450:
617:
353:
2295:
26:
547:
of pectin is largely involved in the later stages of fruit ripening, especially as the fruit becomes overripe. While tomatoes are the prime example of high PG activity, this enzyme is also very active in avocado and peach ripening. PG enzymes in peach, two exo-PGs and one endo-PG, become active when
462:
Exo- and Endo-polygalacturonases utilize different hydrolytic modes of action. Endo-polygalacturonases hydrolyze in a random fashion along the polygalacturonan network. This method results in oligogalacturonides. Exo-polygalacturonases hydrolyze at the non-reducing end of the polymer, generating a
588:
It is largely unclear whether PGs play a role in facilitating abscission in certain plants, and if they do, whether they are exo- or endo-acting. Conflicting research has been published on, for example, whether PG is involved in citrus fruit abscission. One particular issue has been the usage of
1587:
Daniel King, Carl
Bergmann, Ron Orlando, Jacques A. E. Benen, Harry C. M. Kester, and Jaap Visser; "Use of Amide Exchange Mass Spectrometry To Study Conformational Changes within the Endopolygalacturonase II – Polygalacturonic Acid – Polygalacturonase Inhibiting Protein System", Biochem. 41,
805:
Federici L, Caprari C, Mattei B, Savino C, Di Matteo A, De
Lorenzo G, Cervone F, Tsernoglou D. Structural requirements of endopolygalacturonase for the interaction with PGIP (polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Nov
320:
plant PGs works to soften and sweeten fruit during the ripening process. Similarly, phytopathogens use PGs as a means to weaken the pectin network, so that digestive enzymes can be excreted into the plant host to acquire nutrients.
593:
that are not able to measure exo-PG activity. An additional complication is the difference in PG enzymatic activity between fruit and leaf cell-separation zones. In peach, PG activity was only detected in fruit abscission zones.
548:
the fruit is already soft. Fruits like persimmons may either lack PG enzymes or have very low levels of PG and as such they have not been detected yet. In these cases, other enzymes may catalyze the ripening process.
490:
Due to the applicability of this enzyme's activity on agricultural productivity and commercial success, much of the research on PGs has revolved around the role of PGs in the fruit ripening process,
645:
proteins that have been reported to demonstrate both non-competitive and competitive inhibition of PGs. The active site of PG interacts with a pocket containing multiple polar amino acids in
537:
PG gene was introduced, preventing polygalacturonase from ripening and softening the tomato. Although this method has been shown to reduce PG enzymatic activity by 70 to 90%, the PG antisense
1654:
637:
that slow the hydrolytic activity of PG. These inhibitors also prompt long chain oligogalacturonide accumulation in order to encourage a defense mechanism against the attack. The
533:) that had a longer shelf life and was ideal for shipping. Its delayed ripening was achieved by preventing polygalacturonase from destroying pectin, which makes tomatoes firm. An
766:
D'Ovidio R, Mattei B, Roberti S, Bellincampi D (February 2004). "Polygalacturonases, polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins and pectic oligomers in plant-pathogen interactions".
181:
509:, and it plays a role in maintaining the barrier between the inside and outside environment and gives strength to the plant cell walls. Specifically, pectin in the
666:
as D131, S133, T155, D157, T180, and D203. Using PGIP2 as a template, the theoretical structures of other PGIPs have been determined for some other common crops.
1439:
Bonghi C, Rascio N, Ramina A, Casadoro G (December 1992). "Cellulase and polygalacturonase involvement in the abscission of leaf and fruit explants of peach".
743:
Jones, T. M., Anderson, A. J., and
Albersheim, P. (1972) Host–pathogen interactions IV, Studies on the polysaccharide-degrading enzymes secreted by
1966:
200:
1152:"Altered middle lamella homogalacturonan and disrupted deposition of (1→5)-α-L-arabinan in the pericarp of Cnr, a ripening mutant of tomato"
442:-glycosyl bonds in pectin's polygalacturonan network, resulting in α-1,4-polygalacturonic residues. The rate of hydrolysis is dependent on
1632:
630:
Phytopathogenic fungi expose plant cell walls to cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) like PGs. In response, most plants have natural
608:
damage cotton and other crops because they secrete PGs in their saliva that digest plant tissue. They employ both exo- and endo-PGs.
1483:
816:
Bonivento D, Pontiggia D, Matteo AD, Fernandez-Recio J, Salvi G, Tsernoglou D, Cervone F, Lorenzo GD, Federici L (January 2008).
193:
1531:"The crystal structure of polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP), a leucine-rich repeat protein involved in plant defense"
568:. Exo-PGs involved in pollen tube growth need Ca for maximal enzymatic activity and can be inhibited by high concentrations of
446:
chain length. Low rates of hydrolysis are associated with very short chains (e.g. digalacturonic acid) and very long chains.
345:
between strands, is a common characteristic of enzymes involved in the degradation of pectin. The interior of the β helix is
160:
638:
418:
binding, D212 (a general acid) is responsible for proton donation to the glycosydic oxygen, and D213 and D191 activate H
1529:
Di Matteo A, Federici L, Mattei B, Salvi G, Johnson KA, Savino C, De
Lorenzo G, Tsernoglou D, Cervone F (August 2003).
2014:
1332:
G Downs C, J Brady C, Gooley A (June 1992). "Exopolygalacturonase protein accumulates late in peach fruit ripening".
1208:
474:
allows fungal polygalacturonases to more effectively degrade a wider range of plant tissues. PG variety in optimal
369:
has been used to determine the three-dimensional structure of several PGs in different organisms. Fungal PGs from
1896:
556:
Exo-PGs play a role in enabling pollen tube elongation since pectin rearrangement is necessary for the growth of
154:
1625:
136:
2170:
1908:
141:
470:. Occasionally, organisms employ both methods. In addition to different modes of action, polygalacturonases
1052:"Oligogalacturonides: plant damage-associated molecular patterns and regulators of growth and development"
1755:
526:
205:
129:
2285:
1484:"Identification of endo- and exo-polygalacturonase activity in Lygus hesperus (Knight) salivary glands"
2271:
2258:
2245:
2232:
2219:
2206:
2193:
2155:
1618:
64:
2165:
2119:
2062:
1645:
1150:
Orfila C, Seymour GB, Willats WG, Huxham IM, Jarvis MC, Dover CJ, Thompson AJ, Knox JP (May 2001).
862:
221:
157:
47:
81:
2067:
1818:
478:, substrate specificity, and other factors are likely helpful for phytopathogenic organisms like
1981:
1726:
691:
polygalacturonase and a modeled structure of the polygalacturonase-octagalacturonate complex".
662:. The charged and polar residues that interact with the PG active site have been identified in
652:
471:
909:
van Santen Y, Benen JA, Schröter KH, Kalk KH, Armand S, Visser J, Dijkstra BW (October 1999).
2088:
2007:
415:
375:
366:
32:
2160:
1940:
1891:
1542:
1237:
651:
PGIP2. The inhibitor prevents substrate binding by occupying the active site, resulting in
406:
358:
117:
8:
2124:
1835:
1823:
1658:
1002:
642:
423:
93:
59:
1546:
1241:
224:
52:
2057:
1879:
1874:
1852:
1840:
1679:
1610:
1464:
1345:
1309:
1284:
1127:
1102:
1078:
1051:
1023:
Pressey R, Reger BJ (1989). "Polygalacturonase in pollen from corn and other grasses".
647:
622:
565:
387:
1565:
1530:
1416:
1391:
1260:
1225:
1176:
1151:
886:
2315:
1847:
1721:
1570:
1506:
1456:
1421:
1376:
1314:
1265:
1204:
1181:
1132:
1083:
1036:
981:
936:
891:
843:
783:
726:
708:
467:
393:
381:
256:
148:
1468:
2103:
2098:
2072:
2000:
1857:
1743:
1560:
1550:
1498:
1448:
1411:
1403:
1372:
1341:
1304:
1296:
1255:
1245:
1171:
1163:
1122:
1114:
1073:
1063:
1050:
Ferrari S, Savatin DV, Sicilia F, Gramegna G, Cervone F, Lorenzo GD (13 Mar 2013).
1032:
971:
926:
881:
833:
775:
700:
631:
544:
313:
252:
2150:
2134:
2047:
1977:
779:
506:
502:
342:
818:"Crystal structure of the endopolygalacturonase from the phytopathogenic fungus
2299:
2188:
2129:
1918:
1830:
1667:
1535:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1230:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
604:
510:
464:
443:
338:
304:
Polygalacturonan, whose major component is galacturonic acid, is a significant
176:
1482:
Celorio-Mancera Mde L, Carl Greve L, Teuber LR, Labavitch JM (February 2009).
616:
449:
2309:
2093:
2052:
1864:
1793:
1776:
976:
955:
931:
910:
1555:
1481:
1250:
1068:
658:
The crystal structures for PGIP and PGIP2 have been determined for the bean
2042:
1708:
1574:
1510:
1425:
1269:
1185:
1136:
1087:
940:
895:
863:"Structural insights into the processivity of endopolygalacturonase I from
847:
787:
712:
704:
626:(1OGQ). Residues that interact with PG active site are highlighted in blue.
557:
305:
1460:
1318:
1226:"Reduction of polygalacturonase activity in tomato fruit by antisense RNA"
1118:
985:
2266:
2201:
2037:
1935:
1901:
1869:
1407:
1300:
1167:
401:
346:
330:
915:
and identification of active site residues by site-directed mutagenesis"
105:
1945:
1913:
1502:
1452:
838:
817:
815:
530:
495:
411:
334:
317:
248:
352:
2240:
2214:
1783:
1716:
1693:
1683:
1641:
861:
van
Pouderoyen G, Snijder HJ, Benen JA, Dijkstra BW (November 2003).
534:
435:
1360:
765:
25:
2294:
1788:
634:
453:
The mechanism of polygalacturonase: hydrolysis of polygalacturonan.
860:
1771:
1698:
1688:
1675:
573:
522:
385:(PG1 and PG2) have been crystallized. The PGs from bacteria like
124:
1100:
2253:
2023:
954:
Pickersgill R, Smith D, Worboys K, Jenkins J (September 1998).
822:
and its interaction with polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins"
590:
491:
309:
244:
188:
100:
88:
76:
953:
2227:
1950:
1731:
1049:
768:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics
687:
Cho SW, Lee S, Shin W (August 2001). "The X-ray structure of
561:
479:
1528:
1928:
1923:
1884:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1748:
1736:
911:"1.68-A crystal structure of endopolygalacturonase II from
908:
577:
569:
112:
1992:
1605:
1600:
1438:
1149:
30:
538:
1640:
1285:"Polygalacturonases: many genes in search of a function"
1101:
Harholt J, Suttangkakul A, Vibe
Scheller H (June 2010).
475:
1331:
1203:(7 ed.). W. H. Freeman and Company. p. 167.
747:
f. sp. lycopersici, Physiol. Plant Pathol. 2, 153-166.
2283:
438:, an enzyme that degrades pectin by hydrolyzing the
1392:"Role of Polygalacturonase in Bean Leaf Abscission"
337:. This highly stable structure, thanks to numerous
1198:
560:. This PG activity has been found in grasses like
1223:
2307:
1003:"Information on EC 3.2.1.15 - polygalacturonase"
229:pectin depolymerase, pectolase, pectin hydrolase
1282:
1224:Sheehy RE, Kramer M, Hiatt WR (December 1988).
801:
799:
797:
414:residues: H188, R267, and K269 are involved in
1524:
1522:
1520:
1491:Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology
241:-galacturonan glycanohydrolase (endo-cleaving)
2008:
1626:
956:"Crystal structure of polygalacturonase from
620:Polygalacturonase inhibitor protein found in
1217:
1022:
794:
1517:
1276:
902:
854:
2015:
2001:
1633:
1619:
1389:
1018:
1016:
947:
686:
24:
1564:
1554:
1415:
1308:
1259:
1249:
1175:
1126:
1077:
1067:
997:
995:
975:
930:
885:
837:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
564:as well as in trees, particularly in the
541:did not hinder normal color development.
485:
233:poly-α-1,4-galacturonide glycanohydrolase
727:"Medical Definition of Polygalacturonan"
615:
448:
351:
1358:
1199:Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L (2012).
1013:
2308:
1390:Berger RK, Reid PD (15 January 1979).
992:
750:
333:form a helical shape that is called a
1996:
1614:
1283:Hadfield KA, Bennett AB (June 1998).
682:
680:
678:
362:(1HG8) showing active site in magenta
639:polygalacturonase inhibitor proteins
1361:"Polygalacturonase in tree pollens"
964:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
919:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
13:
1346:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1992.tb04715.x
675:
513:holds neighboring cells together.
14:
2327:
1601:PG & PGIP Structural Database
1594:
316:. Therefore, the activity of the
2293:
356:Image of polygalacturonase from
329:This enzyme's multiple parallel
1897:Alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase
1581:
1475:
1432:
1383:
1352:
1325:
1192:
1143:
1094:
1043:
458:Exo- vs Endo-polygalacturonases
809:
737:
719:
1:
1909:Alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase
887:10.1016/s0014-5793(03)01221-3
669:
611:
397:have also been crystallized.
1377:10.1016/0031-9422(91)85006-L
1037:10.1016/0168-9452(89)90008-3
780:10.1016/j.bbapap.2003.08.012
693:Journal of Molecular Biology
429:
324:
7:
2022:
527:genetically modified tomato
501:Pectin is one of the three
10:
2332:
1056:Frontiers in Plant Science
525:available in stores was a
2179:
2171:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
2143:
2112:
2081:
2030:
1965:
1764:
1707:
1666:
1653:
1359:Pressey, Russell (1991).
410:PG comprises six charged
199:
187:
175:
170:
166:
147:
135:
123:
111:
99:
87:
75:
70:
58:
46:
41:
23:
18:
2063:Diffusion-limited enzyme
1103:"Biosynthesis of pectin"
977:10.1074/jbc.273.38.24660
932:10.1074/jbc.274.43.30474
602:Agricultural pests like
1819:Bacterial neuraminidase
1556:10.1073/pnas.1733690100
1441:Plant Molecular Biology
1251:10.1073/pnas.85.23.8805
1069:10.3389/fpls.2013.00049
434:Polygalacturonase is a
312:network that comprises
1982:Oxoguanine glycosylase
705:10.1006/jmbi.2001.4919
653:competitive inhibition
627:
486:Agricultural relevance
454:
363:
218:Endo-polygalacturonase
19:Endo-polygalacturonase
2156:Eadie–Hofstee diagram
2089:Allosteric regulation
1334:Physiologia Plantarum
1119:10.1104/pp.110.156588
820:Colletotrichum lupini
689:Aspergillus aculeatus
619:
452:
376:Aspergillus aculeatus
371:Colletotrichum lupini
367:X-ray crystallography
355:
33:Aspergillus aculeatus
2166:Lineweaver–Burk plot
1971:N-Glycosyl compounds
1941:Maltase-glucoamylase
1892:Galactosylceramidase
1659:Glycoside hydrolases
1644:: sugar hydrolases (
1408:10.1104/pp.63.6.1133
1301:10.1104/pp.117.2.337
1168:10.1104/pp.126.1.210
407:Fusarium moniliforme
359:Fusarium moniliforme
1824:Viral neuraminidase
1547:2003PNAS..10010124D
1242:1988PNAS...85.8805S
643:leucine-rich repeat
424:nucleophilic attack
2125:Enzyme superfamily
2058:Enzyme promiscuity
1875:Glucosylceramidase
1756:Debranching enzyme
1680:Sucrase-isomaltase
1606:Pectinase Database
1503:10.1002/arch.20282
1453:10.1007/bf00027155
958:Erwinia carotovora
839:10.1002/prot.21610
806:6;98(23):13425-30.
745:Fusarium oxysporum
648:Phaseolus vulgaris
628:
623:Phaseolus vulgaris
566:Eastern cottonwood
455:
388:Erwinia carotovora
364:
235:; systematic name
2281:
2280:
1990:
1989:
1961:
1960:
1848:alpha-Mannosidase
1722:Alpha-glucosidase
1588:10225-10233, 2002
913:Aspergillus niger
865:Aspergillus niger
468:galacturonic acid
394:Bacillus subtilis
382:Aspergillus niger
308:component of the
294:
284:
266:
257:galacturonic acid
240:
215:
214:
211:
210:
130:metabolic pathway
2323:
2298:
2297:
2289:
2161:Hanes–Woolf plot
2104:Enzyme activator
2099:Enzyme inhibitor
2073:Enzyme catalysis
2017:
2010:
2003:
1994:
1993:
1978:DNA glycosylases
1744:Beta-glucosidase
1664:
1663:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1568:
1558:
1526:
1515:
1514:
1488:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1419:
1402:(6): 1133–1137.
1396:Plant Physiology
1387:
1381:
1380:
1371:(6): 1753–1755.
1356:
1350:
1349:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1312:
1289:Plant Physiology
1280:
1274:
1273:
1263:
1253:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1179:
1156:Plant Physiology
1147:
1141:
1140:
1130:
1107:Plant Physiology
1098:
1092:
1091:
1081:
1071:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1020:
1011:
1010:
999:
990:
989:
979:
960:ssp. carotovora"
951:
945:
944:
934:
925:(43): 30474–80.
906:
900:
899:
889:
871:
858:
852:
851:
841:
813:
807:
803:
792:
791:
763:
748:
741:
735:
734:
723:
717:
716:
684:
584:Abscission zones
545:Depolymerization
314:plant cell walls
295:-galacturonosyl)
292:
285:-galacturonosyl)
282:
267:-galacturonosyl)
264:
253:glycosidic bonds
238:
168:
167:
36:(1IA5) at pH 8.5
28:
16:
15:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2292:
2284:
2282:
2277:
2189:Oxidoreductases
2175:
2151:Enzyme kinetics
2139:
2135:List of enzymes
2108:
2077:
2048:Catalytic triad
2026:
2021:
1991:
1986:
1970:
1957:
1760:
1703:
1649:
1639:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1541:(17): 10124–8.
1527:
1518:
1486:
1480:
1476:
1437:
1433:
1388:
1384:
1357:
1353:
1330:
1326:
1281:
1277:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1197:
1193:
1148:
1144:
1099:
1095:
1048:
1044:
1021:
1014:
1001:
1000:
993:
970:(38): 24660–4.
952:
948:
907:
903:
869:
859:
855:
814:
810:
804:
795:
764:
751:
742:
738:
725:
724:
720:
685:
676:
672:
614:
529:(also known as
507:plant cell wall
505:present in the
503:polysaccharides
488:
432:
421:
343:disulfide bonds
327:
300:
290:
280:
276:
37:
12:
11:
5:
2329:
2319:
2318:
2303:
2302:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2262:
2249:
2236:
2223:
2210:
2197:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2113:Classification
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2020:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1919:Hexosaminidase
1916:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1831:Galactosidases
1828:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1672:
1670:
1668:Disaccharidase
1661:
1651:
1650:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1596:
1595:External links
1593:
1591:
1590:
1580:
1516:
1474:
1447:(5): 839–848.
1431:
1382:
1365:Phytochemistry
1351:
1340:(2): 133–140.
1324:
1275:
1236:(23): 8805–9.
1216:
1209:
1191:
1142:
1093:
1042:
1012:
991:
946:
901:
853:
808:
793:
749:
736:
718:
673:
671:
668:
613:
610:
605:Lygus hesperus
517:Fruit ripening
511:middle lamella
487:
484:
465:monosaccharide
444:polysaccharide
431:
428:
419:
339:hydrogen bonds
326:
323:
302:
301:
296:
286:
278:
268:
213:
212:
209:
208:
203:
197:
196:
191:
185:
184:
179:
173:
172:
164:
163:
152:
145:
144:
139:
133:
132:
127:
121:
120:
115:
109:
108:
103:
97:
96:
91:
85:
84:
79:
73:
72:
68:
67:
62:
56:
55:
50:
44:
43:
39:
38:
29:
21:
20:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2328:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2130:Enzyme family
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2094:Cooperativity
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2053:Oxyanion hole
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2006:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1969:: Hydrolysing
1968:
1964:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1885:non-lysosomal
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1865:Hyaluronidase
1863:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1853:Glucuronidase
1851:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1794:Neuraminidase
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1777:Alpha-amylase
1775:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1497:(2): 122–35.
1496:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1295:(2): 337–43.
1294:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1212:
1210:9781429229364
1206:
1202:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1162:(1): 210–21.
1161:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1113:(2): 384–95.
1112:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:Plant Science
1019:
1017:
1008:
1004:
998:
996:
987:
983:
978:
973:
969:
965:
961:
959:
950:
942:
938:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
914:
905:
897:
893:
888:
883:
879:
875:
868:
866:
857:
849:
845:
840:
835:
831:
827:
823:
821:
812:
802:
800:
798:
789:
785:
781:
777:
774:(2): 237–44.
773:
769:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
746:
740:
732:
728:
722:
714:
710:
706:
702:
699:(4): 863–78.
698:
694:
690:
683:
681:
679:
674:
667:
665:
661:
656:
654:
650:
649:
644:
640:
636:
633:
625:
624:
618:
609:
607:
606:
600:
599:
595:
592:
586:
585:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
553:
549:
546:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
518:
514:
512:
508:
504:
499:
497:
493:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
466:
460:
459:
451:
447:
445:
441:
437:
427:
425:
417:
413:
409:
408:
403:
398:
396:
395:
390:
389:
384:
383:
378:
377:
372:
368:
361:
360:
354:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
322:
319:
315:
311:
307:
299:
289:
275:
271:
262:
261:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
234:
230:
226:
223:
219:
207:
204:
202:
198:
195:
192:
190:
186:
183:
180:
178:
174:
169:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
146:
143:
140:
138:
134:
131:
128:
126:
122:
119:
116:
114:
110:
107:
106:NiceZyme view
104:
102:
98:
95:
92:
90:
86:
83:
80:
78:
74:
69:
66:
63:
61:
57:
54:
51:
49:
45:
40:
35:
34:
27:
22:
17:
2267:Translocases
2264:
2251:
2238:
2225:
2212:
2202:Transferases
2199:
2186:
2043:Binding site
1709:Glucosidases
1583:
1538:
1534:
1494:
1490:
1477:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1201:Biochemistry
1200:
1194:
1159:
1155:
1145:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1059:
1055:
1045:
1031:(1): 57–62.
1028:
1024:
1006:
967:
963:
957:
949:
922:
918:
912:
904:
880:(3): 462–6.
877:
874:FEBS Letters
873:
864:
856:
832:(1): 294–9.
829:
825:
819:
811:
771:
767:
744:
739:
730:
721:
696:
692:
688:
663:
659:
657:
646:
641:(PGIPs) are
629:
621:
603:
601:
597:
596:
587:
583:
582:
558:pollen tubes
555:
551:
550:
543:
520:
516:
515:
500:
489:
472:polymorphism
461:
457:
456:
439:
433:
405:
399:
392:
386:
380:
374:
370:
365:
357:
328:
306:carbohydrate
303:
297:
287:
273:
269:
236:
232:
228:
217:
216:
94:BRENDA entry
31:
2038:Active site
1936:Iduronidase
1870:Pullulanase
664:P. vulgaris
660:P. vulgaris
402:active site
347:hydrophobic
281:O = (1,4-α-
82:IntEnz view
42:Identifiers
2241:Isomerases
2215:Hydrolases
2082:Regulation
1946:Heparanase
1914:Fucosidase
1732:Neutral AB
1062:(49): 49.
670:References
612:Inhibition
531:Flavr Savr
521:The first
496:abscission
412:amino acid
318:endogenous
259:residues:
251:the α-1,4
249:hydrolyzes
151:structures
118:KEGG entry
65:9032-75-1
2120:EC number
1880:lysosomal
1784:Chitinase
1749:cytosolic
1737:Neutral C
1717:Cellulase
1694:Trehalase
1684:Invertase
1642:Hydrolase
632:inhibitor
535:antisense
436:pectinase
430:Mechanism
416:substrate
325:Structure
291:+ (1,4-α-
71:Databases
2316:EC 3.2.1
2310:Category
2144:Kinetics
2068:Cofactor
2031:Activity
1789:Lysozyme
1575:12904578
1511:19085947
1469:12409373
1426:16660870
1270:16593997
1186:11351084
1137:20427466
1088:23493833
941:10521427
896:14623112
848:17876815
826:Proteins
788:14871664
731:Lexic.us
713:11518536
635:proteins
422:O for a
331:β sheets
255:between
243:) is an
237:(1→4)-α-
225:3.2.1.15
206:proteins
194:articles
182:articles
155:RCSB PDB
53:3.2.1.15
2300:Biology
2254:Ligases
2024:Enzymes
1772:Amylase
1699:Lactase
1689:Maltase
1676:Sucrase
1543:Bibcode
1461:1281437
1319:9625687
1310:1539180
1238:Bibcode
1128:2879803
1079:3595604
986:9733763
574:citrate
523:GM food
335:β helix
263:(1,4-α-
142:profile
125:MetaCyc
60:CAS no.
2286:Portal
2228:Lyases
1858:Klotho
1573:
1566:187787
1563:
1509:
1467:
1459:
1424:
1417:542983
1414:
1317:
1307:
1268:
1261:282595
1258:
1207:
1184:
1177:102295
1174:
1135:
1125:
1086:
1076:
1007:BRENDA
984:
939:
894:
846:
786:
711:
591:assays
576:, and
552:Pollen
494:, and
492:pollen
379:, and
310:pectin
245:enzyme
231:, and
189:PubMed
171:Search
161:PDBsum
101:ExPASy
89:BRENDA
77:IntEnz
48:EC no.
2180:Types
1967:3.2.2
1951:HPSE2
1836:Alpha
1765:Other
1655:3.2.1
1487:(PDF)
1465:S2CID
870:(PDF)
598:Other
562:maize
480:fungi
247:that
137:PRIAM
2272:list
2265:EC7
2259:list
2252:EC6
2246:list
2239:EC5
2233:list
2226:EC4
2220:list
2213:EC3
2207:list
2200:EC2
2194:list
2187:EC1
1929:HEXB
1924:HEXA
1902:NAGA
1841:Beta
1814:NEU4
1809:NEU3
1804:NEU2
1799:NEU1
1727:Acid
1648:3.2)
1571:PMID
1507:PMID
1457:PMID
1422:PMID
1315:PMID
1266:PMID
1205:ISBN
1182:PMID
1133:PMID
1084:PMID
982:PMID
937:PMID
892:PMID
844:PMID
784:PMID
772:1696
709:PMID
578:EDTA
570:NaCl
400:The
391:and
341:and
201:NCBI
158:PDBe
113:KEGG
1561:PMC
1551:doi
1539:100
1499:doi
1449:doi
1412:PMC
1404:doi
1373:doi
1342:doi
1305:PMC
1297:doi
1293:117
1256:PMC
1246:doi
1172:PMC
1164:doi
1160:126
1123:PMC
1115:doi
1111:153
1074:PMC
1064:doi
1033:doi
972:doi
968:273
927:doi
923:274
882:doi
878:554
834:doi
776:doi
701:doi
697:311
539:RNA
404:of
277:+ H
227:,
177:PMC
149:PDB
2312::
1980::
1657::
1646:EC
1569:.
1559:.
1549:.
1537:.
1533:.
1519:^
1505:.
1495:70
1493:.
1489:.
1463:.
1455:.
1445:20
1443:.
1420:.
1410:.
1400:63
1398:.
1394:.
1369:30
1367:.
1363:.
1338:85
1336:.
1313:.
1303:.
1291:.
1287:.
1264:.
1254:.
1244:.
1234:85
1232:.
1228:.
1180:.
1170:.
1158:.
1154:.
1131:.
1121:.
1109:.
1105:.
1082:.
1072:.
1058:.
1054:.
1029:59
1027:.
1015:^
1005:.
994:^
980:.
966:.
962:.
935:.
921:.
917:.
890:.
876:.
872:.
842:.
830:70
828:.
824:.
796:^
782:.
770:.
752:^
729:.
707:.
695:.
677:^
655:.
580:.
572:,
498:.
482:.
476:pH
426:.
373:,
349:.
222:EC
2288::
2274:)
2270:(
2261:)
2257:(
2248:)
2244:(
2235:)
2231:(
2222:)
2218:(
2209:)
2205:(
2196:)
2192:(
2016:e
2009:t
2002:v
1682:/
1678:/
1634:e
1627:t
1620:v
1577:.
1553::
1545::
1513:.
1501::
1471:.
1451::
1428:.
1406::
1379:.
1375::
1348:.
1344::
1321:.
1299::
1272:.
1248::
1240::
1213:.
1188:.
1166::
1139:.
1117::
1090:.
1066::
1060:4
1039:.
1035::
1009:.
988:.
974::
943:.
929::
898:.
884::
867:"
850:.
836::
790:.
778::
733:.
715:.
703::
440:O
420:2
298:m
293:D
288:n
283:D
279:2
274:m
272:+
270:n
265:D
239:D
220:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
