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1448:. When this pollen has been tested for parasites, it has been found that a multitude of viruses and eukaryotic parasites are present in the pollen. It is currently unclear if the parasites are introduced by the bee that collected the pollen or if it is from the flower. Though this is not likely to pose a risk to humans, it is a major issue for the bumblebee rearing industry that relies on thousands of tonnes of honey bee collected pollen per year. Several sterilization methods have been employed, though no method has been 100% effective at sterilisation without reducing the nutritional value of the pollen
256:
1421:(FDA) has not found any harmful effects of bee pollen consumption, except for the usual allergies. However, FDA does not allow bee pollen marketers in the United States to make health claims about their produce, as no scientific basis for these has ever been proven. Furthermore, there are possible dangers not only from allergic reactions but also from contaminants such as pesticides and from fungi and bacteria growth related to poor storage procedures. A manufacturers's claim that pollen collecting helps the bee colonies is also controversial.
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on the surface of the grain. The outer pollen wall, which prevents the pollen grain from shrinking and crushing the genetic material during desiccation, is composed of two layers. These two layers are the tectum and the foot layer, which is just above the intine. The tectum and foot layer are separated by a region called the columella, which is composed of strengthening rods. The outer wall is constructed with a resistant biopolymer called sporopollenin.
450:
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901:
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1208:(AIT) treatment involves administering doses of allergens to accustom the body to pollen, thereby inducing specific long-term tolerance. Allergy immunotherapy can be administered orally (as sublingual tablets or sublingual drops), or by injections under the skin (subcutaneous). Discovered by Leonard Noon and John Freeman in 1911, allergy immunotherapy represents the only causative treatment for respiratory allergies.
94:
1029:. Generally, pollens that cause allergies are those of anemophilous plants (pollen is dispersed by air currents.) Such plants produce large quantities of lightweight pollen (because wind dispersal is random and the likelihood of one pollen grain landing on another flower is small), which can be carried for great distances and are easily inhaled, bringing it into contact with the sensitive nasal passages.
1482:, pollen can tell a lot about where a person or object has been, because regions of the world, or even more particular locations such a certain set of bushes, will have a distinctive collection of pollen species. Pollen evidence can also reveal the season in which a particular object picked up the pollen. Pollen has been used to trace activity at mass graves in
382:, form within the anther. The sporogenous cells are surrounded by layers of sterile cells that grow into the wall of the pollen sac. Some of the cells grow into nutritive cells that supply nutrition for the microspores that form by meiotic division from the sporogenous cells. The archespore cells divide by mitosis and differentiate to form
796:. The nucleus of the tube cell has meanwhile passed into the tube, as does also the generative nucleus, which divides (if it has not already) to form two sperm cells. The sperm cells are carried to their destination in the tip of the pollen tube. Double-strand breaks in DNA that arise during pollen tube growth appear to be efficiently
203:, something that could be considered an entire organism, which then produces the male gamete. Each pollen grain contains vegetative (non-reproductive) cells (only a single cell in most flowering plants but several in other seed plants) and a generative (reproductive) cell. In flowering plants the vegetative tube cell produces the
409:
walls, the development of the pollen grain walls begins. The callose wall is broken down by an enzyme called callase and the freed pollen grains grow in size and develop their characteristic shape and form a resistant outer wall called the exine and an inner wall called the intine. The exine is what
1150:
The most efficient way to handle a pollen allergy is by preventing contact with the material. Individuals carrying the ailment may at first believe that they have a simple summer cold, but hay fever becomes more evident when the apparent cold does not disappear. The confirmation of hay fever can be
826:
outer sheath of pollen grains affords them some resistance to the rigours of the fossilisation process that destroy weaker objects; it is also produced in huge quantities. There is an extensive fossil record of pollen grains, often disassociated from their parent plant. The discipline of palynology
507:
The pollen wall protects the sperm while the pollen grain is moving from the anther to the stigma; it protects the vital genetic material from drying out and solar radiation. The pollen grain surface is covered with waxes and proteins, which are held in place by structures called sculpture elements
1139:
Since 1990, pollen seasons have gotten longer and more pollen-filled, and climate change is responsible, according to a new study. The researchers attributed roughly half of the lengthening pollen seasons and 8% of the trend in pollen concentrations to climate changes driven by human activity.
511:
Pollen apertures are regions of the pollen wall that may involve exine thinning or a significant reduction in exine thickness. They allow shrinking and swelling of the grain caused by changes in moisture content. The process of shrinking the grain is called harmomegathy. Elongated apertures or
713:(literally wind-loving). Anemophilous plants typically produce great quantities of very lightweight pollen grains, sometimes with air-sacs. Non-flowering seed plants (e.g., pine trees) are characteristically anemophilous. Anemophilous flowering plants generally have inconspicuous flowers.
831:
and to gain information about the abundance and variety of plants alive — which can itself yield important information about paleoclimates. Also, pollen analysis has been widely used for reconstructing past changes in vegetation and their associated drivers. Pollen is first found in the
492:. The exine often bears spines or warts, or is variously sculptured, and the character of the markings is often of value for identifying genus, species, or even cultivar or individual. The spines may be less than a micron in length (spinulus, plural spinuli) referred to as
1032:
Pollen allergies are common in polar and temperate climate zones, where production of pollen is seasonal. In the tropics pollen production varies less by the season, and allergic reactions less. In northern Europe, common pollens for allergies are those of
1335:, providing them with nutrients needed for growth, development and maturation. It was suggested that obtaining nutrients from pollen, deposited on the forest floor during periods of pollen rains, allows fungi to decompose nutritionally scarce litter.
707:. Pollen transfer is frequently portrayed as a sequential process that begins with placement on the vector, moves through travel, and ends with deposition. This transfer can be mediated by the wind, in which case the plant is described as
4013:
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flower for allergies. Since this plant is entomophilous (its pollen is dispersed by animals), its heavy, sticky pollen does not become independently airborne. Most late summer and fall pollen allergies are probably caused by
3462:
Singh, Rajwinder; Levitt, Abby L.; Rajotte, Edwin G.; Holmes, Edward C.; Ostiguy, Nancy; vanEngelsdorp, Dennis; Lipkin, W. Ian; dePamphilis, Claude W.; Toth, Amy L.; Cox-Foster, Diana L.; Traveset, Anna (22 December 2010).
1532:
For agricultural research purposes, assessing the viability of pollen grains can be necessary and illuminating. A very common, efficient method to do so is known as
Alexander's stain. This differential stain consists of
532:. However the term inaperturate covers a wide range of morphological types, such as functionally inaperturate (cryptoaperturate) and omniaperturate. Inaperaturate pollen grains often have thin walls, which facilitates
377:
In angiosperms, during flower development the anther is composed of a mass of cells that appear undifferentiated, except for a partially differentiated dermis. As the flower develops, fertile sporogenous cells, the
414:, whereas in successive microsporogenesis cytokinesis follows. While there may be a continuum with intermediate forms, the type of microsporogenesis has systematic significance. The predominant form amongst the
3415:
Graystock, Peter; Yates, Kathryn; Evison, Sophie E. F.; Darvill, Ben; Goulson, Dave; Hughes, William O. H. (July 2013). "The Trojan hives: pollinator pathogens, imported and distributed in bumblebee colonies".
3620:
Graystock, P.; Jones, J.C.; Pamminger, T.; Parkinson, J.F.; Norman, V.; Blane, E.J.; Rothstein, L.; Wäckers, F.; Goulson, D.; Hughes, W.O.H. (May 2016). "Hygienic food to reduce pathogen risk to bumblebees".
1569:. (A less-toxic variation omits the phenol and chloral hydrate.) In angiosperms and gymnosperms non-aborted pollen grain will appear red or pink, and aborted pollen grains will appear blue or slightly green.
307:
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The number of people in the United States affected by hay fever is between 20 and 40 million, including around 6.1 million children and such allergy has proven to be the most frequent
410:
is preserved in the fossil record. Two basic types of microsporogenesis are recognised, simultaneous and successive. In simultaneous microsporogenesis meiotic steps I and II are completed before
1124:
in the nation. Hay fever affects about 20% of
Canadians and the prevalence is increasing. There are certain evidential suggestions pointing out hay fever and similar allergies to be of
468:
Except in the case of some submerged aquatic plants, the mature pollen grain has a double wall. The vegetative and generative cells are surrounded by a thin delicate wall of unaltered
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362:
1297:, which are typically predatory, have been shown to eat pollen—but this is thought to be a severe underestimate as the feeding habits are only known for 1,000 species). Similarly,
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Erbas, B.; Jazayeri, M.; Lambert, K. A.; Katelaris, C. H.; Prendergast, L. A.; Tham, R.; Parrodi, M. J.; Davies, J.; Newbigin, E.; Abramson, M. J.; Dharmage, S. C. (August 2018).
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butterflies consume pollen as adults, which appears to be a valuable nutrient source, and these species are more distasteful to predators than the non-pollen consuming species.
555:. Sulcate pollen has a furrow across the middle of what was the outer face when the pollen grain was in its tetrad. If the pollen has only a single sulcus, it is described as
1075:
was once regarded as a haven for people with pollen allergies, although several ragweed species grow in the desert. However, as suburbs grew and people began establishing
504:, a net like appearance consisting of elements (murus, muri) separated from each other by a lumen (plural lumina). These reticulations may also be referred to as brochi.
2970:
1325:, cannot eat pollen directly due to the structure of their mouthparts, but can consume pollen contents that are dissolved in a fluid). Some species of fungus, including
585:) or with shapes that are evolutionarily derived from tricolpate pollen. The evolutionary trend in plants has been from monosulcate to polycolpate or polyporate pollen.
516:). Apertures that are more circular are called pores. Colpi, sulci and pores are major features in the identification of classes of pollen. Pollen may be referred to as
2466:
Franco-Gaviria, Felipe; Caballero-Rodríguez, Dayenari; Correa-Metrio, Alexander; Pérez, Liseth; Schwalb, Antje; Cohuo, Sergio; Macario-González, Laura (6 April 2018).
1694:
Tosi, S.; Costa, C.; Vesco, U.; Quaglia, G.; Guido, G. (2018). "A survey of honey bee-collected pollen reveals widespread contamination by agricultural pesticides".
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1444:
The growing industries in pollen harvesting for human and bee consumption rely on harvesting pollen baskets from honey bees as they return to their hives using a
3012:
Moingeon, P.; Batard, T.; Fadel, R.; Frati, F.; Sieber, J.; Overtvelt, L. (February 2006). "Immune mechanisms of allergen-specific sublingual immunotherapy".
1960:
1331:, are able to break down grains of pollen as a secondary nutrition source that is particularly high in nitrogen. Pollen may be valuable diet supplement for
238:(0.005 mm) in diameter. Corn pollen grains are large, about 90–100 μm. Most grass pollen is around 20–25 μm. Some pollen grains are based on
1895:
1147:, decades of rising temperatures cause pollen to appear earlier and in greater amounts, exacerbated by the introduction of new species such as ragweed.
371:
at coenocytic tetrad stage of development observed through oil immersion microscope; the chromosomes of what will become four pollen grains can be seen.
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of another in cross-pollination. In a case of self-pollination, this process takes place from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower.
3688:
319:
3465:"RNA Viruses in Hymenopteran Pollinators: Evidence of Inter-Taxa Virus Transmission via Pollen and Potential Impact on Non-Apis Hymenopteran Species"
1785:
Pleasants, J. M.; Hellmich, R. L.; Dively, G. P.; Sears, M. K.; Stanley-Horn, D. E.; Mattila, H. R.; Foster, J. E.; Clark, P.; Jones, G. D. (2001).
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containing the female gametophyte. Individual pollen grains are small enough to require magnification to see detail. The study of pollen is called
2953:
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1113:, red, itchy, and watery eyes. Substances, including pollen, that cause allergies can trigger asthma. A study found a 54% increased chance of
544:
refer to the number of apertures present (one and three respectively). Spiraperturate refers to one or more apertures being spirally shaped.
5291:
3729:
D. Mildenhall (2006). "Hypericum pollen determines the presence of burglars at the scene of a crime: An example of forensic palynology".
804:
to be passed on to the next plant generation. However, the vegetative cell that is responsible for tube elongation appears to lack this
3242:, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences; citing P. Witherell, "Other Products of the Hive," Chapter XVIII,
2861:
Anderegg, William R. L.; Abatzoglou, John T.; Anderegg, Leander D. L.; Bielory, Leonard; Kinney, Patrick L.; Ziska, Lewis (2021-02-16).
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1259:. It is not clear how spiderlings manage to eat pollen however, since their mouths are not large enough to consume pollen grains. Some
2596:"Outdoor pollen is a trigger of child and adolescent asthma emergency department presentations: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
5107:
2995:
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may also induce pollen allergies. Most cultivated plants with showy flowers are entomophilous and do not cause pollen allergies.
255:
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of the pollen grain may begin even before it leaves the microsporangium, with the generative cell forming the two sperm cells.
2967:
2672:
Baldacci, S.; Maio, S.; Cerrai, S.; Sarno, G.; Baïz, N.; Simoni, M.; Annesi-Maesano, I.; Viegi, G.; HEALS Study (2015-09-01).
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Furness, Carol A.; Rudall, Paula J. (2004-03-01). "Pollen aperture evolution--a crucial factor for eudicot success?".
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3524:"Parasites in bloom: flowers aid dispersal and transmission of pollinator parasites within and between bee species"
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567:. Colpate pollen has furrows other than across the middle of the outer faces, and similarly may be described as
5112:
3571:
Graystock, Peter; Blane, Edward J.; McFrederick, Quinn S.; Goulson, Dave; Hughes, William O.H. (October 2015).
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period, but at that time it is indistinguishable from spores. It increases in abundance until the present day.
210:
Pollen grains come in a wide variety of shapes, sizes, and surface markings characteristic of the species (see
2126:(November 2003). "Apertures with Lids: Distribution and Significance of Operculate Pollen in Monocotyledons".
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are pollen specialists even though most members of their families are not (e.g., only 36 of 40,000 species of
4562:
1079:, more irritating species of ragweed gained a foothold and Arizona lost its claim of freedom from hay fever.
3363:
Document ENY118. Original publication date
November 1, 1994. Revised February 1, 1995. Reviewed May 1, 2003.
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49:
3258:"Honey constituents up-regulate detoxification and immunity genes in the western honey bee Apis mellifera"
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5117:
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Sierra-Heredia, Cecilia; North, Michelle; Brook, Jeff; Daly, Christina; Ellis, Anne K.; Henderson, Dave;
4126:
668:
5097:
3178:"Pollen feeding, resource allocation and the evolution of chemical defence in passion vine butterflies"
1396:, with protein content ranging from 7 to 35 percent depending on the plant species collected by bees.
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The orientation of furrows (relative to the original tetrad of microspores) classifies the pollen as
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bush during a crime, and has even been proposed as an additive for bullets to enable tracking them.
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beetles mainly eat insects, but many species also eat pollen, as either part or all of their diet.
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feed almost exclusively on pollen as adults, while various lineages within larger families such as
1006:
2033:
Katifori, Eleni; Alben, Silas; Cerda, Enrique; Nelson, David R.; Dumais, Jacques (27 April 2010).
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17:
2800:"Aeroallergens in Canada: Distribution, Public Health Impacts, and Opportunities for Prevention"
1269:, which feeds on the pollen of dozens of plant species. Members of some beetle families such as
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1997:
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are effective at treating mild cases of pollinosis; this type of non-prescribed drugs includes
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During microgametogenesis, the unicellular microspores undergo mitosis and develop into mature
4944:
4031:
2200:
968: with: information about allergies not in the nose, e.g., skin reactions. You can help by
5380:
3820:
Alexander, M. P. (1 January 1969). "Differential
Staining of Aborted and Nonaborted Pollen".
1188:, but it has been proven that they do prevent a part of the chain reaction activated by this
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653:
2674:"Allergy and asthma: Effects of the exposure to particulate matter and biological allergens"
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2537:"Pollen Organ Telangiopsis sp. of Late Devonian Seed Plant and Associated Vegetative Frond"
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1932:
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1321:, feed on pollen, and three UK syrphid species feed strictly on pollen (syrphids, like all
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In non-flowering seed plants, pollen germinates in the pollen chamber, located beneath the
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191:. Because of agricultural practices, it is often contaminated by agricultural pesticides.
8:
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Lou, Zaixiang; Wang, Hongxin; Rao, Shengqi; Sun, Juntao; Ma, Chaoyang; Li, Jing (2012). "
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Minnaar, Corneile; Anderson, Bruce; de Jager, Marinus L; Karron, Jeffrey D (2019-01-23).
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3857:"A Simplified Method for Differential Staining of Aborted and Non-Aborted Pollen Grains"
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2755:"Allergic rhinitis: Definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, detection, and diagnosis"
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also feed on pollen, with some species being able to subsist solely on pollen, such as
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other than bees consume pollen as adults, though only a small number feed on pollen as
1125:
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2419:"DNA damage response in male gametes of Cyrtanthus mackenii during pollen tube growth"
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719:(literally insect-loving) plants produce pollen that is relatively heavy, sticky and
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for the purpose of sexual reproduction. It consists of pollen grains (highly reduced
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3350:. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Archived from
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furrows in the pollen grain are called colpi (singular: colpus) or sulci (singular:
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that is also present in a wide variety of plants and plant-derived food products.
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2506:. Topics in Geobiology, 28. Vol. 28. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 199–227.
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of a flowering plant, under favorable circumstances, a pollen grain puts forth a
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PalDat (database comprising palynological data from a variety of plant families)
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but pollen is an important source of food for several species, particularly for
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of the pollen grain and help keep it aloft in the wind, as most gymnosperms are
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3122:"Pollen Stoichiometry May Influence Detrital Terrestrial and Aquatic Food Webs"
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1436:) is traditionally consumed in Korea as an ingredient in sweets and beverages.
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that protects the gametophytes during the process of their movement from the
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The sacci are not actually balloons, but are sponge-like, and increase the
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pollen. Scanning electron microscopes are major instruments in palynology.
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2863:"Anthropogenic climate change is worsening North American pollen seasons"
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1680:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 2–5.
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Graystock, Peter; Goulson, Dave; Hughes, William O. H. (5 August 2015).
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Schwarze, Francis W. M. R.; Engels, Julia & Mattheck, Claus (2000).
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Society for the
Promotion of Palynological Research in Austria (2021).
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398:
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235:
153:
133:
105:
3982:
3194:
3177:
2612:
2595:
405:. After the formation of the four microspores, which are contained by
5286:
5183:
4912:
4717:
4698:
4609:
4533:
4453:
4405:
4346:
4326:
4265:
2468:"The human impact imprint on modern pollen spectra of the Maya lands"
1488:
1352:
1318:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1274:
1248:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1185:
1061:
1026:
754:
496:(scabrate), or longer than a micron (echina, echinae) referred to as
480:, and a tough resistant outer cuticularized wall composed largely of
469:
2729:
2264:
2168:"Some Observations on the Evolution of Pollen Types in Dicotyledons"
1227:
contain species that eat pollen, despite the common perception that
900:
753:
to provide nutrients for the developing sperm cells. Sperm cells of
693:
The transfer of pollen grains to the female reproductive structure (
361:
5328:
5318:
5262:
5257:
5024:
4897:
4873:
4790:
4460:
4245:
3974:
3573:"Do managed bees drive parasite spread and emergence in wild bees?"
2282:
2139:
1562:
1546:
1313:
but pollen feeding is known (and has only been well studied in the
1310:
1298:
837:
762:
750:
673:
597:
576:
437:
415:
387:
52:
image of pollen grains from a variety of common plants: sunflower (
4061:. University of Arizona. Department of Geosciences. Archived from
1669:
4513:
4508:
4425:
4415:
3855:
Peterson, Ross; Slovin, Janet P.; Chen, Changbin (23 July 2010).
3396:
3351:
3230:
2928:
Boston, 677 Huntington Avenue; Ma 02115 +1495‑1000 (2021-02-18).
2860:
2804:
International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
1534:
1144:
1091:
1072:
1066:
720:
678:
575:
pollen grains have two or more colpi that are fused at the ends.
406:
84:
3619:
3570:
207:, and the generative cell divides to form the two sperm nuclei.
4966:
4858:
4778:
4732:
4722:
4683:
4621:
4597:
4592:
4582:
4201:
3319:-Coumaric acid kills bacteria through dual damage mechanisms".
1550:
1517:
1505:
1483:
1471:
1462:
1366:
1252:
1244:
1136:
tend to be more susceptible to developing long-term hay fever.
1133:
1129:
1114:
1106:
1050:
833:
801:
724:
696:
687:
661:
442:
353:
297:
223:
177:
125:
121:
113:
3577:
International
Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife
2359:"Plant–pollinator interactions along the pathway to paternity"
1402:
produced by bees from natural sources contains pollen derived
827:
is devoted to the study of pollen, which can be used both for
93:
5190:
5124:
5046:
5014:
4971:
4863:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4783:
4768:
4737:
4658:
4316:
4307:
2977:" (English: Hard sneeze for allergic people in warm future)
2930:"Pollen seasons are getting longer, driven by climate change"
2593:
2356:
2285:"A survey of tricolpate (eudicot) phylogenetic relationships"
2035:"Foldable structures and the natural design of pollen grains"
1730:
1399:
1260:
1236:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1038:
1034:
793:
766:
742:
617:
149:
145:
2793:
1787:"Corn pollen deposition on milkweeds in and near cornfields"
1784:
136:. If pollen lands on a compatible pistil or female cone, it
104:
is a powdery substance produced by most types of flowers of
5041:
5036:
4688:
4528:
4503:
4498:
4482:
4341:
3414:
3155:"Evidence of pollen digestion at nocturnal aggregations of
2502:
Traverse, Alfred (2007). "Chapter 8: Devonian
Palynology".
1846:"Fullerene-Based Symmetry in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Pollen"
1521:
1385:
731:
613:
592:
pollen grains often have air bladders, or vesicles, called
215:
4166:
YouTube video of pollen clouds from Juncus gerardii plants
1198:
can be administered in different ways such as tablets and
4961:
4523:
4170:
4152:
2927:
1516:. It may also be sprinkled over heads or in mouths. Many
1348:
1322:
1240:
1228:
1083:
1060:
In the US, people often mistakenly blame the conspicuous
1046:
792:, guided by projections or hairs, to the micropyle of an
401:
are produced from each diploid pollen mother cell, after
219:
4076:
3461:
3011:
2270:
2032:
3528:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2671:
1231:
are the primary pollen-consuming arthropod group. Many
301:
pollen has three colpi and prominent surface structure.
3848:
3521:
2416:
500:. Various terms also describe the sculpturing such as
116:(sperm cells). Pollen grains have a hard coat made of
27:
Grains containing the male gametophytes of seed plants
3002:. allergiesandtreatments.com. Retrieved on 2010-03-09
1921:"Pollen and anther characters in monocot systematics"
1844:
Andrade, Kleber; Guerra, Sara; Debut, Alexis (2014).
1693:
1524:
when it traveled over a trail sprinkled with pollen.
1025:, and allergy specifically to grass pollen is called
765:, and are carried by the pollen tube, while those of
3055:
Lundgren, Jonathan G. (2009). "The Pollen Feeders".
1431:
3255:
3057:
Relationships of Natural Enemies and Non-Prey Foods
2283:Judd, Walter S. & Olmstead, Richard G. (2004).
418:is successive, but there are important exceptions.
226:are winged. The smallest pollen grain, that of the
3854:
3686:
2165:
1843:
1639:"Best and Worst Flowers for People With Allergies"
784:, which grows down the tissue of the style to the
734:are specialized to feed on pollen, and are called
730:attracted to their flowers. Many insects and some
524:(apertures present). The aperture may have a lid (
425:containing the gametes. In some flowering plants,
4143:Pollen micrographs at SEM and confocal microscope
4077:Kaltenrieder, Petra; von Ballmoos, Peter (2003).
4012:: Center for Applied Biogeography. October 2014.
3961:(1999). "Inaperturate Pollen in Monocotyledons".
5421:
3666:"Forensic Palynology: A New Way to Catch Crooks"
3115:
3113:
2323:
1192:, which considerably lowers hay fever symptoms.
453:Closeup image of a cactus flower and its stamens
37:"Exine" redirects here. Not to be confused with
3763:
2867:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2798:; Lavigne, Éric; Takaro, Tim K. (August 2018).
2647:"Dear allergy sufferers: Don't blame goldenrod"
2535:Wang, De-Ming; Meng, Mei-Cen; Guo, Yun (2016).
2412:
2410:
2039:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1983:
1981:
4044:. Division of Structural and Functional Botany
3246:, Dadant & Sons, Inc., Hamilton, IL, 1975.
3175:
1961:"Pollen Development — University of Leicester"
199:Pollen itself is not the male gamete. It is a
4186:
3956:
3728:
3663:
3613:
3408:
3314:
3110:
2497:
2495:
2417:Hirano T, Takagi K, Hoshino Y, Abe T (2013).
2121:
1987:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1508:and rituals to symbolize life and renewal by
800:in the generative cell that carries the male
745:, underneath the integuments of the ovule. A
172:. Pollen in plants is used for transferring
5292:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
3457:
3455:
3256:Mao W, Schuler MA, Berenbaum MR (May 2013).
2407:
1978:
1425:
1082:Anemophilous spring blooming plants such as
660:, pollen on its face and legs, sitting on a
4006:Quick Reference Glossary with Illustrations
3794:
3709:
2952:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2534:
1689:
1687:
888:Learn how and when to remove these messages
536:germination at any position. Terms such as
4193:
4179:
4138:Pollen and Spore Identification Literature
3999:"Pollen Grain Surface Pattern Terminology"
2983:, 18 April 2015. Retrieved: 19 April 2015.
2759:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
2492:
1905:
1766:
1764:
194:
3932:Plant Systematics: An Integrated Approach
3872:
3819:
3797:Encyclopedia of Native American Religions
3596:
3547:
3515:
3498:
3488:
3452:
3291:
3281:
3249:
3193:
3159:in Costa Rica (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)"
3137:
2968:Hård nyser for allergikere i varm fremtid
2904:
2886:
2825:
2815:
2770:
2689:
2621:
2611:
2570:
2560:
2483:
2472:Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana
2442:
2390:
2300:
2241:Plant Systematics: An Integrated Approach
2183:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2068:
2058:
2001:
1944:
1879:
1869:
1820:
1810:
1740:Biology: facts & practice for A level
1736:
1369:in flowers is an important aspect of the
994:Learn how and when to remove this message
941:Learn how and when to remove this message
5236:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
3308:
3119:
3090:Fungal Strategies of Wood Decay in Trees
3054:
2501:
1684:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1527:
1486:, catch a burglar who brushed against a
1461:
1005:
667:
652:
637:
456:
448:
436:
360:
250:Micrographs of different types of pollen
187:Pollen is infrequently used as food and
92:
43:
3963:International Journal of Plant Sciences
3900:
3152:
2198:
2128:International Journal of Plant Sciences
2091:
1761:
1384:for human consumption is marketed as a
1184:. They do not prevent the discharge of
1049:. Grass pollen is also associated with
811:
345:in the male cone of a conifer or other
14:
5422:
3861:International Journal of Plant Biology
3657:
3392:"How a Pollen Trap Works (Bee Pollen)"
2752:
2228:
2192:
2154:
1512:objects, dancing grounds, trails, and
1451:
128:of flowering plants, or from the male
4174:
4056:
3928:
3120:Filipiak, Michał (15 December 2016).
2234:
1655:
1495:
4159:Pollen-Wiki - A digital Pollen-Atlas
3687:Stackhouse, Robert (17 April 2003).
3176:Cardoso MZ, Gilbert LE (June 2013).
2271:Kaltenrieder & von Ballmoos 2003
2207:. Academic Press. pp. 453–464.
1696:The Science of the Total Environment
1053:in some people, a phenomenon termed
952:
923:adding citations to reliable sources
894:
853:
843:
4079:"Types of Apertures in microspores"
3799:. Facts on File, Inc. p. 225.
3345:
2243:. Science Publishers. p. 142.
1743:. Oxford University Press. p.
1105:Symptoms of pollen allergy include
1069:, a widespread anemophilous plant.
284:showing single sulcus (monosulcate)
24:
3764:Wolf, Lauren K. (18 August 2008).
3712:"Pollen helps war crime forensics"
3689:"Forensics studies look to pollen"
3126:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
2993:Bee, grass pollen allergy symptoms
2185:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1972.tb04826.x
1165:Allergic rhinitis § treatment
749:is produced, which grows into the
624:trees all produce saccate pollen.
25:
5461:
5241:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
4102:
3623:Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
1419:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
869:This section has multiple issues.
5404:
5403:
4109:
3710:Wood, Peter (9 September 2004).
3404:from the original on 2021-11-04.
3059:. Vol. 7. pp. 87–116.
3026:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01002.x
2644:
1520:people believed the body became
1317:). Many adult flies, especially
1151:obtained after examination by a
1117:attacks when exposed to pollen.
956:
899:
858:
318:
306:
289:
271:
254:
4085:. Institute of Plant Sciences,
4083:Introduction to pollen analysis
4038:PalDat - Palynological Database
4019:from the original on 2019-08-11
4010:Florida Institute of Technology
3893:
3813:
3788:
3770:Chemical & Engineering News
3757:
3743:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.11.028
3722:
3703:
3680:
3564:
3384:
3366:
3339:
3218:
3182:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
3169:
3146:
3081:
3048:
3005:
2986:
2980:Danish Meteorological Institute
2960:
2921:
2854:
2842:
2787:
2746:
2722:
2665:
2638:
2587:
2528:
2459:
2350:
2317:
2276:
2115:
2085:
2026:
1708:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.226
910:needs additional citations for
877:or discuss these issues on the
612:(containing two sacci). Modern
176:male genetic material from the
3731:Forensic Science International
3333:10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.11.022
2851:WebMD. Retrieved on 2010-03-09
2753:Skoner, David P. (July 2001).
1953:
1837:
1778:
1631:
1426:
1255:, which catch pollen on their
1128:. Individuals who suffer from
1014:releasing pollen into the wind
788:, and makes its way along the
627:
579:have pollen with three colpi (
13:
1:
3163:Tropical Lepidoptera Research
2012:10.1016/j.tplants.2004.01.001
1624:
1392:. The largest constituent is
608:, (containing one saccus) or
5282:History of plant systematics
4869:Thorns, spines, and prickles
4162:, retrieved 9 February 2018.
4148:The flight of a pollen cloud
3901:Simpson, Michael G. (2011).
3795:Hirshfelder, Arlene (2000).
3589:10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.10.001
3490:10.1371/journal.pone.0014357
2562:10.1371/journal.pone.0147984
2199:Simpson, Michael G. (2011).
1871:10.1371/journal.pone.0102123
1439:
1376:
1211:
1158:
432:
336:
50:scanning electron microscope
7:
3153:Salcedo, C. (1 June 2010).
3065:10.1007/978-1-4020-9235-0_6
2512:10.1007/978-1-4020-5610-9_8
2166:Sporne, Kenneth R. (1972).
1572:
1432:
1077:irrigated lawns and gardens
214:, right). Pollen grains of
10:
5466:
5098:Alternation of generations
4200:
4034:"Illustrated Pollen Terms"
3418:Journal of Applied Ecology
3244:The Hive and the Honey Bee
2730:"Allergy Facts | AAFA.org"
2691:10.1016/j.rmed.2015.05.017
2289:American Journal of Botany
1455:
1162:
847:
815:
701:in angiosperms) is called
631:
445:with many grains of pollen
341:Pollen is produced in the
180:of a single flower to the
36:
29:
5399:
5347:
5311:
5248:Cultivated plant taxonomy
5211:Biological classification
5201:
5074:
4990:
4886:
4836:
4561:
4491:
4434:
4396:
4370:
4306:
4226:
4208:
3929:Singh, Gurcharan (2004).
3834:10.3109/10520296909063335
3782:10.1021/cen-v086n033.p088
3643:10.1016/j.jip.2016.03.007
2324:Traverse, Alfred (1988).
2235:Singh, Gurcharan (2004).
1946:10.1080/00173130152591840
1502:Native American religions
528:), hence is described as
5108:Evolutionary development
2485:10.18268/bsgm2018v70n1a4
1898:by Igor Siwanowicz of a
1737:Johnstone, Adam (2001).
1579:European Pollen Database
1247:are normally considered
1109:, itchy, or runny nose,
723:-rich, for dispersal by
349:or in the anthers of an
156:and is highly useful in
4759:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
3438:10.1111/1365-2664.12134
3283:10.1073/pnas.1303884110
3139:10.3389/fevo.2016.00138
2888:10.1073/pnas.2013284118
2849:Allergies and Hay Fever
2772:10.1067/mai.2001.115569
2653:. Mother Nature Network
2060:10.1073/pnas.0911223107
1990:Trends in Plant Science
1677:Encyclopædia Britannica
1365:, their consumption of
1045:and different forms of
368:Lycopersicon esculentum
195:Structure and formation
32:Pollen (disambiguation)
5374:by author abbreviation
5298:Plant taxonomy systems
5216:Botanical nomenclature
3935:. Science Publishers.
3540:10.1098/rspb.2015.1371
2817:10.3390/ijerph15081577
2302:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1627
1812:10.1073/pnas.211287498
1614:Polyphenol antioxidant
1475:
1359:are not pollen eaters
1216:Most major classes of
1015:
690:
681:while visiting yellow
665:
650:
520:(apertures absent) or
465:
454:
446:
372:
365:Pollen microspores of
132:to the female cone of
112:), which produce male
98:
90:
64:), prairie hollyhock (
5381:Botanical expeditions
4059:"Palynology — Pollen"
3378:Aarongilbreath's Blog
2966:Siewertsen, Bjarne. "
2435:10.1093/aobpla/plt004
1528:Pollen grain staining
1504:, pollen was used in
1465:
1206:Allergy immunotherapy
1041:, and in late summer
1009:
677:bee straddles flower
671:
656:
645:carrying pollen in a
641:
460:
452:
440:
364:
234:spp.), is 2.5–5
96:
76:), evening primrose (
47:
5113:Evolutionary history
5103:Double fertilization
4955:Cellular respiration
4057:Davis, Owen (1999).
4042:University of Vienna
3346:Sanford, Malcolm T.
3224:Sanford, Malcolm T.
2678:Respiratory Medicine
1772:"Spores and Pollens"
1604:Pollen DNA barcoding
1388:ingredient and as a
1051:asthma exacerbations
1021:to pollen is called
919:improve this article
812:In the fossil record
773:have many flagella.
559:, has two sulci, as
463:Jasper National Park
393:In a process called
261:Triporate pollen of
82:), and castor bean (
30:For other uses, see
4332:Non-vascular plants
3957:Furness, Carol A.;
3874:10.4081/pb.2010.e13
3635:2016JInvP.136...68G
3481:2010PLoSO...514357S
3430:2013JApEc..50.1207G
3274:2013PNAS..110.8842M
3233:on January 13, 2007
2879:2021PNAS..11813284A
2796:Henderson, Sarah B.
2553:2016PLoSO..1147984W
2122:Furness, Carol A.;
2051:2010PNAS..107.7635K
1937:2001Grana..40...17F
1915:Furness, Carol A.;
1862:2014PLoSO...9j2123A
1803:2001PNAS...9811919P
1671:"Pollination"
1589:Honeybee starvation
1567:glacial acetic acid
1458:Forensic palynology
1452:Forensic palynology
1098:, and early summer
1055:thunderstorm asthma
836:record in the late
802:genomic information
776:When placed on the
684:Opuntia engelmannii
384:pollen mother cells
331:on an insect's hair
212:electron micrograph
144:that transfers the
97:Pollen tube diagram
79:Oenothera fruticosa
67:Sidalcea malviflora
4837:Surface structures
4632:Flower development
4087:University of Bern
3907:. Academic Press.
3664:Bryant, Vaughn M.
3534:(1813): 20151371.
3348:"Producing Pollen"
3227:"Producing Pollen"
2998:2009-10-10 at the
2973:2015-04-19 at the
2873:(7): e2013284118.
2375:10.1093/aob/mcy167
1496:Spiritual purposes
1476:
1390:dietary supplement
1266:Euseius tularensis
1016:
691:
666:
658:Marmalade hoverfly
651:
643:European honey bee
571:if more than two.
466:
455:
447:
373:
264:Oenothera speciosa
240:geodesic polyhedra
99:
91:
70:), oriental lily (
58:), morning glory (
5417:
5416:
5056:Herbaceous plants
4882:
4881:
3942:978-1-57808-351-0
3914:978-0-08-051404-8
3904:Plant Systematics
3670:crimeandclues.com
3400:. 30 April 2014.
3195:10.1111/jeb.12119
3103:978-3-540-67205-0
3074:978-1-4020-9234-3
2613:10.1111/all.13407
2521:978-1-4020-6684-9
2295:(10): 1627–1644.
2214:978-0-08-051404-8
2205:Plant Systematics
2045:(17): 7635–7639.
1754:978-0-19-914766-3
1328:Fomes fomentarius
1153:general physician
1126:hereditary origin
1122:allergic response
1004:
1003:
996:
986:
985:
951:
950:
943:
892:
844:Allergy to pollen
423:microgametophytes
395:microsporogenesis
386:(microsporocyte,
328:Lilium bulbiferum
110:microgametophytes
55:Helianthus annuus
16:(Redirected from
5457:
5435:Plant morphology
5407:
5406:
5386:Individual trees
5061:Secondary growth
5032:Succulent plants
5020:Prostrate shrubs
4903:Apical dominance
4888:Plant physiology
4849:Epicuticular wax
4394:
4393:
4387:
4378:Plant morphology
4195:
4188:
4181:
4172:
4171:
4113:
4112:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4018:
4003:
3994:
3959:Rudall, Paula J.
3953:
3951:
3949:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3887:
3886:
3876:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3822:Stain Technology
3817:
3811:
3810:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3695:. Archived from
3684:
3678:
3677:
3672:. Archived from
3661:
3655:
3654:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3600:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3551:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3502:
3492:
3459:
3450:
3449:
3424:(5): 1207–1215.
3412:
3406:
3405:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3370:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3295:
3285:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3229:. Archived from
3222:
3216:
3215:
3197:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3117:
3108:
3107:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3009:
3003:
2990:
2984:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2951:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2908:
2890:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2829:
2819:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2774:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2693:
2684:(9): 1089–1104.
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2625:
2615:
2606:(8): 1632–1641.
2591:
2585:
2584:
2574:
2564:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2499:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2446:
2414:
2405:
2404:
2394:
2363:Annals of Botany
2354:
2348:
2347:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2304:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2163:
2152:
2151:
2124:Rudall, Paula J.
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2100:. Archived from
2089:
2083:
2082:
2072:
2062:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2005:
1985:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1963:. Archived from
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1919:(January 2001).
1917:Rudall, Paula J.
1912:
1903:
1893:
1883:
1873:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1824:
1814:
1797:(21): 11919–24.
1782:
1776:
1775:
1768:
1759:
1758:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1691:
1682:
1681:
1673:
1662:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1635:
1584:Evolution of sex
1480:forensic biology
1435:
1429:
1428:
1338:Some species of
1239:(including some
1182:chlorpheniramine
1111:nasal congestion
999:
992:
981:
978:
960:
953:
946:
939:
935:
932:
926:
903:
895:
884:
862:
861:
854:
649:back to the hive
604:. Pollen can be
461:Pollen storm in
403:meiotic division
322:
310:
293:
275:
258:
61:Ipomoea purpurea
21:
5465:
5464:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5413:
5395:
5364:Botanical terms
5357:
5343:
5307:
5253:Citrus taxonomy
5231:Author citation
5197:
5091:
5070:
4992:
4986:
4982:Turgor pressure
4890:
4878:
4832:
4647:Floral symmetry
4565:
4557:
4487:
4476:Vascular bundle
4471:Vascular tissue
4430:
4390:
4381:
4380:
4366:
4337:Vascular plants
4302:
4298:Plant pathology
4222:
4204:
4199:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4114:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4091:
4089:
4068:
4066:
4047:
4045:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4001:
3997:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3896:
3891:
3890:
3853:
3849:
3818:
3814:
3807:
3793:
3789:
3762:
3758:
3727:
3723:
3708:
3704:
3685:
3681:
3662:
3658:
3618:
3614:
3569:
3565:
3520:
3516:
3460:
3453:
3413:
3409:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3357:
3355:
3344:
3340:
3313:
3309:
3254:
3250:
3236:
3234:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3174:
3170:
3157:Heliconius sara
3151:
3147:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3053:
3049:
3010:
3006:
3000:Wayback Machine
2991:
2987:
2975:Wayback Machine
2965:
2961:
2945:
2944:
2938:
2936:
2926:
2922:
2859:
2855:
2847:
2843:
2792:
2788:
2751:
2747:
2738:
2736:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2670:
2666:
2656:
2654:
2643:
2639:
2592:
2588:
2547:(1): e0147984.
2533:
2529:
2522:
2504:Paleopalynology
2500:
2493:
2464:
2460:
2415:
2408:
2355:
2351:
2336:
2328:. Unwin Hyman.
2326:Paleopalynology
2322:
2318:
2281:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2197:
2193:
2172:New Phytologist
2164:
2155:
2120:
2116:
2107:
2105:
2098:geo.arizona.edu
2090:
2086:
2031:
2027:
2003:10.1.1.462.5084
1986:
1979:
1970:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1913:
1906:
1842:
1838:
1783:
1779:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1735:
1731:
1692:
1685:
1663:
1656:
1647:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1594:Pollen calendar
1575:
1555:chloral hydrate
1543:distilled water
1539:malachite green
1530:
1498:
1460:
1454:
1442:
1404:p-coumaric acid
1379:
1261:predatory mites
1214:
1167:
1161:
1000:
989:
988:
987:
982:
976:
973:
966:needs expansion
947:
936:
930:
927:
916:
904:
863:
859:
852:
846:
829:biostratigraphy
820:
814:
636:
630:
435:
397:, four haploid
375:
374:
339:
332:
323:
314:
311:
302:
294:
285:
276:
267:
259:
197:
189:food supplement
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5463:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5411:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5366:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5354:Related topics
5352:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5303:Taxonomic rank
5300:
5295:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5255:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5221:Botanical name
5213:
5207:
5205:
5203:Plant taxonomy
5199:
5198:
5196:
5195:
5194:
5193:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5179:Megasporangium
5176:
5175:
5174:
5167:Microsporangia
5159:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5084:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5049:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5012:
5007:
5005:Cushion plants
4996:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4942:
4940:Plant hormones
4937:
4932:
4931:
4930:
4923:Photosynthesis
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4894:
4892:
4884:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4761:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4642:Floral formula
4639:
4637:Floral diagram
4634:
4629:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4590:
4580:
4575:
4569:
4567:
4566:(incl. Flower)
4559:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4526:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4468:
4466:Storage organs
4463:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4446:
4440:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4402:
4400:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4352:Spermatophytes
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4322:Archaeplastida
4319:
4313:
4311:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4276:Phytogeography
4273:
4271:Phytochemistry
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4232:
4230:
4228:Subdisciplines
4224:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4198:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4115:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:External links
4101:
4099:
4098:
4074:
4054:
4029:
3995:
3975:10.1086/314129
3969:(2): 395–414.
3954:
3941:
3926:
3913:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3847:
3828:(3): 117–122.
3812:
3806:978-0816039494
3805:
3787:
3756:
3737:(3): 231–235.
3721:
3702:
3699:on 2013-04-23.
3679:
3676:on 2007-02-03.
3656:
3612:
3563:
3514:
3475:(12): e14357.
3451:
3407:
3383:
3365:
3338:
3327:(2): 550–554.
3307:
3268:(22): 8842–6.
3248:
3217:
3188:(6): 1254–60.
3168:
3145:
3109:
3102:
3096:. p. 61.
3080:
3073:
3047:
3020:(2): 151–165.
3004:
2985:
2959:
2920:
2853:
2841:
2786:
2745:
2721:
2664:
2637:
2586:
2527:
2520:
2491:
2458:
2406:
2369:(2): 225–245.
2349:
2335:978-0045610013
2334:
2316:
2275:
2263:
2249:
2227:
2213:
2191:
2178:(1): 181–185.
2153:
2140:10.1086/378656
2134:(6): 835–854.
2114:
2084:
2025:
1996:(3): 154–158.
1977:
1952:
1931:(1–2): 17–25.
1904:
1856:(7): e102123.
1836:
1777:
1760:
1753:
1729:
1683:
1668:, ed. (1911).
1666:Chisholm, Hugh
1654:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1574:
1571:
1529:
1526:
1497:
1494:
1468:SEM micrograph
1456:Main article:
1453:
1450:
1441:
1438:
1378:
1375:
1295:ground beetles
1213:
1210:
1190:biogenic amine
1170:Antihistamines
1163:Main article:
1160:
1157:
1002:
1001:
984:
983:
963:
961:
949:
948:
907:
905:
898:
893:
867:
866:
864:
857:
850:Allergy season
845:
842:
816:Main article:
813:
810:
632:Main article:
629:
626:
588:Additionally,
563:, or more, as
434:
431:
359:
358:
343:microsporangia
338:
335:
334:
333:
324:
317:
315:
312:
305:
303:
295:
288:
286:
281:Lilium auratum
277:
270:
268:
260:
253:
251:
196:
193:
140:, producing a
73:Lilium auratum
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5462:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5430:Plant anatomy
5428:
5427:
5425:
5410:
5402:
5401:
5398:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5346:
5340:
5339:Phytochemical
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5246:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5200:
5192:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5177:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5160:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4989:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4977:Transpiration
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4764:Inflorescence
4762:
4760:
4757:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4620:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4449:Ground tissue
4447:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4385:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:Plant anatomy
4369:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4293:Plant ecology
4291:
4289:
4288:Plant anatomy
4286:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4236:Archaeobotany
4234:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4203:
4196:
4191:
4189:
4184:
4182:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4122:
4118:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4075:
4065:on 2005-12-22
4064:
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3693:The Battalion
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3427:
3423:
3419:
3411:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3387:
3380:. 2013-05-31.
3379:
3375:
3369:
3354:on 2001-04-29
3353:
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2735:
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2697:
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2331:
2327:
2320:
2312:
2308:
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2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2267:
2252:
2250:9781578083510
2246:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2216:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
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2162:
2160:
2158:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2104:on 2009-02-03
2103:
2099:
2095:
2092:Davis, Owen.
2088:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1982:
1967:on 2014-10-06
1966:
1962:
1956:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1909:
1902:pollen grain.
1901:
1900:morning glory
1897:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
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1661:
1659:
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1634:
1630:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1609:Pollen source
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
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1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1514:sandpaintings
1511:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1449:
1447:
1437:
1434:
1424:Pine pollen (
1422:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1394:carbohydrates
1391:
1387:
1383:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1336:
1334:
1330:
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1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1283:Chrysomelidae
1280:
1279:Curculionidae
1276:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1196:Decongestants
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1156:
1154:
1148:
1146:
1141:
1137:
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1123:
1118:
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1097:
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1089:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:Nasal allergy
1013:
1008:
998:
995:
980:
971:
967:
964:This section
962:
959:
955:
954:
945:
942:
934:
924:
920:
914:
913:
908:This section
906:
902:
897:
896:
891:
889:
882:
881:
876:
875:
870:
865:
856:
855:
851:
841:
839:
835:
830:
825:
824:sporopollenin
819:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
726:
722:
718:
717:
716:Entomophilous
712:
711:
706:
705:
700:
699:
698:
689:
686:
685:
680:
676:
675:
670:
663:
659:
655:
648:
647:pollen basket
644:
640:
635:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
586:
584:
583:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
545:
543:
542:triaperturate
539:
538:uniaperturate
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
509:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
482:sporopollenin
479:
475:
471:
464:
459:
451:
444:
439:
430:
428:
424:
419:
417:
413:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
370:
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363:
357:
355:
352:
348:
344:
330:
329:
321:
316:
309:
304:
300:
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292:
287:
283:
282:
274:
269:
266:
265:
257:
252:
249:
248:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:forget-me-not
225:
221:
217:
213:
208:
206:
202:
192:
190:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
118:sporopollenin
115:
111:
107:
103:
95:
88:
86:
81:
80:
75:
74:
69:
68:
63:
62:
57:
56:
51:
46:
40:
33:
19:
5334:Horticulture
5324:Floriculture
5226:Correct name
5076:Reproduction
5066:Woody plants
4991:Plant growth
4950:Gas Exchange
4935:Phytomelanin
4813:Plant embryo
4587:
4563:Reproductive
4411:Phragmoplast
4158:
4125:
4124:
4123:profile for
4120:
4090:. Retrieved
4082:
4067:. Retrieved
4063:the original
4046:. Retrieved
4037:
4021:. Retrieved
4005:
3966:
3962:
3946:. Retrieved
3931:
3918:. Retrieved
3903:
3894:Bibliography
3864:
3860:
3850:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3796:
3790:
3773:
3769:
3766:"Newscripts"
3759:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3715:
3705:
3697:the original
3692:
3682:
3674:the original
3669:
3659:
3626:
3622:
3615:
3583:(1): 64–75.
3580:
3576:
3566:
3531:
3527:
3517:
3472:
3468:
3421:
3417:
3410:
3395:
3386:
3377:
3368:
3356:. Retrieved
3352:the original
3341:
3324:
3321:Food Control
3320:
3316:
3310:
3265:
3261:
3251:
3243:
3235:. Retrieved
3231:the original
3220:
3185:
3181:
3171:
3162:
3156:
3148:
3129:
3125:
3089:
3083:
3056:
3050:
3017:
3013:
3007:
2988:
2978:
2962:
2937:. Retrieved
2933:
2923:
2870:
2866:
2856:
2844:
2807:
2803:
2789:
2765:(1): S2–S8.
2762:
2758:
2748:
2737:. Retrieved
2734:www.aafa.org
2733:
2724:
2681:
2677:
2667:
2655:. Retrieved
2650:
2640:
2623:11343/283486
2603:
2599:
2589:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2503:
2478:(1): 61–78.
2475:
2471:
2461:
2426:
2422:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2325:
2319:
2292:
2288:
2278:
2266:
2254:. Retrieved
2240:
2237:"Palynology"
2230:
2218:. Retrieved
2204:
2201:"Palynology"
2194:
2175:
2171:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2106:. Retrieved
2102:the original
2097:
2087:
2042:
2038:
2028:
1993:
1989:
1969:. Retrieved
1965:the original
1955:
1928:
1924:
1896:this picture
1853:
1849:
1839:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1739:
1732:
1699:
1695:
1675:
1646:. Retrieved
1642:
1633:
1599:Pollen count
1559:acid fuchsin
1531:
1499:
1487:
1477:
1445:
1443:
1433:Songhwa Garu
1423:
1416:
1410:and natural
1398:
1380:
1360:
1357:hummingbirds
1346:
1339:
1337:
1333:detritivores
1326:
1315:Anthocoridae
1291:Scarabaeidae
1287:Cerambycidae
1264:
1215:
1204:
1200:nasal sprays
1194:
1168:
1149:
1142:
1138:
1119:
1104:
1081:
1071:
1059:
1031:
1017:
990:
974:
970:adding to it
965:
937:
928:
917:Please help
912:verification
909:
885:
878:
872:
871:Please help
868:
821:
808:capability.
775:
761:are without
740:
714:
710:anemophilous
708:
702:
695:
694:
692:
682:
672:
609:
605:
602:anemophilous
593:
587:
580:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
546:
541:
537:
529:
521:
518:inaperturate
517:
510:
506:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
477:
473:
467:
420:
394:
392:
383:
379:
376:
366:
340:
326:
313:Apple pollen
296:
279:
262:
231:
209:
198:
186:
162:paleontology
158:paleoecology
101:
100:
83:
77:
71:
65:
59:
53:
5450:Allergology
5445:Pollination
5150:Pollen tube
5145:Pollinators
5135:Pollination
5130:Germination
4945:Respiration
4928:Chlorophyll
4774:Pedicellate
4708:Gametophyte
4627:Aestivation
4578:Antheridium
4573:Archegonium
4421:Plasmodesma
4398:Plant cells
4261:Paleobotany
4256:Ethnobotany
4241:Astrobotany
3920:12 February
2810:(8): 1577.
2645:Oder, Tom.
1702:: 208–218.
1510:sanctifying
1446:pollen trap
1412:bactericide
1408:antioxidant
1371:pollination
1353:butterflies
1305:are mostly
1271:Mordellidae
1253:spiderlings
1233:Hymenoptera
782:pollen tube
771:Ginkgophyta
767:Cycadophyta
747:pollen tube
736:palynivores
728:pollinators
704:pollination
634:Pollination
628:Pollination
606:monosaccate
569:polycolpate
565:polysulcate
557:monosulcate
534:pollen tube
484:called the
472:called the
427:germination
412:cytokinesis
399:microspores
244:soccer ball
205:pollen tube
201:gametophyte
166:archaeology
142:pollen tube
134:gymnosperms
106:seed plants
5440:Palynology
5424:Categories
5172:Microspore
5162:Sporangium
5140:Artificial
4828:Sporophyte
4823:Sporophyll
4818:Receptacle
4713:Gynandrium
4583:Androecium
4492:Vegetative
4362:Angiosperm
4357:Gymnosperm
4251:Dendrology
4069:2009-02-19
4048:16 January
3948:23 January
3867:(2): e13.
3776:(33): 88.
3358:2007-08-30
3237:2015-07-15
2939:2021-07-12
2739:2021-07-12
2429:: plt004.
2423:AoB Plants
2256:23 January
2108:2009-02-16
2094:"Aperture"
1971:2013-12-12
1648:2023-10-30
1625:References
1619:Bee pollen
1382:Bee pollen
1341:Heliconius
1307:herbivores
1249:carnivores
1225:arthropods
1178:cetirizine
1174:loratadine
1023:pollinosis
977:March 2013
931:March 2013
874:improve it
848:See also:
818:Palynology
806:DNA repair
759:Gnetophyta
622:yellowwood
590:gymnosperm
582:tricolpate
573:Syncolpate
530:operculate
522:aperturate
502:reticulate
380:archespore
351:angiosperm
347:gymnosperm
325:Pollen of
278:Pollen of
154:palynology
138:germinates
48:Colorized
5369:Botanists
5287:Herbarium
5184:Megaspore
5082:Evolution
5025:Subshrubs
4993:and habit
4918:Nutrition
4913:Cellulose
4908:Bulk flow
4891:Materials
4854:Epidermis
4718:Gynoecium
4699:Endosperm
4694:Dispersal
4610:Staminode
4546:Sessility
4534:Cataphyll
4454:Mesophyll
4406:Cell wall
4347:Lycophyte
4327:Bryophyte
4281:Geobotany
4266:Phycology
4023:11 August
3883:2037-0164
3629:: 68–73.
3212:206046558
2897:0027-8424
2716:205000320
2700:0954-6111
2383:0305-7364
2220:6 January
1998:CiteSeerX
1894:See also
1643:WebMD.com
1489:Hypericum
1440:Parasites
1377:In humans
1373:process.
1347:Although
1319:Syrphidae
1311:omnivores
1303:Hemiptera
1275:Melyridae
1243:larvae).
1222:parasitic
1218:predatory
1212:Nutrition
1186:histamine
1159:Treatment
1134:asthmatic
1062:goldenrod
1027:hay fever
880:talk page
755:Pinophyta
743:micropyle
610:bisaccate
561:bisulcate
526:operculum
494:spinulose
474:endospore
470:cellulose
433:Structure
337:Formation
170:forensics
5409:Category
5329:Forestry
5319:Agronomy
5312:Practice
5263:Cultivar
5258:Cultigen
5118:timeline
5010:Rosettes
4898:Aleurone
4874:Trichome
4791:Perianth
4603:Filament
4461:Meristem
4384:glossary
4246:Bryology
4014:Archived
3991:83903452
3751:16406430
3716:BBC News
3651:26970260
3607:28560161
3558:26246556
3509:21203504
3469:PLOS ONE
3402:Archived
3374:"Source"
3302:23630255
3204:23662837
3165:: 35–37.
3094:Springer
3042:36043612
3034:16409190
2996:Archived
2971:Archived
2948:cite web
2915:33558232
2836:30044421
2781:11449200
2708:26073963
2632:29331087
2581:26808271
2541:PLOS ONE
2453:23550213
2401:30535041
2344:17674795
2311:21652313
2148:84766627
2079:20404200
2020:15003239
1890:25003375
1850:PLOS ONE
1831:11559840
1724:19956612
1716:28968582
1573:See also
1563:orange G
1547:glycerol
1500:In some
1299:Ladybird
1107:sneezing
1043:wormwood
838:Devonian
798:repaired
790:placenta
763:flagella
751:nucellus
674:Diadasia
662:rockrose
598:buoyancy
577:Eudicots
498:echinate
486:exospore
416:monocots
388:meiocyte
232:Myosotis
87:communis
5087:Ecology
4844:Cuticle
4674:Capsule
4664:Anatomy
4615:Tapetum
4539:Petiole
4514:Rhizome
4509:Rhizoid
4436:Tissues
4426:Vacuole
4416:Plastid
4218:Outline
4213:History
4117:Scholia
4092:28 June
3842:4181665
3631:Bibcode
3598:5439461
3549:4632632
3500:3008715
3477:Bibcode
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