271:
184:
619:. This treatise, in three books, takes the form of a Latin dialogue between Vergil and his Cambridge friend Robert Ridley on the subject of the natural and the supernatural, and whether credence should be given to such alleged phenomena as prodigious events and portents. The setting for the dialogue is the open air, at Vergil's country house near London. Vergil's role is to state the problems and supply the historical illustrations; his friend's to explain, rationalise and depreciate as best he can.
709:. While this edition was broadly similar to the manuscript, it incorporated substantial changes, and it seems that Vergil effectively made a fresh start using the manuscript as a guideline. The rewriting appears to have taken place between 1521 and 1524 (based on one reference to his having been archdeacon of Wells for fourteen years; and another allusion to "this day, which is 1524"). Book VII of the manuscript was now split into two parts, the new book VIII running from the death of
585:. This was the first critical edition of a British historical text. In publishing it, Vergil reflected a growing interest in post-classical texts among German and Italian scholars. This interest sprang mainly from self-conscious nationalism which makes it curious at least that a foreigner chose a text about Britain. Vergil did, however, have a motive; this project provided a background for his anti-Arthurian position. Tunstall supplied one of the source
738:. He claimed to have been diligent in collecting materials, and to have drawn on the work of foreign as well as English historians. For this reason, he remarked, the English, Scots and French would find things reported in his pages far differently from the way they were used to hearing them within their own countries. In his search for information he applied to
869:, in the chapel of St Andrew which he himself had endowed. In 1613, it was agreed that a memorial stone should be set over his tomb. This was eventually put in place in 1631, with an inscription stating that his fame would "live for ever in the world". However, it is believed to have been lost when the cathedral was severely damaged by an earthquake in 1789.
382:, who wrote to the King on his behalf. From prison Vergil wrote to Wolsey, begging that the approaching Christmas season – a time which witnessed the restitution of a world – might also see his pardon: his letter's tone has been described as "almost blasphemous". He was released before Christmas 1515, but never regained his subcollectorship.
475:(Erasmus still believed as late as 1533 that his work had been the earlier) gave place to a sincere friendship. The first edition of Vergil's work contained 306 proverbs taken from classical sources. A second, expanded, edition appeared in 1521: it contained a further series of 431 Biblical proverbs, and was dedicated to Wolsey's follower,
1047:, cast Vergil in a more positive light, describing him as "a man of singular invention, good judgement, and good reading, and a true lover of antiquities". In the 19th century, Vergil's importance to English historiography finally began to be acknowledged, as "historians of Tudor England realized the scope of his achievement in the
517:
religion and learning. Book II covered, among other topics, the origins of law, time, military science, money, precious metals and art. Book III covered, again among other topics, the origins of agriculture, architecture, towns, theatres, tools and materials, maritime navigation, commerce and prostitution.
1020:
in 1544 accused Vergil of "polutynge our
Englyshe chronycles most shamefullye with his Romishe lyes and other Italyshe beggerye". An anonymous contemporary described him as "that most rascall dogge knave in the worlde", claiming that "he had the randsackings of all the Englishe lybraryes, and when he
725:
The third edition was published in 1555, the year of Vergil's death. In this case the revisions were minor and largely stylistic. However, Vergil added a new book (XXVII) giving an account of Henry VIII's reign to 1537, and which included a highly critical portrait of Wolsey. Vergil claimed that most
686:
in 1516. Further isolated notes in
Veterani's hand, nearly all directions to a binder or printer, are found throughout the manuscript. The most plausible interpretation of the evidence is that Vergil intended to present a fine manuscript (rather than a printed book) to Henry VIII, and commissioned
545:
was, however, exceedingly popular, and was quickly translated into French (1521), German (1537), English (1546) and
Spanish (1551). Thirty Latin editions had been published by the time Vergil died in 1555; and the work eventually ran to around 70 Latin editions, and another 35 translations. The
516:
was published in 1499, having been written in only three months. It was a history of origins and inventions, describing in three books the "first begetters" of all human activities. Book I investigated the origin of the gods and the word "God", along with such matters as the creation, marriage,
681:
in the second volume, in a different hand, stating that "I, Federico
Veterani, wrote the whole work". A possible explanation is that Vergil left it in the care of Veterani, who inscribed the colophon to associate it with his other treasures so that it would not be lost or damaged during the
1039:
in 1622 again accused Vergil of having "burned and embezeled the best and most ancient
Records and Monuments of our Abbeies, Priories, and Cathedrall Churches, under colour … of making search for all such monuments, manusc. records, Legier bookes, &c. as might make for his purpose".
1596:
read in
English as follows: "Gaul as a whole is divided into three parts, one of which the Belgae inhabit, the Aquitani another, those who in their own language are called Celts (in ours Gauls), the third. All these differ from each other in language, customs and
401:
In 1546 Vergil resigned the
Archdeaconry of Wells to the Crown, perhaps in anticipation of his retirement to Italy. He was licensed to return to Urbino in 1550, and probably left England for the last time in the summer of 1553. He died in Urbino on 18 April 1555.
721:
The second edition appeared in 1546. This version also ended in 1509, but was much revised. The revisions included rewordings for political reasons, a greater emphasis on the civic history of London, and stylistic improvements of the Latin for
European readers.
1034:
in 1576 commented that "as was by office
Collector of the Peter pence to the Popes gain and lucre, so sheweth he himselfe throughout by profession, a covetous gatherer of lying Fables, fained to advaunce the Popish Religion, Kingdome, and Myter".
730:
finds it reasonable to suppose that at first Vergil planned this book to describe events up to 1530, but that he postponed the publication of it due to the political uncertainties in
England, enabling him to extend the terminal date.
669:. Comprising two volumes, it was presented to the ducal library at Urbino in 1613 by Vergil's grand-nephew. Although he stated in prefatory notes that the manuscript was written in Vergil's hand – an assessment fully supported by the
340:, who was more interested in humanist scholars than his predecessors. He recognized the advantages humanism would offer to legitimise his claim to the throne, which was still vulnerable to challenge after his victory at the
726:
of his work on the last book was done contemporaneously, and that the work was interrupted by a visit to Italy. This must refer to his visit of 1533–34, and the entire period from 1530 to 1537 is in fact treated cursorily.
903:: these are the works which secured his reputation before he ever came to England, and which he himself regarded as his masterpieces, writing "I, Polydore, was the first of the Romans to treat of these two matters". The
1141:
Polydore Vergil's English History, from an early translation preserved among the MSS of the Old Royal Library in the British Museum: Vol. I, containing the first eight books, comprising the period prior to the Norman
528:
a work of heretics and depravity. The work nonetheless included criticisms of monks, priestly celibacy, indulgences, and of the policies and constitutional status of the papacy. As a consequence it was placed on the
1029:
in 1574, for example, asserted that Vergil had "committed as many of our ancient and manuscript historians to the flames as would have filled a waggon, that the faults of his own work might pass undiscovered".
717:
kings, previously covered in a single book, were also divided between two books. The work had therefore gained two books, but now ended with book XXVI in 1509, no longer extending into the reign of Henry VIII.
344:, and the role that diffusion of humanist education would take in establishing a more educated, bureaucratic government than the feudal aristocracy. It was at the King's behest that Vergil began work on his
1155:
Three Books of Polydore Vergil's English History, comprising the reigns of Henry VI, Edward IV, and Richard III; from an early translation, preserved among the MSS of the Old Royal Library in the British
782:
Britannia omnis...diuiditur in partes quatuor: quarum unam incolunt Angli, aliam Scoti, tertiam Vualli, quartam Cornubienses. Hi omnes uel lingua; uel moribus seu institutis inter se differunt.
524:, i.e. the origins of Christian rites and institutions. He probably thought that this addition would be a popular one, but it was also a concession towards critics who had labelled the
2149:
Hertel, Ralf (2010). "Nationalising History? Polydore Vergil's Anglica Historia, Shakespeare's Richard III, and the Appropriation of the English Past". In Schaff, Barbara (ed.).
644:, perhaps as early as 1506. This first version was completed in 1512–13. However, the work was not published until 1534; and four distinct versions can therefore be identified:
690:
The manuscript version of the work was divided into 25 books. Books I–VII described the early history of England up to the Norman conquest; Book VIII dealt with the reigns of
366:, who sought the subcollectorship for himself – an ill-judged letter from Vergil was intercepted by the authorities. It contained what was read as implied criticism of both
212:. His father, Giorgio di Antonio, owned a dispensary. His grandfather, Antonio Virgili, "a man well skilled in medicine and astrology", had taught philosophy at the
2315:
2245:
553:
The work is notable for the immense industry that went into its compilation, and the range of ancient and modern writers on which Vergil was able to draw.
674:
1006:
390:
Although Vergil lived predominantly in England from 1502 onwards, he paid several return visits to Urbino, in 1513–14, 1516–17 and 1533–34. In 1534,
951:
A particularly controversial element of Vergil's work in England was the scepticism he expressed – first in his edition of Gildas, and then in the
593:. Their editing was for the most part conscientious, although they rearranged certain words in the interests of clarity, and also suppressed a few
590:
1738:
224:. Another brother, Girolamo, was a merchant trading with England. The niece of Polydore Vergil, Faustina, married Lorenzo Borgogelli, count of
297:. He probably spent little time in Wells, but was active as the Chapter's representative in London. He also donated a set of hangings for the
479:. This edition is preceded by an interesting letter sent in June 1519, which gives the names of many of Vergil's English friends, including
702:
1318:
698:; and the following books covered one reign per book, ending in book XXV which dealt with the beginning of Henry VIII's reign to 1513.
2255:
2295:
2240:
746:
could make him accept the historical theories of the latter, who traced the pedigree of the Scots down from the banished son of an
2310:
2305:
2235:
2230:
999:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
1044:
1941:
Carley, James P. (1996). "Polydore Vergil and John Leland on King Arthur: the Battle of the Books". In Kennedy, E.D. (ed.).
1414:
Franco Negroni, "Punctualizzazioni archivistiche sulla famiglia Virgili di Urbino", in Bacchielli 2003, pp. 39–51, at p. 42.
687:
the work from Veterani, the most famous copyist of the day. However, no such copy by Veterani is known to have survived.
1652:
Bullard, M.R.A. (1991–1994). "Talking heads: the Bodleian frieze, its inspiration, sources, designer and significance".
2290:
569:
270:
2158:
1390:
1204:
1112:
1025:
manuscripts, and made himself father to other mens workes". This charge of burning manuscripts was widely reported.
2120:
Haywood, Eric (2009). "Humanism's priorities and empire's prerogatives: Polydore Vergil's description of Ireland".
183:
2196:
2177:
1772:
1088:
612:
391:
274:
The "Old Archdeaconry" in Wells, traditionally identified as Vergil's residence there. Now the Music School of
1977:(1978). "The historiography of discovery in the Renaissance: the sources and composition of Polydore Vergil's
2250:
806:. Which all differ emonge them selves, either in tongue, either in manners, or ells in lawes and ordinaunces.
2018:
Fulton, John F. (1944). "Polydore Vergil, his chapters on the history of Physick and his Anglica Historia".
1231:
Galdieri 1993, pp. 316–17. This sobriquet has also been assigned to other historians, notably the Venerable
398:, in recognition of his literary achievements, admitted Vergil and his family to the ranks of the nobility.
2265:
1592:
774:
626:
also achieved great popularity, and was translated into Italian (1543), English (1546) and Spanish (1550).
294:
2300:
2225:
1016:
Other English readers also reacted vehemently to what seemed to be criticisms of their national history.
531:
156:(drafted by 1513; printed in 1534), an influential history of England. He has been dubbed the "Father of
987:, he treated his opponent with respect, acknowledging his intelligence and his mastery of Latin style.
461:, was a collection of Latin proverbs. It was the first such collection printed, preceding the similar
2260:
1076:
An English translation of Books 1–9 (with some abridgements), originally published in London in 1663.
1036:
471:
by two years. The initial controversy between the two authors that arose from their rival claims for
240:
1182:
683:
341:
290:
289:, and, in practice, the Cardinal's agent in a variety of affairs. In October 1504 he was enthroned
175:. However, it is more likely that the alias simply indicates that he was in Castellesi's service.
1860:
1808:
1716:
1573:
1150:
1136:
991:
968:
734:
Vergil drew on an impressively wide range of sources for his work, including published books and
547:
336:
learning, Vergil was received in England as a minor celebrity, and was welcomed at court by King
1312:
1764:
1757:
326:
275:
2215:
941:
790:
The whole Countrie of Britaine...is divided into iiij partes; wherof the one is inhabited of
695:
691:
678:
371:
2220:
2031:. Dictionary of Literary Biography. Vol. 132. Detroit: Gale Research. pp. 316–21.
995:
956:
873:
739:
641:
337:
333:
298:
137:
8:
1196:
945:
908:
472:
232:
213:
971:, who responded forcefully, first in an unpublished tract, written perhaps in 1536, the
876:) is marked by a plaque; and there is also a bust of him in the city, unveiled in 2000.
2137:
2092:
2084:
2006:
1998:
1911:
1890:
Arnold, Jonathan (2014). "'Polydorus Italus': analyzing authority in Polydore Vergil's
1732:
322:
282:
172:
157:
141:
701:
In 1534 the first printed version of the work appeared, a folio with decorations from
419:
2192:
2173:
2154:
2141:
2096:
2010:
1915:
1768:
1386:
1200:
1108:
1084:
819:("Commentary on the Lord's Prayer") at Basel in 1525, accompanying an edition of the
578:
536:
492:
349:
318:
259:
1907:
742:
for a list of the Scottish kings and their annals; but not even his friendship with
348:, a new history of England, probably as early as 1505, retelling the history of the
2129:
2076:
1990:
1974:
1959:
1903:
1826:
1100:
1031:
929:
884:
866:
652:
594:
582:
286:
122:
2037:
1925:
Inventing inventors in Renaissance Europe: Polydore Vergil's De inventoribus rerum
2112:
979:
for an offensive hack-poet); and afterwards in a longer published treatment, the
795:
666:
375:
302:
209:
46:
2133:
1963:
1381:
Crane, Mary Thomas (2010). "Early Tudor humanism". In Hattaway, Michael (ed.).
1069:
955:– towards the traditional account of the early history of Britain derived from
933:
925:
831:
803:
791:
747:
735:
710:
616:
488:
484:
395:
363:
356:
244:
1178:
990:
On another contentious issue, Vergil came down in favour of the claims of the
2209:
1322:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 116–117.
1307:
1119:
872:
Vergil's family home and alleged birthplace in Urbino (now a property of the
769:
755:
743:
589:(hence the dedication), and the work of editing was undertaken by Vergil and
367:
1193:
Polydore Vergil's Life of Richard III: an edition of the original manuscript
940:
with much of his sense of 15th-century English history, and so fed into the
535:(papal list of prohibited books) in 1564: an expurgated text, sanctioned by
2027:
Galdieri, L. V. (1993). "Vergil, Polydore". In Richardson, David A. (ed.).
1752:
1720:
799:
670:
476:
310:
1122:
Latin and English texts of Books 1–3, collating early editions to 1553–55.
973:
Codrus sive Laus et Defensio Gallofridi Arturii contra Polydorum Vergilium
1815:. Camden 1st series. Vol. 29. London: Camden Society. p. xxiii.
964:
960:
937:
913:
556:
480:
1107:. I Tatti Renaissance Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
1083:. Translated by Weiss, Beno; Pérez, Louis C. Nieuwkoop: De Graaf. 1997.
2151:
Exiles, Emigrés and Intermediaries: Anglo-Italian cultural transactions
1867:. Camden 1st series. Vol. 29. London: Camden Society. p. xxv.
1311:
1043:
However, one of Peacham's contemporaries, the Leicestershire antiquary
1026:
586:
550:, which also proved highly successful and was reprinted several times.
379:
314:
205:
171:, leading some to assume that he was a kinsman of his patron, Cardinal
140:
scholar, historian, priest and diplomat, who spent much of his life in
2088:
2002:
920:
In England, however, Vergil is more often remembered as author of the
830:
At Erasmus' request, Vergil worked on a translation from the Greek of
520:
For the edition of 1521, Vergil added five more books, devoted to the
2104:
2064:
1580:. Camden 1st series. Vol. 36. London: Camden Society. p. 1.
1164:
1017:
727:
1578:
Polydore Vergil's English history, from an early translation: Vol. I
1171:. Camden 3rd series. Vol. 74. London: Royal Historical Society.
1095:
An English translation of Books 1–8, based on the 1546 Lyon edition.
883:.1618–19 on the frieze in what is now the Upper Reading Room of the
255:, was dedicated to Guido's tutor, Lodovico Odassio, in August 1499.
2080:
1994:
1081:
Beginnings and Discoveries: Polydore Vergil's De inventoribus rerum
306:
658:
Second edition, Basel, 1546, folio: covering events up to 1509 (B)
1003:
976:
838:, which he published in 1533. It was reprinted in 1541 and 1550.
758:
714:
661:
Third edition, Basel, 1555, folio: covering events up to 1537 (C)
611:
was written in 1526–27, and printed in 1531. It was dedicated to
574:
468:
427:
236:
217:
895:
In continental Europe, Vergil is principally remembered for the
418:
Vergil published his first work in 1496. This was an edition of
251:(April 1498) he styles himself Guido's client. His second book,
1022:
1010:
845:, a collection of Latin dialogues, divided into three parts as
564:
463:
352:
to emphasise that the war ended with the new monarch's reign.
281:
In 1502, Vergil travelled to England as the deputy of Cardinal
201:
188:
125:: Polidoro Virgili, commonly Latinised as Polydorus Vergilius;
42:
983:(1544). Although Leland was critical of Vergil's views in the
967:. This criticism touched a patriotic nerve with the antiquary
648:
Manuscript written in 1512–13: covering events up to 1513 (MS)
293:
as proxy for Adriano; and in 1508 he himself was installed as
1383:
A New Companion to English Renaissance Literature and Culture
975:("Codrus", a reference to Vergil, was a type-name drawn from
879:
Vergil is among the worthies whose portraits were painted in
751:
706:
239:. He was ordained by 1496. He was probably in the service of
221:
216:; as did Polydore's own brother, Giovanni-Matteo Virgili, at
163:
Vergil is sometimes referred to in contemporary documents as
2038:"Polydore Vergil's hangings in the quire of Wells Cathedral"
2029:
Sixteenth-century British Nondramatic Writers: second series
258:
At some point prior to 1502 Polydore entered the service of
1232:
225:
1158:. Camden 1st series. Vol. 29. London: Camden Society.
1144:. Camden 1st series. Vol. 36. London: Camden Society.
332:
As an established author, and a representative of Italian
2109:
Polydore Vergil: Renaissance historian and man of letters
1074:. Translated by Langley, John. New York: Agathynian Club.
1054:
374:, and as a result Vergil was imprisoned in April in the
1211:
Latin text and English translation of a portion of the
1169:
The Anglica Historia of Polydore Vergil, A.D. 1485–1537
1009:
sneered, "What have we to do with Polydore Vergil? One
1633:
Negroni, "Punctualizzazioni archivistiche", pp. 42–45.
786:
In an early English translation, this is rendered as:
673:
evidence – it was at one time sometimes attributed to
558:
Gildas …de calamitate, excidio et conquestu Britanniae
228:, from whom descend the family of Borgogelli Virgili.
152:(1499), a history of discoveries and origins; and the
1068:
Vergil, Polydore (1868). Hammond, William A. (ed.).
1021:
had extracted what he pleased he burnt those famous
928:
in its own right for the period 1460–1537, and as a
546:English edition of 1546 was an abridgement made by
385:
1756:
936:into the 19th century. It provided the chronicler
144:. He is particularly remembered for his works the
2067:(1949). "The life of Polydore Vergil of Urbino".
1763:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.
1385:. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 91–105 (96).
437:
2207:
1950:Connell, William J. (2004). "Vergil, Polydore (
1934:Polidoro Virgili e la cultura umanistica europea
1865:Three Books of Polydore Vergil's English History
1813:Three Books of Polydore Vergil's English History
1727:. Toronto and Oxford. pp. xlii, cxv–cxxvii.
1177:Vergil, Polydore (2005). Sutton, Dana J. (ed.).
959:, and in particular towards the question of the
825:Precatio Dominica in septem portiones distributa
2069:Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
1983:Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
187:Vergil's family home and alleged birthplace in
453:(Venice, 1498), retitled in later editions as
2191:(in Italian). Bergamo: Moretti & Vitali.
998:. When this was mentioned in a debate in the
981:Assertio inclytissimi Arturii regis Britannia
191:, marked with a plaque (the lower of the two)
1958:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1651:
1376:
1374:
1190:
502:ran through about 20 editions down to 1550.
2316:15th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
2246:16th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
932:continued to exert an influence on English
713:to 1066; while the reigns of the first two
247:, before 1498, as in the dedication of his
1973:
1936:(in Italian). Urbino: Accademia Raffaello.
1931:
1737:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1059:
665:The manuscript version is now held in the
1371:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
994:to be a more ancient foundation than the
841:In 1545, he published his last work, the
362:Early in 1515 – through the intrigues of
325:; and from 1513 the prebend of Oxgate in
2026:
1922:
1825:
1306:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
890:
600:
505:
410:
378:. His supporters and advocates included
269:
200:Vergil was born in about 1470 either at
182:
148:(1498), a collection of Latin proverbs;
2186:
2167:
2119:
1956:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1949:
1843:
1759:Reading History in Early Modern England
640:, was begun at the instigation of King
563:In 1525 Vergil published an edition of
2208:
2148:
2122:Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy
2045:Somerset Archaeology and Local History
2035:
2017:
1945:. New York: Garland. pp. 185–204.
1940:
1889:
1858:
1806:
1715:
1571:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1176:
1162:
1148:
1134:
1098:
1067:
309:, including, from 1503, the living of
195:
16:Italian-English scholar (c. 1470–1555)
2189:Polidoro Virgili: un umanista europeo
2153:. Amsterdam: Rodopi. pp. 47–70.
1751:
1688:Hay 1952, pp. 127–28, 131–35, 155–68.
1380:
1263:
1126:
1055:Modern editions/translations of works
823:. His comments owed much to Erasmus'
768:with a passage heavily influenced by
677:. This misunderstanding arose from a
2172:(in Italian). Urbino: QuattroVenti.
2170:Un amico di Erasmo: Polidoro Virgili
1215:, from the manuscript in the Vatican
907:receives a mention, for example, in
2103:
2063:
2020:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
1725:De uiris illustribus: On Famous Men
1247:
1173:Latin text and English translation.
629:
13:
1896:Reformation and Renaissance Review
1187:Latin text and English translation
817:Commentariolum in Dominicam Precem
570:De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae
265:
132:– 18 April 1555), widely known as
77:Urbinate; naturalised English 1510
14:
2327:
1932:Bacchielli, Rolando, ed. (2003).
636:Vergil's history of England, the
522:initia institorum rei Christianae
2256:Prisoners in the Tower of London
860:
655:; covering events up to 1509 (A)
386:Return visits to Italy and death
2296:16th-century English historians
2241:Historians of the British Isles
1908:10.1179/1462245914z.00000000053
1883:
1871:
1852:
1837:
1819:
1799:
1790:
1781:
1745:
1709:
1700:
1691:
1682:
1673:
1664:
1645:
1636:
1627:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1584:
1565:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1507:
1498:
1489:
1480:
1471:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1435:
1426:
1417:
1408:
1399:
1191:O'Connor, Stephen, ed. (2021).
1013:was a poet, the other a liar."
305:. He held other ecclesiastical
1590:The opening lines to Caesar's
1362:
1353:
1344:
1335:
1326:
1238:
1225:
810:
285:in the office of Collector of
1:
2311:16th-century writers in Latin
2306:15th-century writers in Latin
2236:Italian Renaissance humanists
2231:English Renaissance humanists
1642:Bacchielli 2003, pp. 75, 277.
1219:
231:Polydore was educated at the
126:
34:
2286:16th-century Italian writers
2281:16th-century English writers
2276:15th-century Italian writers
2271:Italian emigrants to England
1923:Atkinson, Catherine (2007).
775:Commentarii de Bello Gallico
651:First edition, Basel, 1534,
313:, Leicestershire; from 1508
178:
165:Polydore Vergil Castellensis
7:
1796:Quoted in Hay 1952, p. 159.
924:. The work is an important
532:Index Librorum Prohibitorum
424:Cornucopiae latinae linguae
355:On 22 October 1510, he was
69:Duomo di Urbino (cathedral)
10:
2332:
2134:10.3318/priac.2009.109.195
57:18 April 1555 (aged 84–85)
2291:16th-century male writers
1927:. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.
1859:Vergil, Polydore (1844).
1807:Vergil, Polydore (1844).
1572:Vergil, Polydore (1846).
1350:Hay 1952, pp. 8–9, 19–20.
1163:Vergil, Polydore (1950).
1149:Vergil, Polydore (1844).
1135:Vergil, Polydore (1846).
1099:Vergil, Polydore (2002).
539:, was published in 1576.
457:, and often known as the
241:Guidobaldo da Montefeltro
134:Polydore Vergil of Urbino
89:
81:
73:
65:
53:
30:
23:
2187:Ruggeri, Romano (2000).
2168:Ruggeri, Romano (1992).
1313:"Virgil, Polydore"
1183:University of Birmingham
684:Papal invasion in Urbino
405:
342:Battle of Bosworth Field
291:Bishop of Bath and Wells
2036:Harris, Oliver (2005).
1969:(subscription required)
1943:King Arthur: a casebook
1844:Peacham, Henry (1622).
1831:A Perambulation of Kent
1787:Quoted in Connell 2004.
1654:Bodleian Library Record
1332:Hay 1952, pp. 1, 15–16.
1319:Encyclopædia Britannica
1181:. Philological Museum:
992:University of Cambridge
855:De veritate et mendacio
567:' 6th-century history,
60:Urbino, Duchy of Urbino
2022:. Supplement 3: 65–88.
1964:10.1093/ref:odnb/28224
1877:Galdieri 1993, p. 320.
1846:The Compleat Gentleman
1833:. London. p. 316.
1697:Galdieri 1993, p. 317.
1468:Galdieri 1993, p. 319.
808:
784:
278:
276:Wells Cathedral School
204:, or more probably at
192:
1979:De inventoribus rerum
1848:. London. p. 51.
1459:Hay 1952, pp. 17, 30.
1423:Hay 1952, pp. 52, 74.
1071:De Rerum Inventoribus
1061:De inventoribus rerum
897:De Inventoribus Rerum
891:Reputation and legacy
865:Vergil was buried in
821:De Inventoribus Rerum
802:, and the fowerth of
788:
780:
609:Dialogus de Prodigiis
602:Dialogus de Prodigiis
577:. He dedicated it to
514:De Inventoribus Rerum
507:De Inventoribus Rerum
451:Proverbiorum Libellus
439:Proverbiorum Libellus
273:
253:De Inventoribus Rerum
249:Proverbiorum Libellus
186:
150:De inventoribus rerum
146:Proverbiorum libellus
2251:Archdeacons of Wells
1975:Copenhaver, Brian P.
1679:Hay 1952, pp. 75–76.
1624:Hay 1952, pp. 45–49.
1615:Hay 1952, pp. 50–51.
1606:Hay 1952, pp. 31–34.
1549:Hay 1952, pp. 85–95.
1540:Hay 1952, pp. 83–84.
1531:Hay 1952, pp. 82–83.
1522:Hay 1952, pp. 81–82.
1513:Hay 1952, pp. 79–81.
1495:Hay 1952, pp. 9, 79.
1486:Hay 1952, pp. 34–45.
1477:Hay 1952, pp. 30–31.
1450:Hay 1952, pp. 29–30.
1441:Hay 1952, pp. 54–59.
1432:Hay 1952, pp. 66–69.
1405:Hay 1952, pp. 10–13.
1101:Copenhaver, Brian P.
996:University of Oxford
957:Geoffrey of Monmouth
874:University of Urbino
740:James IV of Scotland
2266:History of Cornwall
1562:(Basel 1557), p. 3.
1197:Richard III Society
946:William Shakespeare
836:De Perfecto Monacho
815:Vergil published a
327:St Paul's Cathedral
323:Hereford Cathedrals
295:Archdeacon of Wells
233:University of Padua
214:University of Paris
196:Early life in Italy
2301:Papal chamberlains
2226:People from Urbino
1560:Anglicae Historiae
1368:Hay 1952, pp. 4–5.
1341:Hay 1952, pp. 1–2.
1179:"Anglica Historia"
764:Vergil opened the
754:, daughter of the
426:, a commentary on
283:Adriano Castellesi
279:
235:, and possibly at
193:
173:Adriano Castellesi
1827:Lambarde, William
1670:Hay 1949, p. 135.
1558:Polydore Vergil,
675:Federico Veterani
579:Cuthbert Tunstall
493:Cuthbert Tunstall
350:Wars of the Roses
260:Pope Alexander VI
136:, was an Italian
112:
111:
2323:
2261:Arthurian legend
2202:
2183:
2164:
2145:
2116:
2100:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2042:
2032:
2023:
2014:
1970:
1967:
1946:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1892:Anglica Historia
1878:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1861:Ellis, Sir Henry
1856:
1850:
1849:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1809:Ellis, Sir Henry
1803:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1762:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1736:
1728:
1721:Carley, James P.
1713:
1707:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1598:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1574:Ellis, Sir Henry
1569:
1563:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1505:
1504:Hay 1952, p. 79.
1502:
1496:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1378:
1369:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1315:
1304:
1261:
1258:
1245:
1242:
1236:
1229:
1213:Anglica Historia
1210:
1186:
1172:
1159:
1151:Ellis, Sir Henry
1145:
1137:Ellis, Sir Henry
1128:Anglica Historia
1118:
1094:
1075:
1049:Anglica Historia
1032:William Lambarde
1007:Edward Littleton
1000:House of Commons
953:Anglica Historia
930:secondary source
922:Anglica Historia
885:Bodleian Library
867:Urbino Cathedral
851:De vita perfecta
843:Dialogorum libri
766:Anglica Historia
638:Anglica Historia
631:Anglica Historia
583:Bishop of London
346:Anglica Historia
154:Anglica Historia
131:
128:
85:Polidoro Virgili
82:Other names
39:
36:
21:
20:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2206:
2205:
2199:
2180:
2161:
2113:Clarendon Press
2054:
2052:
2040:
1968:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1857:
1853:
1842:
1838:
1824:
1820:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1750:
1746:
1730:
1729:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1589:
1585:
1570:
1566:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1379:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1305:
1264:
1259:
1248:
1244:Hay 1952, p. 3.
1243:
1239:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1207:
1131:
1115:
1091:
1079:
1064:
1057:
905:De Inventoribus
893:
863:
813:
804:Cornishe people
798:, the third of
794:, the other of
667:Vatican Library
634:
613:Francesco Maria
605:
561:
543:De Inventoribus
526:De Inventoribus
510:
455:Adagiorum Liber
447:
420:Niccolò Perotti
416:
408:
392:Francesco Maria
388:
376:Tower of London
303:Wells Cathedral
268:
266:Move to England
210:Duchy of Urbino
198:
181:
158:English History
129:
115:Polydore Vergil
108:
61:
58:
49:
47:Duchy of Urbino
40:
37:
26:
25:Polydore Vergil
17:
12:
11:
5:
2329:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2204:
2203:
2197:
2184:
2178:
2165:
2159:
2146:
2117:
2101:
2081:10.2307/750260
2061:
2033:
2024:
2015:
1995:10.2307/750867
1971:
1954:.1470–1555)".
1947:
1938:
1929:
1920:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1870:
1851:
1836:
1818:
1805:Translated in
1798:
1789:
1780:
1773:
1744:
1708:
1699:
1690:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1644:
1635:
1626:
1617:
1608:
1599:
1583:
1564:
1551:
1542:
1533:
1524:
1515:
1506:
1497:
1488:
1479:
1470:
1461:
1452:
1443:
1434:
1425:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1391:
1370:
1361:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1310:, ed. (1911).
1308:Chisholm, Hugh
1262:
1246:
1237:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1205:
1188:
1174:
1160:
1146:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1113:
1096:
1089:
1077:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1045:William Burton
934:historiography
926:primary source
892:
889:
862:
859:
832:Dio Chrysostom
812:
809:
736:oral testimony
663:
662:
659:
656:
649:
633:
628:
617:Duke of Urbino
604:
599:
573:, probably at
560:
555:
548:Thomas Langley
509:
504:
489:Thomas Linacre
485:William Warham
446:
436:
415:
409:
407:
404:
396:Duke of Urbino
387:
384:
364:Andrea Ammonio
311:Church Langton
267:
264:
245:Duke of Urbino
197:
194:
180:
177:
110:
109:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
93:
91:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
51:
50:
41:
32:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2328:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2200:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2160:9789042030688
2156:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1887:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1847:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1793:
1784:
1776:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1740:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1676:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1595:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1510:
1501:
1492:
1483:
1474:
1465:
1456:
1447:
1438:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1394:
1392:9781405187626
1388:
1384:
1377:
1375:
1365:
1356:
1347:
1338:
1329:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1260:Connell 2004.
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1241:
1234:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1208:
1206:9780904893212
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1121:
1116:
1114:0-674-00789-1
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1037:Henry Peacham
1033:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1002:in 1628, the
1001:
997:
993:
988:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
949:
947:
943:
942:history plays
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
918:
916:
915:
910:
906:
902:
898:
888:
886:
882:
877:
875:
870:
868:
861:Commemoration
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
839:
837:
833:
828:
826:
822:
818:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
787:
783:
779:
777:
776:
771:
767:
762:
760:
757:
753:
749:
748:Athenian king
745:
744:Gavin Douglas
741:
737:
732:
729:
723:
719:
716:
712:
708:
704:
699:
697:
693:
688:
685:
680:
676:
672:
671:palaeographic
668:
660:
657:
654:
650:
647:
646:
645:
643:
639:
632:
627:
625:
620:
618:
614:
610:
603:
598:
596:
595:anti-clerical
592:
591:Robert Ridley
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
571:
566:
559:
554:
551:
549:
544:
540:
538:
534:
533:
527:
523:
518:
515:
508:
503:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
465:
460:
456:
452:
444:
440:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
414:
403:
399:
397:
393:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
368:Thomas Wolsey
365:
360:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
287:Peter's Pence
284:
277:
272:
263:
261:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
208:, within the
207:
203:
190:
185:
176:
174:
170:
166:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
124:
120:
116:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
66:Resting place
64:
56:
52:
48:
44:
33:
29:
22:
19:
2216:1470s births
2188:
2169:
2150:
2125:
2121:
2108:
2072:
2068:
2053:. Retrieved
2048:
2044:
2028:
2019:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1955:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:Bibliography
1873:
1864:
1854:
1845:
1839:
1830:
1821:
1812:
1801:
1792:
1783:
1758:
1753:Woolf, D. R.
1747:
1724:
1717:Leland, John
1711:
1706:Carley 1996.
1702:
1693:
1684:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1602:
1591:
1586:
1577:
1567:
1559:
1554:
1545:
1536:
1527:
1518:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1482:
1473:
1464:
1455:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1382:
1364:
1359:Harris 2005.
1355:
1346:
1337:
1328:
1317:
1240:
1227:
1212:
1192:
1168:
1154:
1140:
1127:
1105:On Discovery
1104:
1080:
1070:
1060:
1048:
1042:
1015:
989:
984:
980:
972:
952:
950:
921:
919:
912:
904:
900:
896:
894:
880:
878:
871:
864:
854:
850:
847:De patientia
846:
842:
840:
835:
829:
824:
820:
816:
814:
789:
785:
781:
773:
765:
763:
733:
724:
720:
705:'s press in
700:
689:
664:
637:
635:
630:
624:De Prodigiis
623:
621:
608:
606:
601:
568:
562:
557:
552:
542:
541:
537:Gregory XIII
530:
525:
521:
519:
513:
511:
506:
499:
497:
477:Richard Pace
462:
458:
454:
450:
448:
442:
438:
431:
423:
417:
412:
400:
389:
361:
354:
345:
331:
280:
257:
252:
248:
230:
199:
168:
164:
162:
153:
149:
145:
133:
118:
114:
113:
18:
2221:1555 deaths
2128:: 195–237.
2075:: 132–151.
1989:: 192–214.
969:John Leland
965:King Arthur
961:historicity
938:Edward Hall
917:(1605–15).
914:Don Quixote
811:Other works
587:manuscripts
481:Thomas More
413:Cornucopiae
357:naturalised
130: 1470
90:Occupations
74:Nationality
38: 1470
2210:Categories
2198:8871861558
2179:883920203X
2111:. Oxford:
2105:Hay, Denys
2065:Hay, Denys
1902:: 122–37.
1774:0521780462
1660:: 461–500.
1593:Gallic War
1220:References
1165:Hay, Denys
1090:9060044290
1027:John Caius
887:, Oxford.
800:Wallshemen
792:Englishmen
703:John Bebel
696:William II
597:passages.
411:Perotti's
380:Pope Leo X
372:Henry VIII
206:Fermignano
2142:191418971
2097:195028483
2011:195012177
1916:145798698
1733:cite book
1018:John Bale
909:Cervantes
728:Denys Hay
692:William I
642:Henry VII
607:Vergil's
512:Vergil's
449:Vergil's
359:English.
338:Henry VII
307:sinecures
179:Biography
169:Castellen
96:Historian
2107:(1952).
2055:27 April
1981:I–III".
1829:(1576).
1755:(2000).
1719:(2010).
1142:Conquest
1120:Parallel
985:Assertio
899:and the
827:(1523).
756:Egyptian
679:colophon
473:priority
432:Epigrams
334:humanist
315:prebends
138:humanist
102:diplomat
2051:: 71–77
1863:(ed.).
1811:(ed.).
1723:(ed.).
1576:(ed.).
1167:(ed.).
1153:(ed.).
1139:(ed.).
1103:(ed.).
1004:Oxonian
977:Juvenal
796:Scottes
759:Pharaoh
575:Antwerp
469:Erasmus
428:Martial
319:Lincoln
237:Bologna
218:Ferrara
142:England
123:Italian
99:scholar
2195:
2176:
2157:
2140:
2095:
2089:750260
2087:
2009:
2003:750867
2001:
1914:
1771:
1597:laws."
1389:
1203:
1156:Museum
1111:
1087:
1023:velome
1011:Vergil
901:Adagia
853:, and
770:Caesar
715:Norman
565:Gildas
500:Adagia
464:Adagia
459:Adagia
443:Adagia
202:Urbino
189:Urbino
119:Virgil
105:priest
43:Urbino
2138:S2CID
2093:S2CID
2085:JSTOR
2041:(PDF)
2007:S2CID
1999:JSTOR
1912:S2CID
752:Scota
707:Basel
653:folio
406:Works
299:quire
222:Padua
2193:ISBN
2174:ISBN
2155:ISBN
2126:109C
2057:2023
1769:ISBN
1739:link
1387:ISBN
1233:Bede
1201:ISBN
1109:ISBN
1085:ISBN
750:and
711:Cnut
694:and
622:The
498:The
491:and
370:and
321:and
226:Fano
220:and
54:Died
31:Born
2130:doi
2077:doi
2049:149
1991:doi
1960:doi
1904:doi
1894:".
1051:".
963:of
944:of
834:'s
772:'s
467:of
430:'s
422:’s
317:in
301:of
167:or
160:".
117:or
2212::
2136:.
2124:.
2091:.
2083:.
2073:12
2071:.
2047:.
2043:.
2005:.
1997:.
1987:41
1985:.
1910:.
1900:16
1898:.
1767:.
1765:24
1735:}}
1731:{{
1658:14
1656:.
1373:^
1316:.
1265:^
1249:^
1199:.
1195:.
948:.
911:'
857:.
849:,
778::
761:.
615:,
581:,
495:.
487:,
483:,
434:.
394:,
329:.
262:.
243:,
127:c.
45:,
35:c.
2201:.
2182:.
2163:.
2144:.
2132::
2115:.
2099:.
2079::
2059:.
2013:.
1993::
1966:.
1962::
1952:c
1918:.
1906::
1777:.
1741:)
1395:.
1235:.
1209:.
1185:.
1117:.
1093:.
881:c
445:)
441:(
121:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
