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1283:
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638:
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31:
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melt-processing will exacerbate this, with the result being that mechanically recycled plastic will usually have poorer mechanical properties than virgin plastic. Degradation can be enhanced by high concentrations of hydroperoxides, cross-contamination between different types of plastic and by additives present within the plastic. Technologies developed to enhance the biodegradation of plastic can also conflict with its recycling, with
747:
3659:
1385:. This can be a purely chemical process but may also be promoted by enzymes. Such technologies are less well developed than those of thermal depolymerisation, but have the potential for lower energy costs. Thus far, polyethylene terephthalate has been the most heavily studied polymer. Alternatively, waste plastic may be converted into other valuable chemicals (not necessarily monomers) by microbial action.
755:
1132:
of their carbonyl groups, to give lower molecular weight molecules. Such reactions are exceedingly slow at ambient temperatures, however, they remain a significant source of degradation for these materials, particularly in the marine environment. Swelling caused by the absorption of minute amounts of
1087:
Photo-oxidation is the combined action of UV-light and oxygen and is the most significant factor in the weathering of plastics. Although many polymers do not absorb UV-light, they often contain impurities like hydroperoxide and carbonyl groups introduced during thermal processing, which do. These act
1206:
reaction results in immediate chain scission. Ozone cracks in products under tension are always oriented at right angles to the strain axis, so will form around the circumference in a rubber tube bent over. Such cracks are dangerous when they occur in fuel pipes because the cracks will grow from the
877:
Mechanical degradation can be reduced by the addition of lubricants, also referred to as processing aids or flow aids. These can reduce friction against the processing machinery but also between polymer chains, resulting in a decrease in melt-viscosity. Common agents are high-molecular-weight waxes
1019:
was first described in the technical literature in 1990 by
Michael C. Faudree, an employee at General Dynamics, Fort Worth Division. The phenomenon has been referred to as the "Faudree Effect", and can possibly be used as a sustainable process to degrade non-recyclable thermoset plastics, and also
785:
and moulding, which is sufficient to snap the polymer chains. Unlike many other forms of degradation, the effects of melt-processing degrades the entire bulk of the polymer, rather than just the surface layers. This degradation introduces chemical weak points into the polymer, particularly in the
1064:
readily, however, they do still degrade in the environment because of the effects of UV-light, oxygen, water and pollutants. This combination is often generalised as polymer weathering. Chain breaking by weathering causes increasing embrittlement of plastic items, which eventually causes them to
1318:
Thermoplastic polymers like polyolefins can be remelted and reformed into new items. This approach is referred to as mechanical recycling and is usually the simplest and most economical form of recovery. Post-consumer plastic will usually already bear a degree of degradation. Another round of
914:
The in-service degradation of mechanical properties is an important aspect which limits the applications of these materials. Polymer degradation caused by in-service degradation can cause life threatening accidents. In 1996, a baby was fed via a
Hickman line and suffered an infection, when new
2424:
Teuten, Emma L.; Saquing, Jovita M.; Knappe, Detlef R. U.; Barlaz, Morton A.; Jonsson, Susanne; Björn, Annika; Rowland, Steven J.; Thompson, Richard C.; Galloway, Tamara S.; Yamashita, Rei; Ochi, Daisuke; Watanuki, Yutaka; Moore, Charles; Viet, Pham Hung; Tana, Touch Seang; Prudente, Maricar;
906:
Most plastic items, like packaging materials, are used briefly and only once. These rarely experience polymer degradation during their service-lives. Other items experience only gradual degradation from the natural environment. Some plastic items, however, can experience long service-lives in
801:
such as dyes, pigments and stabilisers. Pelletised material prepared in this may also be pre-dried in an oven to remove trace moisture prior to its final melting and moulding into plastic items. Plastic which is recycled by simple re‑melting (mechanical recycling) will usually display more
1407:
stabilise against weathering by absorbing ultraviolet light and converting it into heat. Antioxidants stabilise the polymer by terminating the chain reaction because of the absorption of UV light from sunlight. The chain reaction initiated by photo-oxidation leads to cessation of
758:
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762:
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The act of recycling plastic degrades its polymer chains, usually as a result of thermal damage similar to that seen during initial processing. In some cases, this is turned into an advantage by intentionally and completely depolymerising the plastic back into its starting
763:
2588:
Ahmed, Temoor; Shahid, Muhammad; Azeem, Farrukh; Rasul, Ijaz; Shah, Asad Ali; Noman, Muhammad; Hameed, Amir; Manzoor, Natasha; Manzoor, Irfan; Muhammad, Sher (March 2018). "Biodegradation of plastics: current scenario and future prospects for environmental safety".
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986:
operate at elevated temperatures for years, or even decades, resulting in low-level but continuous thermal oxidation. This can be exacerbated by direct contact with metals, which can promote the formation of free-radicals, for instance, by the action of
810:
Although oxygen levels inside processing equipment are usually low, it cannot be fully excluded and thermal-oxidation will usually take place more readily than degradation that is exclusively thermal (i.e. without air). Reactions follow the general
1323:
additives, consisting of metallic salts of iron, magnesium, nickel, and cobalt, increasing the rate of thermal degradation. Depending on the polymer in question, an amount of virgin material may be added to maintain the quality of the product.
760:
1868:
Fujii, Takehiro; Matsui, Yuichi; Hirabayashi, Hideo; Igawa, Kazuhisa; Okada, Saori; Honma, Hidekazu; Nishimura, Hiroyuki; Yamada, Kazushi (September 2019). "Influence of residual chlorine and pressure on degradation of polybutylene pipe".
772:
Thermoplastic polymers (be they virgin or recycled) must be heated until molten to be formed into their final shapes, with processing temperatures anywhere between 150-320 °C (300–600 °F) depending on the polymer. Polymers will
1305:
because of its energy costs. Mechanical recycling, where the plastic is simply remelted and reformed, is more common, although this usually results in a lower-quality product. Alternatively, plastic may simply be burnt as a fuel in a
2224:
Liu, Z.; Curioni, M.; Jamshidi, P.; Walker, A.; Prengnell, P.; Thompson, G.E.; Skeldon, P. (September 2014). "Electrochemical characteristics of a carbon fibre composite and the associated galvanic effects with aluminium alloys".
1258:
or amide groups. Long-chain polymers with all-carbon backbones like polyolefins, polystyrene and PVC will not degrade by biological action alone and must first be oxidised to create chemical groups which the enzymes can attack.
1358:, with random chain scission giving a mixture of volatile products. Where monomers are obtained, they can be converted back into new plastic (chemical or feedstock recycling), whereas pyrolysis products are used as a type of
907:
aggressive environments, particularly those where they are subject to prolonged heat or chemical attack. Polymer degradation can be significant in these cases and, in practice, is often only held back by the use of advanced
1241:
The major appeal of biodegradation is that, in theory, the polymer will be completely consumed in the environment without needing complex waste management and that the products of this will be non-toxic. Most
1036:. This has been seen in engineering when carbon-fiber polymers have been used to reinforce weakened steel structures. Reactions have also been seen in aluminium and magnesium alloys, polymers affected include
869:
with high viscosities, and the interaction between their thermal and mechanical degradation can be complex. At low temperatures, the polymer-melt is more viscous and more prone to mechanical degradation via
2425:
Boonyatumanond, Ruchaya; Zakaria, Mohamad P.; Akkhavong, Kongsap; Ogata, Yuko; Hirai, Hisashi; Iwasa, Satoru; Mizukawa, Kaoruko; Hagino, Yuki; Imamura, Ayako; Saha, Mahua; Takada, Hideshige (27 July 2009).
2260:
Pan, Yingcai; Wu, Guoqing; Cheng, Xu; Zhang, Zongke; Li, Maoyuan; Ji, Sudong; Huang, Zheng (September 2015). "Galvanic corrosion behaviour of carbon fibre reinforced polymer/magnesium alloys coupling".
1246:
biodegrade very slowly, sometimes to the extent that they are considered non-biodegradable. As polymers are ordinarily too large to be absorbed by microbes, biodegradation initially relies on secreted
874:. At higher temperatures, the viscosity is reduced, but thermal degradation is increased. Friction at points of high sheer can also cause localised heating, leading to additional thermal degradation.
1301:, which can then be used to generate fresh, un-degraded plastic. In theory, this chemical (or feedstock) recycling offers infinite recyclability, but it is also more expensive and can have a higher
1362:(energy recycling). In practice, even very efficient depolymerisation to monomers tends to see some competitive pyrolysis. Thermoset polymers may also be converted in this way, for instance, in
2826:
Singh, Narinder; Hui, David; Singh, Rupinder; Ahuja, I.P.S.; Feo, Luciano; Fraternali, Fernando (April 2017). "Recycling of plastic solid waste: A state of art review and future applications".
2513:
Allen, Norman S.; Edge, Michael; Mohammadian, Mehrdad; Jones, Ken (January 1991). "Hydrolytic degradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate): Importance of chain scission versus crystallinity".
759:
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under these conditions, but even in the absence of air, these temperatures are sufficient to cause thermal degradation in some materials. The molten polymer also experiences significant
1636:
Peterson, Jeffery D.; Vyazovkin, Sergey; Wight, Charles A. (2001). "Kinetics of the
Thermal and Thermo-Oxidative Degradation of Polystyrene, Polyethylene and Poly(propylene)".
857:
is the most thermally sensitive common polymer, with major degradation occurring from ~250 °C (480 °F) onwards; other polymers degrade at higher temperatures.
915:
connectors were used by a hospital. The reason behind this infection was the cracking and erosion of the pipes from the inner side due to contact with liquid media.
2902:
Yin, Shi; Tuladhar, Rabin; Shi, Feng; Shanks, Robert A.; Combe, Mark; Collister, Tony (December 2015). "Mechanical reprocessing of polyolefin waste: A review".
1700:
Matsuzawa, Yoshiaki; Ayabe, Muneo; Nishino, Junya; Kubota, Nobuhiko; Motegi, Mikio (August 2004). "Evaluation of char fuel ratio in municipal pyrolysis waste".
606:
In general, the effects of heat, light, air and water are the most significant factors in the degradation of plastic polymers. The major chemical changes are
1958:
Zakrevskii, V. A.; Sudar, N. T.; Zaopo, A.; Dubitsky, Yu. A. (15 February 2003). "Mechanism of electrical degradation and breakdown of insulating polymers".
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Krueger, Martin C.; Harms, Hauke; Schlosser, Dietmar (November 2015). "Prospects for microbiological solutions to environmental pollution with plastics".
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2288:
Woo, E. M.; Chen, J. S.; Carter, C. S. (1993). "Mechanisms of degradation of polymer composites by galvanic reactions between metals and carbon fiber".
2135:
2023:
954:(polyoxymethylene) pipework and fittings are all susceptible. Attack leads to hardening of pipework, which can leave it brittle and more susceptible to
1904:Öner, Mualla; White, Don H. (January 1993). "Investigation of the degradation of commercial polyoxymethylene copolymer in water service applications".
946:. Although low, 5 ppm is enough to slowly attack certain types of plastic, particularly when the water is heated, as it is for washing. Polyethylene,
793:
Polymers are often subject to more than one round of melt-processing, which can cumulatively advance degradation. Virgin plastic typically undergoes
2385:"An overview of chemical additives present in plastics: Migration, release, fate and environmental impact during their use, disposal and recycling"
572:, including during their initial processing, use, disposal into the environment and recycling. The rate of this degradation varies significantly;
837:
Heating polymers to a sufficiently high temperature can cause damaging chemical changes, even in the absence of oxygen. This usually starts with
3187:
974:. These applications can be harsh, exposing the plastic to a mixture of thermal, chemical and electrochemical attack. Many electric items like
2551:
1262:
Oxidation can be caused by melt-processing or weathering in the environment. Oxidation may be intentionally accelerated by the addition of
583:
ensure plastic items are produced with the desired properties, extend their useful lifespans, and facilitate their recycling. Conversely,
2697:
3185:
Aguado, J.; Serrano, D. P.; Escola, J. M. (5 November 2008). "Fuels from Waste
Plastics by Thermal and Catalytic Processes: A Review".
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Shah, Aamer Ali; Hasan, Fariha; Hameed, Abdul; Ahmed, Safia (May 2008). "Biological degradation of plastics: A comprehensive review".
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Tavakkolizadeh, Mohammadreza; Saadatmanesh, Hamid (August 2001). "Galvanic
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1073:
of additives out of plastic and into the environment. Many controversies associated with plastics actually relate to these additives.
139:
1266:. These are added to the polymer during compounding to improve the biodegradation of otherwise very resistant plastics. Similarly,
3140:
Coates, Geoffrey W.; Getzler, Yutan D. Y. L. (July 2020). "Chemical recycling to monomer for an ideal, circular polymer economy".
3977:
1651:
2475:
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2638:
1236:
911:. Degradation arising from the effects of heat, light, air and water is the most common, but other means of degradation exist.
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3359:
Wierckx, Nick; Prieto, M. Auxiliadora; Pomposiello, Pablo; Lorenzo, Victor; O'Connor, Kevin; Blank, Lars M. (November 2015).
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1638:
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Rahimi, AliReza; García, Jeannette M. (June 2017). "Chemical recycling of waste plastics for new materials production".
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of the polymers and degradation of the property of polymers. Antioxidants are used to protect from thermal degradation.
3970:
3477:
3053:
Kaminsky, W; Predel, M; Sadiki, A (September 2004). "Feedstock recycling of polymers by pyrolysis in a fluidised bed".
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and not just left in a landfill site where degradation is very difficult because of the lack of oxygen and moisture.
309:
124:
87:
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171:
2932:"A Recycling-Focused Assessment of the Oxidative Thermomechanical Degradation of HDPE Melt Containing Pro-oxidant"
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1021:
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Duvall, Donald (June 2014). "Oxidation
Resistance of Polypropylene Random Copolymer Pipe to Chlorinated Water".
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537:
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International Sampe
Symposium and Exhibition (Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering)
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are formed. As the particle sizes get smaller, so their combined surface area increases. This facilitates the
1665:
Yu, Jie; Sun, Lushi; Ma, Chuan; Qiao, Yu; Yao, Hong (February 2016). "Thermal degradation of PVC: A review".
1454:
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Zhao, Xiao-Ling; Zhang, Lei (August 2007). "State-of-the-art review on FRP strengthened steel structures".
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2318:
Andrady, Anthony L. (February 1994). "Assessment of
Environmental Biodegradation of Synthetic Polymers".
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outside exposed surfaces into the bore of the pipe, and fuel leakage and fire may follow. The problem of
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324:
119:
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92:
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1731:"The degradation of mechanical properties in polymer nano-composites exposed to liquid media – a review"
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Hahladakis, John N.; Velis, Costas A.; Weber, Roland; Iacovidou, Eleni; Purnell, Phil (February 2018).
1960:
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has had implications for preventing corrosion on aircraft for safety such as changes in design. When
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can take decades, whereas some industrial processes can completely decompose a polymer in hours.
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Babetto, Alex S.; Antunes, Marcela C.; Bettini, Sílvia H. P.; Bonse, Baltus C. (February 2020).
4151:
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Osawa, Zenjiro (January 1988). "Role of metals and metal-deactivators in polymer degradation".
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with all-carbon backbones that are more resistant to most types of degradation. PET and PC are
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2059:
1526:
Singh, Baljit; Sharma, Nisha (March 2008). "Mechanistic implications of plastic degradation".
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703:(PMMA). The degradation of these materials is of primary importance as they account for most
564:, such as strength, caused by changes in its chemical composition. Polymers and particularly
484:
304:
299:
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1969:
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47:
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1995:
Mayoux, C. (October 2000). "Degradation of insulating materials under electrical stress".
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Global plastic waste generation by industrial sector for 2015, measured in tonnes per year
8:
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2972:"Effect of the Prodegradant-Additive Plastics Incorporated on the Polyethylene Recycling"
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have been designed which are intrinsically biodegradable, provided they are treated like
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Tokiwa, Yutaka; Calabia, Buenaventurada; Ugwu, Charles; Aiba, Seiichi (26 August 2009).
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1973:
1044:. The mechanism of degradation is believed to involve the electrochemical generation of
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Technologies have been developed to both inhibit or promote degradation. For instance,
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to give complex free radical chain reactions where the mechanisms of autoxidation and
790:, which become initiation sites for further degradation during the object's lifetime.
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2427:"Transport and release of chemicals from plastics to the environment and to wildlife"
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2634:"Plastics: Environmental and Biotechnological Perspectives on Microbial Degradation"
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to reduce the polymers to manageable chain-lengths. This requires the polymers bear
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3267:"Recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) – A review focusing on chemical methods"
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Hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) stabilise against weathering by scavenging
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on hydroperoxides. High voltage loads can also damage insulating materials such as
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2544:"Pathways for degradation of plastic polymers floating in the marine environment"
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1729:
Saharudin, Mohd
Shahneel; Atif, Rasheed; Shyha, Islam; Inam, Fawad (2015-12-22).
1678:
1566:
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1342:, thermal degradation gives way to complete decomposition. Certain polymers like
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1016:
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Mechanism of galvanic degradation of high temperature polyimide thermoset polymer
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Alteration in the polymer properties under the influence of environmental factors
67:
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Eriksen, M.K.; Christiansen, J.D.; Daugaard, A.E.; Astrup, T.F. (August 2019).
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Society for the
Advancement of Material and Process Engineering(SAMPE) Journal
2031:
Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering(SAMPE) Journal
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Degradation can be detected before serious cracks are seen in a product using
966:
Plastics are used extensively in the manufacture of electrical items, such as
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2008:
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634:, appearance and colour. The changes in properties are often termed "aging".
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degradation than fresh material and may have poorer properties as a result.
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2117:"ATF Researchers Address Potential for Bismaleimide Composile Degradation"
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to give their starting monomers, whereas others like polyethylene undergo
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
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2024:"Relationship of Graphite/Polyimide Composites to Galvanic Processes"
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Hopewell, Jefferson; Dvorak, Robert; Kosior, Edward (27 July 2009).
2632:
Danso, Dominik; Chow, Jennifer; Streit, Wolfgang R. (19 July 2019).
1178:. This gas exists naturally in the atmosphere but is also formed by
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2081:
Gnanavel, G.; Thirumarimurugan, M.; Mohana Jeya Valli, V.P (2015).
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489:
467:
329:
3658:
1506:
Forensic Polymer Engineering: Why polymer products fail in service
1116:, are usually resistant to hydrolysis. Condensation polymers like
4314:
4191:
4092:
3994:
3486:
3361:"Plastic waste as a novel substrate for industrial biotechnology"
3002:
1271:
1029:
774:
746:
600:
565:
561:
3410:
Celina, Mathew C.; Linde, Erik; Martinez, Estevan (March 2021).
3358:
1378:
506:
2542:
Gewert, Berit; Plassmann, Merle M.; MacLeod, Matthew (2015).
2382:
1255:
1175:
1049:
1957:
1781:(Fourth incorporating the first addendum ed.). Geneva:
1403:
that are produced by photo-oxidation of the polymer matrix.
599:
can involve the complete degradation of a polymer back into
3552:
3455:
1867:
1699:
1343:
1327:
1065:
break apart. Fragmentation then continues until eventually
938:
to kill microbes may contain trace levels of chlorine. The
472:
260:
134:
3300:"Microbial Degradation and Valorization of Plastic Wastes"
2969:
2928:
2320:
Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part C: Polymer Reviews
2169:
1997:
IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation
1435:
formed by photo-oxidation have distinct absorption bands.
1420:
2512:
2423:
2083:"Current Scenario of Biodegradation of Plastics – Review"
1032:
if exposed to water or sufficient humidity, resulting in
854:
671:
Plastics exist in huge variety, however several types of
2223:
714:
and are more susceptible to degradation than equivalent
1593:
Schyns, Zoé O. G.; Shaver, Michael P. (February 2021).
3264:
3080:
Kumagai, Shogo; Yoshioka, Toshiaki (1 November 2016).
2541:
1728:
1635:
1595:"Mechanical Recycling of Packaging Plastics: A Review"
1381:
can also be completely depolymerised by hydrolysis or
2743:
2690:
2587:
2476:"Photostabilisation mechanisms in polymers: A review"
3052:
2901:
2852:
2788:
1552:
1377:
polymers baring cleavable groups such as esters and
3409:
3298:Ru, Jiakang; Huo, Yixin; Yang, Yu (21 April 2020).
3184:
1182:released in vehicle exhaust pollution. Many common
2930:
2855:"Plastics recycling: challenges and opportunities"
2825:
568:are subject to degradation at all stages of their
3082:"Feedstock Recycling via Waste Plastic Pyrolysis"
1055:
927:Chlorine attack on an acetal resin plumbing joint
560:is the reduction in the physical properties of a
4353:
3214:Wei, Ren; Zimmermann, Wolfgang (November 2017).
2090:Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences
860:
741:
3265:Geyer, B.; Lorenz, G.; Kandelbauer, A. (2016).
3188:Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
3079:
2646:(19): e01095–19, /aem/85/19/AEM.01095–19.atom.
2631:
2259:
1277:
641:2015 Global plastic production by polymer type:
2552:Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts
1112:Polymers with an all-carbon backbone, such as
722:. The majority (PP, PE, PVC, PS and PMMA) are
3978:
3471:
3213:
3139:
2474:Wiles, D.M.; Carlsson, D.J. (November 1980).
2473:
2287:
1096:combine. Photo-oxidation can be held back by
999:caused by prolonged electrical field stress.
768:Short video on injection molding (9 min 37 s)
538:
3112:
2591:Environmental Science and Pollution Research
2376:
1592:
1489:Plastics Failure Guide: Cause and Prevention
1478:Forensic Materials Engineering: Case studies
1476:Lewis, Peter Rhys, Reynolds, K and Gagg, C,
1369:
918:
2698:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
2506:
1664:
1525:
3985:
3971:
3478:
3464:
2343:
2341:
2313:
2311:
1835:Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention
1286:Global means of disposal for plastic waste
734:groups more susceptible to hydrolysis and
545:
531:
3427:
3386:
3327:
3317:
3297:
3282:
3241:
3097:
2987:
2878:
2720:
2710:
2667:
2564:
2450:
2400:
2196:
1903:
1746:
1612:
1496:Environmental Stress Cracking of Plastics
1218:
1202:being most sensitive to degradation. The
893:
140:Nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization
3086:Journal of the Japan Petroleum Institute
2976:International Journal of Polymer Science
2114:
1805:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1419:
1328:Thermal depolymerisation & pyrolysis
1281:
1154:
1140:
1006:
922:
897:
753:
745:
636:
2937:Journal of Polymers and the Environment
2350:Journal of Polymers and the Environment
2347:
2338:
2317:
2308:
2133:
2115:Dornheim, Michael (November 26, 1990).
2021:
815:mechanism, leading to the formation of
4354:
3568:Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE)
2747:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
2639:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
2172:Journal of Composites for Construction
1994:
1832:
1237:Plastic degradation by marine bacteria
1128:and polycarbonates can be degraded by
826:
3966:
3508:Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE)
3503:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
3459:
3429:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109550
3067:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2003.05.002
2184:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2001)5:3(200)
1930:
1883:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.06.012
1820:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2003.10.019
1779:Guidelines for drinking-water quality
1581:
1540:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.11.008
1254:the enzymes can 'recognise', such as
622:of the polymer. These changes affect
4320:List of environmental health hazards
4240:List of environmental health hazards
2121:Aviation Week and Science Technology
1639:Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics
1431:. In particular, peroxy-species and
1024:is attached to a metal surface, the
805:
1600:Macromolecular Rapid Communications
13:
4125:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs
1076:
1002:
29:
14:
4393:
3416:Polymer Degradation and Stability
3055:Polymer Degradation and Stability
2904:Polymer Engineering & Science
2840:10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.09.013
2480:Polymer Degradation and Stability
2057:
1933:Polymer Degradation and Stability
1906:Polymer Degradation and Stability
1871:Polymer Degradation and Stability
1808:Polymer Degradation and Stability
1528:Polymer Degradation and Stability
1137:, which accelerates degradation.
666:
125:Controlled radical polymerization
3657:
3651:
3543:Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)
3518:Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
3284:10.3144/expresspolymlett.2016.53
2805:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.12.005
1504:Lewis, Peter Rhys, and Gagg, C,
1102:hindered amine light stabilizers
886:, etc.) or metal stearates (i.e.
614:, leading to a reduction in the
3523:Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA)
3403:
3352:
3291:
3258:
3207:
3178:
3133:
3106:
3073:
3046:
2996:
2963:
2922:
2895:
2846:
2819:
2782:
2737:
2684:
2625:
2581:
2535:
2467:
2417:
2281:
2253:
2217:
2211:10.1016/j.engstruct.2006.10.006
2190:
2163:
2127:
2108:
2074:
2051:
2015:
1988:
1951:
1924:
1897:
1861:
1826:
1470:
1225:Synthetic biodegradable polymer
1022:carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer
942:recommends an upper limit of 5
833:Thermal degradation of polymers
819:and carbonyls. The addition of
718:, as those are more thoroughly
3886:Category:Plastics applications
3633:Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA)
3628:Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)
3613:Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
2828:Composites Part B: Engineering
2693:"Biodegradability of Plastics"
2389:Journal of Hazardous Materials
1799:
1771:
1722:
1693:
1658:
1629:
1546:
1519:
1388:
1174:, are vulnerable to attack by
1170:Polymers, which are not fully
1056:Degradation in the environment
961:
587:accelerate the degradation of
1:
3593:Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO)
2402:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.10.014
2060:"電気化学的過程とグラファイト/ポリイミド複合材料の関係"
1512:
1455:Environmental stress fracture
1186:(rubbers) are affected, with
1135:environmental stress cracking
1107:
861:Thermo-mechanical degradation
742:Degradation during processing
88:Flory–Huggins solution theory
4310:Persistent organic pollutant
4271:Toxic Substances Control Act
4230:Persistent organic pollutant
3513:Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)
3485:
3024:10.1016/j.wasman.2019.07.005
2529:10.1016/0014-3057(91)90237-I
2492:10.1016/0141-3910(80)90008-7
2275:10.1016/j.corsci.2015.06.024
2247:10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.06.072
2134:Faudree, Michael C. (1991).
2022:Faudree, Michael C. (1991).
1945:10.1016/0141-3910(88)90070-5
1918:10.1016/0141-3910(93)90135-6
1679:10.1016/j.wasman.2015.11.041
1567:10.1016/j.wasman.2017.07.044
1508:, Woodhead/CRC Press (2010).
1450:Forensic polymer engineering
1415:
1313:
1278:Degradation during recycling
1048:ions, which then cleave the
845:, which primarily engage in
823:may inhibit such processes.
675:dominate global production:
7:
4303:Great Pacific garbage patch
4225:Great Pacific garbage patch
3638:Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN)
3553:Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
1465:Weather testing of polymers
1438:
1338:As polymers approach their
1211:can be prevented by adding
1083:Photo-oxidation of polymers
154:Condensation polymerization
120:Free-radical polymerization
115:Chain-growth polymerization
10:
4398:
4266:Japan Toxic Substances Law
4061:Miscellaneous plasticizers
2949:10.1007/s10924-019-01641-6
1961:Journal of Applied Physics
1716:10.1016/j.fuel.2004.02.006
1392:
1331:
1289:
1222:
1144:
1080:
830:
750:Plastic compounding scheme
689:polyethylene terephthalate
661:Polyethylene terephthalate
149:Step-growth polymerization
4340:
4285:
4261:European REACH regulation
4256:California Proposition 65
4248:
4205:
4162:
4124:
4091:
4060:
4006:
3999:polyhalogenated compounds
3955:
3900:
3876:High-performance plastics
3845:
3838:
3750:
3709:
3701:High-performance plastics
3666:
3649:
3493:
3305:Frontiers in Microbiology
3164:10.1038/s41578-020-0190-4
2760:10.1007/s00253-015-6879-4
2603:10.1007/s11356-018-1234-9
2332:10.1080/15321799408009632
1847:10.1007/s11668-014-9809-3
1783:World Health Organization
1370:Chemical depolymerisation
940:World Health Organization
919:Chlorine-induced cracking
701:poly(methyl methacrylate)
4362:Mechanical failure modes
3686:Fibre-reinforced plastic
3623:Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
3319:10.3389/fmicb.2020.00442
3143:Nature Reviews Materials
3115:Nature Reviews Chemistry
2516:European Polymer Journal
2009:10.1109/TDEI.2000.879355
1334:Thermal depolymerization
620:degree of polymerization
3737:Biodegradable additives
3379:10.1111/1751-7915.12312
3366:Microbial Biotechnology
3271:Express Polymer Letters
3234:10.1111/1751-7915.12710
3221:Microbial Biotechnology
3127:10.1038/s41570-017-0046
2362:10.1023/A:1021148205366
2227:Applied Surface Science
1264:biodegradable additives
1015:Polymer degradation by
710:These plastics are all
585:biodegradable additives
159:Addition polymerization
93:Coil–globule transition
4152:Perfluorooctanoic acid
3588:Polyphenyl ether (PPE)
3583:Polyoxymethylene (POM)
3528:Polyacrylic acid (PAA)
2871:10.1098/rstb.2008.0311
2792:Biotechnology Advances
2443:10.1098/rstb.2008.0284
2199:Engineering Structures
2058:C, Faudree M. (1991).
1614:10.1002/marc.202000415
1424:
1287:
1268:biodegradable plastics
1219:Biological degradation
1167:
1012:
928:
903:
894:In-service degradation
769:
751:
663:
271:Self-healing hydrogels
34:
4382:Materials degradation
4332:Biodegradable plastic
3681:Thermosetting polymer
3578:Polylactic acid (PLA)
1429:infrared spectroscopy
1423:
1285:
1248:extracellular enzymes
1233:Biodegradable polymer
1229:Biodegradable plastic
1158:
1141:Ozonolysis of rubbers
1133:water can also cause
1060:Most plastics do not
1010:
926:
901:
767:
749:
728:condensation polymers
640:
485:Cookware and bakeware
437:Industrial production
305:X-ray crystallography
33:
4343:Identification codes
3943:Foam food containers
3866:Engineering plastics
2989:10.1155/2018/2474176
2712:10.3390/ijms10093722
2660:10.1128/AEM.01095-19
2302:10.1002/pc.750140505
1710:(11–12): 1675–1687.
1491:, Hanser-SPE (1996).
1445:Applied spectroscopy
995:, which degrade via
867:non-Newtonian fluids
865:Molten polymers are
603:or other chemicals.
4182:Endocrine disruptor
3780:Compression molding
3732:Polymer stabilizers
3156:2020NatRM...5..501C
2865:(1526): 2115–2126.
2652:2019ApEnM..85E1095D
2437:(1526): 2027–2045.
2239:2014ApSS..314..233L
1974:2003JAP....93.2135Z
1460:Polymer engineering
1395:Polymer stabilizers
1340:ceiling temperature
984:high-voltage cables
909:polymer stabilizers
827:Thermal degradation
624:physical properties
581:polymer stabilizers
558:Polymer degradation
458:Protective Coatings
73:Mark–Houwink theory
4377:Forensic phenomena
4197:Polymer fume fever
3856:Commodity plastics
3830:Rotational molding
3800:Fiberglass molding
3760:Injection moulding
3742:Filler (materials)
3691:Corrugated plastic
3643:Tritan copolyester
3598:Polypropylene (PP)
3548:Polycarbonate (PC)
3099:10.1627/jpi.59.243
2566:10.1039/C5EM00207A
2290:Polymer Composites
1748:10.1039/C5RA22620A
1494:Wright, David C.,
1425:
1346:, polystyrene and
1288:
1168:
1034:galvanic corrosion
1013:
997:electrical treeing
956:mechanical failure
929:
904:
847:disproportionation
770:
752:
685:polyvinyl chloride
664:
653:Polyvinyl chloride
570:product life cycle
35:
4367:Polymer chemistry
4349:
4348:
4327:Plastic recycling
4293:Plastic pollution
4279:
4278:
4213:Plastic pollution
3993:Health issues of
3951:
3950:
3847:Plastics industry
3765:Plastic extrusion
3618:Polyurethane (PU)
3608:Polysulfone (PES)
3563:Polyethylene (PE)
3538:Polybutylene (PB)
3201:10.1021/ie800393w
3195:(21): 7982–7992.
2916:10.1002/pen.24182
2910:(12): 2899–2909.
2754:(21): 8857–8874.
2523:(12): 1373–1378.
2263:Corrosion Science
1982:10.1063/1.1531820
1792:978-92-4-154995-0
1321:oxo-biodegradable
1292:Plastic recycling
1252:functional groups
1196:styrene-butadiene
1098:light stabilizers
972:electrical cables
817:organic peroxides
806:Thermal oxidation
765:
724:addition polymers
673:commodity polymer
597:plastic recycling
591:by improving its
555:
554:
468:Consumer products
4389:
4218:Rubber pollution
4068:Organophosphates
3987:
3980:
3973:
3964:
3963:
3843:
3842:
3815:Filament winding
3790:Transfer molding
3717:Polymer additive
3661:
3655:
3603:Polystyrene (PS)
3480:
3473:
3466:
3457:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3431:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3390:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3331:
3321:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3245:
3228:(6): 1308–1322.
3211:
3205:
3204:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3061:(3): 1045–1050.
3050:
3044:
3043:
3012:Waste Management
3009:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2934:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2882:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2724:
2714:
2705:(9): 3722–3742.
2688:
2682:
2681:
2671:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2597:(8): 7287–7298.
2585:
2579:
2578:
2568:
2559:(9): 1513–1521.
2548:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2454:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2404:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2205:(8): 1808–1823.
2194:
2188:
2187:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2140:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2087:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2028:
2019:
2013:
2012:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1968:(4): 2135–2139.
1955:
1949:
1948:
1939:(3–4): 203–236.
1928:
1922:
1921:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1750:
1741:(2): 1076–1089.
1726:
1720:
1719:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1667:Waste Management
1662:
1656:
1655:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1616:
1590:
1579:
1578:
1555:Waste Management
1550:
1544:
1543:
1523:
1352:depolymerization
1303:carbon footprint
1094:photodegradation
989:Fenton reactions
766:
616:molecular weight
595:. Some forms of
593:biodegradability
547:
540:
533:
451:Applied coatings
288:Characterization
21:
20:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4336:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4244:
4201:
4158:
4120:
4087:
4056:
4002:
3991:
3957:
3947:
3896:
3834:
3820:Solvent bonding
3810:Plastic welding
3752:
3746:
3705:
3668:
3662:
3656:
3647:
3558:Polyester (PEs)
3495:
3489:
3484:
3454:
3453:
3408:
3404:
3357:
3353:
3296:
3292:
3263:
3259:
3212:
3208:
3183:
3179:
3138:
3134:
3111:
3107:
3078:
3074:
3051:
3047:
3007:
3001:
2997:
2968:
2964:
2927:
2923:
2900:
2896:
2851:
2847:
2824:
2820:
2787:
2783:
2742:
2738:
2689:
2685:
2630:
2626:
2586:
2582:
2546:
2540:
2536:
2511:
2507:
2472:
2468:
2422:
2418:
2381:
2377:
2346:
2339:
2316:
2309:
2286:
2282:
2258:
2254:
2222:
2218:
2195:
2191:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2138:
2132:
2128:
2113:
2109:
2085:
2079:
2075:
2070:(2): 1288–1301.
2056:
2052:
2045:
2026:
2020:
2016:
1993:
1989:
1956:
1952:
1929:
1925:
1902:
1898:
1866:
1862:
1831:
1827:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1727:
1723:
1698:
1694:
1663:
1659:
1634:
1630:
1591:
1582:
1551:
1547:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1473:
1441:
1433:carbonyl groups
1418:
1397:
1391:
1372:
1336:
1330:
1316:
1308:waste-to-energy
1294:
1280:
1244:common plastics
1239:
1223:Main articles:
1221:
1180:nitrogen oxides
1153:
1145:Main articles:
1143:
1110:
1090:photoinitiators
1085:
1079:
1077:Photo-oxidation
1058:
1017:galvanic action
1005:
1003:Galvanic action
980:microprocessors
964:
934:which has been
921:
896:
863:
835:
829:
808:
754:
744:
669:
642:
632:melt flow index
626:like strength,
551:
522:
521:
433:
425:
424:
355:
347:
346:
290:
280:
279:
197:Polyisobutylene
178:Functional type
174:
164:
163:
110:
100:
99:
43:
24:Polymer science
17:
12:
11:
5:
4395:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4168:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4111:Vinyl chloride
4108:
4105:Polycarbonates
4097:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4079:
4070:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4038:
4033:
4027:
4022:
4016:
4014:
4004:
4003:
3990:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3918:Packaging film
3915:
3910:
3904:
3902:
3901:Specific goods
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3852:
3850:
3840:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3825:Vacuum forming
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3756:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3696:Polymeric foam
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3672:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3573:Polyimide (PI)
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3533:Polyamide (PA)
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3483:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3460:
3452:
3451:
3402:
3373:(6): 900–903.
3351:
3290:
3277:(7): 559–586.
3257:
3206:
3177:
3150:(7): 501–516.
3132:
3105:
3092:(6): 243–253.
3072:
3045:
2995:
2962:
2943:(2): 699–712.
2921:
2894:
2845:
2818:
2799:(3): 246–265.
2781:
2736:
2683:
2624:
2580:
2534:
2505:
2466:
2416:
2375:
2356:(4): 163–173.
2337:
2307:
2296:(5): 395–401.
2280:
2252:
2216:
2189:
2178:(3): 200–210.
2162:
2155:
2126:
2107:
2073:
2050:
2043:
2014:
2003:(5): 590–601.
1987:
1950:
1923:
1912:(3): 297–303.
1896:
1860:
1841:(3): 336–342.
1825:
1814:(2): 261–267.
1798:
1791:
1770:
1721:
1692:
1657:
1646:(6): 775–784.
1628:
1607:(3): 2000415.
1580:
1545:
1534:(3): 561–584.
1517:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1502:
1492:
1487:Ezrin, Meyer,
1485:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1440:
1437:
1417:
1414:
1393:Main article:
1390:
1387:
1371:
1368:
1364:tyre recycling
1360:synthetic fuel
1332:Main article:
1329:
1326:
1315:
1312:
1290:Main article:
1279:
1276:
1220:
1217:
1209:ozone cracking
1188:natural rubber
1164:natural rubber
1160:Ozone cracking
1151:Ozone cracking
1142:
1139:
1109:
1106:
1081:Main article:
1078:
1075:
1057:
1054:
1004:
1001:
968:circuit boards
963:
960:
932:Drinking water
920:
917:
895:
892:
862:
859:
839:chain scission
831:Main article:
828:
825:
807:
804:
788:hydroperoxides
743:
740:
730:which contain
712:thermoplastics
668:
667:Susceptibility
665:
612:chain scission
574:biodegradation
553:
552:
550:
549:
542:
535:
527:
524:
523:
520:
519:
514:
512:Plastic bottle
509:
504:
499:
498:
497:
495:Food Container
492:
482:
481:
480:
470:
465:
460:
455:
454:
453:
448:
438:
434:
431:
430:
427:
426:
423:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
356:
353:
352:
349:
348:
345:
344:
343:
342:
337:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
291:
286:
285:
282:
281:
278:
277:
276:
275:
274:
273:
258:
253:
248:
244:
243:
242:
241:
236:
231:
226:
219:Vinyl polymers
216:
211:
206:
201:
200:
199:
194:
189:
179:
175:
172:Classification
170:
169:
166:
165:
162:
161:
156:
151:
145:
144:
143:
142:
137:
132:
122:
117:
111:
106:
105:
102:
101:
98:
97:
96:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
68:Phase behavior
65:
60:
55:
50:
44:
41:
40:
37:
36:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4394:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4344:
4339:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4298:Garbage patch
4296:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4164:Health issues
4161:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3996:
3988:
3983:
3981:
3976:
3974:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3960:
3954:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3938:Shopping bags
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3893:(Agriculture)
3892:
3891:Plasticulture
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3871:Geosynthetics
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3775:Thermoforming
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3676:Thermoplastic
3674:
3673:
3671:
3665:
3660:
3654:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3476:
3474:
3469:
3467:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3406:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3355:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3294:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3210:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3181:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3136:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2925:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2785:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2740:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2628:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2584:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2545:
2538:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2509:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2342:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2312:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2158:
2156:0-938994-56-5
2152:
2149:: 1288–1301.
2148:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2046:
2044:0-938994-56-5
2040:
2037:: 1288–1301.
2036:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1794:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1518:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1413:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1401:free radicals
1396:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1325:
1322:
1311:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1284:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:polybutadiene
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1126:polyurethanes
1123:
1119:
1115:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1067:microplastics
1063:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1038:bismaleimides
1035:
1031:
1028:can act as a
1027:
1023:
1018:
1009:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
925:
916:
912:
910:
900:
891:
889:
888:zinc stearate
885:
881:
875:
873:
868:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
843:free radicals
841:, generating
840:
834:
824:
822:
818:
814:
803:
800:
797:to introduce
796:
791:
789:
784:
780:
776:
748:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
708:
706:
705:plastic waste
702:
698:
697:polycarbonate
694:
691:(PET, PETE),
690:
686:
682:
681:polypropylene
678:
674:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
645:polypropylene
639:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
589:plastic waste
586:
582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
548:
543:
541:
536:
534:
529:
528:
526:
525:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
486:
483:
479:
476:
475:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
452:
449:
447:
444:
443:
442:
439:
436:
435:
429:
428:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
357:
351:
350:
341:
338:
336:
333:
332:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
292:
289:
284:
283:
272:
269:
268:
267:
264:
263:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
246:
245:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
221:
220:
217:
215:
214:Polycarbonate
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
198:
195:
193:
192:Polypropylene
190:
188:
185:
184:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
168:
167:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
146:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
112:
109:
104:
103:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
70:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
49:
46:
45:
39:
38:
32:
28:
27:
23:
22:
19:
4008:Plasticizers
3956:Environment
3908:Blister pack
3861:Construction
3770:Blow molding
3419:
3415:
3405:
3370:
3364:
3354:
3309:
3303:
3293:
3274:
3270:
3260:
3225:
3219:
3209:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3089:
3085:
3075:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3015:
3011:
2998:
2979:
2975:
2965:
2940:
2936:
2924:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2862:
2858:
2848:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2702:
2696:
2686:
2643:
2637:
2627:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2556:
2550:
2537:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2486:(1): 61–72.
2483:
2479:
2469:
2434:
2430:
2419:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2353:
2349:
2326:(1): 25–76.
2323:
2319:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2146:
2142:
2129:
2120:
2110:
2093:
2089:
2076:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2034:
2030:
2017:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1778:
1773:
1738:
1735:RSC Advances
1734:
1724:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1604:
1598:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1505:
1495:
1488:
1477:
1471:Bibliography
1426:
1410:crosslinking
1405:UV-absorbers
1398:
1375:Condensation
1373:
1337:
1317:
1295:
1261:
1240:
1213:antiozonants
1169:
1111:
1086:
1059:
1026:carbon fiber
1014:
976:transformers
965:
952:acetal resin
948:polybutylene
930:
913:
905:
880:paraffin wax
876:
872:shear stress
864:
851:crosslinking
836:
821:antioxidants
813:autoxidation
809:
792:
779:shear stress
771:
720:cross-linked
709:
677:polyethylene
670:
649:polyethylene
628:malleability
605:
578:
557:
556:
502:Vinyl record
446:Blow molding
432:Applications
204:Polyurethane
187:Polyethylene
62:
48:Architecture
18:
4249:Regulations
4101:Bisphenol A
3785:Calendering
3727:Plasticizer
3667:Mechanical
3121:(6): 0046.
2834:: 409–422.
2395:: 179–199.
2269:: 672–677.
2233:: 233–240.
2096:: 408–417.
1673:: 300–314.
1389:Stabilisers
1198:rubber and
1114:polyolefins
1040:(BMI), and
993:dielectrics
962:Electronics
936:chlorinated
795:compounding
693:polystyrene
657:Polystyrene
517:Plastic bag
463:3D printing
251:Homopolymer
239:Polystyrene
63:Degradation
4356:Categories
4177:Carcinogen
4142:Organotins
4012:Phthalates
3958:and health
3805:Pultrusion
3795:Laminating
3753:processing
3422:: 109550.
2123:: 122–123.
1513:References
1383:solvolysis
1204:ozonolysis
1184:elastomers
1147:Ozonolysis
1130:hydrolysis
1122:polyamides
1118:polyesters
1108:Hydrolysis
1062:biodegrade
1042:polyimides
884:wax esters
716:thermosets
699:(PC), and
478:Whitewalls
400:Staudinger
370:MacDiarmid
354:Scientists
340:Viscometry
182:Polyolefin
58:Morphology
42:Properties
4372:Corrosion
4206:Pollution
4172:Teratogen
4103:(BPA, in
3751:Plastics
3722:Colorants
3710:Additives
3494:Chemical
3446:233639741
3346:216028039
3172:215760966
3040:199067235
3018:: 75–85.
2957:209432804
2102:1991-8178
1891:197611740
1855:137141131
1757:2046-2069
1561:: 24–58.
1482:CRC Press
1416:Detection
1356:pyrolysis
1314:Remelting
1310:process.
1172:saturated
1046:hydroxide
799:additives
783:extrusion
736:UV-attack
608:oxidation
441:Extrusion
420:Braconnot
410:Baekeland
390:de Gennes
375:Shirakawa
335:Rheometry
266:Hydrogels
256:Copolymer
247:Structure
209:Polyester
108:Synthesis
53:Tacticity
4187:Diabetes
4093:Monomers
4073:Adipates
3995:plastics
3849:segments
3839:Products
3487:Plastics
3397:26482561
3338:32373075
3252:28371373
3032:31376972
2982:: 1–10.
2889:19528059
2813:18337047
2768:26318446
2731:19865515
2678:31324632
2611:29332271
2575:26216708
2500:96033161
2461:19528054
2411:29035713
2370:92300829
1785:. 2017.
1765:98370832
1687:26687228
1623:33000883
1575:28823699
1439:See also
1350:undergo
1299:monomers
1104:(HALS).
1100:such as
1071:leaching
786:form of
732:carbonyl
601:monomers
566:plastics
490:Bakelite
405:Goodyear
330:Rheology
4315:Dioxins
4235:Dioxins
4192:Obesity
3933:Cutlery
3923:Bottles
3438:1772948
3388:4621443
3329:7186362
3312:: 442.
3243:5658625
3152:Bibcode
2880:2873020
2776:8797245
2722:2769161
2669:6752018
2648:Bibcode
2619:3962436
2452:2873017
2235:Bibcode
1970:Bibcode
1877:: 1–9.
1501:(2001).
1272:compost
1052:bonds.
1030:cathode
781:during
775:oxidise
687:(PVC),
659:, PET:
651:, PVC:
562:polymer
415:Hayward
395:Ziegler
385:Edwards
4032:(BBzP)
4001:(PHCs)
3913:Chairs
3881:Nurdle
3444:
3436:
3395:
3385:
3344:
3336:
3326:
3250:
3240:
3170:
3038:
3030:
2955:
2887:
2877:
2811:
2774:
2766:
2729:
2719:
2676:
2666:
2617:
2609:
2573:
2498:
2459:
2449:
2409:
2368:
2153:
2100:
2041:
1889:
1853:
1789:
1763:
1755:
1685:
1621:
1573:
1484:(2004)
1379:amides
1235:, and
1166:tubing
695:(PS),
683:(PP),
679:(PE),
655:, PS:
647:, PE:
507:Kevlar
365:Heeger
4286:Waste
4132:PBDEs
4043:(DOP)
3669:types
3496:types
3442:S2CID
3342:S2CID
3168:S2CID
3036:S2CID
3008:(PDF)
2953:S2CID
2772:S2CID
2615:S2CID
2547:(PDF)
2496:S2CID
2366:S2CID
2139:(PDF)
2086:(PDF)
2027:(PDF)
1887:S2CID
1851:S2CID
1761:S2CID
1499:RAPRA
1256:ester
1176:ozone
1050:amide
473:Tires
380:Natta
360:Flory
4147:PFCs
4137:PCBs
4113:(in
4077:DEHA
4052:DINP
4047:DIDP
4041:DEHP
4036:DIHP
4020:DIBP
3997:and
3928:Bags
3434:OSTI
3393:PMID
3334:PMID
3248:PMID
3028:PMID
2980:2018
2885:PMID
2809:PMID
2764:PMID
2727:PMID
2674:PMID
2607:PMID
2571:PMID
2457:PMID
2407:PMID
2151:ISBN
2098:ISSN
2039:ISBN
1787:ISBN
1753:ISSN
1703:Fuel
1683:PMID
1619:PMID
1571:PMID
1348:PMMA
1344:PTFE
1149:and
970:and
950:and
849:and
643:PP:
618:and
610:and
300:FTIR
261:Gels
234:PVAc
135:RAFT
130:ATRP
83:LCST
78:UCST
4115:PVC
4082:DOA
4030:BBP
4025:DBP
3424:doi
3420:188
3383:PMC
3375:doi
3324:PMC
3314:doi
3279:doi
3238:PMC
3230:doi
3197:doi
3160:doi
3123:doi
3094:doi
3063:doi
3020:doi
2984:doi
2945:doi
2912:doi
2875:PMC
2867:doi
2863:364
2836:doi
2832:115
2801:doi
2756:doi
2717:PMC
2707:doi
2664:PMC
2656:doi
2599:doi
2561:doi
2525:doi
2488:doi
2447:PMC
2439:doi
2435:364
2397:doi
2393:344
2358:doi
2328:doi
2298:doi
2271:doi
2243:doi
2231:314
2207:doi
2180:doi
2005:doi
1978:doi
1941:doi
1914:doi
1879:doi
1875:167
1843:doi
1816:doi
1743:doi
1712:doi
1675:doi
1648:doi
1644:202
1609:doi
1563:doi
1536:doi
1200:NBR
1162:in
1088:as
982:or
944:ppm
890:).
855:PVC
853:.
325:DMA
320:TGA
315:NMR
310:DSC
295:GPC
229:PVA
224:PVC
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4010::
3440:.
3432:.
3418:.
3414:.
3391:.
3381:.
3369:.
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