Pope Alexander VI - Knowledge

3037:"The Spaniards had been trying to take back their country from the Moors for almost 800 years. By the middle of the 15th century, this reconquest was almost complete, but Spain was still a hodgepodge of competing principalities and, because of its constant state of warfare, still a very backward country. In Italy, on the other hand, the Renaissance, which had hardly begun in Spain, had reached its high point and the Italians, in general, did not look kindly on a citizen of this backward country being elevated to the highest post in the Church. Remember, too, that the pope at the time, besides his spiritual powers, was a sovereign political power with large areas of the peninsula, nominally, at least, under his control. Italy was, politically, in a worse state than Spain. In the south, Naples was a fief of the pope, but its ruler, King Ferrante, refused to acknowledge the pope's authority. In the north of the peninsula, many small principalities vied for dominance and were often at war with one another, changing alliances as rapidly as opportunity invited. In the Papal States themselves, noble families, such as the Orsini and the Colonna, acted as petty tyrants in the cities and areas which they controlled, grinding down the people and constantly seeking to achieve their independence from their sovereign, the pope. These Roman families even sought to control the Papacy itself. It was probably only because they could not agree on an Italian successor to Nicholas V that the elderly Callistus had been elected; one who, in all probability, would not live long...Callistus III was acknowledged by all as religious and austere, though severely criticized for his largesse to his family. But he was surrounded by enemies both within the Church and among the rulers of Europe. When elected, he did what all leaders do, he surrounded himself with people whom he believed he could trust. A Spaniard in Italy, he was hard-pressed to find such trustworthiness except from members of his own family; hence his patronage of them, though it is not to be denied that it was probably also for personal reasons." 3055:"The holy year 1500 definitively ushered in the custom of opening a holy door on Christmas Eve and closing it the following year on Christmas Day. Alexander opened the first holy door in St. Peter's Basilica on Christmas Eve, 1499, and papal legates opened the doors in the other three patriarchal basilicas. For this occasion, Pope Alexander had a new opening created in the portico of St. Peter's and commissioned a door, made of marble, 3.5 meters high and 2.2 wide. It lasted until 1618 when another door was installed in the new basilica. The door, in turn, was replaced in 1950 by the bronze door, which is still in use. In a ceremony strikingly similar in many ways to today's ritual opening of a holy door, Alexander was carried in the gestatorial chair to the portico of St. Peter's. He and the members of his retinue, bearing long candles, processed to the holy door, as the choir intoned Psalm 118:19–20: "Open for me the gate of Yahweh, where the upright go in." The pope knocked thrice on the door, it gave way (assisted from within by workers), and everyone then crossed the threshold to enter into a period of penance and reconciliation. Thus, Pope Alexander, a lover of pomp and ceremony, formalized the rite of opening a holy door and began a tradition that continues, with few variations, to this day. Similar rites were held at the other patriarchal basilicas. Alexander was also the first to institute a special rite for the closing of a holy door. On the feast of the Epiphany, 6 January 1501, two cardinals – one with a silver brick and the other with a gold one – symbolically began to seal the holy door. Basilica workers known as sanpietrini completed the task, which included placing small coins and medals, minted during the holy year, inside the wall." 2383: 2048: 1792:

these should not be made when your charge is to forward peace and concord. Moreover, these are not the time for such teachings, calculated as they are to produce discord even in times of peace let alone in times of trouble. ... Since, however, we have been most happy to learn from certain cardinals and from your letter that you are ready to submit yourself to the reproofs of the Church, as becomes a Christian and a religious, we are beginning to think that what you have done has not been done with an evil motive, but from a certain simple-mindedness and a zeal, however misguided, for the Lord's vineyard. Our duty, however, prescribes that we order you, under holy obedience, to cease from public and private preaching until you are able to come to our presence, not under armed escort as is your present habit, but safely, quietly and modestly as becomes a religious, or until we make different arrangements. If you obey, as we hope you will, we for the time being suspend the operation of our former Brief so that you may live in peace in accordance with the dictates of your conscience.

1810: 172: 970:, and the new pope rewarded Borgia not only with maintaining the chancellorship but also with a lucrative abbey benefice and another titular church. In 1460, Pope Pius rebuked Cardinal Borgia for attending a private party which Pius had heard turned into an orgy. Borgia apologized for the incident but denied that there had been an orgy. Pope Pius forgave him, and the true events of the evening remain unknown. In 1462, Rodrigo Borgia had his first son, Pedro Luis, with an unknown mistress. He sent Pedro Luis to grow up in Spain. The following year, Borgia acceded to Pope Pius's call for cardinals to help fund a new crusade. Before embarking to lead the crusade personally, Pope Pius II fell ill and died, so Borgia would need to ensure the election of yet another ally to the papacy to maintain his position as vice-chancellor. 1157: 2161: 3174:"As part of his proposed new reforms, Alexander now nominated a commission of six of the most pious cardinals, and less than two months later a draft Bull of Reformation had been prepared. The pope was banned from selling benefices and from transferring Church property to laypersons. As for the cardinals, who were to be drawn from all the nations, none should possess more than one bishopric; their households were limited to eighty people and thirty horses; they were banned from hunting, theaters, carnivals, and tournaments; and their funeral expenses were not to exceed 1,500 ducats. The lesser clergy were similarly reined in: they must refuse all bribes and put away their concubines." 3064:"ll the clergy of the city were invited to the opening of the Jubilee. The pope himself performed this ceremony on Christmas Eve, 1499, having taken pains to settle all the details beforehand with his Master of Ceremonies. The ceremonial observed on these occasions was no modern invention, but, as the Bull of Indiction expressly says, was founded on ancient rites and full of symbolic meaning. According to Burchard, the crowd which assisted at these solemnities numbered 200,000 persons. Although this may be an exaggeration, still it is certain that, in spite of the troubles of the times and the insecurity in Rome itself, the numbers attending this Jubilee were very large." 2373: 1238: 2549: 1072:, the late pope's nephew. Della Rovere's faction had the advantage of being incredibly large as Sixtus had appointed many of the cardinals who would participate in the election. Borgia's attempts to gather enough votes included bribery and leveraging his close ties to Naples and Aragon. However, many of the Spanish cardinals were absent from the conclave and della Rovere's faction had an overwhelming advantage. Della Rovere chose to promote Cardinal Cibo as his preferred candidate, and Cibo wrote to the Borgia faction wanting to strike a deal. Once again, Borgia played kingmaker and conceded to Cardinal Cibo who became 10412: 2104: 2012: 1197:, seen as a pro-French candidate. It was rumoured but not substantiated that Borgia succeeded in buying the largest number of votes and Sforza, in particular, was bribed with four mule-loads of silver. Mallett shows that Borgia was in the lead from the start and that the rumours of bribery began after the election with the distribution of benefices; Sforza and della Rovere were just as willing and able to bribe as anyone else. The benefices and offices granted to Sforza, moreover, would be worth considerably more than four mule-loads of silver. 2176: 2576: 2456:: "It was a revolting scene to look at that deformed, blackened corpse, prodigiously swelled, and exhaling an infectious smell; his lips and nose were covered with brown drivel, his mouth was opened very widely, and his tongue, inflated by poison, ... therefore no fanatic or devotee dared to kiss his feet or hands, as custom would have required." The Venetian ambassador stated that the body was "the ugliest, most monstrous and horrible dead body that was ever seen, without any form or likeness of humanity". 2147: 534: 1642: 2068: 2133: 849: 9150: 7054: 2027: 567: 981:. Borgia was in high standing with the new pope and retained his positions, including that of vice-chancellor. Paul II reversed some of his predecessor's reforms that diminished the power of the chancellory. Following the election, Borgia fell ill of the plague but recovered. Borgia had two daughters, Isabella (*1467) and Girolama (*1469), with an unknown mistress. He openly acknowledged all three of his children. Pope Paul II died suddenly in 1471. 1770: 7066: 32: 1031: 10424: 9139: 2833: 1557: 1366: 2336:

Campagna and seized their castles. Thus the two great houses of Orsini and Colonna, who had long fought for predominance in Rome and often flouted the pope's authority, were subjugated and the Borgias' power increased. Cesare then returned to Rome, where his father asked him to assist Goffredo in reducing the last Orsini strongholds; this he was unwilling to do, much to his father's annoyance; but he eventually marched out, captured

1671:(January 1497). Peace was made through Venetian mediation, the Orsini paying 50,000 ducats in exchange for their confiscated lands; the Duke of Urbino, whom they had captured, was left by the pope to pay his own ransom. The Orsini remained very powerful, and Pope Alexander VI could count on none but his 3,000 Spanish troops. His only success had been the capture of Ostia and the submission of the Francophile cardinals Colonna and 2496: 5320: 1704: 1347: 1638:

had forged themselves during the previous century. Alexander VI now followed the general tendency of all the princes of the day to crush the great feudatories and establish a centralized despotism. In this manner, he was able to take advantage of the defeat of the French in order to break the power of the Orsini. From that time on, Alexander was able to build himself an effective power base in the Papal States.

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from Milan. With French success seemingly assured, the Pope determined to deal drastically with Romagna, which although nominally under papal rule was divided into a number of practically independent lordships on which Venice, Milan, and Florence cast hungry eyes. Cesare, empowered by the support of the French, began to attack the turbulent cities one by one in his capacity as nominated

2262:. Morales Padron (1979) concludes that these bulls gave power to enslave the natives. Minnich (2010) asserts that this "slave trade" was permitted to facilitate conversions to Christianity. Other historians and Vatican scholars strongly disagree with these accusations and assert that Alexander never gave his approval to the practice of slavery. Other later popes, such as 2819: 2005:, born in 1492, probably daughter of Alexander. However, he still loved Vannozza and his children by her. Caring for them proved the determining factor of his whole career. He lavished vast sums on them. Vannozza lived in the Palace of a late Cardinal, or in a large, palatial villa. The children lived between their mother's home and the Papal Palace itself. 1481:, without mentioning Naples. But when the French invasion became a reality Pope Alexander VI became alarmed, recognised Alfonso II as king of Naples, and concluded an alliance with him in exchange for various fiefs for his sons (July 1494). A military response to the French threat was set in motion: a Neapolitan army was to advance through 2301:, which was read to American Indians (who could not understand the colonisers' language) before hostilities against them began. They were given the option to accept the authority of the pope and Spanish crown or face being attacked and subjugated. In 1993, the Indigenous Law Institute called on Pope John Paul II to revoke 1093:

sought to obstruct an alliance negotiation between the papacy and France. These negotiations were unsuccessful and in July 1486, the pope capitulated and ended the war. In 1488, Borgia's son Pedro Luis died, and Juan Borgia became the new duke of Gandia. In the following year, Borgia hosted the wedding ceremony between

3046:"As for her reputation, there is absolutely no evidence for the rumors of incest with one or more of her brothers – or indeed with her father – apart from that given by her first husband, Giovanni Sforza, during the divorce proceedings, during which several other baseless accusations were leveled in both directions." 3165:"In consequence of the simultaneous illness of both the Pope and his son, and the rapid decomposition of the body, which, considering the heat of the weather, was perfectly natural, the cry of poison was raised at once; but on 19 August the Mantuan Envoy writes that there was no sort of ground for supposing this." 3156:, sharply reproved the "perverse and wholly detestable practice of certain people, who at the death of the bishop break in like enemies and rob his house, like thieves make off with his belongings, set fire to the homes on his estate, and with fierce and savage barbarity cut down his grape vines and orchards". 2791:

Alexander Lee argues that the crimes attributed to the Borgias were exaggerated by contemporaries because they were outsiders expanding their holdings at the expense of the Italians, that they were Spaniards when it was felt that Spain had too much control on the Italian peninsula, and that after the

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Alexander hoped that Louis XII's help would be more profitable to his house than that of Charles VIII had been. In spite of the remonstrances of Spain and of the Sforza, he allied himself with France in January 1499 and was joined by Venice. By autumn Louis XII was in Italy expelling Lodovico Sforza

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We are displeased at the disturbed state of affairs in Florence, the more so in that it owes its origin to your preaching. For you predict the future and publicly declare that you do so by the inspiration of the Holy Spirit when you should be reprehending vice and praising virtue ... Prophecies like

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There is no evidence that the Borgias resorted to poisoning, judicial murder, or extortion to fund their schemes and the defense of the Papal States. The only contemporary accusations of poisoning were from some of their servants, extracted under torture by Alexander's bitter enemy Della Rovere, who

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The leading candidates in the first ballot were Oliviero Carafa of Sforza's party with nine votes, and Giovanni Michiel and Jorge Costa, both of della Rovere's party with seven votes each. Borgia himself gathered seven votes. However, Borgia convinced Sforza to join with his camp through the promise

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Despite Julius II's hostility, the Roman barons and Romagna vicars were never again to be the same problem for the papacy and Julius' successes owe much to the foundations laid by the Borgias. Unlike Julius, Alexander never made war unless absolutely necessary, preferring negotiation and diplomacy.

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Alexander VI had sought reforms of the increasingly irresponsible Curia, putting together a group of his most pious cardinals in order to move the process along. The planned reforms included new rules on the sale of Church property, the limiting of cardinals to one diocese, and stricter moral codes

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Charles VIII's belligerence in Italy had made it transparent that the "politics of equilibrium" did nothing but render the country unable to defend itself against a powerful invading force. Italy was shown to be very vulnerable to the predations of the powerful nation-states, France and Spain, that

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for help. He tried to collect troops and put Rome in a state of defence, but his position was precarious. When the Orsini offered to admit the French to their castles, Alexander had no choice but to come to terms with Charles. On 31 December, Charles VIII entered Rome with his troops, the cardinals

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and arranging a marriage between his cousin Maria Enriquez and the new duke. Now, the Borgia family was directly tied to the royal families of Spain and Naples. While Borgia gained the favour of Spain, he stood opposed to the pope and the della Rovere family. As a part of his war opposition, Borgia

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in 1482. In 1476, Pope Sixtus appointed Borgia to be the cardinal-bishop of Porto. In 1480, the pope legitimized Cesare as a favour to Cardinal Borgia, and in 1482, the pope began to appoint the seven-year-old to church positions, demonstrating Borgia's intention to use his influence to promote his

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Under Alexander VI. the taste for theatrical representations made great progress. Plays, for the most part of an extremely objectionable character, were a prominent feature in all court festivities, and also in the Carnival amusements, in which Alexander took a great interest. In 1502 the Pope had

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was preparing for another expedition in August 1503 when, after he and his father had dined with Cardinal Adriano Castellesi on 6 August, they were taken ill with fever a few days later. Cesare, who "lay in bed, his skin peeling and his face suffused to a violet colour" as a consequence of certain

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to St. Peter's. He and his assistants, bearing candles, processed to the holy door, as the choir chanted Psalm 118:19–20. The pope knocked on the door three times, workers moved it from the inside, and everyone then crossed the threshold to enter into a period of penance and reconciliation. Thus,

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wanted for his own son. In response, Ferdinand angrily seized the Borgia estates in Aragon and imprisoned Borgia's son Pedro Luis. However, Borgia healed the relationship by turning down this appointment. Pope Innocent, at the urging of his close ally Giuliano della Rovere, decided to declare war

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appointments were characteristic of the era. Each pope during this period found himself surrounded by the servants and retainers of his predecessors who often owed their loyalty to the family of the pontiff who had appointed them. In 1455, he inherited his uncle's post as bishop of Valencia, and

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The historical value of Bishop Celadoni's funeral oration is said to be immense: "On 16 Sept 1503 Burchardus records in his diary that Alexius Celadenus or Celadonius, bishop of Gallipoli, delivered a discourse to the cardinals about to enter into conclave for the election of a successor to Pope

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supervened. On Thursday, 17 August, at nine o'clock in the forenoon he took medicine. On Friday, the 18th, between nine and ten o'clock he confessed to the Bishop Gamboa of Carignola, who then read Mass to him. After his Communion he gave the Eucharist to the pope who was sitting in bed. Then he

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to death (31 December 1502). When Alexander VI heard the news, he lured Cardinal Orsini to the Vatican and cast him into a dungeon, where he died. His goods were confiscated and many other members of the clan in Rome were arrested, while Alexander's son Goffredo Borgia led an expedition into the

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of being appointed vice-chancellor as well as bribes that included benefices and perhaps four mule-loads of silver. With Sforza now canvassing for votes, Borgia's election was assured. Borgia was elected on 11 August 1492 and assumed the name of Alexander VI (due to confusion about the status of

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Peter de Roo gives a flattering summary of contemporary descriptions of Alexander, relating him to have been "of a medium complexion, with dark eyes and slightly full lips, of robust health"; in later life, he reports that "his aspect to be venerable and far more august than an ordinary human

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When at last the pope was suffering from a very severe sickness, he spontaneously requested, one after another, each of the last sacraments. He first made a very careful confession of his sins, with a contrite heart, and was affected even to the shedding of tears, I am told; then he received in

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The hostility of Savonarola seems to have been political rather than personal, and the friar sent a letter of condolence to the pope on the death of the Duke of Gandia; "Faith, most Holy Father, is the one and true source of peace and consolation... Faith alone brings consolation from a far-off

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into Spain. Borgia also negotiated peace between Castile and Aragon and an end to the civil wars in the latter Kingdom, gaining the favour of the future King Ferdinand - who would go on to promote the interests of the Borgia family in Aragon. Borgia returned to Rome the following year, narrowly

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and to solicit their support for another crusade. In 1472, Borgia was appointed to be the papal chamberlain until his departure to Spain. Borgia arrived in his native Aragon in the summer, reuniting with family and meeting with King Juan II and Prince Ferdinand. The pope gave Cardinal Borgia

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argued that the birth dates of the four children in comparison with Alexander's known whereabouts preclude him from having fathered any of them. His "acknowledgement" merely consisted of addressing them as "beloved son / daughter" in correspondence (while applying the same address to, e.g.,

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soon afterwards, with Spanish help. The expedition, if it produced no material results, demonstrated the foolishness of the so-called "politics of equilibrium", the Medicean doctrine of preventing one of the Italian principates from overwhelming the rest and uniting them under its hegemony.

1690:. He declared that henceforth the moral reform of the Church would be the sole object of his life. Every effort was made to discover the assassin. No conclusive explanation was ever reached, and it may be that the crime was simply as a result of one of the Duke's sexual liaisons. 1000:

friar who lacked many political connections in Rome. He seemed to be the perfect cardinal to reform the Church, and the perfect cardinal for Borgia to maintain his influence. Sixtus IV rewarded Borgia for his support by promoting him to cardinal-bishop and consecrating him as the

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was both incredibly powerful and lucrative, and Borgia held this post for 35 years until his own election to the papacy in 1492. At the end of 1457, Rodrigo Cardinal Borgia's elder brother, Pedro Luis Borgia, fell ill, so Rodrigo temporarily filled Pedro Luis' position as

988:, there were only three non-Italians, making his election a near-impossibility. Consequently, Borgia continued his previous strategy of positioning himself as kingmaker. This time, Borgia gathered the votes to make Francesco della Rovere (the uncle of future Borgia rival 3112:. Burchardus's most recent editor, Thuasne, states that this oration exists in manuscript in the Bibliothèque Nationale ... He omits to observe that, granting that the discourse may have been too long for the cardinals, the longer the better for us, inasmuch as it 2452:, to seize the pope's treasures before the death was publicly announced. The next day the body was exhibited to the people and clergy of Rome, but was covered by an "old tapestry" ("antiquo tapete"), having become greatly disfigured by rapid decomposition. According to 1805:

The prominent Italian families looked down on the Spanish Borgia family, and they resented their power, which they sought for themselves. This is, at least partially, why both Pope Callixtus III and Pope Alexander VI gave powers to family members whom they could trust.

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and became the first archbishop of Valencia. When Rodrigo de Borgia was elected pope as Alexander VI following the death of Innocent VIII, his son Cesare Borgia "inherited" the post as second archbishop of Valencia. The third and the fourth archbishops of Valencia were

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But Alexander, always ready to seize opportunities to aggrandize his family, then adopted a double policy. Through the intervention of the Spanish ambassador, he made peace with Naples in July 1493 and cemented the peace by a marriage between his son Gioffre and

2697:. Alexander welcomed them into Rome, declaring that they were "permitted to lead their life, free from interference from Christians, to continue in their own rites, to gain wealth, and to enjoy many other privileges". He similarly allowed the immigration of 2347:

The war between France and Spain for the possession of Naples dragged on, and the pope was forever intriguing, ready to ally himself with whichever power promised the most advantageous terms at any moment. He offered to help Louis XII on condition that

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There was change in the constitution of the College of Cardinals during the course of the 15th century, especially under Sixtus IV and Innocent VIII. Of the 27 cardinals alive in the closing months of the reign of Innocent VIII no fewer than 10 were

1783:, launched invectives against papal corruption and appealed for a general council to confront the papal abuses. Alexander is reported to have been reduced to laughter when Savonarola's denunciations were related to him. Nevertheless, he appointed 1005:, requiring Borgia's ordination as a priest. Borgia also received a lucrative abbey from the pope and remained vice-chancellor. At the end of the year, the pope appointed Borgia to be the papal legate for Spain to negotiate a peace treaty between 1825:, who had responded to the suggestion that he was impotent with the unsubstantiated counterclaim that Alexander and Cesare indulged in incestuous relations with Lucrezia, in 1497. Unable to arrange a union between Cesare and the daughter of King 856:. Translation: Alexander VI, 9 July 1492, Pope Innocent VIII, at the request of Cardinal Borja and the Catholic Monarchs, raised the Valencian See to the rank of metropolitan, making Rodrigo of Borja the first Archbishop of Valencia 1492–1503. 1248:

In contrast to the preceding pontificate, Pope Alexander VI adhered initially to strict administration of justice and orderly government. Before long, though, he began endowing his relatives at the Church's and at his neighbours' expense.

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Latin text: "Dum graviter aegrotaret, factorum conscientia punctus contrito dolentique animo ad lachrymas ut audio fusus, sacrosanctum communionis corpus sua sponte, dilutis prius diligentissima confessione peccatis, petierit, et alia

2323:. At first, the papal troops were defeated and things looked bleak for the house of Borgia. But a promise of French help quickly forced the confederates to come to terms. Cesare, by an act of treachery, then seized the ringleaders at 2951:

Claims of paternity and numbers of children are disputed. See G. J. Meyer, Christopher Hibbert, and Ferdinand Gregorovius. There are claims about Cesare, Giovanni, Lucrezia, Gioffre (or Goffredo), Girolama (or Jeronima), Isabella,

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Saturday, 12 August 1503, the pope fell ill in the morning. After the hour of vespers, between six and seven o'clock a fever appeared and remained permanently. On 15 August thirteen ounces of blood were drawn from him and the

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against Naples, but Milan, Florence, and Aragon chose to support Naples over the pope. Borgia led the opposition within the College of Cardinals to this war, and King Ferdinand rewarded Borgia by making his son Pedro Luis the

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not merely as the judgment of a contemporary, but as delivered in public before an audience of contemporaries whose station in the church had brought them into almost daily intercourse with the deceased pope, and before whom

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In 1457, Callixtus III assigned the young Cardinal de Borja (or Borgia in Italian) to go to Ancona as a Papal legate to quell a revolt. Borgia was successful in his mission, and his uncle rewarded him with his appointment as

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The Life of Cesare Borgia: Of France, Duke of Valentinois and Romagna, Prince of Andria and Venafri, Count of Dyois, Lord of Piombino, Camerino, and Urbino, Gonfalonier and Captain-general of Holy Church: a History and Some

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ended the Mass at which were present five cardinals, Serra, Juan and Francesco Borgia, Casanova and Loris. The pope told them that he felt very bad. At the hour of vespers after Gamboa had given him Extreme Unction, he died.

966:, Rodrigo Borgia was too young to seek the papacy himself, so he sought to support a cardinal who would maintain him as vice-chancellor. Borgia was one of the deciding votes in the election of Cardinal Piccolomini as 1022:, and Borgia decided in favour of approving the marriage. The couple named Borgia to be the godfather of their first son in recognition of this decision. The marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella was critical in the 803:

Gerard Noel writes that Rodrigo's father was Jofré de Borja y Escrivà, making Rodrigo a Borja from his mother and father's side. However, Cesare, Lucrezia and Jofre were known to be of Llançol paternal lineage.

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Doubtful, but possible. On a similar claim: "Without any solid evidence Giulia is said to have been the model for Pinturicchio's 'Virgin and Child' surrounded by angels in the Borgia Apartments of the Vatican."

1655:, who had been captured by the Spanish, died a prisoner at Naples, and the Pope confiscated his property. The rest of the Orsini clan still held out, defeating the papal troops sent against them under 10454: 1973:

Rodrigo only legitimized his children after becoming pope. He had pretended that his four children with Vannozza were his niece and nephews and that they were fathered by Vannozza's husbands.

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In these circumstances, Alexander, feeling more than ever that he could rely only on his own kin, turned his thoughts to further family aggrandizement. He had annulled Lucrezia's marriage to

1101:, and within a few months, Farnese had become Borgia's new mistress. She was 15, and he was 58. Borgia continued to acquire new benefices with their large streams of income, including the 2382: 7826: 7663: 808:

suggests that Rodrigo would have likely been uncle (from a shared female family member) to the children, and attributes the confusion to attempts to connect Rodrigo as the father of

4391: 2387: 2103: 2467:, then prevalent in Rome, or to another such pestilence. One contemporary official wrote home that there was little surprise that Alexander and Cesare had both fallen ill, as the 10200: 3304:"Alexander VI Pontifex Maximus Borgia Valentinus" ("The Valencian", his epithet indicating his birth in Xàtiva in the Kingdom of Valencia under the Crown of Aragon (now Spain), 3197:"Alexander VI Pontifex Maximus Borgia Valentinus" ("The Valencian", his epithet indicating his birth in Xàtiva in the Kingdom of Valencia under the Crown of Aragon (now Spain), 1887:(standard bearer) of the church. But the expulsion of the French from Milan and the return of Lodovico Sforza interrupted his conquests, and he returned to Rome early in 1500. 3914:"Alexander VI Pontifex Maximus Borgia Valentinus" ("The Valencian", his epithet indicating his birth in Xàtiva in the Kingdom of Valencia under the Crown of Aragon (now Spain) 2160: 2228:'s landing in the New World, Pope Alexander was asked by the Spanish monarchy to confirm their ownership of these newly found lands. The bulls issued by Pope Alexander VI: 10469: 288: 4377: 3140:"Throughout the Middle Ages a 'tradition' or 'custom' involving pillaging was attached to the death and election of high-ranking prelates." And as early as 633, "the 2175: 1911:

on Christmas Eve 1499, and papal representatives opened the doors in the other three patriarchal basilicas. For this, Pope Alexander had a new opening created in the

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country." But eventually the Florentines tired of the friar's moralising and the Florentine government condemned the reformer to death, executing him on 23 May 1498.

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Una rama subsistente del linaje Borja en América española, por Jaime de Salazar y Acha, Académico de Número de la Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía

1950:, born in 1442, and who was married to three different men. The relationship began in 1470, and she had four children whom the pope openly acknowledged as his own: 9186: 8833: 1454:

more completely, Alexander, in a move that created much scandal, created 12 new cardinals. Among the new cardinals was his own son Cesare, then only 18 years old.

4060: Darcy, J.B. "What You Don't Know About the Borgia Pope: Alexander VI (1492–1503).(FEATURE ARTICLE)(Biography)." Catholic Insight 19.8 (2011): n. pag. Print. 1229:). Many inhabitants of Rome were happy with their new pope because he was a generous and competent administrator who had served for decades as vice-chancellor. 10396: 10391: 7448: 1927:

Pope Alexander formalized the rite and began a longstanding tradition that is still in practice. Similar ceremonies were held at the other three basilicas.

10559: 8753: 1621:. The League was ostensibly formed against the Turks, but in reality it was made to expel the French from Italy. Charles VIII had himself crowned King of 7851: 3884: 2633:

all worked for him. He commissioned Pinturicchio to lavishly paint a suite of rooms in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican, which are today known as the

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Minnich, Nelson H. (2010). "The Catholic Church and the pastoral care of black Africans in Renaissance Italy". In Earle, T. F.; Lowe, K. J. P. (eds.).

1527:, who had much influence over the king, by making him a cardinal. Alexander agreed to send Cesare as legate to Naples with the French army; to deliver 682:

under the next four popes, acquiring significant influence and wealth in the process. In 1492, Rodrigo was elected pope, taking the name Alexander VI.

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and had a questionable lifestyle, disappeared; the next day, his corpse was found in the Tiber. Alexander, overwhelmed with grief, shut himself up in

10115: 8318: 3911: 3301: 3194: 481: 10190: 7104: 5196: 1076:. Again, Borgia retained his position of vice-chancellor, successfully holding this position over the course of five papacies and four elections. 8639: 5249: 5204: 1114: 312: 270: 3500: 2506: 1174:, eight were crown nominees, four were Roman nobles and one other had been given the cardinalate in recompense for his family's service to the 282: 938:. Rodrigo Borgia's appointment as cardinal only occurred after Callixtus III asked the cardinals in Rome to create three new positions in the 890:

the previous year. In 1448, Borja became canon at the cathedrals of Valencia, Barcelona, and Segorbe. His uncle, Cardinal de Borja, persuaded

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said on the day of his election: "I will not live in the same rooms as the Borgias lived. He desecrated the Holy Church as none before." The

1324:. He also appealed to Spain for help, but Spain was eager to be on good terms with the papacy to obtain the title to the recently discovered 5219: 1301:

as well as with Cardinal della Rovere, whose candidature for the papacy had been backed by Ferdinand. Della Rovere fortified himself in his

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The Catholic Encyclopedia: an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline, and history of the Catholic Church

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After a short stay, the body was removed from the crypts of St. Peter's and installed in the less well-known Spanish national church of

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children. Contemporaneously, Borgia continued to add to his list of benefices, becoming the wealthiest cardinal by 1483. He also become

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Alexander VI was known for his patronage of the arts, and in his days a new architectural era was initiated in Rome with the coming of

2567:, Pope Alexander VI, and a young man holding an empty glass. The painting represents the popular view of the treacherous nature of the 1501:

in the name of France. Charles VIII rapidly advanced southward, and after a short stay in Florence, set out for Rome (November 1494).

1201:, the conclave's master of ceremonies and a leading figure of the papal household under several popes, recorded in his diary that the 8991: 8853: 7771: 760:(died bef. 24 March 1437) and his Aragonese wife and distant cousin Isabel de Borja y Cavanilles (died 19 October 1468), daughter of 10554: 9908: 7366: 3073:"The permanent group of skilled workers and artisans, in every trade, who with their assistants take care of St. Peter's Basilica." 2479: 2011: 410: 171: 9172: 8938: 8032: 6865: 5261: 9602: 9544: 7266: 7261: 1829:(who had succeeded Ferdinand II the previous year), he induced Frederick by threats to agree to a marriage between the Duke of 1809: 3416: 2598:

Catholic apologists of Alexander VI have argued that the behaviors he receives criticism for were not atypical of the period.

1955: 1679: 1049: 486: 10519: 8970: 8918: 7550: 6930: 5297: 5111: 5048: 5008: 4987: 4968: 4940: 4921: 4902: 4880: 4861: 4833: 4814: 4784: 4756: 3476: 3351: 3285: 2704: 2556: 1080: 2152: 1105:

and Eger in Hungary. In 1492, Pope Innocent VIII died. Since Borgia was 61, this was likely his last chance to become pope.

10459: 9412: 9308: 8908: 8644: 7162: 7097: 2861: 2606:, "The latter are forgiven nothing, because everything is expected from them, wherefore the vices lightly passed over in a 2199:" on the indigenous peoples they met in the New World, some popes had spoken out against the practice of slavery. In 1435, 2138: 1609:

A reaction against Charles VIII soon set in, for all the European powers were alarmed at his success. On 31 March 1495 the

1439: 2427:, Alexis Celadoni, spoke of the pontiff's contrition during his funeral oration to the electors of Alexander's successor, 2423:

As for his true faults, known only to his confessor, Pope Alexander VI apparently died genuinely repentant. The bishop of

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witnessed again the ancient "tradition" of violence and rioting. Cesare, too ill to attend to the business himself, sent

2424: 2246:(23 September 1493), granted rights to Spain with respect to the newly discovered lands in the Americas similar to those 2017: 1266: 809: 294: 1156: 10479: 10312: 9614: 9365: 8607: 8104: 7713: 7438: 7008: 4069: 3247: 2093:, Rodrigo and Bernardo, were of uncertain maternal parentage. His daughter Isabella was the great-great-grandmother of 1574: 1543:. Ferdinand was abandoned by all and also had to escape, and the Kingdom of Naples was conquered with surprising ease. 1383: 306: 2305:

and to make reparation for "this unreasonable historical grief". This was followed by a similar appeal in 1994 by the

1535:(16 January 1495). On 28 January Charles VIII departed for Naples with Cem and Cesare, but the latter slipped away to 1065:

in that year. In 1484, Pope Sixtus IV died, necessitating another election for Borgia to manipulate to his advantage.

959:

of the papal army until he recovered. In 1458, Cardinal Borgia's uncle and greatest benefactor, Pope Callixtus, died.

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Alexii Celadeni Episcopi Gallipolitani Oratio ad sacrum cardinalium senatum ingressurum ad novum pontificem eligendum

4237: 4230: 3993: 3964: 3939: 3808: 3382: 3375: 2856: 2535: 2213:, which included the excommunication of all those who engaged in the slave trade with native chiefs there. A form of 1903:

on Christmas Eve and closing it on Christmas Day the following year. After consulting with his Master of Ceremonies,

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now advanced formal claims on the Kingdom of Naples. Alexander authorised him to pass through Rome, ostensibly on a

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in France (chosen because it was homophonous with his nickname, Valentino, derived from his father's papal epithet

1838: 1334:

on 4 May 1493, divided the title between Spain and Portugal along a demarcation line. This became the basis of the

1062: 276: 258: 20: 1117:) was elected Pope Callixtus III, he "inherited" the post of bishop of Valencia. Sixteen days before the death of 9710: 9634: 9254: 9232: 9113: 8455: 8430: 8395: 8390: 8355: 8235: 7834: 7718: 7308: 7271: 7154: 7134: 7090: 5383: 4027: 3238: 2851: 2132: 753: 716:

popes, partly because he acknowledged fathering several children by his mistresses. As a result, his Italianized

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A danger now arose in the shape of a conspiracy by the deposed despots, the Orsini, and of some of Cesare's own

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Encomienda or Slavery? The Spanish Crown's Choice of Labor Organization in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America.

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for the French king. The scope of his foreign policy was to gain the most advantageous terms for his family.

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In addition to the arts, Alexander VI also encouraged the development of education. In 1495, he issued a

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of the French faction, and Giuliano della Rovere. Alexander now feared that Charles might depose him for

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death of Alexander the family lost its influence and therefore any incentive for anyone to defend them.

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drastic measures to save him, eventually recovered; but the aged Pontiff apparently had little chance.

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The debased state of the curia was a major scandal. Opponents, such as the powerful Florentine friar

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Alexis Celadoni (Alexius Celadonius, Celadeni, 1451–1517), Bishop of Gallipoli, Italy (1494–1508),

4254: 3141: 2468: 1938:(basilica workers) completed the seal, placing specially-minted coins and medals inside the wall. 9768: 9624: 9351: 9074: 8706: 8667: 8634: 8080: 8060: 7928: 7806: 7756: 7535: 7336: 7276: 5417: 5265: 5216: 5020: 1883: 1567: 1376: 264: 5286: 4355:

Raiding Saint Peter: Empty Sees, Violence, and the Initiation of the Great Western Schism (1378)

1629:

and cut his way through them and was back in France by November. Ferdinand II was reinstated at

1489:. Both expeditions were badly conducted and failed, and on 8 September Charles VIII crossed the 1027:

surviving a storm that sank a nearby galley that was carrying 200 men of the Borgia household.

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was a particularly expensive campaign. Della Rovere was bankrolled to the cost of 200,000 gold

1084: 1015: 942:, two for his nephews Rodrigo and Luis Juan de Milà, and one for the Prince Jaime of Portugal. 45: 4505:. Vol. 7, part 2. Translated by Hamilton, Annie. London: G. Bell & sons. p. 519. 4500: 4272: 3341: 3275: 10135: 10120: 9833: 9690: 9597: 9397: 9380: 9293: 9237: 8848: 8675: 8100: 7881: 7746: 7592: 7298: 7236: 7195: 7180: 6846: 5125: 4422: 4085: 3684: 2678: 1983: 1947: 1934:

in 1501, two cardinals began to seal the holy door with two bricks, one silver and one gold.

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Rodrigo de Borja's career in the Church began in 1445 at the age of 14 when he was appointed

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Burkle-Young, Francis A., "The election of Pope Alexander VI (1492)", in Miranda, Salvador.

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Francisco Fernández de Bethencourt – Historia Genealógica y Heráldica Española, Casa Real y

2915: 2871: 2846: 2659: 2513: 2225: 2214: 1846: 1466: 1451: 1435: 1309:'s mouth as Alexander formed a league against Naples (25 April 1493) and prepared for war. 1262: 1202: 1146: 939: 926:

Callixtus appointed him Dean of Santa Maria in Xàtiva. The following year, he was ordained

694: 5272: 1539:. Neapolitan resistance collapsed, and Alfonso II fled and abdicated in favour of his son 56: 8: 10416: 10140: 10130: 10079: 9937: 9923: 9783: 9525: 9288: 9041: 8943: 8736: 8720: 8240: 8150: 7601: 7545: 7493: 7394: 7356: 6711: 6094: 5376: 4890: 4549: 4482: 3528: 2655: 2607: 2328: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1780: 1773: 1493:

and joined Ludovico il Moro at Milan. The Papal States were in turmoil, and the powerful

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That the world may believe: the development of Papal social thought on aboriginal rights

1678:

Then occurred a major domestic tragedy for the house of Borgia. On 14 June, his son the

10428: 10205: 9974: 9898: 9866: 9685: 9654: 9491: 9479: 9340: 9278: 9061: 8878: 7736: 7728: 7471: 7172: 7139: 6990: 6984: 6879: 6731: 6726: 6691: 6560: 6540: 6460: 6359: 6334: 6324: 6224: 6209: 5733: 5461: 5454: 5338: 5162: 3494: 3004: 2981: 2838: 2571:—the implication being that the young man cannot be sure that the wine is not poisoned. 2445: 2332: 2230: 1931: 1874: 1668: 1610: 1290: 1182: 1118: 1073: 951: 947: 918: 879: 875: 845:, that his speeches were fairly sparkling with well-chosen texts of the Sacred Books". 825: 781: 773: 717: 675: 671: 350: 9994: 2166: 10374: 10279: 10054: 10040: 10014: 9999: 9888: 9818: 9808: 9677: 9609: 9510: 9474: 9370: 9021: 8257: 7582: 7462: 7229: 7185: 7065: 6898: 6831: 6826: 6746: 6741: 6716: 6650: 6625: 6605: 6515: 6480: 6435: 6400: 6390: 6380: 6364: 6349: 6309: 6294: 6264: 6189: 6169: 6129: 6014: 5868: 5813: 5667: 5107: 5079: 5044: 5004: 4998: 4983: 4964: 4936: 4917: 4898: 4876: 4857: 4829: 4810: 4804: 4780: 4752: 4414: 4407: 4365: 4358: 4251:

Pope Alexander VI and His Court: Extracts from the Latin Diary of Johannes Burchardus

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Borgia was wealthy and powerful enough to mount a bid, but he faced competition from

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While Borgia had acquired the reputation and wealth to mount a bid for the papacy in

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Alexander instituted a special rite for the closing of a holy door, as well. On the

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entered a secret agreement; in exchange for a bull of divorce between the king and

1498: 1447: 1222: 1006: 903: 177: 8123: 3148:." Nor were the Romans alone guilty of such misbehavior. In the eleventh century, 2779:

and if it seeks heaven it will set the inhabitants of the sky against each other.

2460:

insists that the decomposition was "perfectly natural", owing to the summer heat.

1625:

on 12 May, but a few days later began his retreat northward. He met the League at

1418:

Pope Alexander VI made many alliances to secure his position. He sought help from

10534: 10322: 10289: 10233: 10227: 10084: 9989: 9893: 9705: 9199: 9164: 9118: 9001: 8858: 8823: 8629: 8624: 8549: 8544: 8485: 8410: 8160: 8090: 7622: 7563: 7113: 6924: 6891: 6811: 6721: 6696: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6600: 6535: 6500: 6485: 6420: 6410: 6385: 6339: 6319: 6284: 6274: 6254: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6204: 6199: 6149: 6134: 6059: 6039: 6019: 6004: 5999: 5979: 5943: 5928: 5848: 5833: 5828: 5793: 5783: 5768: 5728: 5718: 5703: 5693: 5683: 5547: 5492: 5396: 5329: 5301: 5253: 5223: 5208: 5177: 5065:

Batllori, Miguel, S.J. "The Papal Division of the World and its Consequences" in

4543: 4328: 4323:(Word frequency and page number of specific words and phrases for all 5 vols. at 4222: 3771: 3681:

Dizionario di Erudizione Storico-Ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri giorni

3326:

Batllori, Miguel, S.J. "The Papal Division of the World and its Consequences" in

2622: 2618: 2568: 2564: 2403: 2247: 2218: 2124: 2094: 2082: 1963: 1904: 1822: 1784: 1652: 1423: 1302: 1294: 1226: 1198: 1171: 1053: 1010: 956: 891: 817: 749: 651: 639: 631: 496: 476: 439: 425: 380: 203: 190: 5231: 1297:, head of that powerful house. This policy brought Alexander into conflict with 10504: 10385: 10210: 10004: 9979: 9943: 9883: 9876: 9871: 9861: 9715: 9700: 9639: 9515: 9505: 9261: 9036: 8965: 8813: 8748: 8534: 8524: 8510: 8495: 8175: 8070: 7954: 7933: 7467: 7346: 7321: 7293: 7224: 7058: 7014: 6996: 6965: 6959: 6951: 6945: 6939: 6771: 6701: 6635: 6585: 6575: 6555: 6530: 6475: 6470: 6440: 6415: 6344: 6329: 6314: 6249: 6194: 6184: 6159: 6044: 6034: 6029: 6024: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5918: 5903: 5838: 5803: 5773: 5743: 5738: 5723: 5657: 5632: 5607: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5577: 5497: 5487: 5369: 5361: 4475: 3676: 2876: 2242: 2204: 2200: 2109: 2073: 1990: 1967: 1833:, a natural son of Alfonso II, and Lucrezia. Alexander and the new French king 1758: 1509: 1505: 1478: 1459: 1442:, Alexander encouraged the French king in his plan for the conquest of Naples. 1274: 1194: 1190: 1098: 1069: 1057: 1023: 993: 989: 887: 821: 501: 163: 9578: 3210: 921:

in 1455 enabled Borgia's appointments to other positions in the Church. These

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Juan de Albret y Catalina de Foix o la defensa del Estado navarro (1483–1517)

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The King's Body: Sacred Rituals of Power in Medieval and Early Modern Europe

1641: 906:) studied under Gaspare da Verona, a humanist tutor. He then studied law at 52: 10379: 10254: 10110: 10074: 9813: 9735: 9579: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9303: 8903: 8838: 8768: 8758: 8685: 8585: 8554: 8330: 8279: 8047: 7989: 7886: 7657: 7574: 7530: 7525: 7515: 7326: 7253: 7020: 6836: 6816: 6801: 6781: 6766: 6756: 6615: 6610: 6550: 6545: 6495: 6179: 6124: 6119: 6074: 6064: 5963: 5938: 5908: 5843: 5763: 5688: 5602: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5517: 3149: 2961: 2694: 2690: 2630: 2626: 2436:

Communion the most Sacred Body and Extreme Unction was administered to him.

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A Violent Evangelism: the Political and Religious Conquest of the Americas

3466: 10180: 10009: 9984: 9959: 9932: 9919: 9828: 9730: 9417: 9099: 8955: 8828: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8783: 8085: 8020: 7876: 7801: 7779: 7627: 7389: 7351: 6791: 6671: 6666: 6620: 6244: 6109: 6104: 6009: 5948: 5893: 5883: 5878: 5748: 5572: 5522: 5477: 5087: 4406:, Owen J. Blum (Translator), 1990, Catholic University of America Press, 4321: 3453: 3233: 3145: 2804: 2472: 2441: 2319: 2209: 2120: 2054: 1974: 1854: 1430:

Duke of Milan, who needed French support to legitimise his rule. As King

1241: 805: 725: 713: 706: 679: 5193: 5118: 5019: 2409:

provides a few details of the pope's final illness and death at age 72:

848: 732:, which are traditionally considered as characterizing his pontificate. 689:

of 1493 confirmed or reconfirmed the rights of the Spanish crown in the

9964: 9549: 8793: 8788: 8612: 8539: 8155: 8075: 7706: 6905: 6580: 6099: 6084: 5898: 5873: 5708: 5612: 5532: 5482: 5424: 4324: 3529:"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church – Papal elections – XV Century" 3412:

Material for a History of Pope Alexander VI, His Relatives and His Time

2800: 2651: 2324: 2196: 1581: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1528: 1515: 1390: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1273:, the Borgias' ancestral home in Spain. For the Duke of Gandia and for 1258: 902:. While in Rome, Rodrigo Borgia (as his surname was usually spelled in 1769: 1277:, also known as Goffredo, the Pope proposed to carve fiefs out of the 8898: 8893: 8863: 8559: 8322: 8306: 8291: 8135: 8025: 7903: 7893: 7761: 7540: 5642: 2643: 2588: 2341: 1900: 1834: 1830: 1683: 1325: 1286: 911: 871: 842: 792:

of maternal uncle Alonso de Borja (Italianized to Alfonso Borgia) as

690: 638:

from 11 August 1492 until his death in 1503. Born into the prominent

566: 429: 5310: 4007:"How awful was Catholic life under those immoral Renaissance Popes!" 1556: 1458:(later Pope Paul III), the brother of one of the Pope's mistresses, 1365: 1030: 741: 643: 372: 10423: 9778: 9532: 9520: 9138: 9046: 8873: 7972: 7341: 5444: 5314: 5171:

1494: How a Family Feud in Medieval Spain Divided the world in Half

4914:

Dogs of God: Columbus, the Inquisition, and the Defeat of the Moors

3886:

What you don't know about the Borgia Pope: Alexander VI (1492–1503)

2832: 2796: 2711: 2685:, demonstrated relatively benign treatment of Jews. After the 1492 2352:

be given to Cesare, and then offered to help Spain in exchange for

1313: 1175: 922: 853: 752:, in what is now Spain. He was named for his paternal grandfather, 745: 729: 239: 7082: 3098:

that Pope Alexander VI died "in sentiments of piety and devotion."

1465:

On 25 January 1494, Ferdinand I died and was succeeded by his son

10035: 9649: 9271: 8843: 7681: 7555: 7498: 2774: 2714:

poet (1461–1510), wrote a hostile epitaph on Alexander in Latin:

2708: 2682: 2638: 2464: 2388:

Jacopo Pesaro being presented by Pope Alexander VI to Saint Peter

2361: 2115: 1913: 1536: 1494: 1482: 1474: 1450:, another granddaughter of Ferdinand I. In order to dominate the 898:

and receive the associated income, so that Borja could travel to

619: 19:"Rodrigo de Borja" redirects here. For the Spanish nobleman, see 10455:

15th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the Kingdom of Aragon

5232:

Boletín de la Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía

4301:

The Ideal Renaissance Pope: Funeral Oratory from the Papal Court

1346: 10201:

Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary

9644: 9554: 9459: 8996: 8301: 8286: 8230: 8197: 5157:

First Images of America: The Impact of the New World on the Old

5067:

First Images of America: The Impact of the New World on the Old

3328:

First Images of America: The Impact of the New World on the Old

3315:

First Images of America: The Impact of the New World on the Old

2762: 2583:

in the Borgia Apartments, showing Alexander VI humbly in prayer

2392: 2349: 2195:

While the explorers of Spain imposed a form of slavery called "

2097:, who was therefore descended in a direct line from Alexander. 1959: 1787:

to investigate the friar, and he responded on 16 October 1495:

1660: 1630: 1614: 1520: 1512: 1321: 1270: 1189:

were the 61-year-old Borgia, seen as an independent candidate,

1186: 927: 789: 785: 663: 996:. Della Rovere's appeal was that he was a pious and brilliant 9094: 8262: 8226: 3153: 3114:

contains an account of Pope Alexander of almost unique value,

2587:

Following the death of Alexander VI, his rival and successor

2353: 1850: 1486: 1426:(the Moor, so-called because of his swarthy complexion), the 1317: 1306: 1206: 655: 3414:, (5 vols.), Bruges, Desclée, De Brouwer, volume 2, p. 29. 740:

Rodrigo de Borja was born in 1 January 1431, in the town of

8267: 7986: 5392: 5146:

The History of the Popes, from the close of the Middle Ages

5135:

The History of the Popes, from the close of the Middle Ages

3930:(Bantam Classic ed.). New York: Bantam Books. p. 2803:, described him as one of the most outstanding popes since 2770: 2357: 2337: 1490: 1254: 1079:

In 1485, Pope Innocent VIII nominated Borgia to become the

899: 5041:

Papal Genealogy: the Families and Descendants of the Popes

3236:(2014). "Background: The paternity question: An apology". 2610:

become most offensive and scandalous in an Alexander VI."

1946:

Of Alexander's many mistresses, one of his favourites was

1531:, held as a hostage, to Charles VIII, and to give Charles 10090:

Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

4449:"Ludwig von Pastor, History of the Popes, Vol. 6, p. 135" 3280:. Vol. 7, Part 1. London: George Bell. p. 353. 2923: 2637:. He took a great interest in theatrics, and he even had 5155:

Weckman-Muñoz, Luis. "The Alexandrine Bulls of 1493" in

4271:, London, Thomas Richardson & Son, vol. 45, p. 351. 3119:

any serious misrepresentation would have been impossible

2919: 1434:

was threatening to come to the aid of the rightful duke

917:

The election of his uncle, Alfons Cardinal de Borja, as

914:, but as "the most eminent and judicious jurisprudent." 3313:

Weckman-Muñoz, Luis."The Alexandrine Bulls of 1493" in

1285:. Among the fiefs destined for the duke of Gandia were 1253:, his son, while a youth of seventeen and a student at 1162:

Coat of arms of Alexander VI – Castel Sant'Angelo, Rome

2666:. King's College now forms an integral element of the 2217:

was allowed, being similar to a peasant's duty to his

10121:

Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary

3273: 1724:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are 1185:

on 25 July 1492, the three likely candidates for the

678:

of the Catholic Church. He proceeded to serve in the

4705:"Lee, Alexander. "Were the Borgias Really So Bad?", 3986:

Saint Peter and the Vatican: The Legacy of the Popes

2814: 2250:

had previously conferred on Portugal with the bulls

2053:

Presumed portrait of Lucrezia Borgia (attributed to

10470:

Burials at Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli

4253:, F. L. Glaser, tr., N.L. Brown, New York, p. 179. 3468:

The Borgias : history's most notorious dynasty

2755:

and who loved battles, strife, murder, and treason,

2340:and made peace with Giulio Orsini, who surrendered 1899:1500, Alexander ushered in the custom of opening a 1865:", as seen on his coins denoting his origin in the 9194: 2795:On the other hand, two of Alexander's successors, 1907:, Pope Alexander VI opened the first holy door in 712:Alexander is one of the most controversial of the 3912:File:Roma, alessandro VI, 5 ducati, 1492-1503.jpg 3302:File:Roma, alessandro VI, 5 ducati, 1492-1503.jpg 3195:File:Roma, alessandro VI, 5 ducati, 1492-1503.jpg 1014:discretion over whether to give dispensation for 10441: 10191:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII 5391: 4828:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 280–300. 4190: 4188: 3368:The New Century Italian Renaissance Encyclopedia 4935:. Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox Press. 4282:"A Contemporary Oration on Pope Alexander VI", 4072:(26 November 2008), NGV. Retrieved 4 June 2020. 3773:International law in historical perspective. 10 2614:for clergy, though these were not implemented. 2471:had led to many in Rome, and especially in the 1917:of St. Peter's and commissioned a marble door. 1485:and attack Milan, while the fleet was to seize 841:appearance", and that he was "so familiar with 5106:, Editor Junius P. Rodriguez, ABC-CLIO, 1997, 4737: 4585:the Menaechmi performed in his own apartments. 4502:History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages 4141: 4139: 4096: 3999: 3984:Allen Duston, O.P., and Roberto Zanoli, 2003, 3871: 3859: 3847: 3277:History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages 3091:"here is every reason to believe," writes the 3011: 2735:Vos, Erebi proceres, vos caeli claudite portas 1462:, was also among the newly created cardinals. 784:. Rodrigo adopted his mother's family name of 9180: 7098: 5377: 4952:Vicars of Christ: the Dark Side of the Papacy 4185: 3959:. Pamplona/Iruñea: Pamiela. pp. 164–65. 3464: 2918:. Consider transferring direct quotations to 2677:Alexander VI, whom papal rival and successor 2503:The examples and perspective in this section 1962:(commonly known as Juan, born 1474 or 1476), 835: 16:Head of the Catholic Church from 1492 to 1503 5192:, vol. 8, no. 1, April 1922, pp. 55–58. 5104:The Historical Encyclopedia of World slavery 5092:Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes 5034:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 4552:Catholic Truth Committee. 1907. p. 294. 4070:"NGV Solves Mystery of Renaissance Portrait" 3980: 3978: 3976: 2731:mortuus hac recubat populis gaudentibus urna 2727:Cui tranquilla quies odio, cui proelia cordi 4498: 4318:Material for a History of Pope Alexander VI 4136: 3923: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3232: 2739:In Styga nam veniens pacem turbabit Averni, 2670:. Alexander VI also, in 1501, approved the 2463:Commentaries attribute the pope's death to 1970:(Goffredo in Italian, born 1481 or 1482). 1849:(the king's chief advisor) the cardinal of 1040:Back in Rome, Borgia began his affair with 670:in 1456 after the election of his uncle as 10206:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary 10156:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart 9187: 9173: 9027:International Alliance of Catholic Knights 7105: 7091: 5384: 5370: 4977: 4895:Absolute Monarchs: a History of the Papacy 4342:, Publisher: Rome: Johann Besicken, 1503. 4194: 3954: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3499:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3330:. Edited by Fredi Chiappelli. pp. 211–220. 3211:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Alexander VI" 2737:atque Animam vestris hanc prohibete locis. 2185:, said to be a likeness of Giulia Farnese. 1800: 1613:was formed between the pope, the emperor, 950:of the Holy Roman Church. The position of 894:to allow young Borja to perform this role 532: 265:Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria in Via Lata 170: 55:. Please do not remove this message until 5262:Literature by and about Pope Alexander VI 5076:(translation: A.H. Matthew, London, 1910) 4793: 4740:The Meddlesome Friar and the Wayward Pope 4530: 4435: 3973: 3731:(translation: A.H. Matthew, London, 1910) 3523: 3521: 3519: 3406: 3404: 2759:Alexander, thy shepherd, o greatest Rome. 2741:committet superos, si petat astra, poli. 2536:Learn how and when to remove this message 1744:Learn how and when to remove this message 1597:Learn how and when to remove this message 1406:Learn how and when to remove this message 1140: 1108: 125:Learn how and when to remove this message 75:Learn how and when to remove this message 5116: 5038: 4949: 4746: 4473: 4387: 4081: 3796: 3716: 3698: 3205: 3203: 2757:Lies in this urn as all peoples rejoice, 2595:remained sealed until the 19th century. 2574: 2547: 2480:Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli 2381: 2371: 1808: 1768: 1720:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1640: 1345: 1236: 1232: 1178:; only four were able career churchmen. 1029: 977:elected Borgia's friend Pietro Barbo as 852:Plaque outside the Archbishop's Palace, 847: 411:Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli 253:Cardinal-Deacon of San Nicola in Carcere 51:Relevant discussion may be found on the 10560:People of the Italian Wars of 1499–1504 5017: 4996: 4889: 4842: 4823: 4802: 4765: 4751:. Pennsylvania State University Press. 4721: 4691: 4679: 4654: 4562: 4461: 4455: 4145: 3898: 3835: 3823: 3769: 3758: 3743: 3710: 3262: 3228: 3226: 3224: 2767:and prohibit this Soul from your realm. 2203:had issued an attack on slavery in the 1213:, with another 100,000 supplied by the 788:in 1455 following the elevation to the 289:Cardinal-Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina 10442: 7486: 4958: 4930: 4911: 4526: 4524: 4206: 4170: 4157: 4121: 3800:The Rise of Modern Diplomacy 1450–1919 3670: 3516: 3447:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3401: 3339: 3152:, writing to the clergy and people of 2290:(1839), continued to condemn slavery. 2181:Alexander VI kneeling in front of the 9168: 7086: 5365: 4851: 4638:"La Nau Building – Foundation of the 4431: 4429: 3770:Verzijl, Jan H. (26 September 1979). 3200: 3024: 2909:too many or overly lengthy quotations 1890: 1341: 748:, one of the component realms of the 5129:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 4870: 4826:Black Africans in Renaissance Europe 4518:. Publisher: The Catholic Dormitory. 3396: 3346:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 3221: 2956:(or Pedro Luis), Bernardo, Rodrigo, 2891: 2862:List of popes from the Borgia family 2733:pastor Alexander, maxima Roma, tuus. 2716: 2489: 1697: 1579:adding citations to reliable sources 1550: 1546: 1388:adding citations to reliable sources 1359: 618:; 1 January 1431 – 18 August 1503) ( 109:Please help consolidate the article. 86: 25: 10060:Suppression of the Society of Jesus 7112: 4980:Indigenous peoples and human rights 4521: 3340:Downey, Kirstin (28 October 2014). 3013:[roðeˈɾiɡʎanˈsɔliðeˈbɔɾdʒa] 2701:in 1497 and from Provence in 1498. 1989:Another mistress was the beautiful 1438:, the husband of his granddaughter 796:. His cousin and Calixtus's nephew 735: 13: 9615:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 5194:Thirty-Two Years with Alexander VI 5186:Thirty-Two Years with Alexander VI 5082:Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church 5059: 4666:Bohuslav Hasištejnský z Lobkovic: 4426: 3927:The Prince and Selected Discourses 3026:[roˈðɾiɣolanˈθoliðeˈβoɾxa] 2729:et rixa et caedes seditioque fuit, 2553:A Glass of Wine with Caesar Borgia 2507:include all significant viewpoints 2153:Francis Borgia, 4th Duke of Gandía 910:where he graduated, not simply as 506: 14: 10571: 10490:Deans of the College of Cardinals 5240: 3910:See inscription on 5 Ducat piece 3300:See inscription on 5 Ducat piece 3193:See inscription on 5 Ducat piece 2857:Cardinals created by Alexander VI 2139:Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara 1682:, who was lately created Duke of 1269:inherited the Spanish Dukedom of 1044:which would yield four children: 1024:unification of Castile and Aragon 1018:'s marriage to his second cousin 701:, Alexander VI supported his son 366:Roderic de Borgia (Rodrigo Borja) 10422: 10410: 9741:Fourth Council of Constantinople 9696:Second Council of Constantinople 9149: 9148: 9137: 9105:Society of Saint Vincent de Paul 8653:Criticism of the Catholic Church 7064: 7053: 7052: 5348:11 August 1492 – 18 August 1503 5318: 5304: (archived 18 January 2012) 5123:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 5117:Loughlin, James Francis (1913). 4738:de la Bédoyère, Michael (1958). 4715: 4697: 4685: 4673: 4660: 4648: 4630: 4612: 4590: 4568: 4487:per la mala condictione de aere. 4481:. New York: John Lane. pp. 4112:" (PDF). Latin American Studies. 2896: 2831: 2817: 2705:Bohuslav Hasištejnský z Lobkovic 2687:expulsion of the Jews from Spain 2494: 2174: 2159: 2145: 2131: 2102: 2076:(1482–1517) Prince of Squillace. 2066: 2046: 2025: 2010: 1941: 1853:, Cesare was given the duchy of 1702: 1555: 1364: 1155: 1137:, grandnephews of Alexander VI. 1113:When his uncle Alonso de Borja ( 1063:Dean of the College of Cardinals 565: 91: 30: 21:Rodrigo de Borja (Spanish noble) 10555:Roman Catholic Clergy sexuality 9711:Third Council of Constantinople 9635:First Council of Constantinople 7272:First seven ecumenical councils 4982:. Manchester University Press. 4854:The Borgias: the Hidden History 4730: 4556: 4536: 4509: 4499:Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1900). 4492: 4467: 4441: 4402:Letter 35, Easter Synod, 1050. 4396: 4381: 4347: 4332: 4310: 4305:Archivum Historiae Pontificiae, 4289: 4276: 4258: 4243: 4212: 4200: 4176: 4163: 4151: 4127: 4115: 4102: 4090: 4075: 4063: 4054: 4032: 4021: 3948: 3917: 3904: 3892: 3877: 3865: 3853: 3841: 3829: 3817: 3790: 3776:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 3763: 3734: 3704: 3692: 3661: 3652: 3643: 3634: 3625: 3616: 3607: 3598: 3589: 3580: 3571: 3562: 3553: 3544: 3535: 3507: 3458: 3410:Monsignor Peter de Roo (1924), 3390: 3360: 3333: 3320: 3307: 3239:The Borgias: The Hidden History 3168: 3159: 3134: 3124: 3110:Et fuit tediosa et longa oratio 3101: 3085: 3076: 3067: 3058: 3049: 3040: 3031: 3008: 2985: 2852:Birthplace of Pope Alexander VI 2773:, it will disrupt the peace of 2681:alleged without evidence was a 2293:Thornberry (2002) asserts that 1566:needs additional citations for 1422:(1483–1498), who was allied to 1375:needs additional citations for 754:Rodrigo Gil de Borja y Fennolet 9950:Dissolution of the monasteries 9216:History of the Catholic Church 7847:Separation of church and state 5202:Grandes de España, tomo cuarto 5197:The Catholic Historical Review 5190:The Catholic Historical Review 4297:The Oration of Alexis Celadoni 4182:Patrick Madrid, "Pope Fiction" 3803:. London: Longman. p. 3. 3294: 3274:Ferdinand Gregorovius (1900). 3267: 3256: 3187: 3144:condemned the violence of the 2998: 2967: 2945: 2753:One who hated peace and quiet, 2693:arrived at the borders of the 1312:Ferdinand allied himself with 762:Juan Domingo de Borja y Doncel 658:), Rodrigo studied law at the 1: 9824:Fourth Council of the Lateran 9799:Second Council of the Lateran 9408:Apostles in the New Testament 4806:The Borgias and Their Enemies 4803:Hibbert, Christopher (2008). 4284:The English Historical Review 3924:Machiavelli, Niccolò (1981). 3513:Hollingsworth 2014, pp. 17–19 2882: 2867:List of sexually active popes 2647:performed in his apartments. 2377:The tomb of Pope Alexander VI 2312: 2307:Parliament of World Religions 2091:Giovanni the "Infans Romanus" 1920:Alexander was carried in the 1764: 768:. His family name is written 674:, and a year later he became 183: 10520:University of Bologna alumni 9938:Catholic Counter-Reformation 9804:Third Council of the Lateran 9794:First Council of the Lateran 9250:Catholic ecumenical councils 5292:Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints 5152:Saint Louis: B. Herder 1902. 5141:Saint Louis: B. Herder 1902. 5133:Pastor, Ludwig von (1902). 5039:Williams, George L. (2004). 4978:Thornberry, Patrick (2002). 4320:, vol. 5, p. 89, note. 112. 4303:, John M. MacManamon, S.J., 3465:Hollingsworth, Mary (2014). 3242:. Bantam. pp. 239–247. 3181: 2059:National Gallery of Victoria 1121:, he proposed Valencia as a 764:. He had a younger brother, 542:Other popes named Alexander 7: 10460:16th-century Spanish people 5317:(public domain audiobooks) 4353:Joëlle Rollo-Koster, 2008, 4225:, Marion Johnson, Penguin, 3955:Adot Lerga, Álvaro (2005). 3370:, Appleton-Century-Crofts, 3343:Isabella: The Warrior Queen 2810: 2765:, close the doors of Heaven 2699:Jews expelled from Portugal 2299:Spanish Requirement of 1513 2169:, Queen consort of Portugal 1211:King Charles VIII of France 882:, who had been appointed a 865: 57:conditions to do so are met 10: 10576: 10475:Cardinal-bishops of Albano 9284:History of the Roman Curia 9144:Catholic Church portal 5311:Works by Pope Alexander VI 4916:. New York: Anchor Books. 3740:Hollingsworth 2014, p. 126 3667:Hollingsworth 2014, p. 114 3658:Hollingsworth 2014, p. 111 3649:Hollingsworth 2014, p. 106 3640:Hollingsworth 2014, p. 100 3366:Catherine B. Avery, 1972, 3009:Roderic Llançol i de Borja 2723:Epitaphium Alexandri Papae 2689:, some 9,000 impoverished 2658:, Bishop of Aberdeen, and 2190: 1353: 1144: 878:by his influential uncle, 836:Appearance and personality 295:Administrator of Cartagena 18: 10480:Cardinal-bishops of Porto 10405: 10305: 10171: 10098: 10033: 10020:European wars of religion 9917: 9852: 9754: 9676: 9567: 9490: 9350: 9339: 9331:Eastern Catholic Churches 9206: 9132: 9070:Aid to the Church in Need 9060: 8917: 8730: 8691:Vatican Television Center 8666: 8576: 8466: 8336:Eastern Catholic Churches 8317: 8206: 8099: 8046: 7971: 7942: 7867: 7792: 7727: 7672: 7591: 7461: 7375: 7307: 7252: 7171: 7148: 7120: 7048: 6975: 6915: 6854: 6845: 6659: 6373: 5972: 5676: 5470: 5403: 5350: 5343: 5335: 5328: 5120:"Pope Alexander VI" 5021:"Alexander (popes)" 4997:Tuchman, Barbara (1984). 4794:Cawthorne, Nigel (1996). 4747:Bertelli, Sergio (2001). 4474:Sabatini, Rafael (1914). 4357:, Leiden; Boston: Brill, 4040:"Dictionary: Sampietrini" 3786:– via Google Books. 3631:Hollingsworth 2014, p. 87 3622:Hollingsworth 2014, p. 95 3613:Hollingsworth 2014, p. 85 3604:Hollingsworth 2014, p. 82 3595:Hollingsworth 2014, p. 81 3586:Hollingsworth 2014, p. 65 3577:Hollingsworth 2014, p. 60 3568:Hollingsworth 2014, p. 55 3559:Hollingsworth 2014, p. 45 3550:Hollingsworth 2014, p. 43 3541:Hollingsworth 2014, p. 36 3022:Rodrigo Lanzol y de Borja 2749:Epitaph to Pope Alexander 2485: 1657:Guidobaldo da Montefeltro 1424:Ludovico "il Moro" Sforza 1328:. Alexander, in the bull 1003:Cardinal-Bishop of Albano 973:On the first ballot, the 860: 601: 593: 585: 573: 564: 551: 540: 528: 518: 464: 445: 435: 417: 404: 387: 361: 356: 343: 335: 327: 322: 301:Administrator of Mallorca 283:Cardinal-Bishop of Albano 271:Administrator of Valencia 245: 235: 225: 217: 209: 199: 169: 162: 141: 10151:Mary of the Divine Heart 9774:Clash against the empire 9726:Second Council of Nicaea 9620:Old St. Peter's Basilica 9012:Communion and Liberation 8476:Eastern Catholic liturgy 7641:Mystici Corporis Christi 7569:Sixto-Clementine Vulgate 5176:4 September 2012 at the 4959:Stogre, Michael (1992). 4950:de Rossa, Peter (1989). 4931:Rivera, Luis N. (1992). 4600:. University of Aberdeen 4307:1976, Vol. 14. pp. 54ff. 4265:Nicholas Patrick Wiseman 3797:Anderson, M. S. (1993). 3142:Fourth Council of Toledo 2916:summarize the quotations 2887: 2664:King's College, Aberdeen 2367: 1693: 1356:Italian War of 1494–1498 880:Alfons Cardinal de Borja 453:Jofré de Borja y Escrivà 104:too many section headers 10465:Archbishops of Valencia 10417:Vatican City portal 9769:Investiture Controversy 9625:First Council of Nicaea 7827:Philosophy of canon law 7757:Mariology of the saints 7337:Investiture Controversy 6866:During the Roman Empire 5266:German National Library 5098:Encyclopædia Britannica 5031:Encyclopædia Britannica 5018:Villari, Luigi (1911). 4598:"King's College: About" 4286:, 1892, vol. 7, p. 318. 4249:Johann Burchard, 1921, 2958:Giovanni Infans Romanus 2034:Portrait of a Gentleman 2001:. Giulia was mother of 1801:Familial aggrandizement 1617:, Ludovico il Moro and 798:Luis de Milà y de Borja 758:Jofré Llançol i Escrivà 693:following the finds of 259:Administrator of Girona 176:Portrait attributed to 10429:Catholicism portal 10240:Second Vatican Council 10126:Our Lady of La Salette 9933:Protestant Reformation 9920:Protestant Reformation 9839:Second Council of Lyon 9228:Ecclesiastical history 9080:Catholic Charities USA 8714:Acta Apostolicae Sedis 8702:Vatican Polyglot Press 7752:Mariology of the popes 7390:Protestant Reformation 7071:Catholic Church Portal 6931:Conflicts with the HRE 5330:Catholic Church titles 5278:Catholic-Hierarchy.org 5094:(Yale Nota Bene, 2002) 4912:Reston, James (2006). 4796:Sex Lives of the Popes 3988:, Art Services Intl., 3471:. London. p. 17. 3021: 2993: 2977: 2746: 2720: 2672:University of Valencia 2668:University of Aberdeen 2584: 2572: 2438: 2421: 2395: 2379: 2287:In supremo apostolatus 1980:Ferdinand II of Aragon 1827:Frederick IV of Naples 1818: 1794: 1776: 1649: 1504:Alexander appealed to 1471:Charles VIII of France 1420:Charles VIII of France 1351: 1245: 1193:for the Milanese, and 1141:Election to the papacy 1109:Archbishop of Valencia 1037: 964:papal election of 1458 857: 724:, became a byword for 313:Archbishop of Valencia 10136:First Vatican Council 9834:First Council of Lyon 9598:Constantine the Great 9294:Christian monasticism 8834:Good Shepherd Sisters 8676:Holy See Press Office 7914:Doctors of the Church 7747:Immaculate Conception 7702:Anointing of the Sick 7237:History of the papacy 6847:History of the papacy 5222:12 April 2012 at the 5126:Catholic Encyclopedia 4873:The Renaissance Popes 4871:Noel, Gerard (2006). 4852:Meyer, G. J. (2013). 4843:Mallett, M. (1981) . 4097:de la Bédoyère (1958) 3872:de la Bédoyère (1958) 3860:de la Bédoyère (1958) 3848:de la Bédoyère (1958) 2679:Giuliano della Rovere 2578: 2551: 2433: 2411: 2385: 2375: 2020:, 2nd Duke of Gandia. 1986:in the same letter). 1984:Isabella I of Castile 1958:, afterwards duke of 1948:Vannozza dei Cattanei 1932:Feast of the Epiphany 1812: 1789: 1772: 1667:, Duke of Gandia, at 1644: 1432:Ferdinand I of Naples 1349: 1336:Treaty of Tordesillas 1299:Ferdinand I of Naples 1293:, lately acquired by 1240: 1233:Early years in office 1195:Giuliano della Rovere 1081:Archbishop of Seville 1070:Giuliano della Rovere 1042:Vannozza dei Cattenei 1035:Vannozza dei Cattanei 1033: 990:Giuliano della Rovere 936:San Nicola in Carcere 876:Cathedral of Valencia 851: 828:), who were surnamed 660:University of Bologna 523:University of Bologna 307:Administrator of Eger 10313:Sexual abuse scandal 10222:Mit brennender Sorge 10065:Age of Enlightenment 9844:Bernard of Clairvaux 9721:Byzantine Iconoclasm 9660:Council of Chalcedon 9440:Council of Jerusalem 9309:Role in civilization 9289:Religious institutes 9221:By country or region 8707:L'Osservatore Romano 8645:Role in civilisation 8371:Croatian and Serbian 8119:Episcopal conference 8081:St. Peter's Basilica 7439:Sexual abuse scandal 7395:Catholic Reformation 7009:Revolutionary Papacy 7003:Age of Enlightenment 5252:1 April 2019 at the 5207:1 April 2019 at the 5144:Pastor, Ludwig von. 4891:Norwich, John Julius 4578:History of the Popes 4576:"Ludwig von Pastor, 4316:Peter de Roo, 1924, 3131:sacramenta ..." 2872:Route of the Borgias 2847:Banquet of Chestnuts 2660:James IV of Scotland 2215:indentured servitude 2081:Six other children, 1909:St. Peter's Basilica 1713:factual accuracy is 1575:improve this article 1525:bishop of Saint-Malo 1452:College of Cardinals 1436:Gian Galeazzo Sforza 1384:improve this article 1147:Papal conclave, 1492 1103:bishopric of Majorca 940:College of Cardinals 697:in 1492. During the 695:Christopher Columbus 630:")) was head of the 10550:Spanish art patrons 10141:Papal infallibility 10131:Our Lady of Lourdes 10080:Shimabara Rebellion 9924:Counter-Reformation 9042:Neocatechumenal Way 9007:Charismatic Renewal 8721:Annuario Pontificio 8319:Particular churches 7995:Ecumenical councils 7767:Perpetual virginity 7602:Communitas perfecta 7546:Sermon on the Mount 6856:Antiquity and Early 6660:17th–21st centuries 6374:13th–16th centuries 5163:Diario Borja Borgia 5003:. Alfred A. Knopf. 4847:(Granada ed.). 4772:Constantine's Sword 4620:"History of the UV" 4550:Knights of Columbus 4516:Paintings of a Pope 2656:William Elphinstone 2514:improve the article 2329:Oliverotto da Fermo 2297:was applied in the 2114:A young Lady and a 1871:Charlotte of Albret 1867:Kingdom of Valencia 1841:(so he could marry 1781:Girolamo Savonarola 1774:Girolamo Savonarola 1135:Pedro Luis de Borja 1020:Isabella of Castile 800:became a cardinal. 756:. His parents were 648:Kingdom of Valencia 422:Kingdom of Valencia 377:Kingdom of Valencia 44:of this article is 10545:16th-century popes 10540:15th-century popes 10510:Renaissance Papacy 10500:People from Xàtiva 10186:Our Lady of Fátima 9975:Ignatius of Loyola 9899:Catherine of Siena 9867:Pope Boniface VIII 9686:Benedict of Nursia 9655:Council of Ephesus 9492:Ante-Nicene period 9445:Split with Judaism 9279:Crusading movement 8879:Premonstratensians 7262:Ante-Nicene period 7140:Lists of Catholics 6991:Reformation Papacy 6985:Renaissance Papacy 6927:(1012–1044 / 1048) 6880:Ostrogothic Papacy 5973:9th–12th centuries 5281:. David M. Cheney. 5273:"bishop/bdeborjar" 5148:, second edition, 5000:The March of Folly 4742:. London: Collins. 4670:, Praha 1996, p.14 4657:, pp. 363–364 4565:, pp. 268–269 4042:. Catholic Culture 3850:, pp. 154–155 3826:, pp. 162–166 3713:, pp. 123–126 2839:Catholicism portal 2654:at the request of 2585: 2573: 2454:Raphael Volterrano 2396: 2380: 2333:Vitellozzo Vitelli 2231:Eximiae devotionis 2207:in his papal bull 1891:The Jubilee (1500) 1875:Kingdom of Navarre 1819: 1777: 1688:Castel Sant'Angelo 1650: 1646:Castel Sant'Angelo 1619:Ferdinand of Spain 1456:Alessandro Farnese 1352: 1342:French involvement 1303:bishopric of Ostia 1246: 1183:Pope Innocent VIII 1119:Pope Innocent VIII 1115:bishop of Valencia 1083:, a position that 1074:Pope Innocent VIII 1038: 919:Pope Callixtus III 858: 699:second Italian war 672:Pope Callixtus III 662:. He was ordained 10450:Pope Alexander VI 10437: 10436: 10397:COVID-19 pandemic 10375:Pope Benedict XVI 10280:Pope John Paul II 10055:Pope Benedict XIV 10041:French Revolution 10025:Thirty Years' War 10015:Robert Bellarmine 10000:John of the Cross 9904:Pope Alexander VI 9889:Council of Vienne 9819:Francis of Assisi 9809:Pope Innocent III 9678:Early Middle Ages 9672: 9671: 9668: 9667: 9610:Arian controversy 9563: 9562: 9511:Apostolic Fathers 9162: 9161: 8572: 8571: 7965: 7788: 7787: 7480: 7457: 7456: 7449:COVID-19 pandemic 7419:French Revolution 7409:Thirty Years' War 7317:Islamic conquests 7230:Apostolic fathers 7165: 7080: 7079: 7044: 7043: 6936:Wandering Papacy 6899:Saeculum obscurum 6872:Under Constantine 5677:5th–8th centuries 5471:1st–4th centuries 5455:papal resignation 5360: 5359: 5351:Succeeded by 5137:, third edition, 5112:978-0-87436-885-7 5074:Diaries 1483–1492 5050:978-0-7864-2071-1 5010:978-0-394-52777-2 4989:978-0-7190-3794-8 4970:978-2-89039-549-7 4942:978-0-664-25367-7 4923:978-1-4000-3191-7 4904:978-1-4000-6715-2 4882:978-1-84529-343-7 4863:978-0-345-52693-9 4835:978-0-521-17660-6 4816:978-0-15-101033-2 4786:978-0-395-77927-9 4758:978-0-271-02102-7 4709:, 1 October 2013" 4580:, Vol. 5, p. 124" 4269:The Dublin Review 4195:Thornberry (2002) 3729:Diaries 1483–1492 3727:Johann Burchard, 3478:978-1-78206-944-7 3353:978-0-385-53412-3 3287:978-1-108-01509-7 3215:www.newadvent.org 2941: 2940: 2785: 2784: 2635:Borgia Apartments 2593:Borgia Apartments 2579:Detail of fresco 2546: 2545: 2538: 2518:discuss the issue 2475:, becoming sick. 2458:Ludwig von Pastor 2278:Immensa Pastorium 2274:Pope Benedict XIV 2240:(4 May 1493) and 1966:(born 1480), and 1847:Georges d'Amboise 1757:succeeded him as 1754: 1753: 1746: 1607: 1606: 1599: 1547:French in retreat 1416: 1415: 1408: 1283:Kingdom of Naples 1225:, elected by the 1215:Republic of Genoa 1085:King Ferdinand II 1052:in 1474 or 1476, 634:and ruler of the 612:Pope Alexander VI 609: 608: 558:Pope Alexander VI 547: 546: 347:17 September 1456 194: 189:, oil on canvas, 153:Valentinus ("The 135: 134: 127: 85: 84: 77: 10567: 10485:Cardinal-nephews 10427: 10426: 10415: 10414: 10413: 10392:Patriarch Kirill 10265:Pope John Paul I 10070:Anti-clericalism 10050:Pope Innocent XI 9970:Society of Jesus 9955:Council of Trent 9909:Age of Discovery 9854:Late Middle Ages 9756:High Middle Ages 9746:East–West Schism 9630:Pope Sylvester I 9576: 9575: 9565: 9564: 9475:General epistles 9470:Pauline epistles 9403:John the Baptist 9386:Great Commission 9348: 9347: 9299:Catholic culture 9189: 9182: 9175: 9166: 9165: 9152: 9151: 9142: 9141: 8884:Redemptoristines 8732:Religious orders 8658:Anti-Catholicism 8608:Church buildings 8468:Catholic liturgy 8208:Consecrated life 8066:Apostolic Palace 8033:Synod of Bishops 7969: 7968: 7945: 7551:Ten Commandments 7484: 7483: 7466: 7367:Age of Discovery 7201:Great Commission 7169: 7168: 7153: 7107: 7100: 7093: 7084: 7083: 7068: 7056: 7055: 6976:Early Modern and 6886:Byzantine Papacy 6852: 6851: 5386: 5379: 5372: 5363: 5362: 5336:Preceded by 5326: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5307: 5282: 5258: 5236: 5228: 5213: 5182: 5167: 5130: 5122: 5072:Burchard, John. 5054: 5035: 5023: 5014: 4993: 4974: 4955: 4946: 4927: 4908: 4897:. Random House. 4886: 4867: 4856:. Random House. 4848: 4839: 4820: 4799: 4790: 4777:Houghton Mifflin 4762: 4743: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4540: 4534: 4531:Cawthorne (1996) 4528: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4445: 4439: 4436:Cawthorne (1996) 4433: 4424: 4400: 4394: 4385: 4379: 4351: 4345: 4336: 4330: 4314: 4308: 4293: 4287: 4280: 4274: 4262: 4256: 4247: 4241: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4183: 4180: 4174: 4167: 4161: 4160:, pp. 25–28 4155: 4149: 4143: 4134: 4133:Raiswell, p. 469 4131: 4125: 4124:, pp. 69–70 4119: 4113: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4036: 4030: 4025: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4003: 3997: 3982: 3971: 3970: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3921: 3915: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3767: 3761: 3756: 3741: 3738: 3732: 3725: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3674: 3668: 3665: 3659: 3656: 3650: 3647: 3641: 3638: 3632: 3629: 3623: 3620: 3614: 3611: 3605: 3602: 3596: 3593: 3587: 3584: 3578: 3575: 3569: 3566: 3560: 3557: 3551: 3548: 3542: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3525: 3514: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3498: 3490: 3462: 3456: 3452: 3446: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3429:on 26 April 2012 3428: 3422:. Archived from 3421: 3408: 3399: 3394: 3388: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3337: 3331: 3324: 3318: 3311: 3305: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3271: 3265: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3230: 3219: 3218: 3207: 3198: 3191: 3175: 3172: 3166: 3163: 3157: 3138: 3132: 3128: 3122: 3105: 3099: 3089: 3083: 3080: 3074: 3071: 3065: 3062: 3056: 3053: 3047: 3044: 3038: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3015: 3002: 2996: 2971: 2965: 2949: 2936: 2933: 2927: 2900: 2899: 2892: 2841: 2836: 2835: 2827: 2825:Biography portal 2822: 2821: 2820: 2717: 2541: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2521: 2498: 2497: 2490: 2282:Pope Gregory XVI 2253:Romanus Pontifex 2178: 2163: 2149: 2135: 2123:, c. 1602, from 2106: 2070: 2050: 2029: 2014: 1923:sedia gestatoria 1843:Anne of Brittany 1749: 1742: 1738: 1735: 1729: 1726:reliably sourced 1706: 1705: 1698: 1602: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1582: 1559: 1551: 1508:and even to the 1411: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1391: 1368: 1360: 1223:Pope Alexander V 1181:On the death of 1172:cardinal-nephews 1159: 975:conclave of 1464 736:Birth and family 616:Rodrigo de Borja 602:Posthumous style 569: 559: 554: 549: 548: 536: 394: 357:Personal details 344:Created cardinal 277:Bishop of Urgell 246:Previous post(s) 188: 185: 181: 178:Pedro Berruguete 174: 139: 138: 130: 123: 119: 116: 110: 95: 94: 87: 80: 73: 69: 66: 60: 34: 33: 26: 10575: 10574: 10570: 10569: 10568: 10566: 10565: 10564: 10495:House of Borgia 10440: 10439: 10438: 10433: 10421: 10411: 10409: 10401: 10323:World Youth Day 10301: 10290:World Youth Day 10234:Pacem in terris 10228:Pope John XXIII 10167: 10094: 10085:Edict of Nantes 10043: 10039: 10029: 9995:Teresa of Ávila 9990:Tridentine Mass 9926: 9922: 9913: 9894:Knights Templar 9848: 9750: 9706:Gregorian chant 9664: 9590: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9571: 9559: 9486: 9355: 9343: 9335: 9202: 9200:Catholic Church 9193: 9163: 9158: 9136: 9128: 9107: 9090:Relief Services 9056: 9002:Catholic Action 8992:Military orders 8929:Confraternities 8921:of the faithful 8920: 8913: 8735: 8726: 8662: 8568: 8462: 8321: 8313: 8246:Prior, Prioress 8202: 8095: 8091:Vatican Museums 8042: 7975: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7944: 7938: 7863: 7817:Social teaching 7784: 7723: 7668: 7623:One true church 7587: 7564:Sixtine Vulgate 7560:Official Bible 7474: 7470: 7465: 7453: 7371: 7303: 7248: 7218:Petrine primacy 7161: 7157: 7152: 7144: 7116: 7114:Catholic Church 7111: 7081: 7076: 7040: 7023:(1929–present) 6977: 6971: 6925:Tusculan Papacy 6917: 6911: 6892:Frankish Papacy 6857: 6841: 6655: 6369: 5968: 5672: 5466: 5399: 5397:Catholic Church 5390: 5356: 5347: 5341: 5319: 5305: 5302:Wayback Machine 5298:Duque de Gandía 5271: 5256: 5254:Wayback Machine 5243: 5234: 5226: 5224:Wayback Machine 5211: 5209:Wayback Machine 5180: 5178:Wayback Machine 5165: 5100:, 11th edition. 5062: 5060:Further reading 5057: 5051: 5011: 4990: 4971: 4943: 4924: 4905: 4883: 4864: 4836: 4817: 4787: 4759: 4733: 4728: 4720: 4716: 4703: 4702: 4698: 4690: 4686: 4678: 4674: 4668:Carmina selecta 4665: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4636: 4635: 4631: 4618: 4617: 4613: 4603: 4601: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4561: 4557: 4548:. Vol. 1. 4542: 4541: 4537: 4529: 4522: 4514: 4510: 4497: 4493: 4472: 4468: 4460: 4456: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4434: 4427: 4401: 4397: 4388:Bertelli (2001) 4386: 4382: 4352: 4348: 4337: 4333: 4315: 4311: 4294: 4290: 4281: 4277: 4263: 4259: 4248: 4244: 4223:Georgina Masson 4217: 4213: 4205: 4201: 4193: 4186: 4181: 4177: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4144: 4137: 4132: 4128: 4120: 4116: 4107: 4103: 4095: 4091: 4082:Williams (2004) 4080: 4076: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4045: 4043: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4028:Psalm 118:19–20 4026: 4022: 4012: 4010: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3983: 3974: 3967: 3953: 3949: 3942: 3922: 3918: 3909: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3882: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3811: 3795: 3791: 3784: 3768: 3764: 3757: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3726: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3699:de Rossa (1989) 3697: 3693: 3687: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3572: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3540: 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2071: 2062: 2051: 2042: 2030: 2021: 2018:Giovanni Borgia 2015: 1995:Giulia la Bella 1944: 1905:Johann Burchard 1893: 1823:Giovanni Sforza 1815:Desiderando nui 1803: 1785:Sebastian Maggi 1767: 1750: 1739: 1733: 1730: 1719: 1711:This section's 1707: 1703: 1696: 1665:Giovanni Borgia 1653:Virginio Orsini 1603: 1592: 1586: 1583: 1572: 1560: 1549: 1497:faction seized 1412: 1401: 1395: 1392: 1381: 1369: 1358: 1344: 1295:Virginio Orsini 1267:Giovanni Borgia 1244:of Alexander VI 1235: 1227:Council of Pisa 1199:Johann Burchard 1167: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1149: 1143: 1111: 957:captain-general 952:vice-chancellor 948:vice-chancellor 932:cardinal-deacon 892:Pope Nicholas V 868: 863: 838: 830:Llançol i Borja 750:Crown of Aragon 738: 676:vice-chancellor 652:Crown of Aragon 632:Catholic Church 594:Religious style 575:Reference style 557: 555: 553:Papal styles of 552: 514: 460: 457:Isabel de Borja 440:Catholic Church 396: 392: 383: 381:Crown of Aragon 370: 368: 367: 348: 339:30 October 1471 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10034: 10031: 10030: 10028: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10005:Peter Canisius 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9980:Francis Xavier 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9944:Exsurge Domine 9940: 9935: 9929: 9927: 9918: 9915: 9914: 9912: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9884:Pope Clement V 9881: 9880: 9879: 9877:Avignon Papacy 9872:Western Schism 9869: 9864: 9862:Thomas Aquinas 9858: 9856: 9850: 9849: 9847: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9760: 9758: 9752: 9751: 9749: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9716:Saint Boniface 9713: 9708: 9703: 9701:Pope Gregory I 9698: 9693: 9688: 9682: 9680: 9674: 9673: 9670: 9669: 9666: 9665: 9663: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9640:Biblical canon 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9606: 9605: 9594: 9592: 9573: 9569:Late antiquity 9561: 9560: 9558: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9536: 9535: 9530: 9529: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9516:Pope Clement I 9506:Church Fathers 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8814:Conceptionists 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8749:Assumptionists 8745: 8743: 8728: 8727: 8725: 8724: 8717: 8710: 8703: 8700: 8699: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8678: 8672: 8670: 8664: 8663: 8661: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8616: 8615: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8594: 8593: 8582: 8580: 8574: 8573: 8570: 8569: 8567: 8566: 8565: 8564: 8563: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8517: 8516: 8515: 8514: 8513: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8472: 8470: 8464: 8463: 8461: 8460: 8459: 8458: 8453: 8451:Syro-Malankara 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8401:Italo-Albanian 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8333: 8327: 8325: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8311: 8310: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8289: 8284: 8283: 8282: 8272: 8271: 8270: 8265: 8255: 8250: 8249: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8219: 8212: 8210: 8204: 8203: 8201: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8184: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8128: 8127: 8126: 8121: 8110: 8108: 8097: 8096: 8094: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8071:Lateran Treaty 8068: 8063: 8058: 8052: 8050: 8044: 8043: 8041: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8029: 8028: 8018: 8017: 8016: 8011: 7997: 7992: 7983: 7981: 7966: 7940: 7939: 7937: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7890: 7889: 7884: 7873: 7871: 7865: 7864: 7862: 7861: 7860: 7859: 7854: 7844: 7843: 7842: 7832: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7807:Moral theology 7804: 7798: 7796: 7790: 7789: 7786: 7785: 7783: 7782: 7777: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7733: 7731: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7710: 7709: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7678: 7676: 7670: 7669: 7667: 7666: 7661: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7637: 7632: 7631: 7630: 7625: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7597: 7595: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7585: 7580: 7579: 7578: 7571: 7566: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7507: 7506: 7501: 7490: 7488: 7481: 7459: 7458: 7455: 7454: 7452: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7405: 7404: 7403: 7402: 7392: 7381: 7379: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7322:Pope Gregory I 7319: 7313: 7311: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7301: 7296: 7294:Biblical canon 7291: 7289:Late antiquity 7286: 7285: 7284: 7279: 7269: 7264: 7258: 7256: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7234: 7233: 7232: 7225:Church fathers 7222: 7221: 7220: 7215: 7205: 7204: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7177: 7175: 7166: 7159:Ecclesiastical 7146: 7145: 7143: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7110: 7109: 7102: 7095: 7087: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7074: 7062: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7038: 7037: 7036: 7030: 7018: 7015:Roman Question 7012: 7006: 7005:(c. 1640–1740) 7000: 6997:Baroque Papacy 6994: 6988: 6981: 6979: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6969: 6966:Western Schism 6963: 6960:Avignon Papacy 6957: 6956: 6955: 6949: 6943: 6934: 6928: 6921: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6910: 6909: 6906:Crescentii era 6903: 6895: 6889: 6883: 6877: 6876: 6875: 6862: 6860: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6712:Alexander VIII 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6663: 6661: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6377: 6375: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6095:Anastasius III 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5976: 5974: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5458: 5457: 5447: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5435: 5427: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5415: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5389: 5388: 5381: 5374: 5366: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5349: 5342: 5337: 5333: 5332: 5324: 5323: 5308: 5295: 5283: 5269: 5259: 5242: 5241:External links 5239: 5238: 5237: 5229: 5214: 5199: 5183: 5168: 5160: 5153: 5142: 5131: 5114: 5101: 5095: 5085: 5077: 5070: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5049: 5036: 5026:Chisholm, Hugh 5015: 5009: 4994: 4988: 4975: 4969: 4963:. Médiaspaul. 4956: 4947: 4941: 4928: 4922: 4909: 4903: 4887: 4881: 4868: 4862: 4849: 4840: 4834: 4821: 4815: 4800: 4791: 4785: 4767:Carroll, James 4763: 4757: 4744: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4726: 4722:Mallett (1981) 4714: 4696: 4692:Mallett (1981) 4684: 4680:Mallett (1981) 4672: 4659: 4655:Carroll (2002) 4647: 4640:Estudi General 4629: 4611: 4589: 4567: 4563:Norwich (2011) 4555: 4535: 4520: 4508: 4491: 4466: 4462:Norwich (2011) 4454: 4440: 4425: 4395: 4380: 4346: 4331: 4309: 4288: 4275: 4257: 4242: 4211: 4199: 4184: 4175: 4162: 4150: 4146:Minnich (2010) 4135: 4126: 4114: 4101: 4089: 4074: 4062: 4053: 4031: 4020: 4009:. Rorate Caeli 3998: 3996:, pp. 158–159. 3972: 3965: 3947: 3940: 3916: 3903: 3899:Norwich (2011) 3891: 3876: 3864: 3852: 3840: 3836:Mallett (1981) 3828: 3824:Mallett (1981) 3816: 3809: 3789: 3782: 3762: 3759:Villari (1911) 3742: 3733: 3715: 3711:Mallett (1981) 3703: 3691: 3677:Gaetano Moroni 3669: 3660: 3651: 3642: 3633: 3624: 3615: 3606: 3597: 3588: 3579: 3570: 3561: 3552: 3543: 3534: 3515: 3506: 3477: 3457: 3400: 3389: 3359: 3352: 3332: 3319: 3306: 3293: 3286: 3266: 3263:Hibbert (2008) 3255: 3249:978-0345526922 3248: 3220: 3199: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3176: 3167: 3158: 3133: 3123: 3108:Alexander VI. 3100: 3084: 3075: 3066: 3057: 3048: 3039: 3030: 2997: 2966: 2943: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2932:September 2017 2904: 2902: 2895: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2879: 2877:Spanish Empire 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2828: 2812: 2809: 2783: 2782: 2744: 2602:, in his work 2544: 2543: 2502: 2500: 2493: 2487: 2484: 2446:Don Micheletto 2391:, painting by 2369: 2366: 2314: 2311: 2284:in his letter 2243:Dudum siquidem 2234:(3 May 1493), 2205:Canary Islands 2201:Pope Eugene IV 2192: 2189: 2188: 2187: 2180: 2173: 2171: 2165: 2158: 2156: 2151: 2144: 2142: 2137: 2130: 2128: 2110:Giulia Farnese 2108: 2101: 2079: 2078: 2074:Gioffre Borgia 2072: 2065: 2063: 2052: 2045: 2043: 2031: 2024: 2022: 2016: 2009: 1991:Giulia Farnese 1943: 1940: 1892: 1889: 1839:Joan of France 1802: 1799: 1766: 1763: 1759:Pope Julius II 1752: 1751: 1710: 1708: 1701: 1695: 1692: 1680:Duke of Gandia 1605: 1604: 1563: 1561: 1554: 1548: 1545: 1506:Ascanio Sforza 1479:Ottoman Empire 1460:Giulia Farnese 1414: 1413: 1372: 1370: 1363: 1354:Main article: 1343: 1340: 1234: 1231: 1191:Ascanio Sforza 1161: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1145:Main article: 1142: 1139: 1110: 1107: 1099:Giulia Farnese 1090:Duke of Gandia 994:Pope Sixtus IV 888:Pope Eugene IV 867: 864: 862: 859: 837: 834: 737: 734: 607: 606: 603: 599: 598: 595: 591: 590: 587: 583: 582: 577: 571: 570: 562: 561: 545: 544: 538: 537: 530: 526: 525: 520: 516: 515: 513: 512: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 468: 466: 462: 461: 459: 458: 455: 449: 447: 443: 442: 437: 433: 432: 419: 415: 414: 408: 402: 401: 395:(aged 72) 391:18 August 1503 389: 385: 384: 371: 369:1 January 1431 365: 363: 359: 358: 354: 353: 345: 341: 340: 337: 333: 332: 329: 325: 324: 320: 319: 317: 316: 310: 304: 298: 292: 286: 280: 274: 268: 262: 256: 249: 247: 243: 242: 237: 233: 232: 227: 223: 222: 221:18 August 1503 219: 215: 214: 213:11 August 1492 211: 207: 206: 201: 197: 196: 175: 167: 166: 164:Bishop of Rome 160: 159: 152: 148: 142: 133: 132: 99: 97: 90: 83: 82: 38: 36: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10572: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10515:Spanish popes 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10447: 10445: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10418: 10408: 10407: 10404: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10387: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10325: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10310: 10308: 10304: 10296: 10293: 10292: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10270:Mother Teresa 10268: 10266: 10263: 10260: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10235: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10223: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10196:Pope Pius XII 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10178: 10176: 10174: 10170: 10164: 10163: 10162:Rerum novarum 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10146:Pope Leo XIII 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10116:United States 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10106:Pope Pius VII 10104: 10103: 10101: 10097: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9945: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9921: 9916: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9878: 9875: 9874: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9859: 9857: 9855: 9851: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9789:Scholasticism 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9764:Pope Urban II 9762: 9761: 9759: 9757: 9753: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9683: 9681: 9679: 9675: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9604: 9601: 9600: 9599: 9596: 9595: 9593: 9589: 9581: 9577: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9540:Justin Martyr 9538: 9534: 9531: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9513: 9512: 9509: 9508: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9489: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9452: 9451: 9450:New Testament 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9413:Commissioning 9411: 9410: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9368: 9367: 9364: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9357:Apostolic Age 9353: 9349: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9301: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9264: 9263: 9260: 9256: 9253: 9252: 9251: 9248: 9244: 9243:Papal primacy 9241: 9240: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9222: 9219: 9218: 9217: 9214: 9213: 9211: 9209: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9190: 9185: 9183: 9178: 9176: 9171: 9170: 9167: 9155: 9147: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9134: 9131: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9109: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9085:Home Missions 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9067: 9065: 9063: 9059: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8984: 8981: 8980: 8979: 8978:Saint Francis 8976: 8972: 8969: 8968: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8961:Saint Dominic 8959: 8958: 8957: 8954: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8931: 8930: 8927: 8926: 8924: 8922: 8916: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8774:Bethlehemites 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8746: 8744: 8742: 8738: 8733: 8729: 8723: 8722: 8718: 8716: 8715: 8711: 8709: 8708: 8704: 8701: 8697: 8696:Vatican Radio 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8683: 8682: 8681:Vatican Media 8679: 8677: 8674: 8673: 8671: 8669: 8665: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8614: 8611: 8610: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8592: 8589: 8588: 8587: 8584: 8583: 8581: 8579: 8575: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8542: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8522: 8521: 8518: 8512: 8509: 8508: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8478: 8477: 8474: 8473: 8471: 8469: 8465: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8328: 8326: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8294: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8281: 8278: 8277: 8276: 8273: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8260: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8228: 8225: 8224: 8223: 8220: 8217: 8214: 8213: 8211: 8209: 8205: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8133: 8132: 8129: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8116: 8115: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8049: 8045: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8027: 8024: 8023: 8022: 8019: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8006: 8005: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7985: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7978:List of popes 7974: 7970: 7967: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7941: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7879: 7878: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7870: 7866: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7849: 7848: 7845: 7841: 7838: 7837: 7836: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7799: 7797: 7795: 7791: 7781: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7762:Mother of God 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7730: 7726: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7708: 7705: 7704: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7675: 7671: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7659: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7647:People of God 7645: 7643: 7642: 7638: 7636: 7635:Infallibility 7633: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7620: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7603: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7594: 7590: 7584: 7581: 7577: 7576: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7511:Body and soul 7509: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7495: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7485: 7482: 7479: 7478: 7473: 7469: 7464: 7460: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7414:Enlightenment 7412: 7410: 7407: 7401: 7398: 7397: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7386: 7385:Protestantism 7383: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7374: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7362:Scholasticism 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7347:Schism (1378) 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7332:Schism (1054) 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7310: 7306: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7255: 7251: 7243: 7240: 7239: 7238: 7235: 7231: 7228: 7227: 7226: 7223: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7210: 7209: 7206: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7182: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7170: 7167: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7151: 7147: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7119: 7115: 7108: 7103: 7101: 7096: 7094: 7089: 7088: 7085: 7073: 7072: 7067: 7063: 7061: 7060: 7051: 7050: 7047: 7034: 7031: 7028: 7025: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7016: 7013: 7010: 7007: 7004: 7001: 6998: 6995: 6992: 6989: 6986: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6974: 6967: 6964: 6961: 6958: 6953: 6950: 6947: 6944: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6929: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6916:High and Late 6914: 6907: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6896: 6893: 6890: 6887: 6884: 6881: 6878: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6844: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6732:Benedict XIII 6730: 6728: 6727:Innocent XIII 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6692:Alexander VII 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6658: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6561:Innocent VIII 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6541:Callixtus III 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6461:Boniface VIII 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6372: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6360:Celestine III 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6335:Alexander III 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6325:Anastasius IV 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6225:Sylvester III 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6210:Benedict VIII 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5971: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5734:Anastasius II 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5675: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5460: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5450:Pope emeritus 5448: 5446: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5409: 5408:List of popes 5406: 5405: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5387: 5382: 5380: 5375: 5373: 5368: 5367: 5364: 5355: 5346: 5340: 5339:Innocent VIII 5334: 5331: 5327: 5316: 5312: 5309: 5303: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5293: 5288: 5287:Alexander VI. 5284: 5280: 5279: 5274: 5270: 5267: 5263: 5260: 5255: 5251: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5233: 5230: 5225: 5221: 5218: 5215: 5210: 5206: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5184: 5179: 5175: 5172: 5169: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5154: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5127: 5121: 5115: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5083: 5078: 5075: 5071: 5068: 5064: 5063: 5052: 5046: 5043:. McFarland. 5042: 5037: 5033: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5016: 5012: 5006: 5002: 5001: 4995: 4991: 4985: 4981: 4976: 4972: 4966: 4962: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4934: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4915: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4878: 4874: 4869: 4865: 4859: 4855: 4850: 4846: 4841: 4837: 4831: 4827: 4822: 4818: 4812: 4808: 4807: 4801: 4797: 4792: 4788: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4754: 4750: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4735: 4723: 4718: 4710: 4708: 4707:History Today 4700: 4693: 4688: 4682:, p. 265 4681: 4676: 4669: 4663: 4656: 4651: 4643: 4641: 4633: 4625: 4621: 4615: 4599: 4593: 4586: 4581: 4579: 4571: 4564: 4559: 4551: 4547: 4546: 4539: 4533:, p. 219 4532: 4527: 4525: 4517: 4512: 4504: 4503: 4495: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4479: 4470: 4464:, p. 273 4463: 4458: 4450: 4444: 4438:, p. 218 4437: 4432: 4430: 4423: 4420: 4419:9780813207070 4416: 4413: 4412:0-8132-0707-X 4409: 4405: 4404:Letters 31–60 4399: 4393: 4389: 4384: 4378: 4375: 4371: 4370:9789004165601 4367: 4364: 4363:90-04-16560-6 4360: 4356: 4350: 4344: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4326: 4322: 4319: 4313: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4292: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4270: 4267:, ed., 1858, 4266: 4261: 4255: 4252: 4246: 4239: 4238:9780141390758 4235: 4232: 4231:0-14-139075-1 4228: 4224: 4220: 4215: 4208: 4207:Rivera (1992) 4203: 4196: 4191: 4189: 4179: 4172: 4171:Rivera (1992) 4166: 4159: 4158:Rivera (1992) 4154: 4148:, p. 281 4147: 4142: 4140: 4130: 4123: 4122:Stogre (1992) 4118: 4111: 4105: 4098: 4093: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4071: 4066: 4057: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4024: 4008: 4002: 3995: 3994:9780883971406 3991: 3987: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3968: 3966:84-7681-443-7 3962: 3958: 3951: 3943: 3941:0-553-21227-3 3937: 3933: 3929: 3928: 3920: 3913: 3907: 3901:, p. 272 3900: 3895: 3888: 3887: 3880: 3873: 3868: 3861: 3856: 3849: 3844: 3838:, p. 236 3837: 3832: 3825: 3820: 3812: 3810:0-582-21232-4 3806: 3802: 3801: 3793: 3785: 3779: 3775: 3774: 3766: 3760: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3737: 3730: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3712: 3707: 3701:, p. 144 3700: 3695: 3686: 3685:vol. 6, p. 50 3682: 3678: 3673: 3664: 3655: 3646: 3637: 3628: 3619: 3610: 3601: 3592: 3583: 3574: 3565: 3556: 3547: 3538: 3530: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3510: 3502: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3474: 3470: 3469: 3461: 3455: 3450: 3444: 3425: 3418: 3413: 3407: 3405: 3398: 3393: 3387: 3384: 3383:9780136120513 3380: 3377: 3376:0-13-612051-2 3373: 3369: 3363: 3355: 3349: 3345: 3344: 3336: 3329: 3323: 3316: 3310: 3303: 3297: 3289: 3283: 3279: 3278: 3270: 3264: 3259: 3251: 3245: 3241: 3240: 3235: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3216: 3212: 3206: 3204: 3196: 3190: 3186: 3171: 3162: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3137: 3127: 3120: 3115: 3111: 3104: 3097: 3095: 3094:Dublin Review 3088: 3079: 3070: 3061: 3052: 3043: 3034: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2978:Alessandro VI 2975: 2970: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2948: 2944: 2935: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2905:This article 2903: 2894: 2893: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2834: 2829: 2826: 2815: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2769:If it enters 2764: 2750: 2745: 2742: 2724: 2719: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2646: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2582: 2577: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2561:Cesare Borgia 2559:. From left: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2540: 2537: 2529: 2519: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2501: 2492: 2491: 2483: 2481: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2429:Pope Pius III 2426: 2420: 2417: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2400: 2394: 2390: 2389: 2384: 2378: 2374: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2321: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2303:Inter caetera 2300: 2296: 2295:Inter caetera 2291: 2289: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2270: 2269:Sublimis Deus 2265: 2264:Pope Paul III 2261: 2260: 2255: 2254: 2249: 2245: 2244: 2239: 2238: 2237:Inter caetera 2233: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2211: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2184: 2177: 2172: 2168: 2162: 2157: 2154: 2148: 2143: 2140: 2134: 2129: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2075: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2039:Cesare Borgia 2036: 2035: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2013: 2008: 2007: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1999:Orsino Orsini 1996: 1992: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1954:(born 1475), 1953: 1949: 1942:Personal life 1939: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1918: 1916: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1888: 1886: 1885: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1845:) and making 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1775: 1771: 1762: 1760: 1748: 1745: 1737: 1727: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1709: 1700: 1699: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1601: 1598: 1590: 1580: 1576: 1570: 1569: 1564:This section 1562: 1558: 1553: 1552: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1533:Civitavecchia 1530: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1469:(1494–1495). 1468: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1410: 1407: 1399: 1389: 1385: 1379: 1378: 1373:This section 1371: 1367: 1362: 1361: 1357: 1348: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1332: 1331:Inter caetera 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1251:Cesare Borgia 1243: 1239: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1203:1492 conclave 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1158: 1148: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1131:Juan de Borja 1127: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1095:Orsino Orsini 1091: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1064: 1059: 1056:in 1480, and 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1008: 1004: 999: 995: 991: 987: 986:this conclave 982: 980: 976: 971: 969: 965: 960: 958: 953: 949: 943: 941: 937: 933: 929: 924: 920: 915: 913: 912:Doctor of Law 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 855: 850: 846: 844: 833: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 801: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 733: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 710: 708: 704: 703:Cesare Borgia 700: 696: 692: 688: 683: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 640:Borgia family 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 604: 600: 596: 592: 589:Your Holiness 588: 584: 581: 578: 576: 572: 568: 563: 560: 550: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 524: 521: 517: 511: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 469: 467: 463: 456: 454: 451: 450: 448: 444: 441: 438: 434: 431: 427: 423: 420: 416: 412: 409: 407: 403: 400: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 364: 360: 355: 352: 351:Callixtus III 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 321: 314: 311: 308: 305: 302: 299: 296: 293: 290: 287: 284: 281: 278: 275: 272: 269: 266: 263: 260: 257: 254: 251: 250: 248: 244: 241: 238: 234: 231: 230:Innocent VIII 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 205: 202: 198: 192: 179: 173: 168: 165: 161: 156: 145: 140: 137: 129: 126: 118: 106: 105: 100:This article 98: 89: 88: 79: 76: 68: 58: 54: 48: 47: 43: 37: 28: 27: 22: 10384: 10380:Pope Francis 10306:21st century 10255:Pope Paul VI 10232: 10220: 10173:20th century 10160: 10111:Pope Pius IX 10099:19th century 10075:Pope Pius VI 9942: 9903: 9814:Latin Empire 9784:Universities 9736:Pope Leo III 9603:Christianity 9588:state church 9580:Great Church 9381:Resurrection 9344:(30–325/476) 9341:Early Church 9326:Latin Church 9321:Papal States 9316:Vatican City 9124:Universities 8956:Third orders 8919:Associations 8909:Visitandines 8904:Trinitarians 8854:Mercedarians 8839:Hieronymites 8784:Camaldoleses 8769:Benedictines 8759:Augustinians 8719: 8712: 8705: 8686:Vatican News 8640:Distinctions 8446:Syro-Malabar 8331:Latin Church 8253:Grand master 8151:Metropolitan 8048:Vatican City 7943:Organisation 7822:Philosophers 7687:Confirmation 7664:In canon law 7658:Subsistit in 7656: 7652:Three states 7639: 7600: 7593:Ecclesiology 7575:Nova Vulgata 7573: 7531:Original sin 7526:Nicene Creed 7516:Divine grace 7475: 7357:Universities 7327:Papal States 7254:Great Church 7196:Resurrection 7173:Early Church 7069: 7057: 7027:World War II 7021:Vatican City 6897: 6868:(until 493) 6832:Benedict XVI 6827:John Paul II 6747:Clement XIII 6742:Benedict XIV 6717:Innocent XII 6651:Clement VIII 6626:Gregory XIII 6606:Marcellus II 6566:Alexander VI 6565: 6516:Innocent VII 6481:Benedict XII 6436:Nicholas III 6401:Alexander IV 6391:Celestine IV 6381:Honorius III 6365:Innocent III 6350:Gregory VIII 6310:Celestine II 6295:Callixtus II 6265:Alexander II 6190:Sylvester II 6170:Benedict VII 6130:Stephen VIII 6015:Benedict III 5869:Adeodatus II 5814:Boniface III 5668:Anastasius I 5344: 5306:(in Spanish) 5290: 5276: 5257:(in Spanish) 5235:(in Spanish) 5227:(in Spanish) 5212:(in Spanish) 5189: 5181:(in Spanish) 5166:(in Spanish) 5156: 5145: 5134: 5124: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5081: 5073: 5066: 5040: 5029: 4999: 4979: 4960: 4951: 4932: 4913: 4894: 4875:. Robinson. 4872: 4853: 4844: 4825: 4809:. Harcourt. 4805: 4795: 4771: 4748: 4739: 4731:Bibliography 4717: 4706: 4699: 4687: 4675: 4667: 4662: 4650: 4639: 4632: 4623: 4614: 4602:. Retrieved 4592: 4583: 4577: 4570: 4558: 4544: 4538: 4511: 4501: 4494: 4486: 4476: 4469: 4457: 4443: 4403: 4398: 4383: 4374:Introduction 4373: 4354: 4349: 4339: 4334: 4317: 4312: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4291: 4283: 4278: 4268: 4260: 4250: 4245: 4218: 4214: 4209:, p. 37 4202: 4197:, p. 65 4178: 4173:, p. 28 4165: 4153: 4129: 4117: 4104: 4099:, p. 94 4092: 4077: 4065: 4056: 4044:. Retrieved 4034: 4023: 4011:. Retrieved 4001: 3985: 3956: 3950: 3926: 3919: 3906: 3894: 3885: 3883:J.B. Darcy, 3879: 3867: 3862:, p. 24 3855: 3843: 3831: 3819: 3799: 3792: 3772: 3765: 3736: 3728: 3706: 3694: 3688:(in Italian) 3680: 3672: 3663: 3654: 3645: 3636: 3627: 3618: 3609: 3600: 3591: 3582: 3573: 3564: 3555: 3546: 3537: 3509: 3467: 3460: 3431:. 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J. Meyer 3146:interregnum 2805:Saint Peter 2662:, founding 2473:Roman Curia 2442:interregnum 2320:condottieri 2221:in Europe. 2210:Sicut dudum 2121:Domenichino 2057:, c. 1519, 2055:Dosso Dossi 1975:G. J. Meyer 1936:Sampietrini 1855:Valentinois 1813:Papal bull 1611:Holy League 1448:Doña Sancha 1257:, was made 1242:Papal bulla 896:in absentia 806:G. J. Meyer 726:libertinism 714:Renaissance 707:condottiero 687:papal bulls 666:and made a 597:Holy Father 418:Nationality 309:(1491–1492) 303:(1489–1492) 297:(1482–1492) 291:(1476–1492) 285:(1471–1476) 279:(1467–1472) 273:(1458–1492) 267:(1458–1492) 261:(1457–1458) 255:(1456–1471) 226:Predecessor 187: 1495 10444:Categories 10259:coronation 9965:Pope Leo X 9550:Tertullian 9480:Revelation 9455:Background 8869:Oratorians 8824:Dominicans 8794:Carmelites 8789:Camillians 8737:institutes 8550:Tridentine 8486:Antiochian 8406:Macedonian 8351:Belarusian 8241:Provincial 8156:Archbishop 8076:Roman Rota 8038:Properties 7963:By country 7959:Precedence 7924:Confessors 7904:Archangels 7894:Patriarchs 7794:Philosophy 7772:Veneration 7737:Assumption 7707:Last rites 7674:Sacraments 7618:Four marks 7429:Vatican II 7377:Modern era 7213:Succession 6978:Modern Era 6908:(974–1012) 6812:John XXIII 6722:Clement XI 6697:Clement IX 6687:Innocent X 6682:Urban VIII 6677:Gregory XV 6601:Julius III 6536:Nicholas V 6501:Gregory XI 6486:Clement VI 6421:Innocent V 6411:Clement IV 6386:Gregory IX 6340:Lucius III 6320:Eugene III 6285:Paschal II 6275:Victor III 6255:Stephen IX 6240:Damasus II 6235:Clement II 6230:Gregory VI 6205:Sergius IV 6200:John XVIII 6150:Benedict V 6135:Marinus II 6060:Stephen VI 6040:Adrian III 6020:Nicholas I 6005:Sergius II 6000:Gregory IV 5980:Stephen IV 5944:Stephen II 5929:Gregory II 5849:Theodore I 5834:Honorius I 5829:Boniface V 5794:Benedict I 5784:Pelagius I 5769:Agapetus I 5729:Gelasius I 5719:Simplicius 5704:Sixtus III 5694:Boniface I 5684:Innocent I 5548:Zephyrinus 5462:Pope-elect 5438:non-extant 4775:. Boston: 4478:Criticisms 4325:HathiTrust 3783:9028601589 3121: ..." 2954:Pier Luigi 2924:Wikisource 2883:References 2801:Urban VIII 2652:papal bull 2600:De Maistre 2555:(1893) by 2526:April 2022 2404:Burchard's 2325:Senigallia 2313:Last years 2219:liege lord 2197:encomienda 2087:Pedro-Luiz 1859:Valentinus 1765:Savonarola 1734:April 2022 1659:, Duke of 1587:April 2014 1529:Cem Sultan 1516:Bayazid II 1467:Alfonso II 1396:April 2014 1350:Italy 1494 1291:Anguillara 1259:Archbishop 998:Franciscan 923:nepotistic 824:(Jofré in 782:Castillian 650:under the 624:Valentinus 472:Pier Luigi 328:Ordination 42:neutrality 10275:Communism 10245:Ecumenism 9591:(380–451) 9583:(180–451) 9572:(313–476) 9494:(100–325) 9110:See also: 9062:Charities 8971:Discalced 8899:Trappists 8894:Theatines 8864:Olivetans 8809:Clarisses 8779:Blue nuns 8764:Basilians 8741:societies 8649:See also: 8535:Mozarabic 8525:Ambrosian 8511:Malankara 8496:Byzantine 8456:Ukrainian 8431:Ruthenian 8396:Hungarian 8381:Ethiopian 8356:Bulgarian 8323:sui iuris 8307:Postulant 8216:Religious 8171:Auxiliary 8166:Coadjutor 8136:Patriarch 8004:Cardinals 7951:Canon law 7947:Hierarchy 7929:Disciples 7852:Relations 7840:Evolution 7831:See also: 7776:See also: 7729:Mariology 7719:Matrimony 7692:Eucharist 7613:Ecumenism 7541:Salvation 7477:Catechism 7472:Tradition 7434:Communism 7282:Chalcedon 6902:(904–964) 6894:(756–857) 6888:(537–752) 6882:(493–537) 6874:(312–337) 6772:Pius VIII 6702:Clement X 6636:Urban VII 6586:Adrian VI 6576:Julius II 6556:Sixtus IV 6531:Eugene IV 6476:John XXII 6471:Clement V 6441:Martin IV 6416:Gregory X 6345:Urban III 6330:Adrian IV 6315:Lucius II 6250:Victor II 6195:John XVII 6185:Gregory V 6160:John XIII 6045:Stephen V 6035:Marinus I 6030:John VIII 6025:Adrian II 5995:Valentine 5990:Eugene II 5985:Paschal I 5919:Sisinnius 5904:Sergius I 5839:Severinus 5804:Gregory I 5774:Silverius 5744:Hormisdas 5739:Symmachus 5724:Felix III 5658:Damasus I 5633:Miltiades 5608:Eutychian 5598:Dionysius 5593:Sixtus II 5588:Stephen I 5578:Cornelius 5498:Evaristus 5493:Clement I 5488:Anacletus 5418:canonised 5413:graphical 5289:" in the 5268:catalogue 5150:Volume VI 4694:, passim 4624:www.uv.es 4421:, p. 61. 4295:See also 4240:, p. 179. 4169:cited by 3874:, passim 3495:cite book 3487:868380201 3182:Citations 3005:Valencian 2982:Valencian 2920:Wikiquote 2907:contains 2644:Menaechmi 2608:Louis XIV 2589:Julius II 2425:Gallipoli 2342:Bracciano 1901:holy door 1873:from the 1863:Valencian 1835:Louis XII 1831:Bisceglie 1722:talk page 1684:Benevento 1326:New World 1287:Cerveteri 1048:in 1475, 1016:Ferdinand 872:sacristan 843:Holy Writ 826:Valencian 774:Valencian 720:surname, 718:Valencian 691:New World 628:Valencian 519:Education 426:Aragonese 236:Successor 155:Valencian 102:may have 65:July 2024 53:talk page 10285:HIV/AIDS 9779:Crusades 9533:Irenaeus 9526:Ignatius 9521:Polycarp 9371:Ministry 9359:(30–100) 9233:Timeline 9154:Category 9047:Opus Dei 9032:Scouting 9022:Focolare 8889:Servites 8874:Piarists 8819:Crosiers 8555:Anglican 8491:Armenian 8421:Romanian 8411:Maronite 8386:Georgian 8376:Eritrean 8361:Chaldean 8346:Armenian 8341:Albanian 8222:Superior 8181:Emeritus 8161:Diocesan 8014:Advisers 7973:Holy See 7899:Prophets 7857:Politics 7628:Catholic 7608:Councils 7463:Theology 7342:Crusades 7277:Nicaea I 7208:Apostles 7186:Ministry 7155:Timeline 7135:Glossary 7059:Category 7033:Cold War 6807:Pius XII 6787:Leo XIII 6762:Pius VII 6631:Sixtus V 6596:Paul III 6571:Pius III 6526:Martin V 6506:Urban VI 6431:John XXI 6426:Adrian V 6406:Urban IV 6280:Urban II 6215:John XIX 6175:John XIV 6155:Leo VIII 6145:John XII 6050:Formosus 5959:Adrian I 5914:John VII 5864:Vitalian 5859:Eugene I 5854:Martin I 5809:Sabinian 5789:John III 5779:Vigilius 5754:Felix IV 5714:Hilarius 5663:Siricius 5653:Liberius 5648:Julius I 5628:Eusebius 5583:Lucius I 5543:Victor I 5528:Anicetus 5508:Sixtus I 5445:Antipope 5354:Pius III 5315:LibriVox 5250:Archived 5220:Archived 5205:Archived 5174:Archived 5139:Volume V 4954:. Corgi. 4893:(2011). 4798:. Prion. 4769:(2002). 4582:. 1899. 4376:, p. 1. 4221:, 1981, 4046:25 March 4013:25 March 3443:cite web 3385:p. 189. 2811:See also 2797:Sixtus V 2712:humanist 2709:Bohemian 2619:Bramante 2505:may not 2327:and put 2272:(1537), 2226:Columbus 2083:Girolama 1964:Lucrezia 1956:Giovanni 1715:disputed 1440:Isabella 1428:de facto 1314:Florence 1281:and the 1263:Valencia 1176:Holy See 1054:Lucrezia 1050:Giovanni 884:cardinal 866:Overview 854:Valencia 818:Lucrezia 812:(Juan), 810:Giovanni 746:Valencia 730:nepotism 668:cardinal 510:disputed 497:Lucrezia 487:Giovanni 482:Isabella 477:Girolama 465:Children 240:Pius III 115:May 2024 46:disputed 10250:Judaism 9650:Vulgate 9460:Gospels 9435:Stephen 9352:Origins 9272:Vulgate 9208:General 9198:of the 9196:History 9119:Schools 9075:Caritas 8983:Secular 8949:Workers 8844:Jesuits 8630:Museums 8625:Library 8603:Writers 8598:Artists 8578:Culture 8545:Paul VI 8426:Russian 8416:Melkite 8258:Brother 8236:General 8176:Titular 8146:Primate 8124:Eparchy 8114:Diocese 8061:Outline 8000:College 7990:Francis 7934:Virgins 7909:Martyrs 7835:Science 7742:History 7697:Penance 7682:Baptism 7583:Worship 7556:Vulgate 7504:Kingdom 7499:Trinity 7487:General 7242:Primacy 7150:History 7130:Outline 6952:Perugia 6946:Orvieto 6940:Viterbo 6837:Francis 6817:Paul VI 6802:Pius XI 6782:Pius IX 6767:Leo XII 6757:Pius VI 6616:Pius IV 6611:Paul IV 6551:Paul II 6546:Pius II 6496:Urban V 6180:John XV 6125:Leo VII 6120:John XI 6075:John IX 6065:Romanus 5964:Leo III 5939:Zachary 5909:John VI 5844:John IV 5764:John II 5689:Zosimus 5603:Felix I 5568:Anterus 5563:Pontian 5558:Urban I 5518:Hyginus 5395:of the 5300:at the 5264:in the 5028:(ed.). 4604:20 June 4451:. 1899. 3018:Spanish 2990:Spanish 2974:Italian 2775:Avernus 2683:marrano 2639:Plautus 2623:Raphael 2604:Du Pape 2569:Borgias 2512:Please 2469:bad air 2465:malaria 2362:Bologna 2191:Slavery 2183:Madonna 2116:Unicorn 1968:Gioffre 1914:portico 1895:In the 1673:Savelli 1669:Soriano 1648:in Rome 1627:Fornovo 1537:Spoleto 1510:Ottoman 1495:Colonna 1483:Romagna 1475:crusade 1305:at the 1275:Gioffre 1058:Gioffre 1007:Castile 962:In the 908:Bologna 904:Italian 874:at the 822:Gioffre 770:Llançol 646:in the 620:epithet 502:Gioffre 446:Parents 430:Spanish 10535:Simony 10216:Nazism 10038:to the 9645:Jerome 9555:Origen 9238:Papacy 8997:Fimcap 8939:Marian 8859:Minims 8591:Marian 8441:Syriac 8436:Slovak 8366:Coptic 8302:Oblate 8297:Master 8292:Novice 8287:Hermit 8275:Sister 8231:Abbess 8198:Deacon 8193:Priest 8188:Parish 8131:Bishop 8101:Polity 7887:Joseph 7869:Saints 7536:Saints 7424:Nazism 6792:Pius X 6672:Paul V 6667:Leo XI 6621:Pius V 6245:Leo IX 6110:Leo VI 6105:John X 6010:Leo IV 5949:Paul I 5894:John V 5884:Leo II 5879:Agatho 5749:John I 5573:Fabian 5523:Pius I 5433:extant 5429:Tombs 5110: 5047: 5007: 4986: 4967: 4939: 4920: 4901: 4879: 4860: 4832: 4813: 4783: 4755: 4417: 4410: 4368: 4361: 4236: 4229: 3992: 3963: 3938: 3807: 3780: 3485: 3475: 3381: 3374: 3350: 3284: 3246: 2960:, and 2763:Erebus 2629:, and 2486:Legacy 2399:Cesare 2393:Titian 2350:Sicily 1960:Gandia 1952:Cesare 1861:("The 1817:, 1499 1661:Urbino 1631:Naples 1623:Naples 1615:Venice 1521:simony 1513:Sultan 1322:Venice 1271:Gandia 1265:, and 1207:ducats 1187:Papacy 1046:Cesare 1011:Aragon 928:deacon 861:Career 820:, and 814:Cesare 790:papacy 778:Lanzol 742:Xàtiva 722:Borgia 664:deacon 644:Xàtiva 626:("The 614:(born 507:Others 492:Cesare 413:, Rome 406:Buried 397:Rome, 373:Xàtiva 323:Orders 315:(1492) 200:Church 10505:Popes 10318:Islam 9586:Roman 9545:Canon 9418:Peter 9366:Jesus 9095:CIDSE 8944:Youth 8668:Media 8635:Music 8560:Zaire 8540:Roman 8530:Braga 8520:Latin 8391:Greek 8263:Friar 8227:Abbot 8141:Major 8056:Index 7955:Laity 7521:Dogma 7468:Bible 7444:Islam 7400:Trent 7181:Jesus 7163:Legal 7125:Index 6581:Leo X 6100:Lando 6085:Leo V 5899:Conon 5874:Donus 5709:Leo I 5613:Caius 5533:Soter 5483:Linus 5478:Peter 5393:Popes 5345:Pope 5024:. In 4392:p. 41 4299:, in 4086:p. 70 3427:(PDF) 3420:(PDF) 3154:Osimo 2962:Laura 2888:Notes 2450:bravo 2407:Diary 2368:Death 2354:Siena 2119:, by 2112:as – 1851:Rouen 1694:Crime 1499:Ostia 1487:Genoa 1318:Milan 1307:Tiber 786:Borja 766:Pedro 744:near 705:as a 680:Curia 656:Spain 654:(now 10368:2023 10363:2019 10358:2016 10353:2013 10348:2011 10343:2008 10338:2005 10333:2002 10328:2000 10295:1995 9465:Acts 9428:Paul 9423:John 9398:Mary 8620:Folk 8268:Monk 8009:List 7987:Pope 7882:Mary 5643:Mark 5108:ISBN 5045:ISBN 5005:ISBN 4984:ISBN 4965:ISBN 4937:ISBN 4918:ISBN 4899:ISBN 4877:ISBN 4858:ISBN 4830:ISBN 4811:ISBN 4781:ISBN 4753:ISBN 4606:2020 4415:ISBN 4408:ISBN 4366:ISBN 4359:ISBN 4234:ISBN 4227:ISBN 4048:2014 4015:2014 3990:ISBN 3961:ISBN 3936:ISBN 3805:ISBN 3778:ISBN 3501:link 3483:OCLC 3473:ISBN 3449:link 3435:2011 3379:ISBN 3372:ISBN 3348:ISBN 3282:ISBN 3244:ISBN 2799:and 2771:Styx 2707:, a 2440:The 2360:and 2358:Pisa 2338:Ceri 2331:and 2256:and 1982:and 1663:and 1491:Alps 1320:and 1289:and 1255:Pisa 1133:and 1097:and 1009:and 900:Rome 776:and 728:and 605:None 388:Died 362:Born 331:1468 144:Pope 39:The 9354:and 9304:Art 8934:Lay 8586:Art 8280:Nun 8002:of 7494:God 5313:at 4483:407 3932:127 2641:'s 2516:or 2276:in 2266:in 1577:by 1386:by 1261:of 1209:by 1126:see 934:of 886:by 780:in 772:in 642:in 349:by 10446:: 8739:, 8229:, 5275:. 5188:, 5090:, 4779:. 4622:. 4523:^ 4485:. 4428:^ 4390:, 4372:, 4327:) 4187:^ 4138:^ 4084:, 3975:^ 3934:. 3745:^ 3718:^ 3683:, 3679:, 3518:^ 3497:}} 3493:{{ 3481:. 3445:}} 3441:{{ 3403:^ 3223:^ 3213:. 3202:^ 3020:: 3016:; 3007:: 2992:: 2988:, 2984:: 2980:, 2976:: 2964:. 2807:. 2674:. 2625:, 2621:. 2563:, 2482:. 2431:: 2364:. 2356:, 2344:. 2309:. 2089:, 1993:(" 1877:. 1761:. 1675:. 1338:. 1316:, 1217:. 992:) 832:. 816:, 622:: 428:– 424:, 379:, 375:, 184:c. 157:") 10261:) 10257:( 9188:e 9181:t 9174:v 8734:, 8218:: 8107:) 8103:( 7980:) 7976:( 7106:e 7099:t 7092:v 5385:e 5378:t 5371:v 5285:" 5053:. 5013:. 4992:. 4973:. 4945:. 4926:. 4907:. 4885:. 4866:. 4838:. 4819:. 4789:. 4761:. 4711:. 4644:. 4642:" 4626:. 4608:. 4108:" 4050:. 4017:. 3969:. 3944:. 3889:. 3813:. 3531:. 3503:) 3489:. 3451:) 3437:. 3356:. 3290:. 3252:. 3217:. 3096:, 2934:) 2930:( 2926:. 2912:. 2777:, 2539:) 2533:( 2528:) 2524:( 2520:. 2510:. 2061:) 2041:) 2037:( 1747:) 1741:( 1736:) 1732:( 1728:. 1718:. 1600:) 1594:( 1589:) 1585:( 1571:. 1409:) 1403:( 1398:) 1394:( 1380:. 193:) 182:( 128:) 122:( 117:) 113:( 107:. 78:) 72:( 67:) 63:( 59:. 49:. 23:.

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