Pope Alexander II - Knowledge

626:, the Abbot of the royal monastery of St. Stephen at Caen, to whom he had once offered the archbishopric of Rouen, which Lanfranc had refused. When Lanfranc also refused the see of Canterbury, the determined king sent his queen, Matilda, and his son Robert (a former pupil of Lanfranc), accompanied by a contingent of Norman nobles, to persuade him, to no avail. Abbot Herluin of Bec was called upon to exert his influence, again without result. William then ordered the papal legates to go to Normandy, and convene a council of bishops, abbots, and nobles, to prevail upon Lanfranc to accept the king's offer. Reluctantly, Lanfranc crossed to England, where he engaged in intense talks with William, who only persuaded him by invoking the recommendation which had been expressed by Pope Alexander. Lanfranc was finally elected by a council on 15 August 1070, the Feast of the Assumption, and consecrated on 29 August, the Feast of St. John the Baptist. 615:. Additionally, he continued to hold the diocese of Winchester, of which he was the legitimate incumbent, along with the archbishopric of Canterbury. Five successive popes, Leo, Victor, Stephanus, Nicholas, and Alexander himself, had sent legates to England, who excommunicated Stigand. Stigand was therefore not able to crown William king, as was the right of the archbishop of Canterbury. Nonetheless, Stigand and William remained on good terms, until, during a visit of William to the continent in 1067, the Normans in England behaved with particular brutality. Stigand switched sides, and with Edgar the Atheling fled to safety in the camp of refuge in Ely. They were besieged by the Conqueror, and Stigand was captured. Pope Alexander's legates, as instructed, demanded the deposition of Stigand, and at a general council held at Winchester after King William's coronation, the deposition was duly voted. 413:, who had helped Alexander enter Rome and secure a coronation in October 1061, suddenly changed sides. With the Germans abandoning Cadalo and embracing Alexander, the Normans were no longer the mainstay and support of the papacy, and were faced with a competitor which had designs on the same territories as the Normans. The barons of the Roman campagna, too, saw an advantage to be gained (or at least revenge to be extracted) by joining the Normans against Alexander and the reform party of Hildebrand, which had robbed them of their rights in papal elections and the civil government of the Church. Moving north, Prince Richard seized Ceprano, devastated Lazio, and encamped outside Rome, from which he demanded the title of Patricius. 437:(Bishop Cadalo). The pope and bishops also decreed: that no mercy was to be shown to simoniacs by preserving their dignity; that those who had been ordained by simoniacs were to be retained in their orders; in the case of a knowing consecration of a simoniac, both simoniac and consecrator were to be deprived of their offices; that a priest who has a wife or mistress should not say Mass; that no cleric should receive a church from a layman whether gratis or for pay; that no priest should hold two churches; that no one should be made a monk on the understanding that he would become abbot; and that a layman who becomes a cleric should change his costume. 6941: 1066:: Sed ut totam inauditae calamitatis nostrae percurramus historiam, Stephanus cardinalis presbiter apostolicae sedis, vir videlicet tantae gravitatis et honestatis nitore conspicuus, tantis denique, sicut non obscutum est, virtutum floribus insignitus, cum apostolicis litteris ad aulam regiam missus, ab aulicis amministratoribus non est admissus, sed per quinque fere dies ad beati Petri et apostolicae sedis iniuriam pro foribus mansit exclusus. Quod ille, utpote vir gravis et patiens, aequanimiter tulit, legati tamen officium, quo fungebatur, implere non potuit. 473:

Milanese priest named Attone (Atto), who had already been elected archbishop on 6 January 1072, in an electoral meeting sanctioned by Pope Alexander. In February 1072, he held a synod in Rome, in which he anathematized Goffredo, and confirmed Atto as archbishop. He wrote a letter to Henry IV, informing him of the papal actions. Henry IV sent five men to Rome to discuss the issue, but Alexander rejected and subsequently excommunicated them. This led to increased pressure between Henry IV and the popes.

457:(the buying and selling of sacred things or positions within the church), Alexander II sent out many legates and archbishops across Europe to enforce reform among local synods. Any clergy suspected of simony were then investigated. Any clergy who was invested in his office by a lay person were required to undergo a new investiture by a papal legate. A well-known victim of these campaigns included the bishop of Constance, who was removed from office for simony. 5679: 3583: 3595: 989: 6953: 5668: 742: 526: 694:('because of his wicked deeds'). Bolesław and his nobles assassinated Bishop Stanislaus in the church of St. Michael in Rupella on 11 April 1079, and cut up his corpse into seventy-two pieces. Poland was laid under the interdict for four years, and the see of Kraków remained vacant. In 1088, the body of Bishop Stanislaus was transferred to his cathedral in Kraków, and eventually, he was venerated as a saint. 756: 728: 248:, a movement in the Archdiocese of Milan, aimed at reforming the clergy and ecclesiastic government in the province, and supportive of Papal sanctions against simony and clerical marriage. They contested the ancient rights of the cathedral clergy of Milan and supported the Gregorian reforms. Anselm was one of four "upright and honest" priests suggested to succeed 445:

In 1067, he made a tour of the southern cities of the Papal States and of the Kingdom of Naples, holding a synod in Melfi in October and then later in the year at Siponto. In this council held at Siponto, Pope Alexander deposed Bishop Lando of Nucerino, Landolf of Tortiboli, and Benedict of Biccari, all on accusations of simony.

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situation quieted down, he restored the bishop and lifted the interdict, but ordered both bishops to present themselves before the papal court. When they appeared, Pope Alexander confirmed the deposition of the bishop of Prague, though he restored him once again at the pleading of Countess Mathilda of Tuscany.

468:, though only 21 (and still only German King and Roman Patrician), was vigorously at work recovering the powers, privileges and properties which had been allowed to slip away from imperial control during his regencies. He crushed a riot in Saxony in 1069 and overcame the rebellion of the Saxon aristocrat 646:

Subsequently, Pope Alexander wrote to Archbishop Lanfranc, ordering him to see to the state of the monastery of Winchester, and expressing annoyance that he had not yet procured the release of the bishop (Stigand), perhaps out of negligence, perhaps out of disobedience, perhaps fearing punishment by

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On 1 October 1071, Pope Alexander consecrated the high altar of the new basilica dedicated to Saint Benedict at the monastery of Montecassino. He was assisted by Cardinal Hildebrand and other cardinals, by ten archbishops, and forty-four bishops, as well as abbots, clergy, nobles, and people. He had

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On 30 March 1068, Alexander held a synod in Rome, in which he absolved the bishop of Tortosa of a charge of homicide, but deposed the bishop of Florence on the grounds of simony; a charge of simony was laid against the bishop of Chiusi, who begged for absolution. The pope also ordered that churches

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On 6 May 1065, Pope Alexander held a council in Rome, attended by at least eight cardinals and forty-three bishops. It is known that the privileges of the monastery of Saint Denis in Paris were confirmed, and it was granted the privilege of being exempt from the jurisdiction of the bishop of Paris.

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in 1071. But in 1071, the reforming activities of Pope Alexander's resulted in an open rupture with the King. Archbishop Guido of Milan recently died so Henry IV appointed Godfrey (Goffredo) de Castiglione as successor to Guido. However, Alexander II declared this investiture void, and appointed a

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against the Moors in Spain. Alexander II issued orders to the Bishops of Narbonne, instructing crusaders en route "that you protect the Jews who live among you, so that they may not be killed by those who are setting out for Spain against the Saracens ... for the situation of the Jews is greatly

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In a letter of 15 May 1063, Pope Alexander ordered the archbishops of Reims, Sens, Tours, Bourges, and Bordeaux to obey his legate Cardinal Peter Damiani, Bishop of Ostia, "who is our own eye and the immoveable foundation of the apostolic see." He also forbade Gervase, Archbishop of Reims, from

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in charge of the army in the plain below Aquino, to bar the way of the forces of Godfrey. However, it was a shortage of supplies, sickness, and bribery on the part of the Normans that brought Godfrey to negotiate with Jordanus and finally to return north. A new treaty between the papacy and the

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William of Malmsbury, "De gestis pontificum Anglorum libri quinque" , states: "Anno Dominicae Incarnationis millesimo septuagesimo intravit Anglicam terram Lanfrancus Cadomensis coenobii abbas, moventibus et praecipientibus Willielmo glorioso rege Anglorum, et felicis memoriae Alexandro totius

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Landulfus appears to state that Archbishop Guido actually took Anselm to the imperial court under threat of a prosecution: Ataque ut Guido his malia finem imponeret, trans montes ad regen ducens Anselmum, ut ipse huius causa negotii discrete iudicaret, tetendit.... lite ab Anselmo iurejurando

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to Prague to sort the matter out, but they were captured, mutilated, and then murdered. Shocked at the enormity of the offence, Pope Alexander sent Cardinal Rudolph to Prague. When Gerhard refused to cooperate with the cardinal, he was deposed and Prague was laid under the interdict; when the

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A series of disputes broke out between the bishop Gerhard (Iaromirus, Jaromi) of Prague and the bishop John (Brewnow) of Olmouc in Bohemia. Duke Wratislaus of Bohemia drew this to the attention of Pope Alexander II when he happened to be at the papal court in 1073. Alexander sent

622:, as his new archbishop, nor would he promote his chaplain and chancellor, Herfast. He assembled a council of bishops, abbots and other notables, in order to discuss a suitable candidate for the vacant archbishopric. After this consultation, William offered the archbishopric to 314:

met, and sent a representative, the former monk of Cluny, Cardinal Stephen, to seek the permission of the imperial court to conduct an election. After a five-day wait during which he was not received in audience, the Cardinal returned to Italy, without having received the

611:, however, even though he made his peace with William, was a problem for Pope Alexander. Stigand had helped to drive the legitimate archbishop, Robert of Jumièges, from his see, and usurped the archbishopric for himself; he even dared to wear Archbishop Robert's 639:, but that the recipient come to Rome to have it bestowed; and besides, he and the pope wanted to confer personally with Lanfranc about pressing matters. In 1071, therefore, Lanfranc and Archbishop Thomas of York travelled to Rome to receive their 682:

in succession to Bishop Lampert. Stanislaus became one of the earliest native Polish bishops. This turned out to be a significant decision for the Polish Church. Once appointed, Stanislaus was a highly assertive bishop who got into conflict with

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Pope Alexander also reformed the administration of the church of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme in Rome and of the Lateran Basilica, by replacing the monks of the Order of Montecassino with Canons Regular of the Congregation of S. Frediano of Lucca.

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I, ed. William Stubbs (London: Longmans 1876), p. 201, names them as the cardinal priests John and Peter. The latter was probably Cardinal Peter Damiani, who had been serving as legate in Germany in 1069, and then as legate in

408:

As early as 1063 the Normans, taking advantage of the schism, successfully expanded their empire by attacking and seizing the city of Gaeta, an important port leading into the southern part of the Roman campagna. In 1066,

358:. The bull effectively removed the control held by the Roman metropolitan church over the election of the pontiff, unilaterally abrogating the rights of the emperor, the nobles of Rome, the clergy, and the people of Rome. 267:

in 1056 or 1057. The earliest testimony of his activity as bishop is on 23 March 1057. On 20 August 1057, he was with the imperial court at Trebur, and on 27 December at Pöhlde. As bishop, he was an energetic associate of

600:, which had lapsed in the time of Edward the Confessor. At the same time, William requested that the pope send him legates, to carry out a ceremonial crowning of the king. Alexander therefore sent Bishop Ermenfried of 1136:

Wibert-Clement III (1080—1100); Theoderic (1100); Albertus (1102); Maginulf-Sylvester IV (1105—1111); Burdinus-Gregory VIII (1118—1121); Anacletus II (1130—1138); Gregory-Victor IV (1138). Jaffé, p. xxxi.

420:, who was with King Henry in Germany, to come to the aid of Rome. In spring 1067, he collected an army, lifted the siege of Rome, and caused Prince Richard to withdraw to Capua. Richard left his son 299:

in the first half of April 1059, and another synod of uncertain date. He was in Rome again in April 1060, for a synod in the Lateran palace, when he subscribed two papal bulls dated 14 April 1060.

504:"that the conversion of Jews is not to be obtained by force." He was warm in his praise for Spanish bishops, who protected the Jews against those who came to Spain crusading against the Moors. 1628:, or (more likely) attempting to initiate a new policy which brought archbishops into closer dependence upon Rome. There are examples of both archbishops of Canterbury and York being sent the 4355: 4192: 425:

Normans was negotiated, and at the synod held at Melfi by Pope Alexander on 1 August 1067, Prince Richard returned to his allegiance and was confirmed as Duke of Apulia and Calabria.

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on 31 May and 1 June 1064.; Alexander II's position continued to be challenged by Honorius until the latter's death in 1072. The next sixty years exhibited one schism after another.

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were openly bought and sold, and the clergy publicly married the women with whom they lived. With the increased prestige of his office, he reappeared twice in Milan as legate of the

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at nightfall on 1 October 1061 in the Basilica of San Pietro in Vincoli, because opposition to the election on the part of the Romans and German sympathizers made a coronation in

241:. However, modern historiography rejects the assertion. He became a member of the clergy of the cathedral of Milan, and was ordained a priest by Archbishop Wido (Guido) of Milan. 6729: 596:

William's successes in England brought the native English church into much greater control from Rome. William even agreed to Alexander's request to restore the payment of the

433:

In the second half of April 1063, Pope Alexander held a synod at the Lateran Basilica in Rome, attended by more than a hundred bishops. During the synod, he excommunicated

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When Lanfranc wrote to Pope Alexander and to the Archdeacon Hildebrand that they defend him against the pretensions of the archbishop of York, and that they send him the

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This charge, as Hook I, p. 529, points out, is hypocritical, since Archbishop Dunstan had done the same, and Pope Alexander II was currently holding both Lucca and Rome.

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Contemporary sources do not provide any information on where Anselm might have obtained his education. It was traditionally believed that Anselm de Baggio studied under

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In liturgical matters, Alexander II ended the practice of singing or reciting the "Alleluia" during the Latin Church's observance of Lent. This reform was permanent.

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and his Norman troops. On 1 October 1061, they chose Bishop Anselmo de Baggio of Lucca, one of the leaders of the reform party, who took the name Pope Alexander II.

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in their district, and reminding them that God does not approve of the shedding of innocent blood. On 11 June in that same year, he wrote a letter, admonishing

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not be held by lay persons and that ecclesiastical goods not be transmitted from parents to children as though they were subject to the laws of inheritance.

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different from that of the Saracens. One may justly fight against those who persecute Christians and drive them from their towns and their own homes."

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hinted that any further attempt at a divorce would lead the Pope to refuse to perform his coronation. Henry obeyed, and his wife, who had retired to

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Agnelli, C.M. (1986). "L'episcopato lucchese di Anselmo I da Baggio: l'amministrazione delle finanze e del patrimonio della Chiesa."

604:(Sitten in Switzerland) and two "clerici cardinales" to England, who, at Eastertide 1070, presided at the coronation at Winchester. 6437: 3895: 5701: 5467: 4561: 3394: 6131: 6073: 3795: 3790: 577:

guiding them to submit to the new regime. These favors were instrumental in the submission of the English church following the

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Die Besetzung der Bistümer Reichsitaliens unter den sächsischen und salischen Kaisern: mit den Listen der Bischöfe, 951–1122

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already, perhaps at the beginning of his reign, granted Abbot Desiderius personally the lordship over Terracina.

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as his symbol of primacy, Hildebrand wrote a letter in reply, claiming that it was not the custom to send the

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said was given to William I to signify the pope's blessing of his invasion to secure submission to Rome.

260:, protests followed. In order to silence a vocal critic, Bishop Guido sent Anselm to the Imperial Court. 218:

Anselm was born in the parish of Cesano Boscone in the town of Corsico some 7 km (4.3 mi) from

1061:

Monumenta Germaniae historica: Libelli de lite imperatorum et pontificum saeculis XI. et XII. conscripti

675: 6998: 6787: 5812: 5462: 5260: 4914: 4566: 4532: 4491: 1961: 1673:(in Polish and Latin). Vol. Tom III. Lwow: Nakładem Akademii umiejetności. 1878. pp. 342–345. 1342: 1248: 716:

Pope Alexander II died at the Lateran Palace on 21 April 1073, and was buried in the Lateran Basilica.

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Pontificum Romanorum qui fuerunt inde ab exeunte saeculo IX usque ad finem saeculi XIII vitae

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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the

903: 26:"Anselm of Baggio" redirects here. For his nephew who succeeded him as bishop of Lucca, see 7003: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6823: 6750: 6593: 6553: 6372: 6274: 6249: 6188: 5993: 5968: 5904: 4781: 4750: 4647: 4528: 4442: 4322: 4225: 3942: 3937: 3860: 3810: 3741: 3719: 1815:

Anselm of Bec and Robert of Meulan: The Innocence of the Dove and the Wisdom of the Serpent

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Anselm of Lucca, Reform and the Canon Law, C.1046–1086: The Beginnings of Systematization.

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I, pp. 337–341; 403–411. Leo Marsicanus, "Chronica Monasterii Cassinensis", Book III, in:

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of Cologne, Honorius was forsaken by the German court and deposed by a council held at

331: 324: 6523: 1657:(in Latin). Vol. I. Leipzig: sumptibus Ioannis Ludovici Gleditschii. p. 269. 1187:(in Latin). Vol. Tomus primus (second ed.). Leipzig: Veit. pp. 570–571. 1184:

Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita Ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII

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consecrating Jocelyn as bishop of Soissons, on the grounds that he was a simoniac.

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In 1072 Alexander commanded the reluctant Canon of the cathedral of Kraków,

619: 496:, and to Guifred, bishop of the city, praising them for having prevented the 1793: 1607:. Vol. II (fourth ed.). London: R. Bentley. pp. 112–115, 121. 6908: 6783: 6639: 6603: 6342: 6264: 6108: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5832: 5432: 5367: 5297: 5287: 5214: 5114: 5083: 4859: 4808: 4576: 4518: 4415: 4186: 4103: 4059: 4054: 4044: 3855: 3782: 3549: 3365: 3345: 3330: 3310: 3295: 3285: 3144: 3139: 3079: 3074: 3024: 2708: 2653: 2648: 2603: 2593: 2492: 2467: 2437: 2372: 2292: 2217: 2131: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2046: 1229:(in French). 2nd edition. Tome IV.2: 870–1085. Paris: A. Letouzey. p. 1252. 663: 659: 289: 185: 1126:(in French). Vol. Tome IV: 870–1085. Paris: A. Le Clère. p. 427. 1057:

Gregorovius, p. 129, derived from Peter Damiani, "Disceptatio synodalis"

385:. He marched to Rome and for a long time threatened his rival's position. 6709: 6538: 6513: 6488: 6461: 6448: 6357: 6259: 5946: 5628: 5484: 5357: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5312: 4614: 4549: 4405: 4330: 4308: 4156: 3918: 3880: 3320: 3200: 3195: 3149: 2773: 2638: 2633: 2538: 2477: 2422: 2412: 2407: 2277: 2101: 2051: 2006: 1064:(in German and Latin). Vol. I. Hannover: Hahn. 1891. pp. 87–88. 165: 839:(ed. by Louis Duchesne) (Paris: Thorin 1892), Volume II, part 1, p. 281. 525: 416:

In the meantime, the frantic Cardinal Hildebrand repeatedly called upon

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King William determined that he would not have his brother, Bishop

586: 538: 388:

At length, due to a coup-d-état in the German court which replaced

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Generalis totius Ordinis Clericorum Canonicrum historia tripartita

6564: 6178: 5800: 5372: 4210: 4084: 4027: 741: 631: 608: 393: 245: 193: 1785:

Morton, C. (1975). "Pope Alexander II and the Norman Conquest."

1700:(in French). Vol. Tome II. Paris: J. Lecoffre. p. 159. 6730:

Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary

6173: 6083: 5988: 5525: 4830: 4815: 4759: 4726: 931:. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 1 Aug. 2014" 497: 454: 397: 273: 5623: 4791: 4755: 961:

Bishop Giovanni was still alive on 27 May 1056. Cappelletti,

378: 219: 189: 137: 1749:

Le chiese d'Italia: dalla loro origine sino ai nostri giorni

4796: 4515: 1921: 1872: 339: 161: 39: 1439:

The Second Crusade: Extending the Frontiers of Christendom

369:

impossible. The German court nominated another candidate,

6619:

Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

288:, in 1057 in the company of Hildebrand, and in 1059 with 1693: 1253:

Vol. VIII (Berlin: Weidmann 1925), p. 14, no. 24.

1119: 6650:

Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary

1670:

Monumenta Poloniae historica: Pomniki dziejowe Polski

1452:

The Second Crusade: Walking to Santiago de Compostela

1226:

Histoire des conciles d'après les documents originaux

1123:

Histoire des conciles d'après les documents originaux

1745: 1600: 1537: 798:

Modern scholars sometimes refer to Bishop Anselm as

723: 520: 1807:

The Apostolic See and the Jews, Documents: 492–1404

1770:. Vol. IV, Part I. London: G. Bell & sons. 950:

Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptorum Tomus VIII

890:

Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptorum Tomus VIII

854: 842: 541:

with a golden cross, a gift from Pope Alexander II.

330:Unlike previous papal elections, the assent of the 5723: 1420: 871: 869: 200:according to the terms of his predecessor's bull, 1366:(in Latin). Rome: Camera Apostolica. p. 445. 1330:Monumenta Germaniae Historia Scriptorum Tomus VII 1217:Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio 1033:Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio 545:In 1066, Pope Alexander received an embassy from 222:of a noble family. The family took its name from 6970: 6720:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII 1920: 1724: 1359: 1347:Vol. VIII (Berlin: Weidmann 1925), p. 146. 512:Also in the same year, Alexander called for the 280:. So bad was the state of things at Milan, that 1778:The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages 1650: 1463: 1424:The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages 1180: 1101:Papal elections of the 11th Century (1061–1099) 866: 814:who succeeded to his office as Bishop of Lucca. 377:, who was proclaimed Pope at a council held at 230:, his father's name was Anselmus or Ardericus. 1817:. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. 1767:History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages 1525:The Historical Works of Master Ralph de Diceto 1156:Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Libelli de Lite 492:In 1065, Pope Alexander II wrote to Béranger, 5709: 3627: 1906: 589:with three tails charged with a cross, which 16:Head of the Catholic Church from 1061 to 1073 1454:, Penn State University Press, 1996, p. 101. 507: 403: 319:. The cardinal bishops then proceeded to an 295:Bishop Anselm attended the Roman council of 6989:11th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops 1763: 1492:, (Manchester University Press, 2000), 105. 1441:, St. Edmundsbury Press Ltd., 2007, p. 246. 1171:, Tomo I (Napoli: F. Cirelli 1842), p. 319. 944:dimisso.... Landulfus de S. Paulo, senior, 351: 6735:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary 6685:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart 5716: 5702: 5556:International Alliance of Catholic Knights 3634: 3620: 1913: 1899: 1802:. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner. pp. 212–213. 1654:Cracoviensis historiae Polonicae libri XII 1039:(Venice: A. Zatta 1766), pp. 911–912; 919. 921: 919: 917: 915: 901: 1821: 1740:Liturgical Prayer: Its History and Spirit 982: 980: 342:for the first time in the history of the 1697:Histoire des souverains pontifes romains 1531: 1466:Reconquest and crusade in medieval Spain 1414: 1268: 999: 524: 188:from 1061 to his death in 1073. Born in 1391:General Instruction Of The Roman Missal 1093: 927:"Loughlin, James. "Pope Alexander II." 912: 6971: 4015: 1812: 1604:Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury 1541:Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury 1519:Mann VI, p. 332-333. Ralph de Diceto, 1273:. New York: Metro Books. p. 137. 1074: 1072: 977: 860: 848: 561:. The embassy had been sent to obtain 213: 5697: 3615: 1894: 1716:Actum Luce. Rivista di Studi Lucchesi 1617:Mann VI, p. 337, with note 1. Migne, 1264: 1262: 1774: 1215:Jaffé, p. 575. J. D. Mansi (ed.), 334:to the election was not sought, and 252:as prince bishop of Milan. When the 192:, Anselm was deeply involved in the 6589:Suppression of the Society of Jesus 3641: 1591:sanctae ecclesiae summo pontifice." 1332:(Hannover: Hahn 1846), pp. 719–722. 1326:Storia della Badia di Monte-cassino 1169:Storia della Badia di Monte-cassino 1069: 905:Die Pataria in Mailand: 1056 – 1077 810:to distinguish him from his nephew 487: 346:; in accordance with Nicholas II's 302: 13: 6144:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 1271:The Popes: Every Question Answered 1259: 1167:Gregorovius, p. 151. Luigi Tosti, 1154:Bonizo of Sutri, "ad amicum", in: 908:(in German). Sondershausen: Eupel. 244:He was one of the founders of the 176:(1010/1015 – 21 April 1073), born 14: 7025: 1833: 1725:Artaud de Montor, Alexis (1910). 1619:Patrologiae Latinae Tomus CXLVIII 521:England and William the Conqueror 263:The emperor instead named Anselm 6951: 6939: 6270:Fourth Council of Constantinople 6225:Second Council of Constantinople 5678: 5677: 5666: 5634:Society of Saint Vincent de Paul 5182:Criticism of the Catholic Church 3593: 3582: 3581: 1728:The Lives and Times of the Popes 1694:Alexis Artaud de Montor (1847). 987: 754: 740: 726: 7009:Burials at St. Peter's Basilica 6240:Third Council of Constantinople 6164:First Council of Constantinople 3801:First seven ecumenical councils 1764:Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1896). 1708: 1686: 1677: 1661: 1644: 1635: 1611: 1594: 1584: 1575: 1566: 1557: 1548: 1513: 1495: 1482: 1457: 1444: 1431: 1405: 1379: 1370: 1353: 1335: 1318: 1309: 1296: 1287: 1241: 1232: 1209: 1200: 1191: 1174: 1161: 1148: 1145:Gregorovius IV. 1, pp. 150–151. 1139: 1130: 1120:Karl Joseph von Hefele (1871). 1113: 1051: 1042: 1025: 968: 955: 937: 884:Landulfus de S. Paulo, senior, 256:chose instead the more worldly 21:Pope Alexander II of Alexandria 6479:Dissolution of the monasteries 5745:History of the Catholic Church 4376:Separation of church and state 1503:"Flags in the Bayeux Tapestry" 895: 878: 830: 817: 792: 607:The archbishop of Canterbury, 585:carried his papal insignia, a 361:The new Pope Alexander II was 338:were the sole electors of the 19:For the Coptic patriarch, see 1: 6353:Fourth Council of the Lateran 6328:Second Council of the Lateran 5937:Apostles in the New Testament 1756:Cushing, Kathleen G. (1992). 1746:Giuseppe Cappelletti (1859). 1601:Walter Farquhar Hook (1879). 1563:Mann VI, p. 335, with note 1. 1538:Walter Farquhar Hook (1882). 1001:Duchesne, Louis Marie Olivier 952:(Hannover: Hahn 1848), p. 76. 892:(Hannover: Hahn 1848), p. 77. 6467:Catholic Counter-Reformation 6333:Third Council of the Lateran 6323:First Council of the Lateran 5779:Catholic ecumenical councils 1775:Mann, Horace Kinder (1910). 1488:Houts, Elisabeth M. C. Van, 1464:O'Callaghan, Joseph (2003). 1293:Jaffé, p. 583, and no. 4657. 272:in endeavouring to suppress 180:, was the head of the Roman 7: 1789:34, 1975, pp. 362–382. 1760:University of Oxford, 1992. 1718:15, 1986, pp. 95–117. 1421:Horace Kinder Mann (1910). 1341:Paul Fridolin Kehr (1925), 1247:Paul Fridolin Kehr (1925), 1080:The Papacy: An Encyclopedia 1078:Levillain, Philippe. 2002. 719: 692:pro suis actibus sceleratis 428: 10: 7030: 5813:History of the Roman Curia 5673:Catholic Church portal 1792:Schwartz, Gerhard (1907). 1521:Abbreviationes Chronicorum 1099:Miranda, Salvator. 1998. " 697: 448: 418:Marquis Godfrey of Tuscany 310:died on 27 July 1061. The 208:Norman Conquest of England 25: 18: 6934: 6834: 6700: 6627: 6562: 6549:European wars of religion 6446: 6381: 6283: 6205: 6096: 6019: 5879: 5868: 5860:Eastern Catholic Churches 5735: 5661: 5599:Aid to the Church in Need 5589: 5446: 5259: 5220:Vatican Television Center 5195: 5105: 4995: 4865:Eastern Catholic Churches 4846: 4735: 4628: 4575: 4500: 4471: 4396: 4321: 4256: 4201: 4120: 3990: 3904: 3836: 3781: 3700: 3677: 3649: 3577: 3504: 3444: 3383: 3374: 3188: 2902: 2501: 2205: 1999: 1932: 1879: 1870: 1862: 1855: 1822:Watterich, I. M. (1862). 1813:Vaughn, Sally N. (1987). 1360:GabrielePennotti (1624). 1269:Matthews, Rupert (2013). 1206:Jaffé, pp. 518, no. 4517. 669: 508:Crusade against the Moors 453:In an attempt to curtail 404:Normans of Southern Italy 148: 126: 121: 111: 101: 91: 83: 75: 67: 57: 50: 37: 6680:Mary of the Divine Heart 6303:Clash against the empire 6255:Second Council of Nicaea 6149:Old St. Peter's Basilica 5541:Communion and Liberation 5005:Eastern Catholic liturgy 4170:Mystici Corporis Christi 4098:Sixto-Clementine Vulgate 1839:Cinzio Violante (2000). 1651:Joannes Dlugosh (1711). 1641:Jaffé, p. 592, no. 4762. 1197:Jaffe, p. 517, no. 4516. 1181:Philippus Jaffé (1885). 785: 711: 676:Stanislaus of Szczepanów 6946:Vatican City portal 6298:Investiture Controversy 6154:First Council of Nicaea 4356:Philosophy of canon law 4286:Mariology of the saints 3866:Investiture Controversy 3395:During the Roman Empire 1048:Cappelletti XV, p. 513. 1018:Encyclopædia Britannica 775:List of papal conclaves 770:List of Catholic saints 555:his successful invasion 502:Landulf VI of Benevento 6958:Catholicism portal 6769:Second Vatican Council 6655:Our Lady of La Salette 6462:Protestant Reformation 6449:Protestant Reformation 6368:Second Council of Lyon 5757:Ecclesiastical history 5609:Catholic Charities USA 5243:Acta Apostolicae Sedis 5231:Vatican Polyglot Press 4281:Mariology of the popes 3919:Protestant Reformation 3600:Catholic Church Portal 3460:Conflicts with the HRE 1857:Catholic Church titles 1450:Jonathan P. Phillips, 1437:Jonathan P. Phillips, 1107:7 January 2019 at the 946:Historia Mediolanensis 886:Historia Mediolanensis 542: 352: 6665:First Vatican Council 6363:First Council of Lyon 6127:Constantine the Great 5823:Christian monasticism 5363:Good Shepherd Sisters 5205:Holy See Press Office 4443:Doctors of the Church 4276:Immaculate Conception 4231:Anointing of the Sick 3766:History of the papacy 3376:History of the papacy 1844:Enciclopedia dei Papi 1683:Dlugosh, pp. 272–273. 1581:Mann VI, pp. 334–335. 1490:The Normans in Europe 1411:Simonsohn, pp. 35–37. 929:Catholic Encyclopedia 654:attempted to divorce 535:William the Conqueror 528: 250:Ariberto da Intimiano 6842:Sexual abuse scandal 6751:Mit brennender Sorge 6594:Age of Enlightenment 6373:Bernard of Clairvaux 6250:Byzantine Iconoclasm 6189:Council of Chalcedon 5969:Council of Jerusalem 5838:Role in civilization 5818:Religious institutes 5750:By country or region 5236:L'Osservatore Romano 5174:Role in civilisation 4900:Croatian and Serbian 4648:Episcopal conference 4610:St. Peter's Basilica 3968:Sexual abuse scandal 3924:Catholic Reformation 3538:Revolutionary Papacy 3532:Age of Enlightenment 1572:Hook I, pp. 521–524. 1219:, editio novissima, 1035:, editio novissima, 688:Bolesław II the Bold 652:German King Henry IV 567:prospective invasion 514:Crusade of Barbastro 498:massacre of the Jews 494:Viscount of Narbonne 464:By 1071, the future 367:St. Peter's Basilica 270:Hildebrand of Sovana 6670:Papal infallibility 6660:Our Lady of Lourdes 6609:Shimabara Rebellion 6453:Counter-Reformation 5571:Neocatechumenal Way 5536:Charismatic Renewal 5250:Annuario Pontificio 4848:Particular churches 4524:Ecumenical councils 4296:Perpetual virginity 4131:Communitas perfecta 4075:Sermon on the Mount 3385:Antiquity and Early 3189:17th–21st centuries 2903:13th–16th centuries 1805:Simonsohn, Shlomo. 1507:Encyclopædia Romana 1306:, VI (p. 653 Jaffé. 1238:Jaffé, pp. 581–582. 1031:J. D. Mansi (ed.), 902:Hugo Paech (1872). 827:. Schwartz, p. 212. 748:Christianity portal 666:returned to Court. 658:. The Papal legate 591:William of Poitiers 571:Anglo-Saxon England 214:Early life and work 7014:11th-century popes 6715:Our Lady of Fátima 6504:Ignatius of Loyola 6428:Catherine of Siena 6396:Pope Boniface VIII 6215:Benedict of Nursia 6184:Council of Ephesus 6021:Ante-Nicene period 5974:Split with Judaism 5808:Crusading movement 5408:Premonstratensians 3791:Ante-Nicene period 3669:Lists of Catholics 3520:Reformation Papacy 3514:Renaissance Papacy 3456:(1012–1044 / 1048) 3409:Ostrogothic Papacy 2502:9th–12th centuries 1846:(Treccani: 2000). 963:Le chiese d'Italia 837:Liber Pontificalis 579:Battle of Hastings 575:Old English clergy 543: 381:under the name of 332:Holy Roman Emperor 325:Richard I of Capua 228:Liber pontificalis 6999:Clergy from Milan 6966: 6965: 6926:COVID-19 pandemic 6904:Pope Benedict XVI 6809:Pope John Paul II 6584:Pope Benedict XIV 6570:French Revolution 6554:Thirty Years' War 6544:Robert Bellarmine 6529:John of the Cross 6433:Pope Alexander VI 6418:Council of Vienne 6348:Francis of Assisi 6338:Pope Innocent III 6207:Early Middle Ages 6201: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6139:Arian controversy 6092: 6091: 6040:Apostolic Fathers 5691: 5690: 5101: 5100: 4494: 4317: 4316: 4009: 3986: 3985: 3978:COVID-19 pandemic 3948:French Revolution 3938:Thirty Years' War 3846:Islamic conquests 3759:Apostolic fathers 3694: 3609: 3608: 3573: 3572: 3465:Wandering Papacy 3428:Saeculum obscurum 3401:Under Constantine 2206:5th–8th centuries 2000:1st–4th centuries 1984:papal resignation 1889: 1888: 1880:Succeeded by 1692:Jaffé I, p. 592. 1475:978-0-8122-3696-5 1344:Italia pontificia 1302:Bonizo of Sutri, 1280:978-1-4351-4571-9 1250:Italia pontificia 974:Schwartz, p. 213. 875:Schwartz, p. 212. 278:clerical celibacy 254:Emperor Henry III 196:reform movement. 184:and ruler of the 174:Pope Alexander II 171: 170: 142:Holy Roman Empire 131:Anselmo da Baggio 71:30 September 1061 7021: 6994:Bishops of Lucca 6956: 6955: 6944: 6943: 6942: 6921:Patriarch Kirill 6794:Pope John Paul I 6599:Anti-clericalism 6579:Pope Innocent XI 6499:Society of Jesus 6484:Council of Trent 6438:Age of Discovery 6383:Late Middle Ages 6285:High Middle Ages 6275:East–West Schism 6159:Pope Sylvester I 6105: 6104: 6094: 6093: 6004:General epistles 5999:Pauline epistles 5932:John the Baptist 5915:Great Commission 5877: 5876: 5828:Catholic culture 5718: 5711: 5704: 5695: 5694: 5681: 5680: 5671: 5670: 5413:Redemptoristines 5261:Religious orders 5187:Anti-Catholicism 5137:Church buildings 4997:Catholic liturgy 4737:Consecrated life 4595:Apostolic Palace 4562:Synod of Bishops 4498: 4497: 4474: 4080:Ten Commandments 4013: 4012: 3995: 3896:Age of Discovery 3730:Great Commission 3698: 3697: 3682: 3636: 3629: 3622: 3613: 3612: 3597: 3585: 3584: 3505:Early Modern and 3415:Byzantine Papacy 3381: 3380: 1915: 1908: 1901: 1892: 1891: 1863:Preceded by 1853: 1852: 1849: 1841:"ALESSANDRO II." 1829: 1818: 1801: 1782: 1771: 1753: 1732: 1721: 1702: 1701: 1690: 1684: 1681: 1675: 1674: 1665: 1659: 1658: 1648: 1642: 1639: 1633: 1632:before Lanfranc. 1623: 1615: 1609: 1608: 1598: 1592: 1588: 1582: 1579: 1573: 1570: 1564: 1561: 1555: 1552: 1546: 1545: 1535: 1529: 1517: 1511: 1510: 1499: 1493: 1486: 1480: 1479: 1461: 1455: 1448: 1442: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1418: 1412: 1409: 1403: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1383: 1377: 1374: 1368: 1367: 1357: 1351: 1350: 1339: 1333: 1322: 1316: 1313: 1307: 1300: 1294: 1291: 1285: 1284: 1266: 1257: 1256: 1245: 1239: 1236: 1230: 1213: 1207: 1204: 1198: 1195: 1189: 1188: 1178: 1172: 1165: 1159: 1152: 1146: 1143: 1137: 1134: 1128: 1127: 1117: 1111: 1097: 1091: 1076: 1067: 1065: 1055: 1049: 1046: 1040: 1029: 1023: 1022: 993: 991: 990: 984: 975: 972: 966: 959: 953: 941: 935: 934: 923: 910: 909: 899: 893: 882: 876: 873: 864: 858: 852: 846: 840: 834: 828: 825:"Alessandro II." 821: 815: 809: 803: 801:Anselm the Elder 796: 764: 759: 758: 757: 750: 745: 744: 736: 734:Biography portal 731: 730: 729: 680:Bishop of Kraków 551:Duke of Normandy 488:Position on Jews 470:Otto of Nordheim 466:Emperor Henry IV 411:Richard of Capua 392:with Archbishop 357: 354:In Nomine Domini 336:cardinal bishops 308:Pope Nicholas II 303:Election as pope 297:Pope Nicholas II 203:In nomine Domini 178:Anselm of Baggio 158: 156: 122:Personal details 35: 34: 7029: 7028: 7024: 7023: 7022: 7020: 7019: 7018: 6969: 6968: 6967: 6962: 6950: 6940: 6938: 6930: 6852:World Youth Day 6830: 6819:World Youth Day 6763:Pacem in terris 6757:Pope John XXIII 6696: 6623: 6614:Edict of Nantes 6572: 6568: 6558: 6524:Teresa of Ávila 6519:Tridentine Mass 6455: 6451: 6442: 6423:Knights Templar 6377: 6279: 6235:Gregorian chant 6193: 6119: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6100: 6088: 6015: 5884: 5872: 5864: 5731: 5729:Catholic Church 5722: 5692: 5687: 5665: 5657: 5636: 5619:Relief Services 5585: 5531:Catholic Action 5521:Military orders 5458:Confraternities 5450:of the faithful 5449: 5442: 5264: 5255: 5191: 5097: 4991: 4850: 4842: 4775:Prior, Prioress 4731: 4624: 4620:Vatican Museums 4571: 4504: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4467: 4392: 4346:Social teaching 4313: 4252: 4197: 4152:One true church 4116: 4093:Sixtine Vulgate 4089:Official Bible 4003: 3999: 3994: 3982: 3900: 3832: 3777: 3747:Petrine primacy 3690: 3686: 3681: 3673: 3645: 3643:Catholic Church 3640: 3610: 3605: 3569: 3552:(1929–present) 3506: 3500: 3454:Tusculan Papacy 3446: 3440: 3421:Frankish Papacy 3386: 3370: 3184: 2898: 2497: 2201: 1995: 1928: 1926:Catholic Church 1919: 1885: 1876: 1868: 1847: 1836: 1799: 1736:Cabrol, Fernand 1719: 1711: 1706: 1705: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1678: 1667: 1666: 1662: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1599: 1595: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1536: 1532: 1518: 1514: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1487: 1483: 1476: 1462: 1458: 1449: 1445: 1436: 1432: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1406: 1396: 1394: 1385: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1358: 1354: 1348: 1340: 1336: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1281: 1267: 1260: 1254: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1233: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1179: 1175: 1166: 1162: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1131: 1118: 1114: 1109:Wayback Machine 1098: 1094: 1077: 1070: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1043: 1030: 1026: 988: 986: 985: 978: 973: 969: 960: 956: 942: 938: 925: 924: 913: 900: 896: 883: 879: 874: 867: 859: 855: 847: 843: 835: 831: 822: 818: 805: 799: 797: 793: 788: 760: 755: 753: 746: 739: 732: 727: 725: 722: 714: 700: 672: 656:Bertha of Savoy 531:Bayeux Tapestry 523: 510: 490: 451: 431: 406: 375:bishop of Parma 344:Catholic Church 305: 265:Bishop of Lucca 258:Guido da Velate 216: 182:Catholic Church 160: 154: 152: 144: 135: 133: 132: 116:Bishop of Lucca 62:Catholic Church 46: 43: 42: 31: 28:Anselm of Lucca 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7027: 7017: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6960: 6948: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6900: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6849: 6844: 6838: 6836: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6828: 6827: 6826: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6759: 6754: 6747: 6742: 6740:Lateran Treaty 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6706: 6704: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6694: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6631: 6629: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6575: 6573: 6565:Baroque period 6563: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6534:Peter Canisius 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6509:Francis Xavier 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6473:Exsurge Domine 6469: 6464: 6458: 6456: 6447: 6444: 6443: 6441: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6413:Pope Clement V 6410: 6409: 6408: 6406:Avignon Papacy 6401:Western Schism 6398: 6393: 6391:Thomas Aquinas 6387: 6385: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6289: 6287: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6245:Saint Boniface 6242: 6237: 6232: 6230:Pope Gregory I 6227: 6222: 6217: 6211: 6209: 6203: 6202: 6199: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6169:Biblical canon 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6135: 6134: 6123: 6121: 6102: 6098:Late antiquity 6090: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6065: 6064: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6045:Pope Clement I 6035:Church Fathers 6032: 6026: 6024: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5960: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5918: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5891: 5889: 5874: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5841: 5840: 5835: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5804: 5803: 5798: 5796:Biblical canon 5791:Catholic Bible 5788: 5787: 5786: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5753: 5752: 5741: 5739: 5733: 5732: 5721: 5720: 5713: 5706: 5698: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5685: 5675: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5637: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5595: 5593: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5566:Legion of Mary 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5515: 5514: 5504: 5503: 5502: 5495:Lay Carmelites 5492: 5482: 5481: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5454: 5452: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5343:Conceptionists 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5278:Assumptionists 5274: 5272: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5253: 5246: 5239: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5207: 5201: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5145: 5144: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5123: 5122: 5111: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5095: 5094: 5093: 5092: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5046: 5045: 5044: 5043: 5042: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5001: 4999: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4982: 4980:Syro-Malankara 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4930:Italo-Albanian 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4862: 4856: 4854: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4818: 4813: 4812: 4811: 4801: 4800: 4799: 4794: 4784: 4779: 4778: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4748: 4741: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4713: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4657: 4656: 4655: 4650: 4639: 4637: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4600:Lateran Treaty 4597: 4592: 4587: 4581: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4558: 4557: 4547: 4546: 4545: 4540: 4526: 4521: 4512: 4510: 4495: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4419: 4418: 4413: 4402: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4390: 4389: 4388: 4383: 4373: 4372: 4371: 4361: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4336:Moral theology 4333: 4327: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4311: 4306: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4262: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4239: 4238: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4207: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4195: 4190: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4166: 4161: 4160: 4159: 4154: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4126: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4114: 4109: 4108: 4107: 4100: 4095: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4036: 4035: 4030: 4019: 4017: 4010: 3988: 3987: 3984: 3983: 3981: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3931: 3921: 3910: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3851:Pope Gregory I 3848: 3842: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3825: 3823:Biblical canon 3820: 3818:Late antiquity 3815: 3814: 3813: 3808: 3798: 3793: 3787: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3775: 3774: 3773: 3763: 3762: 3761: 3754:Church fathers 3751: 3750: 3749: 3744: 3734: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3706: 3704: 3695: 3688:Ecclesiastical 3675: 3674: 3672: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3650: 3647: 3646: 3639: 3638: 3631: 3624: 3616: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3603: 3591: 3578: 3575: 3574: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3567: 3566: 3565: 3559: 3547: 3544:Roman Question 3541: 3535: 3534:(c. 1640–1740) 3529: 3526:Baroque Papacy 3523: 3517: 3510: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3498: 3495:Western Schism 3492: 3489:Avignon Papacy 3486: 3485: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3463: 3457: 3450: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3438: 3435:Crescentii era 3432: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3404: 3391: 3389: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3241:Alexander VIII 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3192: 3190: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2624:Anastasius III 2621: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2505: 2503: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2202: 2200: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1996: 1994: 1993: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1976: 1971: 1970: 1969: 1964: 1956: 1951: 1950: 1949: 1944: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1918: 1917: 1910: 1903: 1895: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1878: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1859: 1851: 1850: 1835: 1834:External links 1832: 1831: 1830: 1819: 1810: 1803: 1790: 1783: 1772: 1761: 1754: 1743: 1733: 1722: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1685: 1676: 1660: 1643: 1634: 1610: 1593: 1583: 1574: 1565: 1556: 1547: 1530: 1512: 1494: 1481: 1474: 1456: 1443: 1430: 1413: 1404: 1378: 1376:Cabrol, p. 46. 1369: 1352: 1334: 1317: 1315:Jaffé, p. 587. 1308: 1295: 1286: 1279: 1258: 1240: 1231: 1208: 1199: 1190: 1173: 1160: 1147: 1138: 1129: 1112: 1092: 1068: 1050: 1041: 1024: 1013:Chisholm, Hugh 976: 967: 954: 936: 911: 894: 877: 865: 853: 841: 829: 816: 790: 789: 787: 784: 783: 782: 777: 772: 766: 765: 762:History portal 751: 737: 721: 718: 713: 710: 699: 696: 671: 668: 647:King William. 565:for William's 537:holds a papal 522: 519: 509: 506: 489: 486: 450: 447: 430: 427: 405: 402: 304: 301: 215: 212: 169: 168: 150: 146: 145: 136: 130: 128: 124: 123: 119: 118: 113: 109: 108: 103: 99: 98: 93: 89: 88: 85: 81: 80: 79:1 October 1061 77: 73: 72: 69: 65: 64: 59: 55: 54: 52:Bishop of Rome 48: 47: 44: 38: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7026: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6984:Italian popes 6982: 6980: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6947: 6937: 6936: 6933: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6916: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6854: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6833: 6825: 6822: 6821: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6799:Mother Teresa 6797: 6795: 6792: 6789: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6764: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6752: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6725:Pope Pius XII 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6699: 6693: 6692: 6691:Rerum novarum 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6675:Pope Leo XIII 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6645:United States 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6635:Pope Pius VII 6633: 6632: 6630: 6626: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6474: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6450: 6445: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6380: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6318:Scholasticism 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6293:Pope Urban II 6291: 6290: 6288: 6286: 6282: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6204: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6133: 6130: 6129: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6118: 6110: 6106: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6069:Justin Martyr 6067: 6063: 6060: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6042: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6018: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5980: 5979:New Testament 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5942:Commissioning 5940: 5939: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5886:Apostolic Age 5882: 5878: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5789: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5780: 5777: 5773: 5772:Papal primacy 5770: 5769: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5719: 5714: 5712: 5707: 5705: 5700: 5699: 5696: 5684: 5676: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5663: 5660: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5638: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5614:Home Missions 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5588: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5507:Saint Francis 5505: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5490:Saint Dominic 5488: 5487: 5486: 5483: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5445: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5303:Bethlehemites 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5267: 5262: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5247: 5245: 5244: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5233: 5230: 5226: 5225:Vatican Radio 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5211: 5210:Vatican Media 5208: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5194: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5104: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5050: 5047: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5006: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4994: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4805: 4802: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4661: 4658: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4574: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4534: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4507:List of popes 4503: 4499: 4496: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4470: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4395: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4378: 4377: 4374: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4320: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4291:Mother of God 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4255: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4176:People of God 4174: 4172: 4171: 4167: 4165: 4164:Infallibility 4162: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4149: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4132: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4119: 4113: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4040:Body and soul 4038: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4007: 4002: 3998: 3993: 3989: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3943:Enlightenment 3941: 3939: 3936: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3915: 3914:Protestantism 3912: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3903: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3891:Scholasticism 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3876:Schism (1378) 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3861:Schism (1054) 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3835: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3803: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3772: 3769: 3768: 3767: 3764: 3760: 3757: 3756: 3755: 3752: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3738: 3735: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3712: 3711: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3676: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3651: 3648: 3644: 3637: 3632: 3630: 3625: 3623: 3618: 3617: 3614: 3602: 3601: 3596: 3592: 3590: 3589: 3580: 3579: 3576: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3503: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3445:High and Late 3443: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3402: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 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2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2889:Celestine III 2887: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2864:Alexander III 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2854:Anastasius IV 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2754:Sylvester III 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2739:Benedict VIII 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 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Routledge. 1081: 1075: 1073: 1063: 1062: 1054: 1045: 1038: 1034: 1028: 1020: 1019: 1014: 1010: 1009:Alexander II. 1008: 1002: 997: 996:public domain 983: 981: 971: 964: 958: 951: 947: 940: 932: 930: 922: 920: 918: 916: 907: 906: 898: 891: 887: 881: 872: 870: 863:, p. 33. 862: 857: 851:, p. 34. 850: 845: 838: 833: 826: 820: 813: 808: 802: 795: 791: 781: 780:List of popes 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 767: 763: 752: 749: 743: 738: 735: 724: 717: 709: 706: 695: 693: 689: 686: 681: 677: 667: 665: 661: 657: 653: 648: 644: 642: 638: 634: 633: 627: 625: 621: 620:Odo of Bayeux 616: 614: 610: 605: 603: 599: 598:Peter's Pence 594: 592: 588: 584: 583:Count Eustace 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 540: 536: 532: 527: 518: 515: 505: 503: 499: 495: 485: 482: 478: 474: 471: 467: 462: 458: 456: 446: 442: 438: 436: 426: 423: 419: 414: 412: 401: 399: 395: 391: 390:Empress Agnes 386: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 359: 356: 355: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 328: 326: 322: 318: 317:congé d'élire 313: 309: 300: 298: 293: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 266: 261: 259: 255: 251: 247: 242: 240: 236: 231: 229: 225: 221: 211: 209: 205: 204: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 167: 163: 159:21 April 1073 151: 147: 143: 139: 129: 125: 120: 117: 114: 112:Other post(s) 110: 107: 104: 100: 97: 94: 90: 87:21 April 1073 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 63: 60: 56: 53: 49: 41: 36: 33: 29: 22: 6913: 6909:Pope Francis 6835:21st century 6784:Pope Paul VI 6761: 6749: 6702:20th century 6689: 6640:Pope Pius IX 6628:19th century 6604:Pope Pius VI 6471: 6343:Latin Empire 6313:Universities 6265:Pope Leo III 6132:Christianity 6117:state church 6109:Great Church 5910:Resurrection 5873:(30–325/476) 5870:Early Church 5855:Latin Church 5850:Papal States 5845:Vatican City 5653:Universities 5485:Third orders 5448:Associations 5438:Visitandines 5433:Trinitarians 5383:Mercedarians 5368:Hieronymites 5313:Camaldoleses 5298:Benedictines 5288:Augustinians 5248: 5241: 5234: 5215:Vatican News 5169:Distinctions 4975:Syro-Malabar 4860:Latin Church 4782:Grand master 4680:Metropolitan 4577:Vatican City 4472:Organisation 4351:Philosophers 4216:Confirmation 4193:In canon law 4187:Subsistit in 4185: 4181:Three states 4168: 4129: 4122:Ecclesiology 4104:Nova Vulgata 4102: 4060:Original sin 4055:Nicene Creed 4045:Divine grace 4004: 3886:Universities 3856:Papal States 3783:Great Church 3725:Resurrection 3702:Early Church 3598: 3586: 3556:World War II 3550:Vatican City 3426: 3397:(until 493) 3361:Benedict XVI 3356:John Paul II 3276:Clement XIII 3271:Benedict XIV 3246:Innocent XII 3180:Clement VIII 3155:Gregory XIII 3135:Marcellus II 3095:Alexander VI 3045:Innocent VII 3010:Benedict XII 2965:Nicholas III 2930:Alexander IV 2920:Celestine IV 2910:Honorius III 2894:Innocent III 2879:Gregory VIII 2839:Celestine II 2824:Callixtus II 2794:Alexander II 2793: 2719:Sylvester II 2699:Benedict VII 2659:Stephen VIII 2544:Benedict III 2398:Adeodatus II 2343:Boniface III 2197:Anastasius I 1871: 1848:(in Italian) 1843: 1824: 1814: 1806: 1794: 1786: 1777: 1766: 1757: 1748: 1739: 1727: 1720:(in Italian) 1715: 1709:Bibliography 1696: 1688: 1679: 1669: 1663: 1653: 1646: 1637: 1629: 1625: 1618: 1613: 1603: 1596: 1586: 1577: 1568: 1559: 1550: 1540: 1533: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1506: 1497: 1489: 1484: 1465: 1459: 1451: 1446: 1438: 1433: 1423: 1416: 1407: 1395:. 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5581:Schoenstatt 5546:Sant'Egidio 5378:Legionaries 5358:Franciscans 5333:Cistercians 5328:Carthusians 5283:Annonciades 5142:Altarpieces 5035:West Syriac 5030:East Syriac 5010:Alexandrian 4634:Holy orders 4615:Swiss Guard 4555:Dicasteries 4550:Roman Curia 4448:Evangelists 4406:Holy Family 4341:Personalism 4331:Natural law 4309:Josephology 4243:Holy orders 3881:Inquisition 3838:Middle Ages 3828:Monasticism 3796:Constantine 3720:Crucifixion 3564:(1945–1991) 3558:(1939–1945) 3546:(1870–1929) 3540:(1775–1848) 3528:(1585–1689) 3522:(1534–1585) 3516:(1417–1534) 3497:(1378–1417) 3491:(1309–1378) 3483:, 1228–1304 3477:, 1262–1297 3471:, 1257–1281 3462:(1048–1257) 3447:Middle Ages 3387:Middle Ages 3351:John Paul I 3326:Benedict XV 3306:Gregory XVI 3281:Clement XIV 3266:Clement XII 3236:Innocent XI 3175:Innocent IX 3170:Gregory XIV 3120:Clement VII 3050:Gregory XII 3040:Boniface IX 3020:Innocent VI 2995:Benedict XI 2985:Celestine V 2980:Nicholas IV 2975:Honorius IV 2925:Innocent IV 2884:Clement III 2834:Innocent II 2829:Honorius II 2819:Gelasius II 2799:Gregory VII 2789:Nicholas II 2749:Benedict IX 2694:Benedict VI 2669:Agapetus II 2644:Stephen VII 2619:Sergius III 2609:Benedict IV 2599:Theodore II 2584:Boniface VI 2483:Stephen III 2463:Gregory III 2453:Constantine 2418:Benedict II 2353:Adeodatus I 2348:Boniface IV 2328:Pelagius II 2288:Boniface II 2228:Celestine I 2167:Sylvester I 2152:Marcellus I 2147:Marcellinus 2082:Callixtus I 2067:Eleutherius 2042:Telesphorus 2032:Alexander I 1954:Papal names 1883:Gregory VII 1866:Nicholas II 1800:(in German) 1393:. usccb.org 965:XV, p. 511. 948:III.5, in: 861:Vaughn 1987 849:Vaughn 1987 823:Violante, 685:Polish king 435:Honorius II 383:Honorius II 166:Papal State 106:Gregory VII 96:Nicholas II 92:Predecessor 6973:Categories 6788:coronation 6494:Pope Leo X 6079:Tertullian 6009:Revelation 5984:Background 5398:Oratorians 5353:Dominicans 5323:Carmelites 5318:Camillians 5266:institutes 5079:Tridentine 5015:Antiochian 4935:Macedonian 4880:Belarusian 4770:Provincial 4685:Archbishop 4605:Roman Rota 4567:Properties 4492:By country 4488:Precedence 4453:Confessors 4433:Archangels 4423:Patriarchs 4323:Philosophy 4301:Veneration 4266:Assumption 4236:Last rites 4203:Sacraments 4147:Four marks 3958:Vatican II 3906:Modern era 3742:Succession 3507:Modern Era 3437:(974–1012) 3341:John XXIII 3251:Clement XI 3226:Clement IX 3216:Innocent X 3211:Urban VIII 3206:Gregory XV 3130:Julius III 3065:Nicholas V 3030:Gregory XI 3015:Clement VI 2950:Innocent V 2940:Clement IV 2915:Gregory IX 2869:Lucius III 2849:Eugene III 2814:Paschal II 2804:Victor III 2784:Stephen IX 2769:Damasus II 2764:Clement II 2759:Gregory VI 2734:Sergius IV 2729:John XVIII 2679:Benedict V 2664:Marinus II 2589:Stephen VI 2569:Adrian III 2549:Nicholas I 2534:Sergius II 2529:Gregory IV 2509:Stephen IV 2473:Stephen II 2458:Gregory II 2378:Theodore I 2363:Honorius I 2358:Boniface V 2323:Benedict I 2313:Pelagius I 2298:Agapetus I 2258:Gelasius I 2248:Simplicius 2233:Sixtus III 2223:Boniface I 2213:Innocent I 2077:Zephyrinus 1991:Pope-elect 1967:non-extant 1622:(in Latin) 1349:(in Latin) 1255:(in Latin) 1158:I, p. 599. 1005:Alexander 155:1073-04-21 6804:Communism 6774:Ecumenism 6120:(380–451) 6112:(180–451) 6101:(313–476) 6023:(100–325) 5639:See also: 5591:Charities 5500:Discalced 5428:Trappists 5423:Theatines 5393:Olivetans 5338:Clarisses 5308:Blue nuns 5293:Basilians 5270:societies 5178:See also: 5064:Mozarabic 5054:Ambrosian 5040:Malankara 5025:Byzantine 4985:Ukrainian 4960:Ruthenian 4925:Hungarian 4910:Ethiopian 4885:Bulgarian 4852:sui iuris 4836:Postulant 4745:Religious 4700:Auxiliary 4695:Coadjutor 4665:Patriarch 4533:Cardinals 4480:Canon law 4476:Hierarchy 4458:Disciples 4381:Relations 4369:Evolution 4360:See also: 4305:See also: 4258:Mariology 4248:Matrimony 4221:Eucharist 4142:Ecumenism 4070:Salvation 4006:Catechism 4001:Tradition 3963:Communism 3811:Chalcedon 3431:(904–964) 3423:(756–857) 3417:(537–752) 3411:(493–537) 3403:(312–337) 3301:Pius VIII 3231:Clement X 3165:Urban VII 3115:Adrian VI 3105:Julius II 3085:Sixtus IV 3060:Eugene IV 3005:John XXII 3000:Clement V 2970:Martin IV 2945:Gregory X 2874:Urban III 2859:Adrian IV 2844:Lucius II 2779:Victor II 2724:John XVII 2714:Gregory V 2689:John XIII 2574:Stephen V 2564:Marinus I 2559:John VIII 2554:Adrian II 2524:Valentine 2519:Eugene II 2514:Paschal I 2448:Sisinnius 2433:Sergius I 2368:Severinus 2333:Gregory I 2303:Silverius 2273:Hormisdas 2268:Symmachus 2253:Felix III 2187:Damasus I 2162:Miltiades 2137:Eutychian 2127:Dionysius 2122:Sixtus II 2117:Stephen I 2107:Cornelius 2027:Evaristus 2022:Clement I 2017:Anacletus 1947:canonised 1942:graphical 1738:(2003). 1304:ad amicum 1221:Tomus XIX 1037:Tomus XIX 1003:(1911). 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