Multilingualism - Knowledge

619: 1062: 1486: 282: 537:" in which the productively bilingual party to a communication switches languages in the course of that communication. Receptively bilingual persons, especially children, may rapidly achieve oral fluency by spending extended time in situations where they are required to speak the language that they theretofore understood only passively. Until both generations achieve oral fluency, not all definitions of bilingualism accurately characterize the family as a whole, but the linguistic differences between the family's generations often constitute little or no impairment to the family's functionality. Receptive bilingualism in one language as exhibited by a speaker of another language, or even as exhibited by most speakers of that language, is not the same as 1086: 533:

to their children. If their children are likewise receptively bilingual but productively English-monolingual, throughout the conversation the parents will speak their native language and the children will speak English. If their children are productively bilingual, however, those children may answer in their parents' native language, in English, or in a combination of both languages, varying their choice of language depending on factors such as the communication's content, context or emotional intensity and the presence or absence of third-party speakers of one language or the other. The third alternative represents the phenomenon of "

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Consequently, descriptive empirical studies of languages are usually carried out using only native speakers. This view is, however, slightly problematic, particularly as many non-native speakers demonstrably not only successfully engage with and in their non-native language societies, but in fact may become culturally and even linguistically important contributors (as, for example, writers, politicians, media personalities and performing artists) in their non-native language. In recent years, linguistic research has focused attention on the use of widely known world languages, such as English, as a

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Microsoft Translator machine translation service and the Microsoft Language Platform service, along with platform extensibility to enable anyone to add translation services into MAT. Microsoft engineers and inventors of MAT Jan A. Nelson and Camerum Lerum have continued to drive the development of the tools, working with third parties and standards bodies to ensure that broad availability of multilingual app development is provided. With the release of Windows 10, MAT is now delivering support for cross-platform development for Universal Windows Platform apps as well as for iOS and Android apps.

117: 1454: 717:. More recently, however, this claim has come under strong criticism with repeated failures to replicate. Yet, many prior studies do not reliably quantify samples of bilinguals under investigation. An emerging perspective is that studies on bilingual and multilingual cognitive abilities need to account for validated and granular quantifications of language experience in order to identify boundary conditions of possible cognitive effects. Second language acquisition results in a lexical deficit due to second language acquisition and bilingualism results in decreased verbal fluency. 562:, learners receive literacy instruction in their native language until they acquire a "threshold" literacy proficiency. Some researchers use age three as the age when a child has basic communicative competence in their first language (Kessler, 1984). Children may go through a process of sequential acquisition if they migrate at a young age to a country where a different language is spoken, or if the child exclusively speaks his or her heritage language at home until he or she is immersed in a school setting where instruction is offered in a different language. 1498: 773:) without first understanding the culture and history of the region in which that language evolved, as a practical matter an in-depth familiarity with multiple cultures is a prerequisite for high-level multilingualism. This knowledge of cultures individually and comparatively can form an important part of both what one considers one's identity to be and what others consider that identity to be. Some studies have found that groups of multilingual individuals get higher average scores on tests for certain personality traits such as cultural 954: 978: 2002:"Until I am free to write bilingually and to switch codes without having always to translate, while I still have to speak English or Spanish when I would rather speak Spanglish, and as long as I have to accommodate the English speakers rather than having them accommodate me, my tongue will be illegitimate. I will no longer be made to feel ashamed of existing. I will have my voice: Indian, Spanish, white. I will have my serpent's tongue – my woman's voice, my sexual voice, my poet's voice. I will overcome the tradition of silence". 47: 1442: 1510: 1002: 1668: 914: 2070: 62: 1302:, which involves swapping between languages. In many cases, code-switching allows speakers to participate in more than one cultural group or environment. Code-switching may also function as a strategy where proficiency is lacking. Such strategies are common if the vocabulary of one of the languages is not very elaborated for certain fields, or if the speakers have not developed proficiency in certain lexical domains, as in the case of immigrant languages. 1237:) and a protected minority language that is limited in terms of the distribution of speakers within the country. This tendency is especially pronounced when, even though the local language is widely spoken, there is a reasonable assumption that all citizens speak the predominant state tongue (e.g., English in Quebec vs. all of Canada; Spanish in Catalonia vs. all of Spain). This phenomenon can also occur in border regions with many cross-border contacts. 7750: 785:, which claims that the language people speak influences the way they see the world, can be interpreted to mean that individuals who speak multiple languages have a broader, more diverse view of the world, even when speaking only one language at a time. Some bilinguals feel that their personality changes depending on which language they are speaking; thus multilingualism is said to create multiple personalities. Xiao-lei Wang states in her book 1435:) were in common use. Most Czechs and Slovaks understand both languages, although they would use only one of them (their respective mother tongue) when speaking. For example, in Czechoslovakia, it was common to hear two people talking on television each speaking a different language without any difficulty understanding each other. This bilingualism still exists nowadays, although it has started to deteriorate since Czechoslovakia split up. 890: 1095: 6918: 1530: 491:, then, is not universal either, but varies from culture to culture and even from time to time within a given culture. Language teachers know how to predict the differences between pronunciations or constructions in different languages, but they might be less clear about the differences between rhetoric, that is, in the way they use language to accomplish various purposes, particularly in writing. 789:: "Languages used by speakers with one or more than one language are used not just to represent a unitary self, but to enact different kinds of selves, and different linguistic contexts create different kinds of self-expression and experiences for the same person." However, there has been little rigorous research done on this topic and it is difficult to define "personality" in this context. 1014: 3372:

Parents might say that the point is to prepare children for the workplace and that a grasp of English is more use than sums or history. Yet by year five, the children taught in Kom outperformed English-medium children even in English. Perhaps this is because they gain a better grasp of the mechanics of reading and writing when they are learning the skills in a language they understand.

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with an individual's salary, the productivity of firms, and the gross domestic production (GDP); the authors state that Switzerland's GDP is augmented by 10% by multilingualism. A study in the United States by O. Agirdag found that bilingualism has substantial economic benefits, as bilingual people were found to earn around $ 3,000 more per year in salary than monolinguals.

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useful cognitive distance from automatic processes, promoting analytical thought and reducing unthinking, emotional reaction. Therefore, those who speak two languages have better critical thinking and decision-making skills. A study published a year later found that switching to a second language seems to exempt bilinguals from social norms and constraints, such as

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mother tongue in the workplace thanks to the presence of other immigrants in that workplace who come from the same place. Kovacs (2004) describes this phenomenon in Australia with Finnish immigrants in the construction industry who spoke Finnish during working hours. Although foreign languages may be used in the workplace, English is still a key working skill.

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languages made for two competing aims. The belief was that the two languages were mutually exclusive and that learning a second required unlearning elements and dynamics of the first to accommodate the second. The evidence for this perspective relied on the fact that some errors in acquiring the second language were related to the rules of the first language.

171:; but many read and write in one language. Being multilingual is advantageous for people wanting to participate in trade, globalization and cultural openness. Owing to the ease of access to information facilitated by the Internet, individuals' exposure to multiple languages has become increasingly possible. People who speak several languages are also called 1646:, it is not unusual for one to speak two or more languages, albeit with varying degrees of fluency. Some are proficient in several Chinese varieties, given the linguistic diversity of the ethnic Chinese community in both countries. In Singapore, bilingualism is embraced in the education system with English as the medium of instruction and the official 483:

rhetoric and sequences of thought that violate the expectations of the native reader. Foreign students who have mastered syntactic structures have still demonstrated an inability to compose adequate themes, term papers, theses, and dissertations. Robert B. Kaplan describes two key words that affect people when they learn a second language.

1670: 1674: 1673: 1669: 1133:(English and French). In some states, particular languages may be associated with particular regions in the state (e.g., Canada) or with particular ethnicities (e.g., Malaysia and Singapore). When all speakers are multilingual, linguists classify the community according to the functional distribution of the languages involved: 1675: 660:(L1). The first language (sometimes also referred to as the mother tongue) is acquired without formal education, by mechanisms heavily disputed. Children acquiring two languages in this way are called simultaneous bilinguals. Even in the case of simultaneous bilinguals, one language usually dominates over the other. 1193:: a region is called ambilingual if this functional distribution is not observed. In a typical ambilingual area it is nearly impossible to predict which language will be used in a given setting. True ambilingualism is rare. Ambilingual tendencies can be found in small states with multiple heritages, like 1118:. Multilingualism was common in the past: in early times, when most people were members of small language communities, it was necessary to know two or more languages for trade or any other dealings outside one's town or village, and this holds good today in places of high linguistic diversity such as 734:

Bilinguals might have important labor market advantages over monolingual individuals as bilingual people can carry out duties that monolinguals cannot, such as interacting with customers who only speak a minority language. A study in Switzerland has found that multilingualism is positively correlated

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The phases children go through during sequential acquisition are less linear than for simultaneous acquisition and can vary greatly among children. Sequential acquisition is a more complex and lengthier process, although there is no indication that non-language-delayed children end up less proficient

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who do not speak English as a native language but who have children who do speak English natively, usually in part because those children's education has been conducted in English; while the immigrant parents can understand both their native language and English, they speak only their native language

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to discourage national feelings. Many small independent nations' schoolchildren are today compelled to learn multiple languages because of international interactions. For example, in Finland, all children are required to learn at least three languages: the two national languages (Finnish and Swedish)

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English is a commonly taught second language at schools, so it is also the most common choice for two speakers, whose native languages are different. However, some languages are so close to each other that it is generally more common when meeting to use their mother tongue rather than English. These

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A localized system has been adapted or converted for a particular locale (other than the one it was originally developed for), including the language of the user interface, input, and display, and features such as time/date display and currency; but each instance of the system only supports a single

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and its variations. Participants in this study chose the utilitarian option more often in the Fat Man dilemma when it was presented in a foreign language. For the related Switch Track dilemma, however, the use of a foreign language presented no significant influence on the choices participants made.

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Bilingual and multilingual individuals are shown to have superior auditory processing abilities compared to monolingual individuals. Several investigations have compared auditory processing abilities of monolingual and bilingual individuals using tasks such as gap detection, temporal ordering, pitch

597:, including a better ability to analyze abstract visual patterns. Students who receive bidirectional bilingual instruction where equal proficiency in both languages is required will perform at an even higher level. Examples of such programs include international and multi-national education schools. 301:

The definition of multilingualism is a subject of debate in the same way as that of language fluency. At one end of the linguistic continuum, multilingualism may be defined as the mastery of more than one language. The speaker would have knowledge of and control over the languages equivalent to that

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Ramírez, J., Pasta, D., Yuen, S., Ramey, D. & D. Billings. 1991. Final report: Longitudinal study of structured English immersion strategy, early-exit and late-exit bilingual education programs for language-minority children: Volume II (prepared for the U.S. Department of Education). San Mateo,

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Research demonstrates that children learn more when they are taught in their mother tongue than they do when they are taught in any other language. In a study of children in the first three years in 12 schools in Cameroon, those taught in Kom did better than those taught in English in all subjects.

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in France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Monaco, Andorra, and Switzerland; and to a co-official extent in Canada, as well as much of Francophone Africa including Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo,

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In Africa, knowledge of English is important not only for multinational companies but also in the fields of engineering, chemistry, electricity and aeronautics. A study directed by Hill and van Zyl (2002) shows that in South Africa young black engineers used English most often for communication and

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Multilingualised software supports multiple languages for display and input simultaneously, but generally has a single user interface language. Support for other locale features like time, date, number and currency formats may vary as the system tends towards full internationalization. Generally, a

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This code-switching appears in many forms. If a speaker has a positive attitude towards both languages and towards code-switching, many switches can be found, even within the same sentence. If however, the speaker is reluctant to use code-switching, as in the case of a lack of proficiency, he might

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between 40 and 70. Christopher was born in 1962, and he was diagnosed with brain damage approximately six months after his birth. Despite being institutionalized because he was unable to take care of himself, Christopher had a verbal IQ of 89, could speak English with no impairment, and could learn

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In multilingual countries such as Belgium (Dutch, French, and German), Finland (Finnish and Swedish), Switzerland (German, French, Italian, and Romansh), Luxembourg (Luxembourgish, French, and German), Spain (Spanish, Catalan, Basque, and Galician), and Malta (Maltese, English, and Italian), it is

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According to Hewitt (2008) entrepreneurs in London from Poland, China, and Turkey tend to use English for communication with customers, suppliers, and banks but their native languages for work tasks and other social purposes. Even in English-speaking countries, immigrants can often still use their

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Whenever two people meet, negotiations take place. If they want to express solidarity and sympathy, they tend to seek common features in their behavior. If speakers wish to express distance towards or even dislike of the person they are speaking to, the reverse is true, and differences are sought.

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Research has found that the development of competence in the native language serves as a foundation of proficiency that can be transposed to the second language – the common underlying proficiency hypothesis. Cummins' work sought to overcome the perception propagated in the 1960s that learning two

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There is no evidence for a bilingual advantage in executive function and there is a small bilingual disadvantage in verbal fluency. Some initial reports concluded that people who use more than one language have been reported to be more adept at language learning compared to monolinguals, and this

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communities and has been the subject of substantial academic study. The most important factor in spontaneous, total L1 loss appears to be age; in the absence of neurological dysfunction or injury, only young children typically are at risk of forgetting their native language and switching to a new

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disappeared when choices are presented in a second language. As human reasoning is shaped by two distinct modes of thought: one that is systematic, analytical and cognition-intensive, and another that is fast, unconscious and emotionally charged, it was believed that a second language provides a

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Another new development that has influenced the linguistic argument for bilingual literacy is the length of time necessary to acquire a second language. Previously, children were believed to have the ability to learn a language within a year, but today, researchers believe that within and across

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A coordinate model posits that equal time should be spent in separate instruction of the native language and the community language. The native language class, however, focuses on basic literacy while the community language class focuses on listening and speaking skills. Being bilingual does not

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has led to an increasingly multilingual population. Europe has become an excellent model to observe this newly diversified culture. The expansion of the European Union with its open labour market has provided opportunities both for well-trained professionals and unskilled workers to move to new

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class, students commonly face difficulties in thinking in the target language because they are influenced by their native language and cultural patterns. Robert B. Kaplan believes that in second language classes, foreign students' papers may seem out of focus because the foreign student employs

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The Multilingual App Toolkit (MAT) was first released in concert with the release of Windows 8 as a way to provide developers a set of free tooling that enabled adding languages to their apps with just a few clicks, in large part due to the integration of a free, unlimited license to both the

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In linguistics, first language acquisition is closely related to the concept of a "native speaker". According to a view widely held by linguists, a native speaker of a given language has in some respects a level of skill that a second (or subsequent) language learner cannot easily accomplish.

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capacities or certain abilities far in excess of what would usually be considered normal, occasionally including a prodigious capacity for languages. Savant syndrome is almost always associated with an increased memory capacity of some sort, which can, for certain savants, aid in storing and

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pattern recognition etc. In general, results of studies have reported superior performance among bilingual and multilingual individuals. Furthermore, among bilingual individuals, one's level of proficiency in one's second language was also reported to influence auditory processing abilities.

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An internationalized system is equipped for use in a range of locales, allowing for the co-existence of several languages and character sets in user interfaces and displays. In particular, a system may not be considered internationalized in the fullest sense unless the interface language is

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With emerging markets and expanding international cooperation, business users expect to be able to use software and applications in their own language. Multilingualisation (or "m17n", where "17" stands for 17 omitted letters) of computer systems can be considered part of a continuum between

1686: 1685: 675:. It has been documented that, under certain conditions, individuals may lose their L1 language proficiency completely, after switching to the exclusive use of another language, and effectively "become native" in a language that was once secondary after the L1 undergoes total attrition. 1689: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1406:

can communicate with each other speaking their respective languages, while few can speak both (people used to these situations often adjust their language, avoiding words that are not found in the other language or that can be misunderstood). Using different languages is usually called

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countries to seek employment. Political changes and turmoil have also led to migration and the creation of new and more complex multilingual workplaces. In most wealthy and secure countries, immigrants are found mostly in low-paid jobs but also, increasingly, in high-status positions.

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Musilová, Květa (2003). "Vývojové tendence v komunikaci Čechů a Slováků po rozdělení ČSFR" [Developmental trends in communication between Czechs and Slovaks after the division of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic]. In Lotko, Edvard; Fiala, Jiří.; Hádková, Marie (eds.).

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in the United Kingdom, United States of America, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa, Kenya, Nigeria, India, Antigua and Barbuda,The Bahamas, Barbados, Beliz, Botswana, Dominica, Eswatini, Fiji, the Gambia, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Zambia, Zimbabwe and

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Czech, Polish and Slovak linguistic and literary contexts: a collection of papers from an international professional seminar organized on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of Prof. Edvard Lotek PhD CSc, At the Faculty of Arts of Palacký University in Olomouc on 20 February

1187:) and colloquial Arabic. However, as time has passed, Arabic speakers have developed what some have deemed "Middle Arabic" or "Common Arabic", somewhere between the two extremes. Because of this diversification of the language, the concept of spectroglossia has been suggested. 464:. European schools generally offer secondary language classes for their students early on, due to the interconnectedness among neighboring countries with different languages. Most European students now study at least two foreign languages, a process strongly encouraged by the 1389:

Bilingual interaction can even take place without speakers switching between languages or fusing them together. In certain areas, it is not uncommon for speakers to use a different language within the same conversation. This phenomenon is found, amongst other places, in

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in Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Egypt, Sudan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and Oman; and to a co-official extent in Mali, Chad, Somalia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Zanzibar, and the

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multilingual people), but they cannot necessarily write in any language they speak. More specifically, bilingual and trilingual people are those in comparable situations involving two or three languages, respectively. A multilingual person is generally referred to as a

5726:České, polské a slovenské jazykové a literární souvislosti: sborník referátů z mezinárodního odborného semináře uspořádaného u příležitosti sedmdesátin prof. PhDr. Edvarda Lotka, CSc., na filozofické fakultě univerzity Palackého v Olomouci dne 20. února 2002 506:

of the new language is similar to those of the languages already spoken. On the other hand, students may also experience negative transfer – interference from languages learned at an earlier stage of development while learning a new language later in life.

569:, the native language and the community language are simultaneously taught. The advantage is literacy in two languages as the outcome. However, the teacher must be well-versed in both languages and also in techniques for teaching a second language. 1365:

with standard Finnish and Swedish). In other cases, prolonged influence of languages on each other may have the effect of changing one or both of them to the point a new, non-creole language is born. For example, many linguists believe that the

1243:: if more than one language can be heard in a small area, but the large majority of speakers are monolinguals, who have little contact with speakers from neighboring ethnic groups, an area is called 'bipart-lingual'. An example of this is the 527:

Receptive bilinguals are those who can understand a second language but who cannot speak it or whose abilities to speak it are inhibited by psychological barriers. Receptive bilingualism is frequently encountered among adult immigrants to the

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is. If a song is not written in a common tongue, then it is usually written in whatever is the predominant language in the musician's country of origin, or in another widely recognized language, such as English, German, Spanish, or French.

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and German) are well-known examples. Some writers limit diglossia to situations where the languages are closely related and could be considered dialects of each other. This can also be observed in Scotland where, in formal situations,

435:—a mechanism that enables a learner to recreate correctly the rules and certain other characteristics of language used by surrounding speakers. This device, according to Chomsky, wears out over time, and is not normally available by 4829: 1465: 549:

and is determined by subjective or intersubjective factors such as the respective languages' prevalence in the life history (including family upbringing, educational setting, and ambient culture) of the person or persons.

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refers to the notion that monolingual solutions are essential to the realization of functional bilingualism, with multilingual solutions ultimately leading to monolingualism. The theory is based on the observation of the

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The name of a train found in South India written in four languages: Kannada, Hindi, Tamil, and English. Boards like this are common on trains that pass through two or more states where the languages spoken are

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A multilingual person is someone who can communicate in more than one language actively (through speaking, writing, or signing). Multilingual people can logically speak any language they write in (aside from

475:, there is a difference in the rate of learning of English morphology, syntax and phonology based upon differences in age, but the order of acquisition in second language learning does not change with age. 6510: 6541: 4298:

Paap, Kenneth R.; Johnson, Hunter A.; Sawi, Oliver (August 2015). "Bilingual advantages in executive functioning either do not exist or are restricted to very specific and undetermined circumstances".

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also supports the acquisition of new languages. It helps the development of new languages by forming connections from one language to another. Second language acquisition results in a lexical deficit.

1009:, international arrivals area. Text in English, French, and Chinese is a permanent feature of this sign, while the right panel of the sign is a video screen that rotates through additional languages. 793:

wrote: "What is seen as a change in personality is most probably simply a shift in attitudes and behaviors that correspond to a shift in situation or context, independent of language." However, the

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develop. A pidgin is a fusion of two or more languages that is grammatically simplified but can be understood by native speakers of any of the original languages. Some pidgins develop into "real"

687:, around the age of 12, total loss of a native language is not typical, although it is still possible for speakers to experience diminished expressive capacity if the language is never practiced. 3180: 1748: 545:, namely a consequence of objectively high lexical and grammatical similarities between the languages themselves (e.g., Norwegian and Swedish), whereas the former is a property of one or more 1735: 1723: 618: 1587:), so almost all commercial software is initially available in an English version, and multilingual versions, if any, may be produced as alternative options based on the English original. 656:, a term that may also refer to people who learn multiple languages as a hobby. Multilingual speakers have acquired and maintained at least one language during childhood, the so-called 593:

An interesting outcome of studies during the early 1990s, however, confirmed that students who do complete bilingual instruction perform better academically. These students exhibit more

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is the preferred language of choice. A similar phenomenon is also observed in Arabic-speaking regions. The effects of diglossia can be seen in the difference between written Arabic (

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since the 1990s, Asian companies have lately used different English language tests to evaluate job applicants, and the standards for these tests continue to be raised. Meanwhile,

214:). Some commercial software is initially available in an English version, and multilingual versions, if any, may be produced as alternative options based on the English original. 5314: 1739:

Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Tunisia, Niger, Rwanda, Seychelles, and Togo.

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Final Report: Longitudinal study of structured English immersion strategy, early-exit and late-exit bilingual education programs for language-minority children: Volume I

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or a shared common language of professional and commercial communities. In lingua franca situations, most speakers of the common language are functionally multilingual.

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documentation. However, Afrikaans and other local languages were also used to explain particular concepts to workers in order to ensure understanding and cooperation.

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process, which also includes adaptations such as units and date conversion. Many software applications are available in several languages, ranging from a handful (the

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which mix together two or more languages with the expectation that the reader will understand both; the existence of separate sacred and vernacular languages (such as

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of a native speaker. At the opposite end of the spectrum would be people who know enough phrases to get around as a tourist using the alternate language. Since 1992,

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explained the author's existential sense of obligation to write multilingual literature. An often quoted passage, from her collection of stories and essays entitled

638: 386:, sometimes results in majority bilingualism even when the countries in question have just one domestic official language. This occurs especially in regions such as 4735:

Kumar K, Raghavan S, Kalaiah M (2020). "A comparison of temporal processing and spectral processing abilities of monolingual, bilingual and multilingual children".

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Many polyglots know up to five or six languages, but the frequency of polyglotism drops off sharply past this point. Those who know more languages than five or six—

5503:"On Language Savants and the Structure of the Mind Review of: The Mind of a Savant: Language Learning and Modularity by Neil Smith and Ianthi-Maria Tsimpli, 1995" 1453: 1374:

were formed because a population speaking a single Occitano-Romance language was divided by the political spheres of influence of France and Spain, respectively.

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In multilingual societies, not all speakers need to be multilingual. Some states can have multilingual policies and recognize several official languages, such as

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Bialystok E, Craik FI, Grady C, Chau W, Ishii R, Gunji A, Pantev C (2005). "Effect of bilingualism on cognitive control in the Simon task: evidence from MEG".

2889: 752:. In 2014, another study showed that people using a foreign language are more likely to make utilitarian decisions when faced with moral dilemmas, such as the 5118:"The effect of multilingualism, socio-biographical, and situational factors on communicative anxiety and foreign language anxiety of mature language learners" 6978: 4015: 801:

and therefore allow a more serene discussion than a language learned by a child and to that respect more or less bound to a child's perception of the world.

5068: 3358: 1142:: if there is a structural-functional distribution of the languages involved, the society is termed 'diglossic'. Typical diglossic areas are those areas in 852:

subsequent languages with apparent ease. This facility with language and communication is considered to be unusual for most diagnosed with savant syndrome.

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Schmid, Monika S.; Dusseldorp, Elise (2010). "Quantitative analyses in a multivariate study of language attrition: The impact of extralinguistic factors".

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hypothesis, which states that a language shapes our vision of the world, may suggest that a language learned by a grown-up may have much fewer emotional

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Many Asian companies, due to increasing globalization, have recently been focusing more and more on their employees' English proficiency. Especially in

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Tvåspråkighet och skriftlig framställning : en undersökning av tvåspråkiga elevers uppsatser i den finlandssvenska grundskolan / Christina Korkman

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pronunciation. Cyrillic and Latin writing scripts are official in Montenegrin and Serbian, while Latin is exclusively official in Bosnian and Croatian.

4512:"Bilingual experience and resting-state brain connectivity: Impacts of L2 age of acquisition and social diversity of language use on control networks" 3544: 6224: 1969: 4373: 2915: 5895: 1509: 671:

The reverse phenomenon, where people who know more than one language end up losing command of some or all of their additional languages, is called

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Boaz Keysar; Sayuri L. Hayakawa; Sun Gyu An (18 April 2012). "The Foreign-Language Effect: Thinking in a Foreign Tongue Reduces Decision Biases".

1423:, although everyday contact is fairly rare because of the distance between the two respective communities. Another example is the former state of 7219: 4198: 1251:

Note that the terms given above all refer to situations describing only two languages. In cases of an unspecified number of languages, the terms

4651: 3635:"Covert bilingualism and symbolic competence: Analytical reflections on negotiating insider/outsider positionality in Swedish speech situations" 3513:

Wallesch, Claus W. (1990). "An early detailed description of aphasia in a deaf-mute: Anton leischner's "die 'aphasie' der taubstummen" (1943)".

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Individuals who are highly proficient in two or more languages have been reported to have a certain very marginally enhanced or no different

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and Arabic or Hebrew. Ambilingualism also can manifest in specific regions of larger states that have both a dominant state language (be it

997:(Madras). Almost all railway stations in India have signs like these in three or more languages (English, Hindi and the local language(s)). 6480: 1306:

knowingly or unknowingly try to camouflage his attempt by converting elements of one language into elements of the other language through

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En- eller tvåspråkiga lösningar?: diskursanalys om användning av begreppet 'den taxellska paradoxen' i Vasabladets debattinlägg 2013–2018

5284: 5045: 4782: 1497: 828:, in a general sense, may refer to any individual with a natural or innate talent for a particular field; however, people diagnosed with 6273: 3730:"Is there a bilingual advantage on interference-control tasks? A multiverse meta-analysis of global reaction time and interference cost" 2583: 1776:

in Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine; and to a co-official extent in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Kyrgyzstan, and Israel.

765:

Because it is difficult or impossible to master many of the high-level semantic aspects of a language (including but not limited to its

5361: 5306: 2419: 2224: 872: 630:, New York City, who knows Latin, Greek, Spanish, French, German, and Japanese, studies a book on Chinese. A former medical student at 487:

in the popular, rather than the logician's sense of the word, is the basis of rhetoric, evolved out of a culture; it is not universal.

3928:

Bialystok E, Martin MM (2004). "Attention and inhibition in bilingual children: evidence from the dimensional change card sort task".

3075: 1441: 315:

In addition, there is no consistent definition of what constitutes a distinct language. For instance, scholars often disagree whether

6788: 3425: 2289: 6818: 6764: 5617:

Monolingual or bilingual solutions?: discourse analysis on the use of the term 'Taxell's paradox' in Vasabladet's debates 2013–2018

1994: 5909:

Platt, John T. (December 1977). "A model for polyglossia and multilingualism (with special reference to Singapore and Malaysia)".

3453:

Collier, Virginia P. (1992). "A Synthesis of Studies Examining Long-Term Language Minority Student Data on Academic Achievement".

3194: 2749: 1061: 7196: 3574: 2773:"Perceived effectiveness of language acquisition in the process of multilingual upbringing by parents of different nationalities" 1584: 813:

suggests eleven or more, while Usman W. Chohan suggests six to eight (depending on proficiency) or more—are sometimes classed as

372:

and one foreign language (usually English). Many Finnish schoolchildren also study further languages, such as German or Russian.

211: 5887: 4969:

Costa, Albert; Foucart, Alice; Hayakawa, Sayuri; Aparici, Melina; Apesteguia, Jose; Heafner, Joy; Keysar, Boaz (23 April 2014).

7224: 7140: 6973: 6810:

Med rätt att välja : språkval och språkstrategier i språkligt blandade hushåll i Helsingfors / Catharina Lojander- Visapää

2203: 1921: 2188:. Travelling across four states and doing extensive research, he spent twenty five years making this multilingual dictionary. 281: 6850: 6743: 6725: 6702: 6640: 6606: 6444: 6403: 6283: 5973: 5864: 5597: 5507: 5261: 5228: 5150: 5125: 4812: 3614: 3233: 3110:

Bylund, Emanuel; Antfolk, Jan; Abrahamsson, Niclas; Olstad, Anne Marte Haug; Norrman, Gunnar; Lehtonen, Minna (1 June 2023).

3058: 2819: 2725: 2569: 2534: 2274: 1543: 203: 121: 6458: 2678: 323:. Furthermore, what is considered a language can change, often for purely political reasons. One example is the creation of 199:

People who speak more than one language have been reported to be better at language learning when compared to monolinguals.

188:(L1). The first language (sometimes also referred to as the mother tongue) is usually acquired without formal education, by 7692: 7650: 6950: 6060: 4120: 2958: 2386: 2136:, and other indigenous languages related to the Latino experience. Contemporary multilingual Latino American poets include 696: 419: 306:

has argued that most multilingual speakers fall somewhere between minimal and maximal definitions. Cook calls these people

51: 5990: 5817: 4071: 3335: 3284: 1034: 7707: 7313: 6871: 5620: 3268: 1476: 1292: 1222: 234:("pertaining to languages"). The phenomenon of multilingualism is as old as the very existence of different languages. 4224: 3222:"One Language or Two? Home Language or Not? Some Answers to Questions about Bilingualism in Language-Delayed Children" 7308: 5738: 5355: 5203: 3403: 2229: 922: 17: 2881: 7671: 7454: 6922: 2328: 1904:, there has been an increase in knowledge of Tatar among the natively Russian-speaking population of the republic. 4023: 2049:

American novelists who use foreign languages (outside of their own cultural heritage) for literary effect include

1085: 6887: 5678:(1980). "Sometimes I'll start a sentence in Spanish y termino en español": toward a typology of code-switching". 5099: 3350: 2309: 2304: 1282:

for practical and social reasons, despite the positive characteristics associated with mutual language learning.

1226: 1130: 1054: 1006: 861: 743:

A study in 2012 has shown that using a foreign language reduces decision-making biases. It was surmised that the

454:

suggests, there would only be relative, not categorical, differences between the two types of language learning.

155:, either by an individual speaker or by a group of speakers. It is believed that multilingual speakers outnumber 4400:"Describing bilinguals: A systematic review of labels and descriptions used in the literature between 2005–2015" 757:

The authors of this study surmised that a foreign language lacks the emotional impact of one's native language.

460:

quotes research finding that the earlier children learn a second language, the better off they are, in terms of

7780: 5653: 4511: 2473: 1853: 1600: 6563: 7775: 7687: 7429: 7303: 7186: 7076: 6733: 4595:"Engaging proactive control: Influences of diverse language experiences using insights from machine learning" 4252: 1472: 1194: 332: 4830:"The long-term effects of bilingualism on children of immigration: student bilingualism and future earnings" 4150:

Lehtonen, Minna; Soveri, Anna; Laine, Aini; Järvenpää, Janica; de Bruin, Angela; Antfolk, Jan (April 2018).

3863:

Lehtonen, Minna; Soveri, Anna; Laine, Aini; Järvenpää, Janica; de Bruin, Angela; Antfolk, Jan (April 2018).

1266: 7171: 7071: 6906: 6250: 1628: 382:

In many countries, bilingualism occurs through international relations, which, with English being a global

192:

about which scholars disagree. Children acquiring two languages natively from these early years are called

6216: 5787: 2862: 7727: 7697: 7519: 6959: 4342: 2911: 2650: 1150:

is used in informal, usually oral, contexts, while the state language is used in more formal situations.

744: 522: 432: 415: 439:, which he uses to explain the poor results some adolescents and adults have when learning aspects of a 7740: 7564: 7145: 7135: 7130: 7035: 6303: 4678:"Bilingualism as a gradient measure modulates functional connectivity of language and control networks" 4151: 3497:(prepared for the U.S. Department of Education). San Mateo, CA: Aguirre International. No. 300-87-0156. 3112:"Does bilingualism come with linguistic costs? A meta-analytic review of the bilingual lexical deficit" 2352: 1936: 1555:

multilingual system is intended for use in a specific locale, whilst allowing for multilingual content.

1050: 834:

are specifically individuals with significant mental disabilities who demonstrate certain profound and

818: 684: 196:. It is common for young simultaneous bilinguals to be more proficient in one language than the other. 31: 3778: 2081: 7785: 7009: 7004: 6994: 6716: 6436: 4912:"Second language as an exemption from sociocultural norms. Emotion-Related Language Choice revisited" 4594: 2294: 2149: 2034: 606: 566: 193: 55: 7770: 7155: 7150: 6943: 2269: 2264: 2234: 2007: 1408: 379:, schoolchildren may routinely learn multiple languages based on where they reside in the country. 125: 82: 6481:"82-year-old Kerala man's Dictionary is in the four Dravidian languages. 25 long years to compile" 4445:

Beatty-Martínez AL, Navarro-Torres CA, Dussias PE, Bajo MT, Guzzardo Tamargo RE, Kroll JF (2020).

4152:"Is bilingualism associated with enhanced executive functioning in adults? A meta-analytic review" 3865:"Is bilingualism associated with enhanced executive functioning in adults? A meta-analytic review" 3779:"Is bilingualism associated with enhanced executive functioning in adults? A meta-analytic review" 7484: 7112: 7014: 2707: 2441: 2015: 1934:

The bilingual song cycles "there..." and "Sing, Poetry" on the 2011 contemporary classical album

559: 324: 5423:"Comparing the intelligence profiles of savant and nonsavant individuals with autistic disorder" 88: 7479: 7234: 5244:

Grosjean, François (1996). "Living with two languages and two cultures". In I. Parasnis (ed.).

2323: 2259: 1896:

and others, are also multilingual. Moreover, with the beginning of the compulsory study of the

1184: 1069:, Palawan, Philippines that prohibits foot washing. Text is written in six languages: English, 821:, for example, was an Italian priest reputed to have spoken anywhere from 30 to 72 languages. 538: 340: 303: 109: 7339: 5502: 5280: 5037: 4778: 1491:

A multilingual sign in Singapore's four official languages: English, Chinese, Tamil, and Malay

7574: 7254: 7209: 3494: 3051:

With Different Eyes: Insights into Teaching Language Minority Students Across the Disciplines

2559: 2299: 2214: 1985: 1881:

common to see people who have mastered two or even three of their country's chief languages.

1861: 1849: 1819: 1564: 1362: 840: 782: 749: 594: 160: 116: 6395: 5768:. 18th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems – ICEIS 2016. p. 196. 5196:

The Multilingual Mind: Issues Discussed By, For, and About People Living with Many Languages

4447:"Interactional context mediates the consequences of bilingualism for language and cognition" 2980:

Fathman, Ann (1975). "The Relationship Between Age and Second Language Productive Ability".

2649: 2411: 2046:

that leaves Spanish words and phrases untranslated (though italicized) throughout the text.

1977: 7474: 7409: 7349: 7259: 7239: 7107: 7061: 7056: 6385: 5957: 5332: 4982: 4923: 4530: 2168:, a fourth standard drop-out, who compiled a multilingual dictionary connecting four major 2165: 2022: 1981: 1908: 1837: 1580: 1218: 844: 407: 360: 250: 207: 189: 181: 7434: 3388: 3046: 1126:. Linguist Ekkehard Wolff estimates that 50% of the population of Africa is multilingual. 790: 510: 245:

in textual sources, which can provide notes in a different language from the source text;

241:, which represent the same message in more than one language. Historical examples include 8: 7529: 7394: 7249: 7066: 6936: 5386:

Miller, LK (1999). "The savant syndrome: Intellectual impairment and exceptional skill".

5176: 3047:"Writing and Language Socialization Across Cultures: Some Implications for the classroom" 2169: 1742: 1732:

in Greece, Cyprus, southern Albania, Italy (in Calabria and Salento) and parts of Turkey.

1632: 930: 847:

described a man, named Christopher, who learned sixteen languages even with a non-verbal

710: 4986: 4927: 3144: 2564:. Springer Series in Language and Communication. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 4. 573:

than simultaneous bilinguals, so long as they receive adequate input in both languages.

7614: 7244: 6676: 6651: 6198: 6101: 6041: 5934: 5926: 5705: 5524: 5478: 5453: 5142: 5091: 5013: 4970: 4946: 4911: 4892: 4849: 4760: 4717: 4638: 4617: 4555: 4534: 4487: 4466: 4446: 4427: 4365: 4323: 4265: 4190: 4089: 3996: 3953: 3910: 3864: 3835: 3817: 3683: 3198: 3031: 2993: 2792: 2741: 2198: 2133: 2043: 1952: 1799: 1420: 1399: 1379: 1119: 672: 411: 364: 246: 242: 74: 6901: 6120: 4510:

Gullifer JW, Chai XJ, Whitford V, Pivneva I, Baum S, Klein D, Titone D (August 2018).

4399: 3578: 7599: 7287: 7204: 7102: 6867: 6846: 6822: 6768: 6739: 6721: 6698: 6681: 6636: 6612: 6602: 6450: 6440: 6399: 6279: 6171: 6144: 6140: 6105: 6045: 6033: 5969: 5938: 5856: 5763: 5744: 5734: 5709: 5593: 5575:

Wolff, Ekkehard (2000). Language and Society. In: Bernd Heine and Derek Nurse (Eds.)

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consist of musical settings of Russian poems with their English self-translation by

1844:, Croatian and Serbian were considered as Western and Eastern variants of a common, 46: 7754: 7712: 7702: 7594: 7524: 7514: 7499: 7374: 7334: 7229: 7040: 6830: 6776: 6671: 6663: 6507:"83-YO Kerala School Dropout Creates Unique Dictionary in 4 South Indian Languages" 6391: 6136: 6093: 6025: 5961: 5918: 5695: 5687: 5558: 5516: 5473: 5465: 5434: 5395: 5343: 5249: 5134: 5083: 5008: 4990: 4941: 4931: 4896: 4876: 4841: 4744: 4699: 4689: 4633: 4609: 4550: 4526: 4482: 4458: 4411: 4357: 4307: 4247: 4239: 4194: 4174: 4166: 4079: 4050: 3980: 3957: 3937: 3914: 3884: 3876: 3821: 3801: 3793: 3741: 3710: 3675: 3646: 3561:

in a population where even illiterate people reaped the benefits of being bilingual

3522: 3466: 3462: 3331: 3327: 3229: 3139: 3123: 3027: 2989: 2784: 2713: 2621: 2244: 2137: 1945: 1857: 1833: 1825: 1795: 1779: 1773: 1767: 1761: 1717: 1395: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1279: 1271: 1176: 1115: 1078: 1074: 1046: 1030: 986: 962: 958: 934: 703: 356: 348: 320: 308: 294: 290: 270: 266: 141: 137: 97: 70: 5840: 5117: 4748: 3545:"Speaking a second language delays dementias, even in the illiterate, study finds" 3018:

Kaplan, Robert B. (1966). "Cultural thought patterns in intercultural education".

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linguist Reitze Jonkman. To a certain extent, this situation also exists between

1403: 1330: 1159: 1099: 1066: 1038: 1018: 906: 830: 794: 778: 753: 479: 451: 440: 395: 258: 133: 129: 78: 7504: 6070: 5765:

An Evaluation of the Challenges of Multilingualism in Data Warehouse Development

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in China, Taiwan, Singapore, and to a co-official extent in Malaysia and Brunei.

7609: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7509: 7424: 7354: 7181: 5520: 5399: 3746: 3729: 3127: 2181: 2105: 1941: 1897: 1845: 1815: 1807: 1755: 1729: 1699: 1428: 1424: 1416: 1358: 1299: 1210: 1180: 1163: 982: 902: 657: 534: 465: 398:, but the phenomenon has also been expanding into some non-Germanic countries. 316: 238: 185: 168: 105: 101: 7359: 6928: 6029: 5922: 5809: 4415: 4361: 4084: 3607:

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3526: 3394:. In Padilla, Amado M.; Fairchild, Halford H.; Valadez, Concepcion M. (eds.). 3292: 1001: 498:– the process by which it becomes easier to learn additional languages if the 7764: 7717: 7589: 7554: 7494: 7414: 7379: 7282: 7214: 7086: 7081: 6826: 6772: 6711: 6616: 6454: 6148: 6037: 5860: 5675: 5347: 5004: 4880: 4629: 4621: 4546: 4538: 4478: 4470: 4423: 4243: 3898: 3755: 3679: 3531:

a congenitally deaf-mute trilingual (sign language, Czech and German) patient

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Multilingual stories, essays, and novels are often written by immigrants and

1927: 1647: 1214: 1206: 913: 839:

retrieving knowledge of different languages. In 1991, for example, linguists

835: 810: 665: 627: 529: 461: 383: 6834: 6808: 6780: 6754: 6097: 5748: 5610: 4343:"Characterizing the social diversity of bilingualism using language entropy" 3651: 3634: 3413: 2499: 1926:

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in the English language occurred in the 1830s. The word is a combination of

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in environments such as schools is subordinated to the majority language

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1338: 1285: 577:

necessarily mean that one can speak, for example, English and French.

237:

Today, evidence of multilingualism in an area includes things such as

7404: 6735:

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and maintained at least one language during childhood, the so-called

164: 93: 6334:"Hispanic Heritage Month: Recommending Latin American Women Authors" 5643: 1860:, however, these are still considered standardized varieties of one 683:

one. Once they pass an age that seems to correlate closely with the

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269:); and the frequency of linguistic borrowings and other results of 152: 66: 6738:. Warsaw: Foundation for the Development of the Education System. 6247:"Second Generation Stories | Literature by Children of Immigrants" 5810:"Jan Nelson (Microsoft): The Multilingual App Toolkit Version 3.0" 4793:

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and English, or southern Israel, where locals tend to speak both

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is common within a single poem or throughout a book of poems.

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2912:"English as a second language: Who in Europe speaks it best?" 2777:

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This mechanism also extends to language, as described by the

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A bilingual "no trespassing" sign at a construction site in

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in Haifa in 2009 uses Hebrew, Arabic, English, and Russian

993:) name board at the Tirusulam suburban railway station in 877: 7646:

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dialect, with the biggest distinction being between the

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A Welsh Government video of an English medium school in

1179:

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494:

People who learn multiple languages may also experience

5246:

Cultural and Language Diversity and the Deaf Experience

4802: 3970: 2100:

Multilingual poetry is prevalent in the United States'

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Languages that are used in multiple countries include:

1571:) to dozens for the most popular applications (such as 848: 590:

academic settings, the period is closer to five years.

375:

In some large nations with multiple languages, such as

4039:"Does Bilingualism Delay the Development of Dementia?" 1563:

Translating the user interface is usually part of the

420:

Simultaneous bilingualism § Bilingual acquisition

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is a language in its own right or merely a dialect of

167:

claim to speak at least one language other than their

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Songs with lyrics in multiple languages are known as

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2882:"Foreign Languages in Finland's Educational System" 2764: 2603: 2601: 2551: 1286:

Interaction between speakers of different languages

5590:Arabic Culture Through Its Language and Literature 5542:Smith, Neil; Tsimpli, Ianthi Maria (August 1991). 3481: 2607: 2504:Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia 1515:A sign in Morocco uses Arabic, Berber (written in 1025:, Philippines. Three or four languages are shown: 622:"Pvt. Lloyd A. Taylor, 21-year-old transportation 65:A multilingual sign outside the mayor's office in 6752: 6058: 5841:"Australiansuomalaiset kielenvaihdon kynnyksellä" 5193: 4910:Gawinkowska M, Paradowski MB, Bilewicz M (2013). 4253:20.500.11820/1c7d702a-90a7-484d-9d2a-d5841d4a1f49 3398:. California: Sage Publications. pp. 47–59. 1758:in the Netherlands, Belgium, Aruba, and Suriname. 1631:, amid calls for this to improve in time for the 1221:, where historically most inhabitants spoke both 363:. Another example is the historical dismissal of 7762: 5221:Growing up with three languages: Birth to eleven 3858: 3856: 3665: 3320:International Journal of Educational Development 2610:"The bilingual advantage in novel word learning" 2598: 1503:Urdu, Hindi, and English on a road sign in India 945:and English, which are common languages used by 787:Growing up with Three Languages: Birth to Eleven 30:"Bilingual" redirects here. For other uses, see 6958: 6599:Multilingualism: language, power, and knowledge 6297: 6295: 6271: 5780:"The New Reynell Developmental Language Scales" 5069:"Multilingualism, empathy, and multicompetence" 4981:(4). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e94842. 4297: 3927: 3448: 3446: 3076:"Can a second language help you learn a third?" 2770: 1386:and also has borrowings from Slavic languages. 1110:in the three widely spoken languages in the UAE 605:"Polyglot" redirects here. For other uses, see 5888:"9 of the world's most multilingual countries" 5248:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 20–37. 5040:[Polysystem repertoire and identity]. 4592: 4340: 3389:"Language and cognition in bilingual children" 3382: 3380: 3105: 3103: 3101: 2812:Second Language Learning and Language Teaching 6944: 6628: 6390:. Oxford University Press. pp. 281–306. 5674: 5198:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers. 5168: 5066: 4016:"How the Brain Benefits from Being Bilingual" 3853: 3770: 1770:in Italy, Switzerland, San Marino, and Malta. 1605: 804: 6369:(Thesis). Texas AM International University. 6292: 6059:Khabibrakhmanovna, Sharipova Nailya (2004). 5761: 5541: 4143: 4112: 4030: 3628: 3626: 3443: 2839:The Oxford Companion to the English Language 2518: 2385:, Carnegie Mellon University, archived from 2283: 1310:. This results in speakers using terms like 5275: 5273: 4602:Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 4216: 4072:"How a second language can boost the brain" 3501:CA: Aguirre International. No. 300-87-0156. 3377: 3098: 3049:. 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In Peter Robinson; Nick Ellis (eds.). 5270: 5243: 5076:International Journal of Multilingualism 5035: 4771: 4291: 4036: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3512: 3166: 3073: 2930: 2879: 2705: 2524: 1995:Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza 1666: 1627:ranks 53rd out of 100 countries in 2019 1528: 1093: 1084: 1060: 1012: 1000: 976: 952: 912: 888: 876: 706:. Current meta-analyses find no effect. 617: 280: 115: 87: 60: 56:South Africa's twelve official languages 45: 6840: 6786: 6425: 6119:Maxwell, Christine (26 November 2012). 6118: 6024:. Cambridge University Press: 162–189. 5641: 5115: 4827: 4805:Economics of the multilingual workplace 4043:Journal of European Psychology Students 3542: 3452: 3313: 2979: 2709:The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics 1698:, where introducing a second language ( 1585:Non-English-based programming languages 1033:("deguchi" or "chūkǒu", respectively), 553: 471:Based on the research in Ann Fathman's 212:non-English-based programming languages 14: 7763: 7225:Generative second-language acquisition 6596: 6301: 6188: 5838: 5619:] (Bachelor thesis) (in Swedish). 5385: 5330: 5321: 5038:"Polysystem, Repertoire und Identität" 4593:Gullifer JW, Titone D (October 2020). 4531:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.037 4069: 4013: 3700: 3386: 3017: 3008: 2914:. Europe Language Jobs. 31 July 2018. 2865:. Foreign-Language.org. Archived from 2694:The world has always been multilingual 2409: 2375: 2204:Childhood Bilingualism Research Centre 1922:List of multilingual bands and artists 1477:Ministry of Immigration and Absorption 126:four national languages of Switzerland 6932: 6692: 6531: 6396:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190691202.013.31 6387:The Oxford Handbook of Latino Studies 6379: 6165: 6155:from the original on 1 February 2023. 5908: 5820:from the original on 16 December 2015 5790:from the original on 22 December 2015 5508:International Journal of Bilingualism 5500: 5420: 5367:from the original on 25 November 2020 5317:from the original on 2 February 2012. 5126:International Journal of Bilingualism 4657:from the original on 28 November 2021 4574:from the original on 28 November 2021 4379:from the original on 28 November 2021 4204:from the original on 21 December 2020 4131:from the original on 11 February 2016 3604: 3593: 3361:from the original on 23 February 2019 3183:from the original on 22 January 2022. 3167:Nakamura, Janice (1 September 2019). 3080:Psychology Today: Life as a Bilingual 3044: 3038: 2841:, Oxford University Press 1992. p.894 2275:Spanish language in the United States 1782:in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan. 1638:Within multiracial countries such as 1544:internationalization and localization 204:internationalization and localization 7693:Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 6314:from the original on 7 December 2020 6253:from the original on 29 October 2020 6227:from the original on 4 November 2020 6018:Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 5867:from the original on 6 February 2023 5642:Finnilä, Heidi (12 September 2014). 5592:, Kegan Paul International, London, 5218: 5174: 4404:Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 4350:Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 4118: 3632: 3461:(1–2). 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Archived from 2880:Korhonen, Muusa (22 January 2022). 2480:from the original on 28 August 2010 2474:"The importance of multilingualism" 1349:), while others simply evolve into 781:and social initiative. The idea of 720: 222:The first recorded use of the word 173: 24: 7708:Journal of Second Language Writing 6590: 6574:from the original on 31 March 2022 6544:from the original on 31 March 2022 6513:from the original on 31 March 2022 6487:from the original on 31 March 2022 5646:[About Taxell's paradox]. 5623:from the original on 9 August 2022 5579:, 317. Cambridge University Press. 5156:from the original on 9 August 2017 4737:International Journal of Audiology 4279:from the original on 22 April 2020 3573:Krzeminska, Marta (19 July 2016). 3543:Aleccia, JoNel (6 November 2013). 3086:from the original on 26 April 2023 3053:. Addison-Wesley. pp. 43–56. 3032:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1966.tb00804.x 2994:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1975.tb00244.x 2586:from the original on 26 March 2023 2529:. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. 2422:from the original on 26 March 2023 1559:selectable by the user at runtime. 1293:communication accommodation theory 941:of Macau, while at the bottom are 25: 7797: 6881: 6461:from the original on 6 April 2023 6362: 5898:from the original on 25 May 2023. 5293:Linguistic Anthropology eJournal. 5048:from the original on 12 June 2021 3734:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 3338:from the original on 19 July 2020 3116:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2918:from the original on 5 April 2023 2892:from the original on 6 April 2023 2614:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2608:Kaushanskaya M, Marian V (2009). 2230:Multilingualism and globalization 2160:The 2021 Indian documentary film 866: 678:This is most commonly seen among 600: 54:, with text written in eleven of 7748: 7672:L2 Syntactic Complexity Analyzer 6916: 6635:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 6556: 6532:Sajit, C. p. (30 October 2020). 6525: 6499: 6473: 6419: 6373: 6356: 6326: 6278:. 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However, in her later novel 1856:its own official language. In 1702:) has boosted the exam results 1601:Languages used on the Internet 1579:, etc.). Due to the status of 760: 702:idea persisted in part due to 637:This picture was taken during 401: 13: 1: 7187:Good language learner studies 6217:"Second-Generation Americans" 4749:10.1080/14992027.2020.1720921 4119:Yong, Ed (10 February 2016). 3314:Trudell, Barbara (May 2005). 2789:10.1080/13670050.2016.1203858 2742:"Multi-competence definition" 2651:"multilingual, adj. & n." 2416:Linguistic Society of America 2362: 1958: 1650:taught as a second language. 1361:, which remains more or less 1298:Some multilingual people use 1205:, which fuse the cultures of 738: 333:Eastern Herzegovinian dialect 276: 7172:Language learning strategies 6907:Resources in other libraries 6632:The Handbook of Bilingualism 5692:10.1515/ling.1980.18.7-8.581 5563:10.1016/0024-3841(91)90034-3 5439:10.1016/j.intell.2003.11.002 5254:10.1017/CBO9781139163804.003 5139:10.1177/13670069070110040301 5088:10.1080/14790718.2012.714380 5067:Dewaele, J.; Li Wei (2012). 5042:Grazer Linguistische Studien 4996:10.1371/journal.pone.0094842 4937:10.1371/journal.pone.0081225 4846:10.1080/13670050.2013.816264 4312:10.1016/j.cortex.2015.04.014 3173:Studies in Language Sciences 2317: 2164:traces the life and work of 1629:EF English Proficiency Index 1524: 151:is the use of more than one 122:Swiss federal administration 7: 7728:The Modern Language Journal 6960:Second-language acquisition 6338:The New York Public Library 5044:(in German). 39–40: 71–90. 2376:Tucker, G. Richard (1999), 2191: 1594: 1411:, a term introduced by the 580: 523:Passive speakers (language) 433:language acquisition device 431:in what he calls the human 416:Second-language acquisition 180:Multilingual speakers have 92:A stenciled danger sign in 10: 7802: 7146:Willingness to communicate 7136:Critical period hypothesis 7131:Language-learning aptitude 6753:Christina Korkman (1995), 6732:Komorowska, Hanna (2011). 6435:(1st ed.). New York: 5886:Lew, Josh (28 June 2014). 5521:10.1177/136700699700100204 5400:10.1037/0033-2909.125.1.31 3747:10.3758/s13423-019-01567-z 3575:"The cult of the polyglot" 3455:Bilingual Research Journal 3128:10.3758/s13423-022-02136-7 2410:Valdés, Guadalupe (2012). 2353:critical period hypothesis 1970:second generation American 1963: 1919: 1804:Arabic dialectic continuum 1606:English-speaking countries 1598: 1049:, such signs cater to the 923:Hong Kong-Macau Ferry Pier 870: 859: 819:Giuseppe Caspar Mezzofanti 805:Hyperpolyglots and savants 694: 611: 604: 520: 446:If language learning is a 405: 217: 36: 32:Bilingual (disambiguation) 29: 7680: 7659: 7638: 7327: 7296: 7273: 7195: 7164: 7121: 7095: 7049: 7023: 6987: 6966: 6902:Resources in your library 6841:Romaine, Suzanne (1995). 6693:Burck, Charlotte (2007). 6067:Bilingualism in Tatarstan 6030:10.1017/S0267190513000123 5923:10.1017/s0047404500005066 5281:"Who Is a Hyperpolyglot?" 5279:Chohan, Usman W. (2021). 4777:Chohan, Usman W. (2021). 4416:10.1017/S1366728917000682 4362:10.1017/s1366728919000026 4085:10.1146/knowable-112918-1 3633:Hult, Francis M. (2014). 3527:10.1080/02687039008248790 2656:Oxford English Dictionary 2295:European Day of Languages 2284:Legislation and movements 2060: 2035:The House on Mango Street 1787:language groups include: 1662: 1653: 1051:growing number of Koreans 607:Polyglot (disambiguation) 567:simultaneous bilingualism 120:The logo and name of the 27:Use of multiple languages 7177:Communication strategies 7156:Metalinguistic awareness 7151:Foreign language anxiety 6866:. Multilingual Matters. 6817:(in Swedish), Helsinki: 6793:Berkeley Language Center 6763:(in Swedish), Helsinki: 6623:(in English and Italian) 6304:"Top 10 bilingual books" 6062:Dvuyazıçiye v Tatarstane 5348:10.4324/9780203938560-13 5331:Hudson, Richard (2008). 4881:10.1177/0956797611432178 4244:10.1177/0956797614557866 3680:10.1177/0267658309337641 3668:Second Language Research 2338: 2270:One person, one language 2265:The Multilingual Library 2235:Official multilingualism 2008:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie 1915: 1409:non-convergent discourse 424:One view is that of the 163:. More than half of all 7113:Word lists by frequency 6363:Munoz, Mary Elizabeth. 6098:10.1515/multi-2014-0002 5644:"Taxell om sin paradox" 5609:Valkonen, Eero (2020). 5287:6 February 2021 at the 5036:Halwachs, D.W. (1993). 4785:28 January 2022 at the 3605:Erard, Michael (2012). 3255:Gass, Susan M. (2008). 2506:. Thefreedictionary.com 2476:. multilingualism.org. 2447:. European Commission. 2155: 2006:Multilingual novels by 1888:ethnic groups, such as 1854:proclaimed and codified 1852:, each successor state 1614: 1077:, Chinese, Korean, and 909:are official languages. 560:sequential bilingualism 206:. Due to the status of 194:simultaneous bilinguals 7235:Interaction hypothesis 7220:Dynamic Systems Theory 6656:Psychological Bulletin 6597:Valore, Paolo (2011). 6437:Farrar, Straus, Giroux 5995:National Library Board 5470:10.1098/rstb.2008.0326 5388:Psychological Bulletin 4159:Psychological Bulletin 4070:Skibba, Ramin (2018). 3869:Psychological Bulletin 3786:Psychological Bulletin 3387:Hakuta, Kenji (1990). 3045:Gadda, George (1994). 2558:Taeschner, T. (1983). 2324:Multilingual education 2260:Multilingual education 2004: 1764:in Sweden and Finland. 1703: 1538: 1471:A sign at the Israeli 1378:is a complex blend of 1263:are more appropriate. 1185:Modern Standard Arabic 1111: 1091: 1082: 1058: 1010: 998: 974: 950: 910: 886: 713:, and older onset for 643: 539:mutual intelligibility 517:Receptive bilingualism 298: 145: 113: 85: 58: 7781:Sociology of language 7255:Processability theory 7210:Comprehensible output 6979:Common misconceptions 6845:. Oxford: Blackwell. 6166:Kogan, Julia (2013). 5997:. Singapore Infopedia 5588:M.H. Bakalla (1984), 5177:"Life as a Bilingual" 4869:Psychological Science 4232:Psychological Science 3652:10.1093/applin/amt003 2988:(2). Wiley: 245–253. 2810:Cook, Vivian (2008). 2300:English-only movement 2215:Economics of language 2000: 1986:Postcolonial Feminism 1920:Further information: 1862:pluricentric language 1850:breakup of Yugoslavia 1820:Czechoslovak language 1693: 1569:most spoken languages 1565:software localization 1532: 1363:mutually intelligible 1097: 1088: 1081:, from top to bottom. 1064: 1016: 1005:Multilingual sign at 1004: 980: 957:A caution message in 956: 916: 892: 880: 871:Further information: 783:linguistic relativity 750:political correctness 621: 595:cognitive flexibility 284: 255:common forms of Latin 119: 91: 64: 49: 7776:Language acquisition 7265:Skill-based theories 7260:Order of acquisition 7240:Interface hypothesis 7123:Individual variation 7108:Linguistic universal 7062:Contrastive rhetoric 7057:Contrastive analysis 6925:at Wikimedia Commons 6509:. 31 December 2020. 5894:. Dotdash Meredith. 5175:Grosjean, François. 5116:Dewaele, J. (2007). 4828:Agirdag, O. (2014). 4037:Atkinson AL (2016). 3490:The Ramírez report: 3357:. 21 February 2019. 2814:. Hodder Education. 2627:10.3758/PBR.16.4.705 2166:Njattyela Sreedharan 2150:Guillermo Gómez-Peña 2023:Half of a Yellow Sun 1982:Third World Feminism 1848:language. After the 1581:English in computing 1537:and English keyboard 1473:Ministry of Interior 1261:multipart-lingualism 981:The three-language ( 901:. In Brussels, both 893:A bilingual sign in 845:Ianthi-Maria Tsimpli 554:Order of acquisition 408:Language acquisition 347:, it was split into 331:on the basis of the 208:English in computing 96:written in English, 50:The frontage of the 7688:Applied Linguistics 7660:Computational tools 7328:Notable researchers 7250:Noticing hypothesis 7067:Error (linguistics) 6695:Multilingual Living 6601:. Pisa: Edistudio. 6223:. 7 February 2013. 6125:by Nicholas Ostler" 5911:Language in Society 5839:Kovács, M. (2004). 5464:(1522): 1351–1357. 4987:2014PLoSO...994842C 4928:2013PLoSO...881225G 3639:Applied Linguistics 3581:on 6 September 2016 3295:on 24 February 2019 2392:on 15 December 2019 2170:Dravidian languages 2010:display phrases in 1633:2020 Tokyo Olympics 1394:. Most speakers of 394:, as well as among 7245:Interface position 7096:Linguistic factors 7000:Classroom research 6668:10.1037/bul0000099 5991:"Bilingual Policy" 5105:on 9 October 2013. 4614:10.1037/xge0000933 4463:10.1037/xlm0000770 4171:10.1037/bul0000142 3881:10.1037/bul0000142 3798:10.1037/bul0000142 3220:Weitzman, Elaine. 2961:on 13 January 2012 2886:The New Federalist 2677:King, Lid (2018). 2199:Cultural diversity 2080:. You can help by 2044:Chicano literature 1978:Gloria E. Anzaldúa 1704: 1539: 1380:Middle High German 1120:Sub-Saharan Africa 1112: 1092: 1083: 1059: 1041:("chulgu"). While 1011: 999: 975: 951: 939:official languages 911: 887: 711:executive function 673:language attrition 644: 412:Language education 299: 161:world's population 146: 114: 86: 59: 7736: 7735: 7698:Language Learning 7288:Input enhancement 7205:Competition model 7103:Language transfer 7036:Heritage language 6921:Media related to 6888:Library resources 6852:978-0-631-19539-9 6745:978-83-62634-19-4 6726:978-0-141-02448-6 6704:978-0-230-55433-7 6642:978-0-631-22735-9 6608:978-88-7036-809-3 6568:silvertalkies.com 6446:978-0-374-10024-7 6405:978-0-19-069120-2 6285:978-0-8229-7253-2 6191:L'Esprit Créateur 5975:978-1-4051-9473-0 5786:. 22 April 2011. 5598:978-0-7103-0027-0 5421:Bolte, S (2004). 5263:978-0-521-45477-3 5230:978-1-8476-9106-4 5219:Wang, X. (2008). 4814:978-0-415-85106-0 4076:Knowable Magazine 3703:Language Learning 3616:978-1-4516-2825-8 3060:978-0-8013-1282-3 3020:Language Learning 2982:Language Learning 2869:on 21 April 2015. 2821:978-0-340-95876-6 2727:978-1-4051-9473-0 2571:978-3-642-48329-5 2536:978-1-4129-9606-8 2412:"Multilingualism" 2250:Linguistic rights 2162:Dreaming of Words 2102:Latino literature 2098: 2097: 2042:is an example of 1990:Latino philosophy 1907:Continued global 1691: 1241:Bipart-lingualism 1219:Martha's Vineyard 1148:regional language 929:. At the top are 919:multilingual sign 897:, the capital of 791:François Grosjean 730:Economic benefits 691:Cognitive ability 642: 632:Temple University 614:List of polyglots 496:positive transfer 448:cognitive process 329:standard language 287:Helsinki, Finland 39:Trilingual heresy 18:Polyglot (person) 16:(Redirected from 7793: 7786:Neurolinguistics 7753: 7752: 7744: 7703:Language Testing 7275:In the classroom 7230:Input hypothesis 7050:Learner language 7041:Multi-competence 6953: 6946: 6939: 6930: 6929: 6920: 6877: 6856: 6837: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6783: 6749: 6708: 6689: 6679: 6646: 6624: 6620: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6529: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6477: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6423: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6412: 6377: 6371: 6370: 6360: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6330: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6299: 6290: 6289: 6269: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6258: 6243: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6186: 6180: 6179: 6163: 6157: 6156: 6116: 6110: 6109: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6073:on 5 March 2016. 6056: 6050: 6049: 6013: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6002: 5986: 5980: 5979: 5949: 5943: 5942: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5846: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5816:. 23 June 2014. 5806: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5759: 5753: 5752: 5720: 5714: 5713: 5703: 5686:(7/8): 581–618. 5672: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5639: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5606: 5600: 5586: 5580: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5548: 5539: 5533: 5532: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5481: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5366: 5337: 5328: 5319: 5318: 5302: 5296: 5277: 5268: 5267: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5181:Psychology Today 5172: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5155: 5122: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5098:. Archived from 5073: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5016: 4998: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4949: 4939: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4800: 4794: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4707: 4697: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4656: 4641: 4599: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4573: 4558: 4519:Neuropsychologia 4516: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4490: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4378: 4347: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4278: 4255: 4229: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4203: 4156: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4087: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4056:10.5334/jeps.375 4034: 4028: 4027: 4026:on 21 July 2013. 4022:. Archived from 4011: 4005: 4004: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3892: 3860: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3783: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3749: 3740:(4): 1122–1147. 3725: 3719: 3718: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3630: 3621: 3620: 3602: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3577:. Archived from 3570: 3564: 3563: 3558: 3556: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3510: 3504: 3488: 3479: 3478: 3450: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3430: 3393: 3384: 3375: 3374: 3368: 3366: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3291:. Archived from 3281: 3275: 3274: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3232:. Archived from 3230:The Hanen Centre 3217: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3201:on 18 April 2010 3191: 3185: 3184: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3147: 3107: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3015: 3006: 3005: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2947: 2941: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2859: 2853: 2848: 2842: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2691: 2689: 2683: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2653: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2629: 2605: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2453: 2446: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2391: 2384: 2373: 2356: 2349: 2245:Interlinguistics 2138:Giannina Braschi 2093: 2090: 2072: 2065: 2057:in his fiction. 1948:, respectively. 1946:Vladimir Nabokov 1858:sociolinguistics 1692: 1512: 1500: 1488: 1468: 1456: 1444: 1372:Catalan language 1368:Occitan language 1331:creole languages 1267:Taxell's paradox 1116:language contact 1031:Mandarin Chinese 937:, which are the 721:Auditory ability 704:publication bias 636: 293:, lower text in 271:language contact 267:Jewish languages 159:speakers in the 21: 7801: 7800: 7796: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7791: 7790: 7771:Multilingualism 7761: 7760: 7759: 7747: 7739: 7737: 7732: 7723:TESOL Quarterly 7676: 7655: 7634: 7323: 7292: 7269: 7191: 7160: 7117: 7091: 7077:Error treatment 7045: 7031:Multilingualism 7019: 6983: 6962: 6957: 6923:Multilingualism 6913: 6912: 6911: 6896: 6895: 6893:Multilingualism 6891: 6884: 6874: 6853: 6797: 6795: 6746: 6705: 6643: 6622: 6609: 6593: 6591:Further reading 6588: 6587: 6577: 6575: 6562: 6561: 6557: 6547: 6545: 6530: 6526: 6516: 6514: 6505: 6504: 6500: 6490: 6488: 6479: 6478: 6474: 6464: 6462: 6447: 6424: 6420: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6378: 6374: 6361: 6357: 6347: 6345: 6332: 6331: 6327: 6317: 6315: 6300: 6293: 6286: 6270: 6266: 6256: 6254: 6245: 6244: 6240: 6230: 6228: 6215: 6214: 6210: 6187: 6183: 6164: 6160: 6129:World Englishes 6117: 6113: 6082: 6078: 6057: 6053: 6014: 6010: 6000: 5998: 5987: 5983: 5976: 5950: 5946: 5907: 5903: 5884: 5880: 5870: 5868: 5844: 5837: 5833: 5823: 5821: 5808: 5807: 5803: 5793: 5791: 5778: 5777: 5773: 5760: 5756: 5741: 5721: 5717: 5673: 5669: 5659: 5657: 5640: 5636: 5626: 5624: 5607: 5603: 5587: 5583: 5574: 5570: 5546: 5540: 5536: 5499: 5495: 5450: 5446: 5419: 5415: 5384: 5380: 5370: 5368: 5364: 5358: 5335: 5329: 5322: 5303: 5299: 5289:Wayback Machine 5278: 5271: 5264: 5242: 5238: 5231: 5217: 5213: 5206: 5192: 5188: 5173: 5169: 5159: 5157: 5153: 5120: 5114: 5110: 5102: 5071: 5065: 5061: 5051: 5049: 5034: 5030: 4967: 4963: 4908: 4904: 4865: 4861: 4826: 4822: 4815: 4807:. : Routledge. 4801: 4797: 4787:Wayback Machine 4776: 4772: 4733: 4729: 4674: 4670: 4660: 4658: 4654: 4597: 4591: 4587: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4514: 4508: 4504: 4443: 4439: 4396: 4392: 4382: 4380: 4376: 4345: 4339: 4335: 4296: 4292: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4227: 4221: 4217: 4207: 4205: 4201: 4154: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4117: 4113: 4103: 4101: 4068: 4064: 4035: 4031: 4012: 4008: 3969: 3965: 3926: 3922: 3861: 3854: 3844: 3842: 3840:psycnet.apa.org 3834: 3833: 3829: 3781: 3775: 3771: 3726: 3722: 3699: 3695: 3664: 3660: 3631: 3624: 3617: 3603: 3594: 3584: 3582: 3571: 3567: 3554: 3552: 3541: 3537: 3511: 3507: 3489: 3482: 3451: 3444: 3434: 3432: 3428: 3406: 3391: 3385: 3378: 3364: 3362: 3349: 3341: 3339: 3312: 3308: 3298: 3296: 3289:ericdigests.org 3283: 3282: 3278: 3271: 3253: 3249: 3239: 3237: 3218: 3214: 3204: 3202: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3165: 3161: 3108: 3099: 3089: 3087: 3072: 3068: 3061: 3043: 3039: 3016: 3009: 2978: 2974: 2964: 2962: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2935: 2931: 2921: 2919: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2895: 2893: 2878: 2874: 2861: 2860: 2856: 2849: 2845: 2833: 2829: 2822: 2808: 2804: 2769: 2765: 2755: 2753: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2728: 2704: 2700: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2675: 2671: 2661: 2659: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2606: 2599: 2589: 2587: 2572: 2556: 2552: 2537: 2523: 2519: 2509: 2507: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2483: 2481: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2444: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2425: 2423: 2408: 2404: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2382: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2359: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2335: 2320: 2314: 2286: 2279: 2240:Plurilingualism 2220:Linguapax Prize 2194: 2158: 2146:Sandra Cisneros 2110:translanguaging 2094: 2088: 2085: 2078:needs expansion 2063: 2051:Cormac McCarthy 2040:Sandra Cisneros 2017:Purple Hibiscus 1966: 1961: 1953:macaronic verse 1924: 1918: 1864:, all based on 1667: 1665: 1656: 1617: 1608: 1603: 1597: 1527: 1520: 1513: 1504: 1501: 1492: 1489: 1480: 1469: 1460: 1457: 1448: 1445: 1288: 1067:Puerto Princesa 1057:in the country. 1045:themselves are 1019:SM Mall of Asia 875: 869: 864: 858: 831:savant syndrome 807: 779:open-mindedness 763: 754:trolley problem 741: 732: 723: 699: 693: 685:critical period 635: 616: 610: 603: 583: 556: 525: 519: 511:Translanguaging 480:second language 452:Stephen Krashen 441:second language 422: 406:Main articles: 404: 335:to function as 309:multi-competent 289:(upper text in 279: 247:macaronic texts 239:bilingual signs 220: 149:Multilingualism 83:Pannonian Rusyn 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7799: 7789: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7758: 7757: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7684: 7682: 7678: 7677: 7675: 7674: 7669: 7663: 7661: 7657: 7656: 7654: 7653: 7648: 7642: 7640: 7636: 7635: 7633: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7575:Silva-Corvalan 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7475:Larsen-Freeman 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7331: 7329: 7325: 7324: 7322: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7300: 7298: 7297:Aptitude tests 7294: 7293: 7291: 7290: 7285: 7279: 7277: 7271: 7270: 7268: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7201: 7199: 7197:SLA hypotheses 7193: 7192: 7190: 7189: 7184: 7182:Code-switching 7179: 7174: 7168: 7166: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7127: 7125: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7099: 7097: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7072:Error analysis 7069: 7064: 7059: 7053: 7051: 7047: 7046: 7044: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7027: 7025: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6991: 6989: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6981: 6976: 6970: 6968: 6964: 6963: 6956: 6955: 6948: 6941: 6933: 6927: 6926: 6910: 6909: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6882:External links 6880: 6879: 6878: 6873:978-1853593628 6872: 6857: 6851: 6838: 6804: 6784: 6750: 6744: 6729: 6709: 6703: 6690: 6662:(3): 233–262. 6647: 6641: 6626: 6607: 6592: 6589: 6586: 6585: 6555: 6524: 6498: 6472: 6445: 6429:, ed. (2011). 6418: 6404: 6372: 6355: 6325: 6291: 6284: 6264: 6238: 6208: 6181: 6158: 6135:(4): 559–561. 6111: 6092:(1–2): 11–33. 6076: 6051: 6008: 5981: 5974: 5944: 5917:(3): 361–378. 5901: 5878: 5855:(2): 200–223. 5851:(in Finnish). 5831: 5801: 5784:oro.open.ac.uk 5771: 5754: 5739: 5715: 5667: 5652:(in Swedish). 5634: 5601: 5581: 5568: 5557:(4): 315–351. 5534: 5515:(2): 163–179. 5493: 5444: 5413: 5378: 5356: 5320: 5297: 5269: 5262: 5236: 5229: 5211: 5204: 5186: 5167: 5133:(4): 391–409. 5108: 5082:(4): 352–366. 5059: 5028: 4961: 4902: 4875:(6): 661–668. 4859: 4840:(4): 449–464. 4820: 4813: 4795: 4770: 4743:(7): 501–505. 4727: 4668: 4608:(3): 414–430. 4585: 4502: 4437: 4410:(2): 401–415. 4390: 4356:(2): 283–294. 4333: 4290: 4215: 4165:(4): 394–425. 4142: 4111: 4062: 4029: 4006: 3963: 3920: 3875:(4): 394–425. 3852: 3827: 3792:(4): 394–425. 3769: 3720: 3709:(3): 687–715. 3693: 3658: 3622: 3615: 3609:. Free Press. 3592: 3565: 3551:. NBCUniversal 3535: 3521:(5): 511–518. 3505: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3480: 3442: 3404: 3376: 3326:(3): 237–251. 3306: 3276: 3270:978-0805854985 3269: 3247: 3236:on 30 May 2009 3212: 3186: 3159: 3122:(3): 897–913. 3097: 3066: 3059: 3037: 3007: 2972: 2942: 2929: 2903: 2872: 2854: 2843: 2827: 2820: 2802: 2763: 2733: 2726: 2698: 2669: 2641: 2620:(4): 705–710. 2597: 2570: 2550: 2535: 2517: 2491: 2465: 2433: 2402: 2367: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2343: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2319: 2316: 2315: 2313: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2285: 2282: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2206:(in Hong Kong) 2201: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2157: 2154: 2106:code-switching 2096: 2095: 2075: 2073: 2062: 2059: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1942:Joseph Brodsky 1917: 1914: 1898:Tatar language 1878: 1877: 1846:Serbo-Croatian 1823: 1805: 1802: 1784: 1783: 1777: 1771: 1765: 1759: 1753: 1746: 1740: 1733: 1727: 1721: 1715: 1664: 1661: 1655: 1652: 1616: 1613: 1607: 1604: 1599:Main article: 1596: 1593: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1533:Dual-language 1526: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1514: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1483: 1481: 1470: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1439: 1425:Czechoslovakia 1359:Helsinki slang 1300:code-switching 1287: 1284: 1257:omnilingualism 1249: 1248: 1238: 1211:Chinese people 1191:Ambilingualism 1188: 1106:) sign in the 1102:, English and 1098:A trilingual ( 885:/Pola (Istria) 868: 867:In communities 865: 860:Main article: 857: 854: 815:hyperpolyglots 806: 803: 762: 759: 745:framing effect 740: 737: 731: 728: 722: 719: 695:Main article: 692: 689: 658:first language 602: 601:In individuals 599: 582: 579: 555: 552: 535:code-switching 521:Main article: 518: 515: 466:European Union 403: 400: 325:Serbo-Croatian 278: 275: 230:("many") and - 219: 216: 186:first language 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7798: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7768: 7766: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7745: 7742: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7718:TESOL Journal 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7679: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7664: 7662: 7658: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7637: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7530:Myers-Scotton 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7330: 7326: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7301: 7299: 7295: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7283:Focus on form 7281: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7272: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7215:Connectionism 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7202: 7200: 7198: 7194: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7163: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7124: 7120: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7094: 7088: 7087:Silent period 7085: 7083: 7082:Interlanguage 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7048: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7022: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6992: 6990: 6986: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6954: 6949: 6947: 6942: 6940: 6935: 6934: 6931: 6924: 6919: 6915: 6914: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6875: 6869: 6865: 6864: 6858: 6854: 6848: 6844: 6839: 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5989:Sim, Cheryl. 5985: 5977: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5948: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5905: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5882: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5842: 5835: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5775: 5767: 5766: 5758: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5740:80-244-0628-4 5736: 5732: 5727: 5719: 5711: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5676:Poplack Shana 5671: 5655: 5651: 5650: 5645: 5638: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5613: 5605: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5585: 5578: 5572: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5545: 5538: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5509: 5504: 5497: 5489: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5448: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5417: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5382: 5363: 5359: 5357:9780805853513 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5334: 5327: 5325: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5301: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5276: 5274: 5265: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5240: 5232: 5226: 5222: 5215: 5207: 5205:9780897899185 5201: 5197: 5190: 5182: 5178: 5171: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 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