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2102:. Manuel E. Moraza Choisne (Esq.) In, "1937: Masacre de Ponce", Fundacion Puertorriqueña de las Humanidades, Corporacion de Puerto Rico para la Difusion Publica TuTV, National Endowment for the Humanities, Archivo General de Puerto Rico del Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña, National Endowment for the Arts, Oficina de Apoyo a las Artes del ICP, Fondo de Fianza Notarial del Colegio de Abogados de Puerto Rico, Museo y Centro de Estudios Humanisticos de la Universidad del Turabo, Fundacion Francisco Manrique Cabrera, Escuela de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades de la Universidad Metropolitana. Publisher: Islas de Borinken. Produced by Manuela E. Moraza Ortiz (Esq.) & Dr. Jaime Hamilton-Márquez (PhD). 2002. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
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645:, ordered the new Insular Police Chief, Colonel Enrique de Orbeta, to contact Mayor Tormos and have him cancel the parade permit. He ordered the police chief to increase the police force in the southern city, and to stop, "by all means necessary", any demonstration conducted by the nationalists in Ponce. Without notice to the organizers, or any opportunity to appeal, or any time to arrange an alternate venue, the permits were abruptly withdrawn, just before the protest was scheduled to begin.
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993:, wrote to President Roosevelt stating, "Governor himself through his military approach to things has helped keep Puerto Rico in an unnecessary state of turmoil. He seems to think that the political problem of Puerto Rico limits itself to a fight between himself and the Nationalists, that no holds are barred in that fight and that everybody else should keep out." Winship was replaced in 1939.
828:, together with Puerto Rican citizens Fulgencio Piñero, Emilio Belaval, José Davila Rice, Antonio Ayuyo Valdivieso, Manuel Díaz García, and Francisco M. Zeno took place. This investigation concluded that the events on 21 March constituted a massacre and mob action by the police. The report harshly criticized the repressive tactics and massive civil rights violations by Governor Winship.
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751:, a physician who assisted the wounded, testified that wounded people running away were shot, and that many were again wounded by the clubs and bare fists of the police. No arms were found in the hands of the civilians wounded, nor on the dead ones. About 150 of the demonstrators were arrested immediately afterward; they were later released on bail.
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parade, shots were fired at the grandstand where
Winship and his officials were sitting in an attempt to assassinate him. It was the first time that an attempt was made on the life of a Governor of Puerto Rico. Winship escaped unharmed but two men, the assailant and a police officer, were killed, and 36 people were wounded.
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The
Insular Police started firing on the marchers – killing 17 unarmed civilians, two policemen, and wounding over 200 civilians, including women and children. Police firing went on for over 15 minutes. The dead included 17 men, one woman, and a young girl. Some of the dead were demonstrators/cadets,
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Washington and reported, officially, that the
Nationalists had initiated the shooting. Part of his radiogram report stated that "two shots were fired by the Nationalists ... with Nationalists firing from the street, and from roofs and balconies on both sides of the street ... showed great patience,
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This book, sometimes called a pamphlet, by
Corretjer was written in English as it was intended for the U.S. American public audience. Its purpose was to raise conscience among the American people about the event of the Ponce Massacre as most Americans had never heard of the involvement of the U.S.
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on May 21, 1937. It was named "Asociación
Puertorriqueña de Libertades Civiles" (Puerto Rican Association of Civil Liberties). Its first president was Tomás Blanco, Felipe Colón Díaz and Antonio Fernós Isern were its vice-presidents, the treasurer was Inés María Mendoza, the Secretary was attorney
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Many were chased by the police and shot or clubbed at the entrance of their houses as they tried to escape. Others were taken from their hiding places and killed. Leopold Tormes, a member of the Puerto Rico legislature, claimed to reporters that a policeman had murdered a nationalist with his bare
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The year following the Ponce massacre, on 25 July 1938, Governor
Winship wanted to mark the anniversary of the US 1898 invasion of Puerto Rico with a military parade. He chose the city of Ponce to demonstrate that his "Law and Order" policy had been successful against the Nationalists. During the
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After viewing the photograph taken by Carlos Torres
Morales, Hays in his report to the American Civil Liberties Union questioned why the governor's investigation had not used the photography, which was among two that were widely published. According to Hays, the photograph clearly showed 18 armed
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The dead were the
Nationalist Ángel Esteban Antongiorgi and National Guard Colonel Luis Irizarry. The Nationalist Party denied participation in the attack, but the government arrested several Nationalists and accused nine of "murder and conspiracy to incite violence." Among the nine Nationalists
648:
Following
Governor Winship's orders, Colonel de Orbeta went to Ponce where he concentrated police units from across the island sporting "the latest riot control equipment", among which he included the machine gunners in the island. Winship intended to crush the activities of the Nationalists and
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Initial investigations of the event differed on whether the police or the marchers fired the first shots. Governor
Winship applied pressure on the district attorney's office in charge of the investigation. He requested that the public prosecutor from Ponce, Rafael Pérez Marchand, "arrest more
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and tear gas bombs, stood in the back. Chief of Police Antonio Bernardi, heading 11 policemen armed with machine guns, stood in the east; and another group of 12 police, armed with rifles, was placed in the west. According to some reports, police numbered "over 200 heavily armed" guards.
974:, captain of the Ponce branch of the Cadets of the Republic, and fellow cadets Elifaz Escobar, Santiago González Castro, Juan Pietri and Prudencio Segarra. They served eight years in the Puerto Rico State Penitentiary. The four were pardoned by the next full-term US-appointed governor,
638:, the mayor of Ponce. According to a 1926 Puerto Rico Supreme Court ruling, government permits were not necessary for the use of plazas, parks or streets for meetings or parades. As a courtesy to the Ponce municipal government, the Nationalists nevertheless requested the permit.
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policeman at the corner of Aurora and Marina streets, ready to fire upon a group of innocent bystanders. The image showed the white smoke in the barrel of a policeman's revolver as he fired upon the unarmed people. The Hays Commission questioned why the policemen fired directly
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turned into a police shooting in which 17 civilians and two policemen were killed, and more than 200 civilians wounded. None of the civilians were armed and most of the dead were reportedly shot in their backs. The march had been organized by the
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in the history of our people, is the fear that has been planted into the people of Puerto Rico, the fear that has come to form part of the life of our people, regarding the idea of the struggle for independence. The people of Puerto Rico has,
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means persecution, damage to the person, serious financial difficulties. As a result, that has diminished the rank and file for the ideology of independence and has made very difficult the growth of the independence ideology in Puerto Rico."
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Radiogram from Blanton Winship to Ernest Gruening, Director of the Division of Territories and Insular Possessions, Department of the Interior. 23 March 1937. Arthur Garfield Hayes Collection. Seeley G. Mudd Research Library. Princeton
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by the same name was released in 2004. It illustrates the events of the Ponce massacre through the life of one of the victims, Ulpiano Perea. The film is an adapted from the playwright by Roberto Ramos Perea, Ulpiano's nephew.
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1107:. It is located at the intersection where the events took place (corner of Marina and Aurora streets). The museum houses photographs and various artifacts from the Ponce massacre. A section of the museum is dedicated to
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was shot and killed during the massacre. A young girl, Carmen Fernández proceeded to take the flag, but was shot and gravely injured. A young Nationalist cadet named Bolívar Márquez dragged himself to the wall of
668:, was under the direct military command of Governor Winship and ultimate responsibility for the massacre fell on Winship, who controlled the National Guard and Insular Police, "and ordered the massacre."
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joined in the criticism, filing charges against Governor Winship with President Roosevelt. In his speech before Congress titled "Five Years of Tyranny", Congressman Vito Marcantonio reported that
32:
942:, probably with the encouragement of the North American police chief and even the governor, opened fire on a Palm Sunday Nationalist march, killing seventeen and wounding more than two hundred."
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government and the U.S. media in that massacre. The pamphlet, currently (January 2014) out of print, was reprinted in its entirely as Chapter 19 in Francisco Hernandez Vazquez's book
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In the aftermath of the massacre, no police officer was convicted or sentenced to jail. No police were demoted or suspended and Governor Winship never issued a public apology.
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The Ponce massacre remains the largest massacre in US imperial history in Puerto Rico. It has been the source of many articles, books, paintings, films, and theatrical works.
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Hayes, Arthur Garfield; Commission of Inquiry on Civil Rights in Puerto Rico (22 May 1937). Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Civil Rights in Puerto Rico (Report).
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Nationalists", and that no charges be filed against the police. The prosecutor resigned as a result of being denied the opportunity to conduct a proper investigation.
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3144:
533:
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Meyer, Gerald J. (2011). "Pedro Albizu Campos, Gilberto Concepción de Gracia, and Vito Marcantonio's Collaboration in the Cause of Puerto Rico's Independence".
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Delgado, Linda C. (2005). "Jésus Cólon and the Making of a Ney York City Community, 1917 to 1074". In Whalen, Carmen Teresa; Vázquez-Hernández, Víctor (eds.).
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Ruby A. Black. "Ponce Massacre" Report is Before Senate Committee: Describes Men, Women and Children Being Shot in Back, Clubbed to Death by Island Police",
792:. He said that the photograph showed that the policemen were not shooting at the uniformed Nationalists (Cadets), but at a terrified crowd in full flight.
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after charges were filed against Mr. Winship with the President. In his speech, the Congressman detailed the number of killings by the police and added,
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955:"the facts show that the affair of March 21 in Ponce was a massacre ... Governor Winship tried to cover up this massacre by filing a mendacious report"
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675:, with 14 policemen, took a position in front of the marchers. Chief Perez Segarra and Sgt. Rafael Molina, commanding nine policemen armed with
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691:(English: "Long live the Republic, Down with the Murderers!") message which cadet Bolívar Márquez Telechea wrote with his blood before he died.
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and many leaders from Ponce, including attorney Pérez Marchand and some of the members of the Hays Commission were also among the founders.
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Relatives of those killed in the Ponce massacre standing by the police bullet-ridden wall at the Nationalist Party headquarters in Ponce.
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Comienza la reparación del Museo de la Masacre en Ponce: Los trabajos son supervisados por el Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña (ICP).
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Comienza la reparación del Museo de la Masacre en Ponce: Los trabajos son supervisados por el Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña (ICP).
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A Puerto Rican government investigation into the incident drew few conclusions. A second, independent investigation ordered by the
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by the governing Spanish National Assembly in 1873, and to protest the U.S. government's imprisonment of the Party's leader,
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Reinaldo Millán. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. Year 30. Issue 1477. p. 12. 21 March 2012. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
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951:"Ex-Governor Blanton Winship, of Puerto Rico, was summarily removed by the President of the United States on May 12, 1939"
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traveled to the city of Ponce to investigate the event. After examining the photograph taken by Carlos Torres Morales of
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while others were passersby. As of 2009, only two survivors were known to be alive, siblings Fernando and Beatriz Vélez.
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284:
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605:– including the police who took part in the event, and admitted to the mass shooting – was prosecuted or reprimanded.
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Corretjer, Juan Antonio (2009). "19 – Albizu Campos and the Ponce Massacre". In Vázquez, Francisco Hernández (ed.).
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27:
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reported that a Nationalist political revolt had claimed the lives of more than eighteen people in Puerto Rico.
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Reports on the Ponce Massacre: How the U.S. Press Protected U.S. Government Interests in the Wake of Tragedy
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1835:"Luis Muñoz Marín, Arthur Garfield Hayes y La Massacre de Ponce: Una Revelacion Documental Inedita"
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The main consequence of the Ponce Massacre, like the main consequence of the other episodes of
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When a Heart Turns Rock Solid: The Lives of Three Puerto Rican Brothers On and Off the Streets
1080:] for the most part, reached the conclusion, as a result of those episodes, that to be an
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The Ponce massacre reverberated through the U.S. Congress. On the House floor, Congressman
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consideration and understanding of the situation, as did the officers and men under him ."
307:
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Las carpetas: persecución política y derechos civiles en Puerto Rico: ensayos y documentos
800:
788:, which had not yet been published, he wrote a letter to Ruth Hampton, an official at the
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485:
8:
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1916:
1177:
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put the blame for the massacre squarely on the U.S.-appointed governor of Puerto Rico,
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397:
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62:
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1929:
Extension of Remarks of the Honorable Congressman John T. Bernard of Minnesota in the
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1354:"Declara al Gobernador que ha dado 'instrucciones terminantes' en el caso de Ponce".
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Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence
2435:
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1159:
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2813:
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2455:
1958:"7 Die in Puerto Rican Riot: 50 Injured as Police Fire on Fighting Nationalists".
1520:
American Gunfight: The Plot to Kill Harry Truman—And the Shoot-Out That Stopped It
697:
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Police Chief de Orbeta and Insular Police officers, immediately after the massacre
357:
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748:
642:
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2058:(in Spanish). Centro para la Investigación y Promoción de los Derechos Civiles.
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El Nuevo Dia. Guaynabo, Puerto Rico. 21 January 2020. Accessed 12 October 2020.
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1998:
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1303:
982:
591:
465:
367:
332:
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78:
23:
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Governor Winship was never prosecuted for the massacre and no one under his
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2808:
2773:
2658:
1975:
Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Imperialism in Puerto Rico
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Upon learning about the march, the U.S.-appointed governor of Puerto Rico,
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450:
337:
1791:
La Masacre de Ponce: Breve relacion de hechos y algunos de sus personajes.
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2683:
2603:
1727:
War Against all Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America's Colony.
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War Against all Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America's Colony.
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Vicente Géigel Polanco, and the association's legal counsel was attorney
701:, Puerto Rico's national song, was being played, the Ponce branch of the
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152:
1807:
War Against All Puerto Ricans, Revolution and Terror in America's Colony
626:
was covering the march and took this photograph when the shooting began.
2231:
2336:
1753:. Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños, Hunter College, CUNY. June 1998.
1227:
Wagenheim, Kal; de Wagenheim, Olga Jiminez (2008). "The Grim Years".
2029:
Strategy As Politics: Puerto Rico on the Eve of the Second World War
1943:
Hull, Harwood (28 March 1937). "Clash Rekindles Puerto Rican Feud".
683:
3037:
1933:, 75th Congress, 1st Session, 14 April 1937, volume 81, pp. 934–936
1638:(in Spanish). Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña. pp. 50–65.
1402:
Navarro, Sharon Ann; Xavier Mejia, Armando (2004). ABC-CLIO (ed.).
576:
559:
148:
134:
2099:
Documental: La Masacre de Ponce, Puerto Rico (21 de Marzo de 1937)
1404:
Latino Americans and Political Participation: A Reference Handbook
1208:
Lists of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States
2331:
2321:
2130:
ParaLaNaturaleza.org Published in 2020. Accessed 12 October 2020.
616:
48:
2155:""Revolución en el Infierno" en aniversario de Masacre de Ponce"
2326:
1848:(1). Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico, Recinto Metro.
160:
1729:
New York: Nation Books, Perseus Books Group. 2015. pp.47, 49.
1358:(in Spanish). San Juan, Puerto Rico. 23 March 1937. p. 1.
2291:
1977:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 220.
1338:
1273:
New York: Nation Books, Perseus Books Group. 2015. pp.47, 49.
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and wrote with his blood the following message before dying:
156:
620:
Carlos Torres Morales, a photo journalist for the newspaper
3150:
People shot dead by law enforcement officers in Puerto Rico
1049:
821:
767:
The following day, as a result of this misinformation, the
2194:(pp 377–404), Rowman & Littlefield Publishers (2009).
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938:
expressed his shock and outrage. He said: "The police in
671:
Police Chief Guillermo Soldevilla of the municipality of
630:
Several days before the scheduled Palm Sunday march, the
2051:
1298:(1). New York: The City University of New York: 87–123.
957:
and the congressman called Governor Winship a "tyrant".
795:
2052:
Bosque Pérez, Ramón; Colón Morera, José Javier (1997).
1470:(Interview). Interviewed by Juan Gonzalez; Amy Goodman.
1343:. Maplewood, N.J.: Water Front Press. pp. 179–182.
804:
Defendants during the trial of the Nationalists at the
634:
had received legal permits for a peaceful protest from
1793:
Ponce, Puerto Rico: Ponce Massacre Museum. March 2011.
1580:"Puerto Rican revolutionary' remembers Ponce Massacre"
1250:
1248:
170:
17 civilians; two police officers (from friendly fire)
1434:
Luis Muñoz Marín: Puerto Rico's Democratic Revolution
1226:
1064:
Today, the Ponce massacre is commemorated annually.
960:
2116:
Melia Century Hotel. 2015. Accessed 12 October 2020.
1771:(in Spanish). Ponce, Puerto Rico: Imprenta Fortuño.
1135:
1123:(Revolution in Hell) was published in 2002, and the
1048:
was the creation in Puerto Rico of a chapter of the
737:("Long live the Republic, Down with the Murderers!")
664:
The Insular Police, a force somewhat resembling the
2258:
U.S. Congressman Vito Marcantonio. August 14, 1939.
1809:, p. 263, Nation Books, Perseus Books Group. 2015.
1457:
1455:
1453:
1401:
1339:Wagenheim, Kal; Jiménez de Wagenheim, Olga (1998).
1245:
1193:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s
260:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
2388:Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation
2205:Harvest of Empire: A History of Latinos in America
2202:
1892:The Puerto Rican Diaspora: Historical Perspectives
1517:
1461:
1370:
1324:. The Official Piri Thomas Website. Archived from
989:at the time and later long-time chancellor of the
881:Delgado Pietrantoni, José Antonio (National Guard)
709:and the rest of the demonstrators began to march.
1605:
1462:Garcia-Passalacqua, Juan-Manuel (22 March 2007).
754:
3051:
1687:Feagin, Joe R.; Feagin, Clairece Booher (2007).
1515:
1450:
929:
3145:Massacres in insular areas of the United States
902:Sánchez Pérez, Eusebio (Insular Police Officer)
866:Loyola López, Ceferino (Insular Police Officer)
2176:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 377–404.
1633:
1231:. Markus Wiener Publishers. pp. 179–180.
1031:Newsreel scenes related to the Ponce massacre
2277:
2234:[Ponce death toll rises to fifteen].
2086:Creation of Puerto Rico's chapter of the ACLU
852:The following are the names of those killed:
527:
1686:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1481:
1479:
1477:
981:Winship tried to repress the Nationalists.
2284:
2270:
1991:
1629:
1627:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1516:Hunter, Stephen; Bainbridge, John (2005).
1464:"Remembering Puerto Rico's Ponce Massacre"
534:
520:
280:Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman
222:Flag of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
47:
2171:
1833:Natal, Carmelo Rosario (5 October 2007).
1636:Verdadera historia de la Masacre de Ponce
1610:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 393.
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1431:
732:"¡Viva la República, Abajo los asesinos!"
3140:Massacres committed by the United States
3080:Massacres of protesters in North America
2378:Hostosian National Independence Movement
2247:, icp.gobierno.pr; accessed 8 July 2015.
2232:"Aumentan a quince los muertos de Ponce"
2197:
1883:
1819:
1801:
1799:
1762:
1760:
1547:
1545:
1474:
1341:The Puerto Ricans: A Documentary History
1229:The Puerto Ricans: A Documentary History
1005:
843:
818:United States Commission on Civil Rights
799:
682:
655:
615:
584:United States Commission on Civil Rights
2358:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
1889:
1766:
1664:. Fundación Angel Ramos. Archived from
1624:
1594:
1319:
689:"Viva la República, Abajo los Asesinos"
611:
598:to remove Winship as governor in 1939.
3052:
3021:La Borinqueña by Lola Rodríguez de Tío
2965:Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
2415:Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional
2026:
1972:
1498:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1315:
1313:
1254:
921:
808:in Ponce, Puerto Rico (December 1937).
590:. Further criticism by members of the
2990:U.S. Capitol shooting incident (1954)
2265:
2022:
2020:
1842:Kálathos – Revista Transdisciplinaria
1832:
1796:
1757:
1751:Archives of the Puerto Rican Diaspora
1606:Hernández Vázquez, Francisco (2009).
1542:
1368:
1289:
1114:
836:, and not at the Nationalist Cadets.
796:Investigation and the Hays Commission
2298:Independence movement in Puerto Rico
1942:
1769:Album Histórico de Ponce (1692–1963)
1559:(in Spanish). proyectosalonhogar.com
1420:
1310:
285:1954 United States Capitol shooting
16:1937 police shooting in Puerto Rico
13:
2165:
2017:
1577:
1436:. UPR: La Editorial. p. 120.
1257:"Siete décadas no anulan tragedia"
1255:Millán, Reinaldo (21 March 2012).
1183:List of revolutions and rebellions
961:Attempt on Governor Winship's life
14:
3166:
2224:
1880:. Wesleyan Scholar (2010), p. 10.
1747:"The Emelí Vélez de Vando Papers"
1713:Siete décadas no anulan tragedia.
1097:Institute of Puerto Rican Culture
869:Maldonado, Georgina (12-year-old)
3155:Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico
3130:Police misconduct in Puerto Rico
3125:Deaths by firearm in Puerto Rico
3070:Political history of Puerto Rico
2292:
2027:Beruff, Jorge Rodriguez (2007).
1152:
1138:
1026:
567:to commemorate the abolition of
550:was an event that took place on
216:
2368:Puerto Rican Independence Party
2147:
2133:
2119:
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2079:
2045:
1966:
1951:
1936:
1923:
1908:
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1860:
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1705:
1680:
1650:
1571:
1259:(in Spanish). La Perla del Sur.
1198:Puerto Rican Independence Party
1001:
3100:People murdered in Puerto Rico
2904:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
2536:José "Aguila Blanca" Maldonado
2373:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
2031:. Universidad de Puerto Rico.
1789:Jose Enrique Ayoroa Santaliz.
1767:Janeiro, Luis Fortuño (1963).
1524:. Simon and Schuster. p.
1395:
1362:
1347:
1332:
1283:
1263:
1220:
1040:One of the by-products of the
755:Official version of the events
565:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
501:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
123:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
53:Outbreak of the Ponce Massacre
1:
2925:Ducoudray Holstein Expedition
2839:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
2599:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
2451:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
2113:Museo de la Masacre de Ponce.
1634:Medina Vázquez, Raúl (2001).
1213:
930:Reaction in the U.S. Congress
839:
481:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
3090:Events in Ponce, Puerto Rico
2985:Truman assassination attempt
2363:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
2238:(in Spanish). 23 March 1937.
1876:Rodriguez-Perez, Katherine.
1188:Truman assassination attempt
916:
896:Rodríguez Rivera, Pedro Juan
806:former Spanish Army barracks
582:An investigation led by the
7:
3120:1937 murders in Puerto Rico
3085:Human rights in Puerto Rico
2975:San Juan Nationalist revolt
2584:Marie Haydée Beltrán Torres
2157:. El Vocero. 20 March 2014.
1962:. 22 March 1937. p. 1.
1894:. Temple University Press.
1689:Racial and Ethnic Relations
1658:"The Ponce Massacre (1937)"
1131:
970:charged and convicted were
890:Rodríguez Figueras, Iván G.
860:Hernández de Rosario, María
558:, when a peaceful civilian
270:San Juan Nationalist revolt
10:
3171:
3115:1937 crimes in Puerto Rico
2353:Union Party of Puerto Rico
2088:Retrieved August 15, 2009.
1917:Oshkosh Daily Northwestern
1377:. Pantheon Books. p.
1095:Ponce Massacre Museum The
857:Cotal Nieves, Juan Delgado
790:Department of the Interior
192:Puerto Rico Insular Police
178:over 200 civilians wounded
3029:
3008:
2917:
2707:
2679:María de Lourdes Santiago
2674:Manuel Rodríguez Orellana
2549:
2516:Antonio Valero de Bernabé
2423:
2396:
2345:
2304:
1999:"Attempted assassination"
1691:. Pearson/Prentice Hall.
1432:Maldonado, A. W. (2006).
1121:Revolucion en el Infierno
1101:Government of Puerto Rico
1084:is dangerous, that to be
1025:
1020:
996:
991:University of Puerto Rico
872:Márquez Telechea, Bolívar
778:The Puerto Rican senator
182:
174:
166:
140:
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68:
58:
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41:
3135:Massacres in Puerto Rico
2511:Arturo Alfonso Schomburg
2481:Francisco Ramírez Medina
2471:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón
1662:Encyclopedia Puerto Rico
893:Rodríguez Méndez, Jenaro
677:Thompson submachine guns
145:Thompson submachine guns
3075:Protests in Puerto Rico
2995:Cerro Maravilla murders
2940:Levantamiento de Ciales
2899:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
2819:Tomás López de Victoria
2804:Andres Figueroa Cordero
2794:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
2614:José M. Dávila Monsanto
2476:Antonio Mattei Lluberas
2466:Francisco Gonzalo Marín
2461:Eugenio María de Hostos
2431:Ramón Emeterio Betances
2346:Political organizations
1805:Denis, Nelson Antonio.
1369:Black, Timothy (2009).
1322:"Five Years of Tyranny"
972:Tomás López de Victoria
716:The flag-bearer of the
707:Tomás López de Victoria
643:General Blanton Winship
446:Andres Figueroa Cordero
441:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
408:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
363:Tomás López de Victoria
202:Part of a series on the
92:18.009361°N 66.613611°W
28:Infobox civilian attack
20:
2894:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
2789:Isabel Freire de Matos
2779:Juan Antonio Corretjer
2729:Margot Arce de Vázquez
2559:Antonio Rafael Barceló
2486:José Gualberto Padilla
2424:19th century activists
2404:Cadets of the Republic
2397:Militant organizations
2255:Five Years of Tyranny.
1973:Briggs, Laura (2002).
1920:, 19 June 1937, pg. 3.
1557:Enciclopedia Ilustrada
1091:
1055:Ernesto Ramos Antonini
1015:
849:
809:
759:The next day, Winship
743:
718:Cadets of the Republic
703:Cadets of the Republic
692:
661:
627:
569:slavery in Puerto Rico
456:Isabel Freire de Matos
431:Margot Arce de Vázquez
403:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
343:Juan Antonio Corretjer
246:Cadets of the Republic
33:considered for merging
3105:Crimes in Puerto Rico
2854:Helen Rodríguez Trías
2834:Francisco Matos Paoli
2799:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
2759:Rafael Cancel Miranda
2694:Carlos Alberto Torres
2594:Cayetano Coll y Cuchí
2550:20th and 21st century
2491:Lola Rodríguez de Tió
2305:Indigenous resistance
2244:Ponce Massacre Museum
1553:"La Masacre de Ponce"
1105:Ponce Massacre Museum
1067:
1012:Ponce Massacre Museum
1009:
987:University of Chicago
911:Vélez Torres, Teodoro
887:Rivera López, Conrado
863:Jiménez Morales, Luis
847:
803:
728:
705:under the command of
686:
659:
619:
596:Franklin D. Roosevelt
554:, March 21, 1937, in
491:Helen Rodríguez Trías
373:Francisco Matos Paoli
353:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
323:Rafael Cancel Miranda
97:18.009361; -66.613611
2945:Río Piedras massacre
2649:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
2629:Víctor Manuel Gerena
2564:Félix Benítez Rexach
2409:Boricua Popular Army
1931:Congressional Record
1203:Río Piedras massacre
983:Jaime Benítez Rexach
908:Torres Gregory, Juan
826:Arthur Garfield Hays
723:Santo Asilo de Damas
612:Chronology of events
506:Félix Benítez Rexach
425:Notable nationalists
236:Río Piedras massacre
3095:1937 in Puerto Rico
3016:Grito de Lares flag
2909:Olga Viscal Garriga
2884:Clemente Soto Vélez
2874:Vidal Santiago Díaz
2784:José Ferrer Canales
2719:Pedro Albizu Campos
2669:Ángel Rivero Méndez
2654:Antonio S. Pedreira
2639:Luis Lloréns Torres
2634:Edwin Irizarry Mora
2506:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
1328:on 12 January 2012.
1320:Marcantonio, Vito.
1109:Pedro Albizu Campos
1099:, an agency of the
985:, a student at the
976:Rexford Guy Tugwell
922:Lack of convictions
651:Pedro Albizu Campos
573:Pedro Albizu Campos
471:José Ferrer Canales
413:Olga Viscal Garriga
393:Clemente Soto Vélez
388:Vidal Santiago Díaz
303:Pedro Albizu Campos
297:Nationalist leaders
88: /
2935:Intentona de Yauco
2889:Griselio Torresola
2844:Ruth Mary Reynolds
2739:Casimiro Berenguer
2689:Alejandrina Torres
2644:Oscar López Rivera
2609:Pedro Ortiz Dávila
2526:Fernando Fernandez
2521:Manuel Zeno Gandía
1178:Intentona de Yauco
1168:Casimiro Berenguer
1146:Puerto Rico portal
1115:In popular culture
1016:
905:Santos Ortiz, Juan
884:Reyes Rivera, Juan
850:
810:
693:
662:
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556:Ponce, Puerto Rico
398:Griselio Torresola
378:Ruth Mary Reynolds
313:Casimiro Berenguer
230:Events and revolts
121:Supporters of the
113:3:15 pm (EST)
63:Ponce, Puerto Rico
3110:March 1937 events
3065:Massacres in 1937
3047:
3046:
2959:Ley de la Mordaza
2849:Germán Rieckehoff
2764:José Coll y Cuchí
2711:Nationalist Party
2624:Leopoldo Figueroa
2574:Americo Boschetti
2209:. Penguin Books.
2003:The Macleay Argus
1725:Nelson A. Denis.
1269:Nelson A. Denis.
1038:
1037:
875:Ortiz Toro, Ramón
636:José Tormos Diego
544:
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486:Germán Rieckehoff
328:José Coll y Cuchí
253:Ley de la Mordaza
210:Nationalist Party
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2436:Mariana Bracetti
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780:Luis Muñoz Marín
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2744:Julia de Burgos
2734:Elías Beauchamp
2724:José S. Alegría
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1021:External videos
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2005:. 26 July 1938
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2829:René Marqués
2809:Irvin Flores
2774:Rosa Collazo
2709:Puerto Rican
2659:Pedro Pietri
2496:Manuel Rojas
2411:(Macheteros)
2317:Agüeybaná II
2254:
2249:(in Spanish)
2243:
2235:
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1666:the original
1661:
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1556:
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545:
476:René Marqués
461:Hiram Rosado
451:Irvin Flores
338:Rosa Collazo
252:
240:
208:Puerto Rican
183:Perpetrators
153:machine guns
83:66°36′49.0″W
80:18°00′33.7″N
26:
18:
2699:Iris Zavala
2684:Piri Thomas
2604:Juan Dalmau
2312:Agüeybaná I
1867:University.
820:led by the
747:hands. Dr.
552:Palm Sunday
130:Attack type
95: /
70:Coordinates
22:‹ The
3054:Categories
2009:31 October
1214:References
1074: [
840:Casualties
673:Juana Díaz
2589:Roy Brown
2552:activists
1854:1940-9575
1644:250032826
1492:304563805
1304:1538-6279
1119:The book
917:Aftermath
579:charges.
251:Gag Law (
186:Governor
31:is being
3038:Claridad
2236:El Mundo
2201:(2012).
1777:37361481
1356:El Mundo
1132:See also
1044:and the
1014:in Ponce
577:sedition
190:via the
149:tear gas
135:Massacre
59:Location
35:. ›
24:template
3009:Symbols
2955:Gag Law
2337:Urayoán
2332:Jumacao
2322:Arasibo
761:radioed
175:Injured
161:pistols
151:bombs,
141:Weapons
2918:Events
2327:Hayuya
2213:
2180:
2071:8 July
2062:
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1898:
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1672:8 July
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1586:8 July
1563:8 July
1532:
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1277:
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997:Legacy
167:Deaths
157:rifles
118:Target
3030:Media
1838:(PDF)
1296:XXIII
940:Ponce
575:, on
560:march
2211:ISBN
2178:ISBN
2073:2015
2060:ISBN
2033:ISBN
2011:2019
1979:ISBN
1896:ISBN
1850:ISSN
1811:ISBN
1773:OCLC
1731:ISBN
1693:ISBN
1674:2015
1640:OCLC
1612:ISBN
1588:2015
1565:2015
1530:ISBN
1488:OCLC
1438:ISBN
1408:ISBN
1383:ISBN
1300:ISSN
1275:ISBN
1233:ISBN
1050:ACLU
1033:Here
1010:The
822:ACLU
771:and
687:The
546:The
108:Date
1526:179
1077:sic
824:'s
695:As
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
