Polygraph - Knowledge

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important to answer truthfully. Then a "stim test" is often conducted: the subject is asked to deliberately lie and then the tester reports that he was able to detect this lie. Guilty subjects are likely to become more anxious when they are reminded of the test's validity. However, there are risks of innocent subjects being equally or more anxious than the guilty. Then the actual test starts. Some of the questions asked are "irrelevant" ("Is your name Fred?"), others are "diagnostic" questions, and the remainder are the "relevant questions" that the tester is really interested in. The different types of questions alternate. The test is passed if the physiological responses to the diagnostic questions are larger than those during the relevant questions.

177:, the majority stated that "There is simply no consensus that polygraph evidence is reliable Unlike other expert witnesses who testify about factual matters outside the jurors' knowledge, such as the analysis of fingerprints, ballistics, or DNA found at a crime scene, a polygraph expert can supply the jury only with another opinion." The Supreme Court summarized their findings by stating that the use of polygraph was "little better than could be obtained by the toss of a coin." In 2005, the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals stated that "polygraphy did not enjoy general acceptance from the scientific community". In 2001, William Iacono, Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience at the 186:

by artificially augmenting responses to control questions. Although it is not possible to adequately assess the error rate of the CQT, both of these conclusions are supported by published research findings in the best social science journals (Honts et al., 1994; Horvath, 1977; Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984; Patrick & Iacono, 1991). Although defense attorneys often attempt to have the results of friendly CQTs admitted as evidence in court, there is no evidence supporting their validity and ample reason to doubt it. Members of scientific organizations who have the requisite background to evaluate the CQT are overwhelmingly skeptical of the claims made by polygraph proponents.

1074:, the hosts attempted to fool the polygraph by using pain when answering truthfully, in order to test the notion that polygraphs interpret truthful and non-truthful answers as the same. They also attempted to fool the polygraph by thinking pleasant thoughts when lying and thinking stressful thoughts when telling the truth, to try to confuse the machine. However, neither technique was successful for a number of reasons. Michael Martin correctly identified each guilty and innocent subject. Martin suggested that when conducted properly, polygraphs are correct 98% of the time, but no scientific evidence has been offered for this. 797:(DIA) announced that it would subject each of its 5,700 prospective and current employees to polygraph testing at least once annually. This expansion of polygraph screening at DIA occurred while DIA polygraph managers ignored documented technical problems discovered in the Lafayette computerized polygraph system. The DIA uses computerized Lafayette polygraph systems for routine counterintelligence testing. The impact of the technical flaws within the Lafayette system on the analysis of recorded physiology and on the final polygraph test evaluation is currently unknown. 568: 556: 1193: 164:, specific-incident polygraph tests can discriminate lying from truth telling at rates well above chance, though well below perfection". The review also warns against generalization from these findings to justify the use of polygraphs—"polygraph accuracy for screening purposes is almost certainly lower than what can be achieved by specific-incident polygraph tests in the field"—and notes some examinees may be able to take countermeasures to produce deceptive results. 834:(RT) based tests may replace polygraphs in concealed information detection. RT based tests differ from polygraphs in stimulus presentation duration and can be conducted without physiological recording as subject response time is measured via computer. However, researchers have found limitations to these tests as subjects voluntarily control their reaction time, deception can still occur within the response deadline, and the test itself lacks physiological recording. 34: 1106:. The Preliminary Credibility Assessment Screening System, or PCASS, captures less physiological information than a polygraph, and uses an algorithm, not the judgment of a polygraph examiner, to render a decision whether it believes the person is being deceptive or not. The device was first used in Afghanistan by US Army troops. The Department of Defense ordered its use be limited to non-US persons, in overseas locations only. 755:, had undergone his periodic five-year reinvestigation, in which he showed a strong probability of deception on questions regarding relationships with a foreign intelligence unit. This polygraph test later led to an investigation which resulted in his eventual arrest and conviction. In most cases, however, polygraphs are more of a tool to "scare straight" those who would consider espionage. 784:, who was given two polygraph examinations while with the CIA, the first in 1986 and the second in 1991, while spying for the Soviet Union/Russia. The CIA reported that he passed both examinations after experiencing initial indications of deception. According to a Senate investigation, an FBI review of the first examination concluded that the indications of deception were never resolved. 576: 139:

correct answer. If they react strongly to the guilty information, then proponents of the test believe that it is likely that they know facts relevant to the case. This administration is considered more valid by supporters of the test because it contains many safeguards to avoid the risk of the administrator influencing the results.

206:(PTSD), nervousness, fear, confusion, hypoglycemia, psychosis, depression, substance induced states (nicotine, stimulants), substance withdrawal state (alcohol withdrawal) or other emotions; polygraphs do not measure "lies". A polygraph cannot differentiate anxiety caused by dishonesty and anxiety caused by something else. 1042:, contestants are privately asked personal questions a few days before the show while hooked to a polygraph. On the show they asked the same questions in front of a studio audience and members of their family. In order to advance in the game they must give a "truthful" answer as determined by the previous polygraph exam. 885:" (Lamb, 2001). Although Elizabeth is not listed as Marston’s collaborator in his early work, Lamb, Matte (1996), and others refer directly and indirectly to Elizabeth's work on her husband's deception research. She also appears in a picture taken in his polygraph laboratory in the 1920s (reproduced in Marston, 1938). 357:

We discovered there were some Eastern Europeans who could defeat the polygraph at any time. Americans are not very good at it, because we are raised to tell the truth and when we lie it is easy to tell we are lying. But we find a lot of Europeans and Asiatics can handle that polygraph without a blip,

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handler and received the simple instruction to: "Get a good night's sleep, and rest, and go into the test rested and relaxed. Be nice to the polygraph examiner, develop a rapport, and be cooperative and try to maintain your calm". Additionally, Ames explained, "There's no special magic... Confidence

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Criticisms have been given regarding the validity of the administration of the Control Question Technique. The CQT may be vulnerable to being conducted in an interrogation-like fashion. This kind of interrogation style would elicit a nervous response from innocent and guilty suspects alike. There are

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said that the video portrays "various applicants, or actors playing them—it’s not clear—describing everything bad they had heard about the test, the implication being that none of it is true." AntiPolygraph.org argues that the NSA-produced video omits some information about the polygraph process; it

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in which "underlying reasoning or methodology is scientifically valid and properly can be applied to the facts at issue." While polygraph tests are commonly used in police investigations in the US, no defendant or witness can be forced to undergo the test unless they are under the supervision of the

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declared on January 29, 2015, that the use of polygraph in interrogation of suspects is forbidden by the Polish Code of Criminal Procedure. Its use might be allowed though if the suspect has been already accused of a crime and if the interrogated person consents of the use of a polygraph. Even then,

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Polygraph evidence is currently inadmissible in New South Wales courts under the Lie Detectors Act 1983. Under the same act, it is also illegal to use polygraphs for the purpose of granting employment, insurance, financial accommodation, and several other purposes for which polygraphs may be used in

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concluded that "The few Government-sponsored scientific research reports on polygraph validity (as opposed to its utility), especially those focusing on the screening of applicants for employment, indicate that the polygraph is neither scientifically valid nor especially effective beyond its ability

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there is at present only limited scientific evidence for establishing the validity of polygraph testing. Even where the evidence seems to indicate that polygraph testing detects deceptive subjects better than chance, significant error rates are possible, and examiner and examinee differences and the

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or circumstances in question. The administrator tests the participant on their knowledge of the crime that would not be known to an innocent person. For example: "Was the crime committed with a .45 or a 9 mm?" The questions are in multiple choice and the participant is rated on how they react to the

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In 2007, polygraph testimony was admitted by stipulation in 19 states, and was subject to the discretion of the trial judge in federal court. The use of polygraph in court testimony remains controversial, although it is used extensively in post-conviction supervision, particularly of sex offenders.

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Law enforcement agencies and intelligence agencies in the United States are by far the biggest users of polygraph technology. In the United States alone most federal law enforcement agencies either employ their own polygraph examiners or use the services of examiners employed in other agencies. In

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relied on to reach their conclusions were significantly flawed. These studies did show that specific-incident polygraph testing, in a person untrained in counter-measures, could discern the truth at "a level greater than chance, yet short of perfection". However, due to several flaws, the levels of

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Although the CQT may be useful as an investigative aid and tool to induce confessions, it does not pass muster as a scientifically credible test. CQT theory is based on naive, implausible assumptions indicating (a) that it is biased against innocent individuals and (b) that it can be beaten simply

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Assessments of polygraphy by scientific and government bodies generally suggest that polygraphs are inaccurate, may be defeated by countermeasures, and are an imperfect or invalid means of assessing truthfulness. Despite claims that polygraph tests are between 80% and 90% accurate by advocates, the

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used polygraph tests extensively. The show was ultimately canceled when a participant committed suicide shortly after being polygraphed. The guest was slated by Kyle on the show for failing the polygraph, but no other evidence has come forward to prove any guilt. Producers later admitted in the

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and polygraph tests on suspects as illegal and against the constitution if consent is not obtained and forced. Article 20(3) of the Indian Constitution states: "No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself." Polygraph tests are still legal if the defendant

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in 1986, Bill Wegerle was suspected of murdering his wife Vicki Wegerle because he failed two polygraph tests (one administered by the police, the other conducted by an expert that Wegerle had hired), although he was neither arrested nor convicted of her death. In March 2004, evidence surfaced

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was dismissed when, during a polygraph screening, he truthfully answered a series of questions admitting to minor crimes such as petty theft and drug abuse. In retaliation for his perceived unjust punishment for minor offenses, he later sold his knowledge of CIA operations to the Soviet Union.

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The examiner typically begins polygraph test sessions with a pre-test interview to gain some preliminary information which will later be used to develop diagnostic questions. Then the tester will explain how the polygraph is supposed to work, emphasizing that it can detect lies and that it is

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while a person is asked and answers a series of questions. The belief underpinning the use of the polygraph is that deceptive answers will produce physiological responses that can be differentiated from those associated with non-deceptive answers; however, there are no specific physiological

1149:, the "Green River Killer". Another suspect allegedly failed a given lie detector test, whereas Ridgway passed. Ridgway passed a polygraph in 1984; he confessed almost 20 years later when confronted with DNA evidence. Conversely, innocent people have been known to fail polygraph tests. In 738:

2003 list of greatest inventions, described as inventions that "have had profound effects on human life for better or worse." In 2013, the US federal government had begun indicting individuals who stated that they were teaching methods on how to defeat a polygraph test. During one of those

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Several proposed countermeasures designed to pass polygraph tests have been described. There are two major types of countermeasures: "general state" (intending to alter the physiological or psychological state of the subject during the test), and "specific point" (intending to alter the

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Several devices similar to Keeler's polygraph version included the Berkeley Psychograph, a blood pressure-pulse-respiration recorder developed by C. D. Lee in 1936 and the Darrow Behavior Research Photopolygraph, which was developed and intended solely for behavior research experiments.

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was advised by his handlers not to engage in espionage until he had been promoted to the highest position for which a polygraph test was not required, to refuse promotion to higher positions for which polygraph tests were required, and to retire when promotion was mandated.

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A device which recorded muscular activity accompanying changes in blood pressure was developed in 1945 by John E. Reid, who claimed that greater accuracy could be obtained by making these recordings simultaneously with standard blood pressure-pulse-respiration recordings.

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Lie detection has a long history in mythology and fairy tales; the polygraph has allowed modern fiction to use a device more easily seen as scientific and plausible. Notable instances of polygraph usage include uses in crime and espionage themed television shows and some

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was the European country with the most prevalent use of polygraph testing by police, with about 300 polygraphs carried out each year in the course of police investigations. The results are not considered viable evidence in bench trials, but have been used in jury trials.

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Assessments of polygraphy by scientific and government bodies generally suggest that polygraphs are highly inaccurate, may easily be defeated by countermeasures, and are an imperfect or invalid means of assessing truthfulness. A comprehensive 2003 review by the

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rejected the use of polygraph results as evidence in court, finding that they were inadmissible. The polygraph is still used as a tool in the investigation of criminal acts and sometimes employed in the screening of employees for government organizations.

330:: other suggestions for countermeasures include for the subject to mentally record the control and relevant questions as the examiner reviews them before the interrogation begins. During the interrogation the subject is supposed to carefully control their 248:

attempted to give more data to the evaluator by providing information about microexpressions. However adding the Silent Talker camera did not improve lie detection and was very expensive and cumbersome to include according to an article in the Intercept.

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during the control questions, for example by thinking of something scary or exciting, or by pricking themselves with a pointed object concealed somewhere on the body. In this way the results will not show a significant reaction to any of the relevant

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agencies for example) the level of accuracy drops to such a level that "Its accuracy in distinguishing actual or potential security violators from innocent test takers is insufficient to justify reliance on its use in employee security screening in

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has found no evidence of effectiveness. In particular, studies have indicated that the relevant–irrelevant questioning technique is not ideal, as many innocent subjects exert a heightened physiological reaction to the crime-relevant questions. The

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Polygraph tests may not deter espionage. From 1945 to the present, at least six Americans have committed espionage while successfully passing polygraph tests. Notable cases of two men who created a false negative result with the polygraphs were

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investigations, upwards of 30 federal agencies were involved in investigations of almost 5000 people who had various degrees of contact with those being prosecuted or who had purchased books or DVDs on the topic of beating polygraph tests.

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Most polygraph researchers have focused more on the exam's predictive value on a subject's guilt. However, there have been no empirical theories established to explain how a polygraph measures deception. A 2010 study indicated that

826:(fMRI) may benefit in explaining the psychological correlations of polygraph exams. It could also explain which parts of the brain are active when subjects use artificial memories. Most brain activity occurs in both sides of the 579: 443:

put in place an option to use polygraph tests to monitor serious sex offenders on parole in England and Wales; these tests became compulsory in 2014 for high risk sexual offenders currently on parole in England and Wales.

2975: 2494:"Testimony of Richard Helms, Former Director of Central Intelligence, Former Ambassador to Iran, and Presently a Business Consultant in Washington, D.C., and Represented by Gregory B. Craig, of Williams & Connelly" 239:(NAS) issued a report entitled "The Polygraph and Lie Detection". The NAS found that "overall, the evidence is scanty and scientifically weak", concluding that 57 of the approximately 80 research studies that the 3741:

Langleben, DD; Schroeder, L; Maldjian, JA; Gur, RC; McDonald, S; Ragland, JD; O'Brien, CP; Childress, AR (2002). "Brain activity during simulated deception: an event-related functional magnetic resonance study".

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jurisdictions, polygraphs are generally considered to be unreliable for gathering evidence, and are usually not used by local law enforcement agencies. Polygraph testing is widely seen in Europe to violate

850:. For instance, in the Middle Ages, boiling water was used to detect liars, as it was believed honest men would withstand it better than liars. Early devices for lie detection include an 1895 invention of 5985: 812:

personnel during polygraph tests that purported to be limited in scope to counterintelligence matters. Allegations of abusive polygraph practices were brought forward by former NRO polygraph examiners.

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or during the course of employment, with certain exemptions. As of 2013, about 70,000 job applicants are polygraphed by the federal government on an annual basis. In the United States, the State of

1589: 527:), ruled that the polygraph has not been recognized as a reliable device. In other decisions, polygraph results were ruled inadmissible in criminal trials. Polygraph results are only admissible in 415:

In the province of Ontario, the use of polygraphs by an employer is not permitted. A police force does have the authorization to use a polygraph in the course of the investigation of an offence.

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inventors expected that adding a camera to film microexpressions would improve the accuracy of the evaluators. This did not happen in practice according to an article in the Intercept.

2373:(Monterey: Defense Personnel Security Research Center, 1996), 6, affirming that in 81% of cases, the derogatory informations were obtained through questionnaire and/or interrogation. 1122:, who passed two polygraph tests while spying for the Soviet Union. Ames failed several tests while at the CIA that were never acted on. Other spies who passed the polygraph include 486:, "polygraphs have been in use since 1992", with law enforcement utilizing the Event Knowledge Test (a "modification" of the Concealed Information Test) in criminal investigations. 134:. The administration of this test is given to prevent potential errors that may arise from the questioning style. The test is usually conducted by a tester with no knowledge of the 643:(1998), the US Supreme Court left it up to individual jurisdictions whether polygraph results could be admitted as evidence in court cases. Nevertheless, it is used extensively by 888:

Despite his predecessors' contributions, Marston styled himself the "father of the polygraph". (Today he is often equally or more noted as the creator of the comic book character

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In 2010 the NSA produced a video explaining its polygraph process. The video, ten minutes long, is titled "The Truth About the Polygraph" and was posted to the website of the

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test as evidence to convict a woman who was accused of murdering her fiancé. It was the first time that the result of polygraph was used as evidence in court. On May 5, 2010,

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physiological or psychological state of the subject at specific periods during the examination, either to increase or decrease responses during critical examination periods).

265:." The NAS concluded that the polygraph "may have some utility but that there is "little basis for the expectation that a polygraph test could have extremely high accuracy". 2444: 1833: 3573: 3556:"An Assessment of the Aldrich H. Ames Espionage Case and Its Implications for U.S. Intelligence – Senate Select Committee on Intelligence – 01 November 1994 – Part One" 2781: 881:. "According to Marston’s son, it was his mother Elizabeth, Marston's wife, who suggested to him that 'When she got mad or excited, her blood pressure seemed to climb 4153: 3785:

Verschuere, B.; Crombez, G.; Degrootte, T.; Rosseel, Y. (2010). "Detecting concealed information with reaction times: Validity and comparison with the polygraph".

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Ames provides personal insight into the U.S. Government's reliance on polygraphy in a 2000 letter to Steven Aftergood of the Federation of American Scientists at

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was advised by his Israeli handlers that he was to resign his job from American intelligence if he was ever told he was subject to a polygraph test. Likewise,

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accuracy shown in these studies "are almost certainly higher than actual polygraph accuracy of specific-incident testing in the field". By adding a camera, the

3611: 896:, which can force people to tell the truth.) Marston remained the device's primary advocate, lobbying for its use in the courts. In 1938 he published a book, 3370: 3008: 4394:

She first came under U.S. suspicion in 1994, when Cuba detected a highly secret electronic surveillance system. Montes took a polygraph test and passed it.

4581: 1909:"If the examiner is well-trained, if the test is properly carried out, and if there's proper quality controls, the accuracy is estimated between 80%-90%". 1579: 1138:

failed his polygraph examinations, which aroused suspicions that led to his eventual arrest. Polygraph examination and background checks failed to detect

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it is illegal for any employer to order a polygraph either as conditions to gain employment, or if an employee has been suspected of wrongdoing. The

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and federal government agencies, and many police departments use polygraph examinations to interrogate suspects and screen new employees. Within the

1698: 830:, which is linked to response inhibition. This indicates that deception may involve inhibition of truthful responses. Some researchers believe that 4186: 3300: 2960: 1483: 495: 3538:"The Adrich H. Ames Case: An Assessment of CIA's Role, Oct. 21, 1994 Memorandum for Heads of Agency Offices from Director of Central Intelligence" 3469: 2905: 1173:, Christopher Watts failed one such polygraph test and subsequently confessed to murdering his wife. In the 2002 disappearance of seven-year-old 2721: 2387: 324:

is what does it. Confidence and a friendly relationship with the examiner... rapport, where you smile and you make him think that you like him".

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of existing research concluded that there was "little basis for the expectation that a polygraph test could have extremely high accuracy." The

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was possibly breaching ethical and legal boundaries by encouraging its polygraph examiners to extract personal and private information from

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Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences and Education (BCSSE) and Committee on National Statistics (CNSTAT) (March 19, 2013).

624: 2362: 3986: 3281: 2493: 2172: 1142:, who was not a spy but was convicted for improperly obtaining US citizenship and using it to obtain a restricted position at the FBI. 6051: 5992: 3706:

Bell, B. G.; Grubin, D. (2010). "Functional magnetic resonance imaging may promote theoretical understanding of the polygraph test".

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reported that an estimated 2.5 million polygraph tests were given each year in the United States, with the majority administered to

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produced a video responding to the NSA video. George Maschke, the founder of the website, accused the NSA polygraph video of being "

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said in 2000 that "The polygraph is an American phenomenon, with limited use in a few countries, such as Canada, Israel and Japan."

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A hand-held lie detector is being deployed by the US Department of Defense according to a report in 2008 by investigative reporter

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Woodrow, Michael J. "The Truth about the Psychophysiological Detection of Deception Examination 3rd Edition" Lulu Press. New York

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Kessler, Ron (April 17, 1988). "Moscow's Mole in the CIA: How a Swinging Czech Superspy Stole America's Most Sensitive Secrets".

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There have been several reviews of polygraph accuracy. They suggest that polygraphs are accurate between 80% and 90% of the time.

1330: 4126: 4107: 3434:"Owner of 'Polygraph.com' Indicted for Allegedly Training Customers to Lie During Federally Administered Polygraph Examinations" 1154:

connecting her death to the serial killer known as BTK, and in 2005 DNA evidence from the Wegerle murder confirmed that BTK was

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Officials say Aragoncillo passed several lie detector tests that are routinely given to individuals with top secret clearances.

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report "Scientific Validity of Polygraph Testing: A Research Review and Evaluation". Similarly, a report to Congress by the

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J P Rosenfeld (1995). "Alternative Views of Bashore and Rapp's (1993) alternatives to traditional polygraphy: a critique".

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and graduated in 1918, re-publishing his earlier work in 1917. Marston's main inspiration for the device was his wife,

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Roese, N. J.; Jamieson, D. W. (1993). "Twenty years of bogus pipeline research: A critical review and meta-analysis".

3669: 1181:, police suspected neighbor David Westerfield; he became the prime suspect when he allegedly failed a polygraph test. 291:, and other inabilities to show a scientific justification for the use of the polygraph, it continues to be employed. 108:

states that "most psychologists agree that there is little evidence that polygraph tests can accurately detect lies."

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which used blood pressure to examine German prisoners of war (POWs). Marston's machine indicated a strong positive

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Reid, J. E. (1945). "Simulated Blood Pressure Responses in Lie-Detection Tests and a Method for Their Deception".

3208: 3018: 1169:, who was persuaded to confess largely by polygraph results combined with appeals from a religious leader. In the 81:, making it difficult to identify factors that separate those who are lying from those who are telling the truth. 6030: 5972: 5688: 5505: 5167: 2746: 2342: 2287: 932: 272: 157:

states "Most psychologists agree that there is little evidence that polygraph tests can accurately detect lies."

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Aftergood, Steven (2000). "Essays on Science and Society: Polygraph Testing and the DOE National Laboratories".

1611: 117: 5024: 4691: 4589: 3166:"Looking at the Law: An Updated Look at the Privilege Against Self-Incrimination in PostConviction Supervision" 1690: 859: 805: 240: 3852: 1548: 1053:, have used polygraphs to supposedly detect deception in interview subjects on their programs that pertain to 439:

a polygraph test can be taken, but the results cannot be used in a court of law to prove a case. However, the

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In 1983, the US Congress Office of Technology Assessment published a review of the technology and found that

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The North American Polygraph and Psychophysiology: Disinterested, Uninterested, and Interested Perspectives

4483: 3505: 3446: 3119: 2619: 978: 440: 236: 101: 96:, a polygraph examination is also referred to as a psychophysiological detection of deception examination. 4348: 873:

Marston wrote a second paper on the concept in 1915, when finishing his undergraduate studies. He entered

380:, government administered polygraphs are legal, at least for use in national security investigations. The 6100: 6095: 6058: 5648: 5365: 4918: 1584: 1265: 794: 308: 4846: 4582:"Westerfield failed polygraph test badly: 'Greater than 99%' chance he was lying, examiner says on tape" 4194: 3311: 3232: 2436: 6044: 5775: 5718: 5242: 1231: 878: 729: 499: 245: 210: 130:

An alternative is the Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT), or the Concealed Information Test, which is used in

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Demonstrating the administration of the polygraph, the polygrapher making notes on the readouts. 1970s

384:(NSS), Armenia's primary intelligence service, requires polygraph examinations of all new applicants. 5658: 5105: 4678:(1988) "Lie Detection as a psychometric procedure" In "The Polygraph Test" (Gale, A. ed. 1988) 29–39. 3967: 2614: 2401: 2250:"Scientific Validity of Polygraph Testing: A Research Review and Evaluation – A Technical Memorandum" 2205: 1881:

The Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT) as an Application of Psychophysiology: Future Prospects and Obstacles

998: 639: 173: 4310: 2085: 2032: 1866: 900:, wherein he documented the theory and use of the device. In 1938 he appeared in advertising by the 618:. The average cost to administer the test is more than $ 700 and is part of a $ 2 billion industry. 283:

Despite the NAS finding of a "high rate of false positives," failures to expose individuals such as

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testing his improved polygraph on Kohler, a former witness for the prosecution at the 1935 trial of

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tool with criminal suspects or candidates for sensitive public or private sector employment. Some

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Inbau, Fred E. Lie Detection and Criminal Interrogation, The Williams & Wilkins Company, 1948

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Iacono, W. G. (2008). "Effective policing: Understanding how polygraph tests work and are used".

863: 520: 448: 408: 178: 5340: 4872: 2359: 2148: 6080: 5855: 5723: 5636: 5611: 5601: 5459: 5162: 5029: 4911: 4216: 3983: 2931:"Right against Self-Incrimination: A Detailed Study & Analysis of Laws Prevailing in India" 2329: 2308: 2278: 1166: 1135: 928: 748: 269: 257: 73: 1291: 790:, a Cuban spy, passed a counterintelligence scope polygraph test administered by DIA in 1994. 5860: 5850: 5845: 5738: 5370: 5309: 5304: 5197: 4819: 4297: 3692: 3456: 3286: 2954: 2640: 2501: 2072: 2019: 1853: 1236: 904:

company claiming that the polygraph showed Gillette razors were better than the competition.

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In 2002, a review by the National Research Council found that, in populations "untrained in

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Sen. Charles Grassley Seeks Probe Of Polygraph Techniques At National Reconnaissance Office

3345: 1198: 1170: 1028: 916: 908: 721: 4389: 3541: 2850:"Brain Fingerprinting, Scientific Evidence, and "Daubert": A Cautionary Lesson from India" 2053: 8: 5946: 5780: 5090: 3375: 3190: 2011: 1433: 1131: 1086: 760: 708: 3411: 3146: 2594: 1642: 985:. In 1998 TV producer Mark Phillips with his Mark Phillips Philms & Telephision put 6105: 6016: 5915: 5890: 5728: 5678: 5553: 5387: 5335: 5222: 5202: 4957: 4648: 4634: 4609: 4501: 3834: 3817:

Grubin, D.; Madsen, L. (2005). "Lie detection and the polygraph: A historical review".

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device or procedure that measures and records several physiological indicators such as

5355: 3555: 3233:"2013 Maryland Code :: Labor and Employment :: § 3-702 – Lie detector tests" 1900: 1322: 687:

of 1988 (EPPA) generally prevents employers from using lie detector tests, either for

5978: 5951: 5880: 5548: 5536: 5488: 5444: 5350: 4992: 4982: 4827: 4800: 4736: 4717: 4655: 4638: 4626: 4132: 4111: 4018: 3952: 3917: 3838: 3759: 3727: 3600: 3488:"Washington: Americans' personal data shared with CIA, IRS, others in security probe" 3451: 2834: 2694: 2648: 2166: 2124: 1982: 1812: 1776: 1748: 1668: 1451: 1403: 1139: 927:. As Larson's protege, Keeler updated the device by making it portable and added the 827: 777: 768: 436: 288: 253: 42: 4436: 3771: 1261: 5920: 5621: 5580: 5542: 5464: 5434: 5429: 5232: 4783: 4618: 4526: 4329: 3916:

Lepore, Jill. The Secret History of Wonder Woman, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2014,

3887: 3826: 3794: 3751: 3715: 3264: 3124: 3092:

Mayol, Ador Vincent; Bongcac, Doris C.; Pateña, Patricia Andrea (20 January 2012).

2822: 2112: 1970: 1804: 1768: 1736: 1506: 1443: 1395: 1174: 1162: 1078: 901: 855: 787: 756: 648: 633: 596: 429: 199: 57: 2479: 1996: 1943: 334:

while answering the relevant questions, and to try to artificially increase their

5936: 5904: 5790: 5765: 5454: 5419: 5414: 5330: 5262: 5182: 5155: 5145: 5140: 5075: 4850: 4766: 4761: 4675: 4622: 4158: 3990: 3830: 3013: 2980: 2527: 2366: 1887: 1150: 924: 851: 607: 364: 38: 4787: 4682: 3968:"Lie Detector Charts Emotional Effects of Shaving – 1938 Gillette Advertisement" 2976:"Polygraph test can only be conducted with consent of the accused: Karnataka HC" 1529: 1510: 5910: 5885: 5875: 5870: 5835: 5830: 5805: 5498: 5439: 5272: 5237: 5035: 4977: 4967: 2480:"The polygraph as an investigative tool in criminal and private investigations" 1740: 1552: 1211: 1206: 1054: 920: 893: 632:

was lifted and all forensic evidence, including polygraph, had to meet the new

161: 61: 4701:"The Lie Generator: Inside the Black Mirror World of Polygraph Job Screenings" 3719: 3120:"The Lie Generator: Inside the Black Mirror World of Polygraph Job Screenings" 2346: 567: 6074: 5999: 5795: 5626: 5570: 5449: 5397: 5345: 5192: 5130: 5125: 4987: 4972: 4934: 3947: 3257:"Compliance Assistance By Law – The Employee Polygraph Protection Act (EPPA)" 2522: 1974: 1353:"United States v. Scheffer: A U.S. Supreme Court Ruling on Polygraph Testing" 1226: 982: 970: 907:

A device recording both blood pressure and breathing was invented in 1921 by

854:

used to measure changes in blood pressure for police cases, a 1904 device by

843: 660: 629: 507: 503: 350: 85: 5986:

An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural

4856: 2770:

Bundesgerichtshof: Entscheidungen vom 17.12.1998, 1 StR 156/98, 1 StR 258/98

2347:"Scientific Validity of Polygraph Testing: A Research Review and Evaluation" 1796: 1762: 1643:"Scientific Validity of Polygraph Testing: A Research Review and Evaluation" 858:

used to measure breathing, the Mackenzie-Lewis Polygraph first developed by

403: 5865: 5785: 5743: 5683: 5575: 5526: 5409: 5227: 5172: 5120: 5110: 5100: 5070: 4999: 4890: 4630: 4325: 3763: 3755: 3593:

Hess, Pamela, "Pentagon's Intelligence Arm Steps Up Lie-Detector Efforts",

2541: 1923:"Polygraph lie detector tests: can they really stop criminals reoffending?" 1155: 1146: 1123: 1119: 1050: 1046: 994: 990: 974: 889: 781: 656: 615: 611: 471: 452:

the use of polygraph can never be used as a substitute of actual evidence.

320: 316: 284: 4289: 3341:"NSA video tries to dispel fear about polygraph use during job interviews" 2641:"Chapter 3. Lie Detectors and the Law: The Use of the Polygraph in Europe" 2116: 1727:

Lewis, J. A.; Cuppari, M. (2009). "The polygraph: The truth lies within".

1407: 5770: 5531: 5257: 5247: 5115: 5065: 4154:"Jeremy Kyle producer unable to say how accurate lie detector tests were" 2826: 2383: 1099: 1070: 1058: 1016: 1012: 1008: 555: 540: 528: 456: 3648: 2865: 2849: 1767:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2003. pp. 253–254. 1033:

inquiry that they were unsure on how accurate the tests performed were.

6010: 5840: 5820: 5815: 5703: 5698: 5673: 5668: 5558: 5493: 5424: 5299: 5267: 5207: 5004: 2668: 1399: 1161:

Prolonged polygraph examinations are sometimes used as a tool by which

1127: 692: 668: 644: 603: 335: 33: 3389: 2371:

SSBI Source Yield: An Examination of Sources Contacted During the SSBI

2249: 1612:"Federal Psychophysiological Detection of Deception Examiner Handbook" 358:

and you know they are lying and you have evidence that they are lying.

5895: 5663: 5631: 5606: 5471: 5277: 5252: 5217: 5019: 4962: 4714:

The Human Factor: Inside the CIA's Dysfunctional Intelligence Culture

4681:

Cumming, Alfred (Specialist in Intelligence and National Security). "

4262: 3891: 3798: 2808:"Selecting the Most Optimal Conditions for the Polygraph Examination" 2282: 1645:. Washington, DC: U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment. 1983 1383: 1178: 1115: 989:

back on the air on the FOX Network—on that program Ed Gelb with host

714: 483: 331: 4244:"Mythbusters Beat the Lie Detector Episode featuring Michael Martin" 3875: 3470:"Coach who taught people how to beat lie detectors headed to prison" 3436:. Department of Justice, November 14, 2014. Accessed March 19, 2018. 3282:

Seeing threats, feds target instructors of polygraph-beating methods

1549:"Lie detectors: Why they don't work, and why police use them anyway" 5653: 5212: 5187: 5135: 5095: 5014: 3860: 1808: 1772: 1447: 1103: 977:. In the 1970s the show was hosted by Jack Anderson. In early 1983 961:

talk shows, cartoons and films. Numerous TV shows have been called

676: 664: 3042:"How forensic science is making a breakthrough in the Philippines" 455:

As of 2017, the justice ministry and Supreme Court of both of the

5800: 5733: 5643: 5596: 5563: 4859:

Historical photographs and descriptions of polygraph instruments.

4558: 4554: 4390:"Book outlines how spy exposed U.S. intelligence secrets to Cuba" 3910: 3784: 2722:"Lie detector tests introduced to monitor released sex offenders" 847: 475: 460: 377: 195: 191: 5900: 4903: 4843: 539:

The results of polygraph tests are inadmissible in court in the

5708: 4895: 3308:

New Mexico State University, Southwest Regional Training Centre

2928: 2341: 2257:(Washington, DC: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment 2101:"Forensic 'Lie Detection': Procedures Without Scientific Basis" 973:. In the 1960s Andrews produced a series of specials hosted by 752: 672: 424: 4683:

Polygraph Use by the Department of Energy: Issues for Congress

216: 5282: 4815:

Feds expand polygraph screening, often seeking intimate facts

4408:"Investigation Continues: Security Breach at the White House" 3740: 3147:"Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 509 U.S. 579 (1993)" 1062: 919:

Police Department under its nationally renowned police chief

135: 131: 78: 65: 4754: 1834:"The Admissibility of Polygraph Evidence in Criminal Courts" 4405: 4007:

Lie Detection: The Science and Development of the Polygraph

3209:"General Law – Part I, Title XXI, Chapter 149, Section 19B" 2466:

A Tremor in the Blood: Uses and Abuses of the Lie Detector,

696: 680: 3408:

Encyclopædia Britannica Almanac 2003, via Wayback Machine

2854:

Jurimetrics: The Journal of Law, Science & Technology

1694: 1093: 312: 4551:"Chris Watts: Wife killed our girls, so I strangled her" 3276: 3274: 1803:. The National Academies Press. 2003. pp. 253–258. 1580:"NSA Whistleblower Reveals How To Beat a Polygraph Test" 4880:"Thought Wave Lie Detector Measures Current in Nerves" 4670:

The Truth Machine: A Social History of the Lie Detector

2881:"India's Novel Use of Brain Scans in Courts is Debated" 935:, and served as the prototype of the modern polygraph. 353:, the eighth Director of Central Intelligence, stated: 118:

Lie detection § Questioning and testing techniques

4406:

Ross, Brian & Richard Esposito (October 6, 2005).

3670:"The IG complaint of Mark Phillips concerning the NRO" 2935:

International Journal of Law Management and Humanities

2747:"SN: tylko bez wariografu w przesłuchaniu I KZP 25/14" 1114:

Polygraphy has been faulted for failing to trap known

4069:

Troville, P.V. (1939). "A History of Lie Detection".

4050:

Troville, P.V. (1939). "A History of Lie Detection".

3271: 3094:"Polygraph tests start for Ballesteros, center staff" 2424:

Betrayal: The Story of Aldrich Ames, an American Spy,

1530:"The Truth About Lie Detectors (aka Polygraph Tests)" 1292:"The Truth About Lie Detectors (aka Polygraph Tests)" 1007:

as a series for PAX/ION; some of the guests included

931:

to it in 1939. His device was then purchased by the

3589: 3587: 3524:"RPCV and CIA defector Edward Howard dies in Moscow" 3459:. September 6, 2013. Retrieved on September 8, 2013. 3067:"G.R. Nos. 116196-97: Philippines vs. Pablo Adoviso" 2699:"Letter to America: The Black Box that Wouldn't Die" 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1427: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1419: 1417: 1188: 531:

if the person being tested agrees to it in advance.

268:

The NAS conclusions paralleled those of the earlier

3993:(including report on Gillette advertising campaign) 2805: 2779: 2468:

2nd ed., New York: Plenum Trade, 1998, pp. 273–279.

2360:

IV Personnel Security: Protection Through Detection

2136: 2134: 1077:The history of the polygraph is the subject of the 226:

use of countermeasures may further affect validity.

127:several other ways of administering the questions. 26:"Lie Detector" redirects here. For other uses, see 4647: 4520:"United States of America versus William Galbreth" 4256: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3612:"Glitch in widely used polygraph can skew results" 3506:"Indiana man gets 8 months for lie-detector fraud" 3091: 3009:"When a job interview turns into an interrogation" 2806:Saldžiūnas, Vitas; Kovalenko, Aleksandras (2015). 2780:Saldžiūnas, Vitas; Kovalenko, Aleksandras (2008). 2477: 2330:Chapter 8: Conclusions and Recommendations, p. 212 1954: 1165:are extracted from a defendant, as in the case of 969:TV show aired in the 1950s, created and hosted by 732:in Berkeley, California. The polygraph was on the 4330:"A Letter from Aldrich Ames on Polygraph Testing" 3584: 3365: 3363: 3006: 1713: 1546: 1414: 915:and first applied in law enforcement work by the 252:When polygraphs are used as a screening tool (in 6072: 4672:(Johns Hopkins University Press; 2012) 256 pages 4429:"Dept. of Energy, Office of Counterintelligence" 4290:"New anti-terror weapon: Hand-held lie detector" 3447:Indiana man gets 8 months for lie-detector fraud 3191:"United States v. Scheffer, 523 U.S. 303 (1998)" 2906:"No narcoanalysis test without consent, says SC" 2675:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 29 June 2019 2638: 2422:Weiner, Tim, David Johnston, and Neil A. Lewis, 2131: 1879:For more info on the Guilty Knowledge Test, see 1669:"Monitor on Psychology – The polygraph in doubt" 1577: 1388:Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science 842:Earlier societies utilized elaborate methods of 496:Brain Electrical Oscillation Signature Profiling 209:Since the polygraph does not measure lying, the 4874:Trial By Ordeal? Polygraph Testing In Australia 3805: 3338: 1688: 1671:. American Psychological Association. July 2004 1320: 867: 751:, a CIA employee later convicted of spying for 230: 4346: 4036: 4034: 4032: 3876:"Systolic Blood Pressure Changes in Deception" 3392:. International League of Polygraph Examiners. 3360: 3334: 3332: 2669:"How widely are lie detectors used in the UK?" 2643:. In Canter, David; Žukauskiene, Rita (eds.). 1797:"Appendix A: Polygraph Questioning Techniques" 591:(NSA)-produced video on the polygraph process) 4944:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience 4919: 4773: 4240:For critical commentary on this episode, see 4184: 4151: 3819:Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology 3708:Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology 3290:. August 16, 2013. Retrieved August 31, 2013. 2973: 2639:Meijer, Ewout H; van Koppen, Peter J (2017). 2634: 2632: 2630: 2186:Eggen, Dan; Vedantam, Shankar (May 1, 2006). 2185: 1496: 862:in 1906 and an abandoned project by American 793:Despite these errors, in August 2008, the US 84:In some countries, polygraphs are used as an 4755:Learn How to Pass (or Beat) a Polygraph Test 4749:Maschke, G.W. & Scalabrini, G.J. (2018) 4456: 3816: 3404:"Encyclopædia Britannica's Great Inventions" 3382: 2959:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2878: 1726: 1482:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 625:Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 4029: 4011: 4001: 3999: 3599:, August 24, 2008. Also in Fox News via AP 3379:. June 14, 2010. Retrieved on July 5, 2013. 3329: 2531:. March 2, 2000. Retrieved on July 5, 2013. 1831: 870:between systolic blood pressure and lying. 547:do use polygraphs in aid of investigation. 217:US Congress Office of Technology Assessment 4926: 4912: 4867:International Journal of Psychophysiology, 4813:Taylor, Marisa (Tish Wells contributed). " 4214: 3705: 2879:Giridharadas, Anand (September 14, 2008). 2645:Psychology and Law : Bridging the Gap 2627: 1663: 1661: 1659: 923:. Further work on this device was done by 307:: asked how he passed the polygraph test, 6052:The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience 5993:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science 4888: 4606: 3280:Taylor, Marisa and Cleve R. Wootson Jr. " 3111: 2903: 2222: 1920: 1637: 1635: 319:explained that he sought advice from his 277:Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy 4794: 4457:Warrick, Joby; Eggen, Dan (2007-11-14). 4387: 4257:Robinson, Jennifer (December 20, 2022). 4068: 4049: 3996: 2929:Mittal, Akshat; Mishra, Aakarsh (2021). 2693: 2572:. Legislation.nsw.gov.au. Archived from 2478:Van Aperen, Steven (February 29, 2000). 2353: 574: 566: 554: 32: 5957:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union 4484:"What made Ridgway kill still a riddle" 4372: 4259:"American Experience: The Lie Detector" 4241: 4217:"The Tested Truth About 'Maury Povich'" 4178: 4124: 4090:Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 4071:Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 4052:Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 3873: 2719: 2105:Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice 1656: 1578:Flock, Elizabeth (September 25, 2012). 1547:Stromberg, Joseph (December 15, 2014). 1323:"Polygraphs Accurate But Not Foolproof" 6073: 4730: 4698: 4287: 4005:Katherine To for Illumin. Fall 2003. 3371:NSA lie detectors no sweat, video says 3117: 2847: 2542:"How to become an employee of the NSS" 2458: 2171:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2098: 1960: 1936: 1901:"How credible are lie detector tests?" 1632: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1464:from the original on November 11, 2023 1094:Hand-held lie detector for US military 997:about the allegation that he "planted 951: 946: 742: 720:The polygraph was invented in 1921 by 4907: 4711: 4645: 4366: 4019:"Leonarde Keeler and his Instruments" 3039: 2416: 2388:"A Consistently Erroneous Technology" 2382: 2188:"Polygraph Results Often in Question" 2006: 2004: 1898: 1701:from the original on November 5, 2023 1689:LaMotte, Sandee (September 7, 2018). 1536:. American Psychological Association. 1068:In episode 93 of the US science show 981:put on a syndicated series hosted by 824:functional magnetic resonance imaging 695:admits polygraph testing in front of 494:In 2008, an Indian court adopted the 52:, often incorrectly referred to as a 4579: 4388:Bachelet, Pablo (October 13, 2006). 4324: 4269:from the original on January 2, 2023 4242:Maschke, George (December 7, 2007). 4125:Segrave, Kerry (November 18, 2014). 4087: 2904:Mahapatra, Dhananjay (May 5, 2010). 1921:Warmelink, Lara (January 24, 2020). 1691:"The shaky science of lie detectors" 1592:from the original on August 13, 2022 1559:from the original on August 16, 2014 1381: 816: 468:Psychology and Law: Bridging the Gap 111: 3984:FBI File of William Moulton Marston 3948:"William Marston's Secret Identity" 3937:. New York: Richard R. Smith, 1938. 3040:Patag, Kristine Joy (27 May 2018). 3007:Weinglass, Simona (March 6, 2016). 2277: 2039: 1517: 1333:from the original on April 20, 2021 1145:The polygraph also failed to catch 16:Device that attempts to infer lying 13: 6006:James Randi Educational Foundation 4889:Mikkelson, David (July 11, 2011). 4600: 4215:O'Dell, Cary (November 12, 2013). 4166:from the original on June 26, 2019 3904:National Research Council (2013); 3880:Journal of Experimental Psychology 3073:. Supreme Court of the Philippines 2437:"Ames: Separated Spy, Agent Lives" 2328:National Research Council (2013); 2001: 1995:National Research Council (2003); 1302:from the original on March 5, 2022 1296:American Psychological Association 1272:from the original on March 5, 2022 965:or featured the device. The first 726:University of California, Berkeley 294: 155:American Psychological Association 106:American Psychological Association 14: 6117: 4933: 4891:"Next case on the Legal Colander" 4853:, a website critical of polygraph 4837: 4334:Federation of American Scientists 3641:"McClatchy – The Polygraph Files" 3526:. Peace Corps Online. 2002-07-22. 3339:Nagesh, Gautham (June 14, 2010). 3163: 2309:"Conclusions and Recommendations" 1899:Evans, Gareth (October 4, 2018). 1357:Federation of American Scientists 1321:Robinson, Bryan (July 14, 2001). 1015:accuser Lonny Ford, Ben Rowling, 685:Employee Polygraph Protection Act 587:"The Truth About the Polygraph" ( 525:Menora Insurance v. Jacob Sdovnik 5403:Strauss–Howe generational theory 5381:Moon landing conspiracy theories 5178:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity 4751:The Lie Behind the Lie Detector. 4699:Harris, Mark (October 1, 2018). 4573: 4543: 4512: 4494: 4476: 4450: 4421: 4399: 4381: 4347:Ronald Kessler (March 8, 1994). 4340: 4317: 4281: 4250: 4234: 4208: 4145: 4118: 4100: 4081: 4062: 4043: 3977: 3960: 3940: 3927: 3118:Harris, Mark (October 1, 2018). 2974:Bose, Joydeep (March 17, 2021). 2782:"The Event Knowledge Test (EKT)" 2223:Gallagher, Ryan (26 July 2019). 1944:"A scanner to detect terrorists" 1832:Don Sosunov (October 14, 2010). 1359:. March 31, 1998. Archived from 1242:P300 (neuroscience)#Applications 1217:Doug Williams (polygraph critic) 1191: 1109: 550: 545:National Bureau of Investigation 463:had rejected use of polygraphs. 401:In Canada, the 1987 decision of 142: 6031:The Natural History of Quackery 5973:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry 4392:. McClatchy Washington Bureau. 4152:Barr, Sabrina (June 25, 2019). 4128:Lie Detectors: A Social History 3898: 3867: 3845: 3778: 3734: 3699: 3680: 3662: 3633: 3604: 3566: 3548: 3530: 3516: 3498: 3480: 3462: 3439: 3426: 3396: 3293: 3249: 3225: 3201: 3183: 3157: 3139: 3085: 3059: 3033: 3000: 2967: 2922: 2897: 2872: 2841: 2799: 2773: 2764: 2739: 2720:Bowcott, Owen (8 August 2014). 2713: 2687: 2661: 2607: 2587: 2558: 2534: 2515: 2486: 2471: 2447:from the original on 2013-12-12 2429: 2376: 2343:Office of Technology Assessment 2335: 2322: 2313:The Polygraph and Lie Detection 2302: 2271: 2242: 2216: 2198: 2179: 2092: 1989: 1914: 1892: 1873: 1825: 1801:The Polygraph and Lie Detection 1789: 1764:The Polygraph and Lie Detection 1755: 1682: 1604: 1571: 1435:The Polygraph and Lie Detection 1384:"Science and the CQT polygraph" 273:Office of Technology Assessment 4692:Congressional Research Service 4580:Roth, Alex (January 9, 2003). 4433:Harold James Nicholson Dossier 4288:Dedman, Bill (April 9, 2008). 3301:"New Mexico Rules of Evidence" 2283:"Skeptoid #422: Lie Detection" 2052:. May 23, 2005. Archived from 1540: 1490: 1375: 1345: 1314: 1284: 1254: 806:National Reconnaissance Office 534: 241:American Polygraph Association 1: 4753:5th ed. Available on-line at 4716:. New York: Encounter Books. 3390:"Polygraph/Lie Detector FAQs" 2600:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 2523:The truth about the polygraph 1963:Criminal Justice and Behavior 1729:Journal of Psychiatry and Law 1247: 1001:". In 2005 Phillips produced 804:investigation found that the 699:under certain circumstances. 563:(DSS) about polygraph testing 204:posttraumatic stress disorder 90:United States law enforcement 28:Lie Detector (disambiguation) 6038:The Psychology of the Occult 5293:Traditional Chinese medicine 5168:Doktor Koster's Antigaspills 5025:Superseded scientific theory 4623:10.1126/science.290.5493.939 4525:. 1995-03-09. Archived from 4508:. October 1, 2005. CBS News. 4185:James Hibberd (2007-11-25). 3831:10.1080/14789940412331337353 3787:Applied Cognitive Psychology 2568:Lie Detectors Act 1983 (NSW) 2500:. 2001-01-29. Archived from 2259:(OTA-TM-H-15). November 1983 2047:"United States v. Henderson" 1585:U.S. News & World Report 1045:Daytime talk shows, such as 979:Columbia Pictures Television 728:and a police officer of the 441:Offender Management Act 2007 387: 237:National Academy of Sciences 231:National Academy of Sciences 102:National Academy of Sciences 7: 5649:Electronic voice phenomenon 5506:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator 5366:Chemtrail conspiracy theory 4788:10.1037/0033-2909.114.2.363 4349:"Spies, Lies, Averted Eyes" 3874:Marston, William M (1917). 2099:Iacono, William G. (2001). 2012:"United States v. Scheffer" 1511:10.1037/0033-2909.117.1.159 1382:Saxe, Leonard (July 1991). 1266:Legal Information Institute 1184: 795:Defense Intelligence Agency 780:, who spied for China, and 724:, a medical student at the 466:According to the 2017 book 309:Central Intelligence Agency 194:, which can be affected by 10: 6122: 6045:The Ragged Edge of Science 5776:Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff 5719:Pseudoscientific metrology 5243:Miracle Mineral Supplement 4735:. New York: Plenum Trade. 4108:"IMPAC: F. Lee Bailey bio" 3933:Marston, William Moulton. 2620:Ontario Ministry of Labour 2595:"Pre-Employment Polygraph" 2400:(5): 16–19. Archived from 1741:10.1177/009318530903700107 1232:Silent Talker Lie Detector 879:Elizabeth Holloway Marston 837: 730:Berkeley Police Department 523:, in Civil Appeal 551/89 ( 500:The Supreme Court of India 430:the right to remain silent 371: 246:Silent Talker Lie Detector 211:Silent Talker Lie Detector 115: 77:reactions associated with 25: 21:Polygraph (disambiguation) 18: 6091:Physiological instruments 5965: 5929: 5756: 5659:Facilitated communication 5589: 5519: 5323: 5058: 5045: 4950: 4941: 4502:"BTK: Out Of The Shadows" 4141:– via Google Books. 3720:10.1080/14789940903220676 3098:Philippine Daily Inquirer 2441:tribunedigital-dailypress 2369:quoting Ralph M. Carney, 1440:National Research Council 1026:In the UK, shows such as 640:United States v. Scheffer 514: 418: 396: 382:National Security Service 280:to generate admissions". 174:United States v. Scheffer 150:National Research Council 6059:The Skeptic's Dictionary 5617:Biological transmutation 5537:Faster-than-light travel 5511:Enneagram of Personality 5477:Recovered-memory therapy 5361:9/11 conspiracy theories 4654:. New York: Free Press. 2317:National Academies Press 1975:10.1177/0093854808321529 913:University of California 810:US Department of Defense 704:Defense Security Service 689:pre-employment screening 653:law enforcement agencies 589:National Security Agency 561:Defense Security Service 489: 6024:The Demon-Haunted World 5942:Bourgeois pseudoscience 5376:COVID-19 misinformation 5315:Young blood transfusion 5086:Anthroposophic medicine 4795:Sullivan, John (2007). 4712:Jones, Ishmael (2008). 4586:San Diego Union-Tribune 3071:Supreme Court E-Library 2753:(in Polish). 2015-01-30 2206:"Lie Detector Roulette" 1158:, exonerating Wegerle. 1084:, which first aired on 864:William Moulton Marston 735:Encyclopædia Britannica 521:Supreme Court of Israel 449:Supreme Court of Poland 409:Supreme Court of Canada 179:University of Minnesota 5856:Corentin Louis Kervran 5724:Rapid prompting method 5612:Biodynamic agriculture 5602:Aquatic ape hypothesis 5460:Historical negationism 5163:Doctrine of signatures 5030:True-believer syndrome 4776:Psychological Bulletin 4731:Lykken, David (1998). 4592:on September 29, 2012. 4305:Cite journal requires 3756:10.1006/nimg.2001.1003 2848:Gaudet, Lyn M (2011). 2080:Cite journal requires 2027:Cite journal requires 1861:Cite journal requires 1499:Psychological Bulletin 1136:Harold James Nicholson 929:galvanic skin response 846:which mainly involved 767:In 1983, CIA employee 749:Harold James Nicholson 592: 572: 564: 360: 343: 270:United States Congress 228: 188: 45: 5861:The Light (newspaper) 5851:Robert F. Kennedy Jr. 5846:William Donald Kelley 5739:Voice stress analysis 5371:Climate change denial 5310:Wind turbine syndrome 5305:Vertebral subluxation 5198:Germ theory denialism 4799:. Potomac Books Inc. 4762:Passing the polygraph 4733:A Tremor in the Blood 4328:(November 28, 2000). 3935:The Lie Detector Test 3693:The McClatchy Company 2751:Czasopismo Lege Artis 2117:10.1300/J158v01n01_05 1237:Voice stress analysis 1118:such as double-agent 1036:In the Fox game show 898:The Lie Detector Test 586: 570: 558: 474:and Rita Zukauskiene 393:other jurisdictions. 355: 223: 183: 94:US federal government 36: 5811:Ignatius L. Donnelly 5482:Past life regression 5341:Arabian Judah theory 5288:Traditional medicine 5081:Alternative medicine 5010:Pathological science 4857:The Polygraph Museum 4246:. AntiPolygraph.org. 4114:on October 24, 2008. 3457:McClatchy Newspapers 3317:on 24 September 2020 3287:McClatchy Newspapers 2827:10.1515/ep-2015-0003 2701:. Skeptical Inquirer 2615:"Lie Detector Tests" 2059:on November 27, 2007 1363:on November 11, 2023 1199:United States portal 1171:Watts family murders 1090:on January 3, 2023. 1029:The Jeremy Kyle Show 909:John Augustus Larson 722:John Augustus Larson 19:For other uses, see 6086:American inventions 5947:Demarcation problem 5781:Brigitte Boisselier 5410:Hollow Earth theory 5393:Generational theory 5091:Applied kinesiology 4865:by John J. Furedy, 4823:. December 6, 2012. 4695:. February 9, 2009. 4646:Alder, Ken (2007). 3578:The Washington Post 3376:The Washington Post 3046:The Philippine Star 2498:mcadams.posc.mu.edu 2192:The Washington Post 1840:on November 6, 2018 1262:"lie detector test" 1132:Leandro Aragoncillo 1087:American Experience 1039:The Moment of Truth 952:Portrayals in media 947:Society and culture 761:John Anthony Walker 743:Security clearances 709:The Washington Post 655:. In the states of 190:Polygraphs measure 6101:1902 introductions 6096:Forensic equipment 6017:Skeptical Inquirer 5916:Paul Joseph Watson 5891:Hans Alfred Nieper 5729:Statement analysis 5679:Intelligent design 5554:Reactionless drive 5388:Conversion therapy 5336:Ancient astronauts 5223:Leaky gut syndrome 5203:HIV/AIDS denialism 4958:Cargo cult science 4869:Spring/Summer 1996 4849:2019-09-05 at the 4760:McCarthy, Susan. " 4668:Bunn, Geoffrey C. 4506:48 Hours Mysteries 4353:The New York Times 3989:2007-06-21 at the 3596:Arizona Daily Star 3195:Cornell University 3151:Cornell University 2910:The Times of India 2885:The New York Times 2815:European Polygraph 2789:European Polygraph 2697:(25 August 2020). 2521:McCarthy, Susan. " 2393:Skeptical Inquirer 2365:2011-06-12 at the 1886:2008-05-28 at the 1400:10.1007/BF02912514 1222:Ecological fallacy 959:daytime television 875:Harvard Law School 593: 573: 565: 362:Susan McCarthy of 46: 37:American inventor 6068: 6067: 5979:Cults of Unreason 5952:Scientific method 5881:Ministry of Ayush 5826:Nicholas Gonzalez 5752: 5751: 5689:Law of attraction 5669:Flat Earth theory 5549:Quantum mysticism 5489:Scientific racism 5445:Pseudoarchaeology 5351:Conspiracy theory 5049:characterized as 4993:Pseudomathematics 4983:Pseudoarchaeology 4882:Popular Mechanics 4844:AntiPolygraph.org 4832:978-1-105-89546-3 4806:978-1-59797-045-7 4742:978-0-306-45782-1 4723:978-1-59403-382-7 4661:978-0-7432-5988-0 4650:The Lie Detectors 4617:(5493): 939–940. 4561:. August 20, 2018 3853:"History of CVSA" 3686:Taylor, Marisa, " 3510:The Seattle Times 3452:The Seattle Times 3445:Taylor, Marisa. " 3213:malegislature.gov 3173:Federal Probation 2988:on March 17, 2021 2941:on April 11, 2021 2464:Lykken, David T. 2345:(November 1983). 2014:. March 31, 1998. 1969:(10): 1295–1308. 1818:978-0-309-13313-5 1782:978-0-309-13313-5 1619:Antipolygraph.org 1457:978-0-309-26392-4 1140:Nada Nadim Prouty 828:prefrontal cortex 817:Alternative tests 778:Larry Wu-Tai Chin 769:Edward Lee Howard 649:defense attorneys 584: 470:by psychologists 437:England and Wales 423:In a majority of 289:Larry Wu-Tai Chin 254:national security 200:anxiety disorders 112:Testing procedure 74:skin conductivity 54:lie detector test 43:Richard Hauptmann 6113: 5921:Andrew Wakefield 5622:Creation science 5581:Water-fueled car 5543:Perpetual motion 5465:Holocaust denial 5435:Nibiru cataclysm 5430:Nazi archaeology 5233:Macrobiotic diet 5056: 5055: 4928: 4921: 4914: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4810: 4791: 4770:. March 2, 2000. 4746: 4727: 4708: 4665: 4653: 4642: 4594: 4593: 4588:. 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Jeff Stein of 634:Daubert standard 628:(1993), the old 585: 559:Brochure of the 502:declared use of 263:federal agencies 256:matters and for 169:US Supreme Court 58:pseudoscientific 6121: 6120: 6116: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6071: 6070: 6069: 6064: 5961: 5937:Bogdanov affair 5925: 5905:Claude Vorilhon 5791:Robert Charroux 5766:Sucharit Bhakdi 5758: 5748: 5585: 5515: 5455:Genocide denial 5420:Japhetic theory 5415:Indigo children 5331:2012 phenomenon 5319: 5263:Patent medicine 5183:Energy medicine 5156:Colon cleansing 5141:Crystal healing 5076:Adrenal fatigue 5050: 5048: 5041: 4946: 4937: 4932: 4851:Wayback Machine 4840: 4807: 4743: 4724: 4662: 4603: 4601:Further reading 4598: 4597: 4578: 4574: 4564: 4562: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4535: 4533: 4529: 4522: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4500: 4499: 4495: 4482: 4481: 4477: 4467: 4465: 4463:Washington Post 4455: 4451: 4442: 4440: 4427: 4426: 4422: 4404: 4400: 4386: 4382: 4375:Washington Post 4371: 4367: 4357: 4355: 4345: 4341: 4322: 4318: 4306: 4304: 4295: 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616:state troopers 552: 549: 536: 533: 516: 513: 511:requests one. 491: 488: 420: 417: 398: 395: 389: 386: 373: 370: 345: 342: 341: 340: 328:Specific point 325: 296: 293: 232: 229: 218: 215: 144: 141: 113: 110: 62:blood pressure 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6118: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6081:Pseudoscience 6079: 6078: 6076: 6061: 6060: 6056: 6054: 6053: 6049: 6047: 6046: 6042: 6040: 6039: 6035: 6033: 6032: 6028: 6026: 6025: 6021: 6019: 6018: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 6001: 6000:Fortean Times 5997: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5988: 5987: 5983: 5981: 5980: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5928: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5906: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5796:Deepak Chopra 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5759:pseudoscience 5755: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5627:Cryptozoology 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5588: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5544: 5541: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5527:Anti-gravity‎ 5525: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5490: 5487: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5450:Pseudohistory 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5398:Generationism 5396: 5395: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5356:5G conspiracy 5354: 5353: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5346:Catastrophism 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5322: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5193:FasciaBlaster 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5131:Correactology 5129: 5127: 5126:Chromotherapy 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5051:pseudoscience 5044: 5038: 5037: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4988:Pseudohistory 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4975: 4974: 4973:Fringe theory 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4940: 4936: 4935:Pseudoscience 4929: 4924: 4922: 4917: 4915: 4910: 4909: 4906: 4898: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4878: 4876: 4875: 4871: 4868: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4852: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4798: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4759: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4734: 4729: 4725: 4719: 4715: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4676:Blinkhorn, S. 4674: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4652: 4651: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4576: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4532:on 2008-02-27 4528: 4521: 4515: 4507: 4503: 4497: 4490:. 2003-11-09. 4489: 4485: 4479: 4464: 4460: 4453: 4439:on 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C1. 4376: 4369: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4326:Ames, Aldrich 4320: 4312: 4299: 4291: 4284: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4253: 4245: 4237: 4222: 4218: 4211: 4197:on 2008-02-21 4196: 4192: 4188: 4181: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4155: 4148: 4140: 4138:9780786481613 4134: 4131:. McFarland. 4130: 4129: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4096:(1): 201–215. 4095: 4091: 4084: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4057: 4053: 4046: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4024: 4020: 4014: 4008: 4002: 4000: 3992: 3988: 3985: 3980: 3969: 3963: 3955: 3954: 3949: 3943: 3936: 3930: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3848: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3781: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3695: 3694: 3689: 3683: 3675: 3671: 3665: 3651:on 2013-05-27 3650: 3646: 3642: 3636: 3622:on 2013-05-27 3621: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3590: 3588: 3579: 3575: 3569: 3561: 3557: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3533: 3525: 3519: 3511: 3507: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3483: 3476:. 2013-09-09. 3475: 3471: 3465: 3458: 3454: 3453: 3448: 3442: 3435: 3429: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3399: 3391: 3385: 3378: 3377: 3372: 3366: 3364: 3348: 3347: 3342: 3335: 3333: 3313: 3309: 3302: 3296: 3289: 3288: 3283: 3277: 3275: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3238: 3234: 3228: 3214: 3210: 3204: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3178: 3174: 3167: 3160: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3127: 3126: 3121: 3114: 3099: 3095: 3088: 3072: 3068: 3062: 3047: 3043: 3036: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3010: 3003: 2987: 2983: 2982: 2977: 2970: 2962: 2956: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2925: 2911: 2907: 2900: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2809: 2802: 2794: 2790: 2783: 2776: 2767: 2752: 2748: 2742: 2727: 2723: 2716: 2700: 2696: 2690: 2674: 2670: 2664: 2656: 2650: 2647:. Routledge. 2646: 2642: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2622: 2621: 2616: 2610: 2603:. 2016-05-10. 2602: 2601: 2596: 2590: 2576:on 2018-10-03 2575: 2571: 2569: 2561: 2547: 2543: 2537: 2530: 2529: 2524: 2518: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2489: 2481: 2474: 2467: 2461: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2432: 2425: 2419: 2404:on 2018-07-28 2403: 2399: 2395: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2379: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2361: 2356: 2348: 2344: 2338: 2331: 2325: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2290: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2274: 2258: 2251: 2245: 2230: 2229:The Intercept 2226: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2201: 2193: 2189: 2182: 2174: 2168: 2154:on 2011-06-05 2150: 2143: 2137: 2135: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2095: 2087: 2074: 2055: 2048: 2042: 2034: 2021: 2013: 2007: 2005: 1998: 1992: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1957: 1949: 1945: 1939: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1917: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1895: 1889: 1885: 1882: 1876: 1868: 1855: 1839: 1835: 1828: 1820: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1792: 1784: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1765: 1758: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1685: 1670: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1644: 1638: 1636: 1620: 1613: 1607: 1596:September 13, 1591: 1587: 1586: 1581: 1574: 1563:September 13, 1558: 1554: 1550: 1543: 1535: 1531: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1493: 1485: 1479: 1463: 1459: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1436: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1378: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1348: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1317: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1287: 1271: 1268:. June 2020. 1267: 1263: 1257: 1253: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1227:Ronald Pelton 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1200: 1189: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1157: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1110:Notable cases 1107: 1105: 1101: 1091: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1072: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1040: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1005: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 983:F. Lee Bailey 980: 976: 972: 971:Ralph Andrews 968: 964: 960: 944: 940: 936: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 905: 903: 899: 895: 891: 886: 880: 876: 871: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 844:lie detection 835: 833: 832:reaction time 829: 825: 814: 811: 807: 803: 798: 796: 791: 789: 785: 783: 779: 773: 770: 765: 762: 758: 754: 750: 740: 737: 736: 731: 727: 723: 718: 716: 711: 710: 705: 700: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 661:Massachusetts 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 641: 635: 631: 630:Frye standard 627: 626: 619: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 599: 590: 569: 562: 557: 551:United States 548: 546: 542: 532: 530: 526: 522: 512: 509: 508:brain mapping 505: 504:narcoanalysis 501: 497: 487: 485: 480: 477: 473: 469: 464: 462: 458: 453: 450: 445: 442: 438: 433: 431: 426: 416: 413: 410: 406: 405: 394: 385: 383: 379: 369: 367: 366: 359: 354: 352: 351:Richard Helms 337: 333: 329: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 305:General state 303: 302: 301: 292: 290: 286: 281: 278: 274: 271: 266: 264: 259: 255: 250: 247: 242: 238: 235:In 2003, the 227: 222: 214: 212: 207: 205: 201: 197: 193: 187: 182: 181:, concluded: 180: 176: 175: 170: 165: 163: 158: 156: 151: 143:Effectiveness 140: 137: 133: 128: 124: 119: 109: 107: 103: 97: 95: 91: 87: 86:interrogation 82: 80: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 44: 40: 35: 29: 22: 6057: 6050: 6043: 6036: 6029: 6022: 6015: 5998: 5991: 5984: 5977: 5866:Mike Lindell 5786:Rhonda Byrne 5757:Promoters of 5744:Water memory 5713: 5684:Laundry ball 5576:Tractor beam 5532:Cold fusion‎ 5228:Lunar effect 5173:Ear candling 5121:Chiropractic 5111:Bloodletting 5101:Bates method 5071:Aromatherapy 5034: 5000:Junk science 4894: 4881: 4873: 4866: 4818: 4796: 4779: 4775: 4765: 4750: 4732: 4713: 4704: 4690: 4669: 4649: 4614: 4608: 4590:the original 4585: 4575: 4563:. 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NBC News. 4221:Pop Matters 3956:. May 2001. 3103:9 September 3077:9 September 3051:9 September 2294:3 September 2263:3 September 1997:Pages 4 - 5 1844:November 1, 1705:November 5, 1505:: 159–166. 1163:confessions 1100:Bill Dedman 1071:MythBusters 1059:child abuse 1017:Jeff Gannon 1013:Paul Crouch 1011:, Reverend 1009:Paula Jones 993:questioned 868:correlation 800:In 2012, a 645:prosecutors 637:courts. In 541:Philippines 535:Philippines 457:Netherlands 70:respiration 6075:Categories 6011:Quackwatch 5841:David Icke 5821:Max Gerson 5816:Gaia, Inc. 5704:Numerology 5699:Lysenkoism 5694:Levitation 5674:Graphology 5559:Dean drive 5494:Aryan race 5425:Mediumship 5300:Trepanning 5268:Phrenology 5208:Homeopathy 5106:Biorhythms 5005:Paranormal 4797:Gatekeeper 4536:2008-02-24 4443:2009-06-01 4273:January 4, 4226:9 December 4201:2008-03-11 4023:lie2me.net 3744:NeuroImage 3655:2013-05-26 3626:2013-05-26 3574:"Magazine" 3242:2019-04-03 3237:Justia Law 3218:2019-04-03 3131:October 2, 2915:2010-05-05 2890:2008-09-15 2757:2021-07-09 2580:2018-10-02 2551:2023-02-15 2546:www.sns.am 2508:2015-04-19 2451:2012-06-01 2158:2014-01-06 2063:August 31, 1675:2008-02-29 1649:2008-02-29 1248:References 1134:. 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