4791: 4788: 4782: 4751: 4743: 4609: 4602: 4598: 4595: 4589: 4566: 4558: 4548:directly elected 4517:Chart Thai Party 4490:Black May events 4455:Chart Thai Party 4438:law jail terms. 4412:popular uprising 4392: 4385: 4381: 4378: 4372: 4341: 4333: 2787:Puea Chat Party 2558: 2557: 2504:East Asia Summit 2480: 2473: 2469: 2466: 2460: 2429: 2421: 2274:Sa-ngad Chaloryu 2207: 2200: 2196: 2193: 2187: 2156: 2148: 2126:King of Thailand 2069: 2062: 2058: 2055: 2049: 2018: 2010: 2000:flawed democracy 1988:military regimes 1905: 1898: 1891: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1852:Bank of Thailand 1677:South insurgency 1649:2014 coup d'état 1644:2006 coup d'état 1639:1991 coup d'état 1614:1976 coup d'état 1609:1971 coup d'état 1599:1958 coup d'état 1594:1957 coup d'état 1576:Palace Rebellion 1565:1948 coup d'état 1560:1947 coup d'état 1477:Black May (1992) 1443:Political crisis 1434:Political unrest 1105:Senate Elections 1006: 923: 876: 827: 703: 630:Heir presumptive 604: 551: 538: 522: 521: 437:Government House 428: 381: 304:Executive branch 140: 130: 120: 119: 113: 106: 102: 99: 93: 91: 50: 26: 18: 9227: 9226: 9222: 9221: 9220: 9218: 9217: 9216: 9197: 9196: 9195: 9190: 9162: 9130: 9121: 9102:Northern Cyprus 9088: 9081: 8823: 8818: 8788: 8783: 8770: 8763: 8756: 8743: 8648:Public holidays 8643:Performing arts 8523: 8426:Sex trafficking 8379: 8243: 8215: 8054: 8020:Protected areas 7948: 7917: 7832: 7823: 7722: 7717: 7716: 7703: 7702: 7698: 7683: 7679: 7666: 7665: 7661: 7648: 7647: 7643: 7630: 7629: 7625: 7615: 7613: 7603: 7599: 7589: 7587: 7570: 7566: 7556: 7554: 7537: 7533: 7522: 7518: 7505: 7504: 7500: 7491: 7490: 7486: 7476: 7474: 7473:. 31 March 2015 7470:Khaosod English 7463: 7462: 7458: 7448: 7446: 7442: 7425: 7422: 7418: 7417: 7413: 7403: 7401: 7386: 7385: 7381: 7372: 7370: 7369:on May 28, 2014 7366: 7351: 7348: 7344: 7343: 7339: 7329: 7327: 7316: 7315: 7311: 7298: 7297: 7293: 7283: 7281: 7272: 7271: 7267: 7257: 7255: 7245: 7241: 7231: 7229: 7220: 7219: 7215: 7205: 7203: 7194: 7193: 7189: 7179: 7177: 7167: 7160: 7150: 7148: 7138: 7134: 7124: 7122: 7112: 7105: 7096: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7085: 7081: 7074:The Independent 7066: 7062: 7053: 7051: 7042: 7041: 7037: 7024: 7023: 7019: 7010: 7008: 6998: 6994: 6979: 6975: 6966: 6964: 6955: 6954: 6950: 6945:Wayback Machine 6937: 6933: 6920: 6919: 6915: 6910:Wayback Machine 6902: 6898: 6888: 6886: 6885:on 21 July 2012 6873: 6872: 6868: 6863:Wayback Machine 6855: 6851: 6842: 6840: 6831: 6830: 6826: 6821:Wayback Machine 6813: 6809: 6800: 6798: 6785: 6784: 6780: 6771: 6769: 6760: 6759: 6755: 6746: 6744: 6739: 6738: 6734: 6721:Financial Times 6715: 6714: 6710: 6697: 6696: 6692: 6683: 6681: 6677: 6676: 6672: 6659: 6658: 6654: 6641: 6640: 6636: 6627: 6625: 6612: 6611: 6607: 6598: 6596: 6587: 6586: 6582: 6572: 6570: 6569:on 27 July 2012 6557: 6556: 6552: 6539: 6538: 6534: 6521: 6520: 6516: 6507: 6505: 6496: 6495: 6491: 6478: 6477: 6473: 6464: 6462: 6453: 6452: 6448: 6439: 6437: 6428: 6427: 6423: 6414: 6412: 6400: 6396: 6383: 6382: 6378: 6373:Wayback Machine 6365: 6361: 6344: 6343: 6339: 6330: 6328: 6319: 6318: 6314: 6305: 6303: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6284:Wayback Machine 6276: 6272: 6263: 6261: 6251: 6247: 6238: 6236: 6227: 6226: 6222: 6213: 6212: 6208: 6199: 6197: 6188: 6187: 6183: 6174: 6172: 6164: 6163: 6159: 6149: 6147: 6138: 6137: 6133: 6123: 6121: 6119:The Independent 6111: 6107: 6097: 6095: 6085: 6078: 6060: 6056: 6025: 6021: 6012: 6008: 5999: 5997: 5989: 5988: 5984: 5977: 5973: 5963: 5961: 5952: 5951: 5947: 5937: 5935: 5926: 5925: 5921: 5911: 5909: 5900: 5899: 5895: 5886: 5885: 5881: 5872: 5871: 5867: 5858: 5857: 5853: 5844: 5843: 5839: 5830: 5829: 5825: 5815: 5813: 5812:on 19 June 2014 5800: 5799: 5795: 5789: 5785: 5772: 5771: 5767: 5754: 5753: 5749: 5740: 5738: 5734: 5721: 5717: 5716: 5712: 5703: 5701: 5683: 5679: 5672: 5646: 5642: 5632: 5630: 5620: 5616: 5611: 5584: 5568:Pheu Thai Party 5556: 5517: 5511: 5464: 5411:military courts 5387: 5346: 5340: 5308: 5298: 5287: 5281: 5278: 5267: 5255: 5244: 5188: 5182: 5039:arrest warrants 5024:Phuket Province 4901: 4891:The so-called " 4889: 4813: 4803: 4792: 4786: 4783: 4768: 4752: 4741: 4683:public protests 4620: 4610: 4599: 4593: 4590: 4579: 4567: 4556: 4453:,leader of the 4393: 4382: 4376: 4373: 4358: 4342: 4331: 4326: 3307:Mahachon Party 2616:Pheu Thai Party 2548: 2529: 2524: 2491: 2481: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2446: 2430: 2419: 2400: 2394: 2338: 2332: 2239:Pridi Banomyong 2228:1932 revolution 2208: 2197: 2191: 2188: 2173: 2157: 2146: 2138:moral authority 2070: 2059: 2053: 2050: 2035: 2019: 2008: 1984:military juntas 1909: 1880: 1876:Other countries 1864: 1862: 1857: 1856: 1812: 1804: 1803: 1771: 1748:Ngiao rebellion 1697: 1653: 1511: 1456:Peace Rebellion 1435: 1427: 1426: 1363: 1357: 1338:Borders : 1336: 1324: 1314: 1309: 1299: 1298: 1273: 1242: 1203: 1193: 1192: 1179: 1155:Local elections 1151: 1131: 1101: 1067: 1057: 1056: 1052:Military Courts 1043: 1000: 990: 989: 978: 957: 947:Deputy Speakers 908: 903: 895:Vice Presidents 861: 821: 811: 810: 790: 782: 775: 769: 763: 754: 697: 687: 686: 643: 598: 588: 587: 561: 529: 454:Judicial branch 426: 425: 403:Current cabinet 379: 378: 145: 131: 128: 126: 125: 114: 103: 97: 94: 51: 49: 39: 27: 12: 11: 5: 9225: 9215: 9214: 9209: 9192: 9191: 9189: 9188: 9178: 9167: 9164: 9163: 9161: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9134: 9132: 9123: 9122: 9120: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9093: 9091: 9083: 9082: 9080: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8833: 8831: 8825: 8824: 8817: 8816: 8809: 8802: 8794: 8785: 8784: 8782: 8781: 8776: 8769: 8768: 8761: 8753: 8752: 8749: 8748: 8745: 8744: 8742: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8730: 8729: 8727:Solar calendar 8724: 8722:Lunar calendar 8714: 8713: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8681: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8639: 8638: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8607: 8606: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8555: 8554: 8544: 8539: 8533: 8531: 8525: 8524: 8522: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8485: 8484: 8479: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8453: 8452: 8442: 8441: 8440: 8430: 8429: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8403: 8397: 8391: 8385: 8384: 8381: 8380: 8378: 8377: 8376: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8343:Stock Exchange 8340: 8339: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8318: 8317: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8286: 8281: 8280: 8279: 8274: 8264: 8259: 8258: 8257: 8247: 8239: 8233: 8227: 8221: 8220: 8217: 8216: 8214: 8213: 8212: 8211: 8204:Prime Minister 8201: 8196: 8191: 8190: 8189: 8184: 8174: 8169: 8168: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8121: 8120: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8099: 8098: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8072: 8066: 8060: 8059: 8056: 8055: 8053: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7980:Municipalities 7977: 7972: 7966: 7960: 7954: 7953: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7925: 7923: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7873:Initial states 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7849: 7847: 7840: 7834: 7833: 7822: 7821: 7814: 7807: 7799: 7793: 7792: 7790:Aceproject.org 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7761: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7738:Thaiswatch.com 7735: 7729: 7721: 7720:External links 7718: 7715: 7714: 7696: 7677: 7659: 7641: 7623: 7597: 7564: 7531: 7516: 7498: 7484: 7456: 7411: 7379: 7337: 7326:. 26 June 2014 7309: 7306:. 22 May 2014. 7291: 7265: 7239: 7213: 7187: 7158: 7132: 7103: 7079: 7060: 7035: 7017: 6992: 6973: 6948: 6931: 6913: 6896: 6866: 6849: 6824: 6807: 6778: 6753: 6732: 6729:on 2022-12-10. 6708: 6690: 6670: 6652: 6634: 6605: 6580: 6550: 6545:Manager Online 6532: 6527:Manager Online 6514: 6489: 6484:Manager Online 6471: 6446: 6421: 6394: 6376: 6359: 6356:on 2008-08-31. 6337: 6312: 6287: 6270: 6245: 6220: 6206: 6181: 6170:Irishtimes.com 6157: 6131: 6105: 6076: 6054: 6019: 6006: 5982: 5971: 5945: 5934:. October 2003 5919: 5893: 5879: 5865: 5851: 5837: 5823: 5793: 5783: 5765: 5747: 5710: 5677: 5670: 5640: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5583: 5580: 5555: 5552: 5513:Main article: 5510: 5507: 5463: 5460: 5386: 5383: 5342:Main article: 5339: 5336: 5300: 5299: 5258: 5256: 5249: 5243: 5240: 5232:Democrat Party 5197:, Red Shirts, 5184:Main article: 5181: 5178: 4900: 4897: 4888: 4885: 4809:Main article: 4805: 4804: 4755: 4753: 4746: 4740: 4737: 4612: 4611: 4570: 4568: 4561: 4555: 4552: 4510:Democrat Party 4459:prime minister 4399:Following the 4395: 4394: 4345: 4343: 4336: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4310: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4246: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4184: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4164: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4144: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4134: 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3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3164: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3124: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3104: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3044: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3024: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3004: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2984: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2964: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2944: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2904: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2884: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2864: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2764: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2744: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2678: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2660:Democrat Party 2656: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2573: 2569: 2568: 2565: 2564:Popular Votes 2562: 2547: 2544: 2543: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2487:Main article: 2483: 2482: 2433: 2431: 2424: 2418: 2415: 2396:Main article: 2393: 2390: 2369:prime minister 2334:Main article: 2331: 2328: 2210: 2209: 2160: 2158: 2151: 2145: 2142: 2072: 2071: 2022: 2020: 2013: 2007: 2004: 1925:prime minister 1923:, whereby the 1911: 1910: 1908: 1907: 1900: 1893: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1879: 1878: 1872: 1859: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1813: 1811:Related topics 1810: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1795: 1790: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1770: 1769: 1763: 1757: 1751: 1745: 1739: 1733: 1727: 1722: 1716: 1711: 1704: 1703: 1696: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1679:(2004–present) 1674: 1669: 1662: 1661: 1652: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1585: 1579: 1573: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1551: 1545: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1518: 1517: 1515:Military coups 1510: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1453: 1446: 1445: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1310: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1291: 1280: 1279: 1272: 1271: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1249: 1248: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1214: 1213: 1204: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1185: 1178: 1177: 1174: 1173:Municipalities 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1157: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1138: 1137: 1130: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1108: 1107: 1100: 1099: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1076: 1075: 1068: 1063: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1047:Criminal Court 1039: 1038: 1027: 1026: 1015: 1014: 1001: 996: 995: 992: 991: 988: 987: 982: 972: 971: 950: 949: 933: 932: 917: 916: 898: 897: 886: 885: 870: 869: 855: 854: 851:Vice President 836: 835: 822: 817: 816: 813: 812: 809: 808: 807: 806: 801: 789: 788: 736: 735: 717: 716: 708:Prime Minister 698: 693: 692: 689: 688: 685: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 635: 634: 621:Vajiralongkorn 618: 617: 599: 594: 593: 590: 589: 586: 585: 584: 583: 573: 568: 562: 557: 556: 553: 552: 544: 543: 540: 539: 531: 530: 525: 518: 517: 512: 508: 507: 501: 500: 495: 491: 490: 484: 483: 478: 474: 473: 467: 466: 461: 457: 456: 450: 449: 444: 440: 439: 434: 430: 429: 422: 418: 417: 416:Prime Minister 414: 410: 409: 404: 400: 399: 394: 390: 389: 383: 382: 375: 371: 370: 365: 361: 360: 358:Prime Minister 355: 351: 350: 344: 343: 338: 334: 333: 331:Vajiralongkorn 328: 324: 323: 318: 314: 313: 307: 306: 300: 299: 290: 286: 285: 276: 272: 271: 266: 262: 261: 255: 254: 251:limited voting 245: 241: 240: 231: 227: 226: 221: 217: 216: 210: 209: 204: 200: 199: 194: 190: 189: 184: 180: 179: 173: 172: 167: 163: 162: 151: 147: 146: 141: 133: 132: 127: 123: 116: 115: 30: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9224: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9204: 9202: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9177: 9169: 9168: 9165: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9135: 9133: 9128: 9124: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9112:South Ossetia 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9094: 9092: 9090: 9084: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8834: 8832: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8815: 8810: 8808: 8803: 8801: 8796: 8795: 8792: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8771: 8766: 8762: 8759: 8755: 8754: 8750: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8719: 8718: 8715: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8665: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8637: 8634: 8633: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8605: 8602: 8601: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8574: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8553: 8550: 8549: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8534: 8532: 8530: 8526: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8474: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8457:Ethnic groups 8455: 8451: 8448: 8447: 8446: 8443: 8439: 8436: 8435: 8434: 8431: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8408: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8398: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8386: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8360: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8323: 8322: 8319: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8291: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8284:Manufacturing 8282: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8269: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8256: 8253: 8252: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8234: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8222: 8210: 8207: 8206: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8179: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8152: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8119: 8116: 8115: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8097: 8094: 8093: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8073: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8061: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7955: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7920: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7868:Early history 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7820: 7815: 7813: 7808: 7806: 7801: 7800: 7797: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7765: 7762: 7759: 7758:Rule of Lords 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7733: 7730: 7727: 7724: 7723: 7710: 7706: 7700: 7692: 7688: 7681: 7673: 7669: 7663: 7655: 7651: 7645: 7637: 7633: 7627: 7612: 7608: 7601: 7585: 7581: 7580: 7575: 7568: 7552: 7548: 7547: 7542: 7535: 7527: 7520: 7512: 7508: 7502: 7494: 7488: 7472: 7471: 7466: 7460: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7432: 7423: 7415: 7399: 7395: 7394: 7389: 7383: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7349: 7341: 7325: 7324: 7319: 7313: 7305: 7301: 7295: 7279: 7275: 7269: 7254: 7250: 7243: 7227: 7223: 7217: 7201: 7197: 7191: 7176: 7172: 7165: 7163: 7147: 7143: 7136: 7121: 7117: 7110: 7108: 7089: 7083: 7075: 7071: 7064: 7049: 7045: 7039: 7031: 7027: 7021: 7007: 7003: 6996: 6988: 6984: 6977: 6962: 6958: 6952: 6946: 6942: 6939: 6935: 6927: 6923: 6917: 6911: 6907: 6904: 6900: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6870: 6864: 6860: 6857: 6853: 6838: 6834: 6828: 6822: 6818: 6815: 6811: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6782: 6767: 6763: 6757: 6742: 6736: 6727: 6722: 6718: 6712: 6704: 6700: 6694: 6680: 6674: 6666: 6662: 6656: 6648: 6644: 6638: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6609: 6595:on 2008-09-14 6594: 6590: 6584: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6554: 6546: 6542: 6536: 6528: 6524: 6518: 6504:on 2012-07-10 6503: 6499: 6493: 6485: 6481: 6475: 6460: 6456: 6450: 6435: 6431: 6425: 6411: 6410: 6405: 6398: 6390: 6386: 6380: 6374: 6370: 6367: 6363: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6341: 6326: 6322: 6316: 6301: 6297: 6291: 6285: 6281: 6278: 6274: 6260: 6256: 6249: 6235:. 31 May 2008 6234: 6230: 6224: 6216: 6210: 6195: 6191: 6185: 6171: 6167: 6161: 6145: 6141: 6135: 6120: 6116: 6109: 6094: 6090: 6083: 6081: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6058: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6023: 6016: 6010: 5996: 5992: 5986: 5980: 5975: 5959: 5955: 5949: 5933: 5929: 5923: 5907: 5903: 5897: 5889: 5883: 5875: 5869: 5861: 5855: 5847: 5841: 5833: 5827: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5787: 5779: 5775: 5769: 5761: 5757: 5751: 5733: 5729: 5728: 5720: 5714: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5681: 5673: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5644: 5629: 5625: 5618: 5614: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5579: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5560: 5551: 5549: 5548:judicial coup 5545: 5544:Thai monarchy 5541: 5536: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5525:Thai monarchy 5522: 5516: 5506: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5491:2019 election 5487: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5459: 5457: 5456:royal fortune 5453: 5449: 5445: 5442:passed away, 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5409:and tried in 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5367: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5352: 5345: 5335: 5333: 5329: 5324: 5320: 5318: 5312: 5307: 5296: 5293: 5285: 5282:February 2014 5275: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5259:This section 5257: 5253: 5248: 5247: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5227: 5223: 5221: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5187: 5177: 5175: 5170: 5168: 5164: 5159: 5156: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5124: 5122: 5118: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5095: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5068: 5063: 5059: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5001: 4999: 4994: 4991: 4987: 4984: 4980: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4960: 4956: 4953: 4947: 4943: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4923: 4917: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4896: 4894: 4884: 4880: 4878: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4862: 4859: 4854: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4820: 4818: 4817:New York City 4812: 4801: 4798: 4790: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4756:This section 4754: 4750: 4745: 4744: 4736: 4733: 4728: 4726: 4721: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4698:snap election 4695: 4690: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4669: 4663: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4608: 4605: 4597: 4594:February 2014 4587: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4571:This section 4569: 4565: 4560: 4559: 4551: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4532: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4506:Chuan Leekpai 4501: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4408: 4406: 4405:entrepreneurs 4402: 4391: 4388: 4380: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4346:This section 4344: 4340: 4335: 4334: 4317: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4249:Invalid/Null 4248: 4247: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4065: 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3112: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2533: 2532: 2527:Voting Rights 2519: 2517: 2513: 2507: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2490: 2479: 2476: 2468: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2434:This section 2432: 2428: 2423: 2422: 2414: 2412: 2407: 2404: 2399: 2389: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2327: 2324: 2320: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2286: 2285:Indochina War 2281: 2279: 2275: 2269: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2255: 2250: 2248: 2242: 2240: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2206: 2203: 2195: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2166: 2161:This section 2159: 2155: 2150: 2149: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2134:King Bhumibol 2131: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2088: 2082: 2079: 2068: 2065: 2057: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2028: 2023:This section 2021: 2017: 2012: 2011: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1937:head of state 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1906: 1901: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1887: 1886: 1884: 1883: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1871: 1861: 1860: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1814: 1808: 1807: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1431: 1430: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1362: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1335: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1323: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1302: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1196: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1066: 1061: 1060: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1042: 1037: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1012: 1011:Supreme Court 1008: 1007: 1005: 999: 994: 993: 986: 983: 980: 979: 977: 976: 970: 969: 965: 964: 963: 961: 955: 948: 945: 944: 943: 941: 937: 931: 930: 926: 925: 924: 922: 915: 914: 910: 909: 907: 906: 902: 896: 893: 892: 891: 890: 884: 883: 879: 878: 877: 875: 868: 867: 863: 862: 860: 859: 853: 852: 848: 847: 846: 844: 840: 834: 833: 829: 828: 826: 820: 815: 814: 805: 802: 800: 797: 796: 795: 792: 791: 787: 784: 783: 781: 779: 773: 767: 761: 757: 752: 748: 744: 740: 734: 733: 729: 728: 727: 725: 721: 714: 710: 709: 705: 704: 702: 696: 691: 690: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 667:Privy Council 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 644: 642: 641: 640: 633: 632: 631: 626: 625: 624: 622: 615: 611: 610: 606: 605: 603: 597: 592: 591: 582: 579: 578: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 563: 560: 555: 554: 550: 546: 545: 542: 541: 537: 533: 532: 528: 524: 523: 516: 513: 509: 506: 502: 499: 496: 492: 489: 485: 482: 479: 475: 472: 471:Supreme Court 468: 465: 462: 458: 455: 451: 448: 445: 441: 438: 435: 431: 423: 419: 415: 411: 408: 405: 401: 398: 395: 391: 388: 384: 376: 372: 369: 366: 362: 359: 356: 352: 349: 345: 342: 339: 335: 332: 329: 325: 322: 319: 315: 312: 311:Head of state 308: 305: 301: 298: 294: 291: 287: 284: 280: 277: 273: 270: 267: 263: 260: 256: 252: 249: 246: 242: 239: 235: 232: 228: 225: 222: 218: 215: 211: 208: 205: 203:Meeting place 201: 198: 195: 191: 188: 185: 181: 178: 174: 171: 168: 164: 161: 158: 157:parliamentary 155: 152: 148: 144: 139: 134: 121: 112: 109: 101: 98:December 2013 90: 87: 83: 80: 76: 73: 69: 66: 62: 59: – 58: 54: 53:Find sources: 47: 43: 37: 36: 31:This article 29: 25: 20: 19: 16: 9127:Dependencies 9057:Turkmenistan 9046: 9022:Saudi Arabia 8690:Architecture 8621:Martial arts 8542:Architecture 8433:Demographics 8421:Prostitution 8416:Lèse majesté 8262:Car industry 8255:Central bank 8113:Human rights 8086:Constitution 8063: 7708: 7699: 7690: 7680: 7671: 7662: 7654:the Guardian 7653: 7644: 7635: 7626: 7614:. 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