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was strong enough to be able to intervene from a distance to impose his will. As a result of the battles with the
Antipope Benedict X, Nicholas II wished to reform papal elections. At the synod held in the Lateran at Easter, 1059, Pope Nicholas brought 113 bishops to Rome to consider several reforms,
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and the imperial chancellor, Guibert of Parma, he pronounced
Benedict X deposed and excommunicated. The supporters of Nicholas II then gained control of Rome and forced Benedict X to flee to Gerard of Galeria. Having arrived in Rome, Nicholas II then proceeded to wage war against Benedict X and his
376:, archdeacon of the Roman church, was away on a diplomatic mission to Germany. When he heard of Benedict X's election, he opposed it and obtained support for the election of Gerard of Burgundy instead. In December 1058, those cardinals who had opposed Benedict X's election met at
512:, facing ruinous ecclesiastical conflict in Milan, submitted to the terms of the legates, which subordinated Milan to Rome. The new relation was advertised by the unwilling attendance of Wido and the other Milanese bishops at the council summoned to the
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including a change in the election procedure. The electoral reform adopted by that synod amounted to a declaration of independence on the part of the church. Henceforth, popes were to be selected by the cardinals in assembly in Rome.
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in April 1059. This council not only continued the
Hildebrandine reforms by sharpening the discipline of the clergy but marked an epoch in the history of the papacy by its famous regulation of future elections to the Holy See.
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for
Christianity, and he saw the Normans as the perfect force to crush the Muslims. The Normans were by this time firmly established in southern Italy, and later in the year 1059 the new alliance was cemented at
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472:, in return for oaths of fealty and the promise of assistance in guarding the rights of the Church. This arrangement, which was based on no firmer foundation than the forged "
484:. Its first substantial result was Norman aid in taking Galeria, where Antipope Benedict X was hiding, and the end of the subordination of the papacy to the Roman nobles.
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To secure his position, Nicholas II at once entered into relations with the
Normans. The pope wanted to re-take
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in early 1059, Nicholas II was not wholly successful. But later that same year, his forces conquered
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and the archbishop and clergy. The result was a fresh triumph for the papacy. Archbishop
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756:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 649–651.
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Nicholas II died on 27 July 1061, less than three years after becoming Pope.
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and elected Gerard as pope instead. He then took the name
Nicholas II.
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had effectively been controlled by the Roman aristocracy, unless the
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Nicholas II proceeded towards Rome, along the way holding a synod at
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765: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Vol. 11. New York: Robert
Appleton Company, 1911. 24 December 2017
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Portrait of
Nicholas II in the Nuova Cronica des Giovanni Villani
630:(in French). Vol. 4. Roanne: Éditions Horvath. p. 79.
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Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the
Immaculate Heart of Mary
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Weber, Nicholas. "Pope Nicholas II." The Catholic Encyclopedia
476:", was destined to give the papacy independence from both the
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was elected in 1058, his election having been arranged by the
325:. He was also responsible for passing papal election reforms.
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Bartlett, Professor Robert. "The Normans", episode 3, BBC-TV
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Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution
436:, where the pope, accompanied by Hildebrand, Cardinal
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Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4656:
675:(1907) Leipzig: B.G. Teubner. p. 209 (in lang|de)
301:; c. 990/995 – 27 July 1061), otherwise known as
5903:
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276:Nicholas II (right) depicted in a fresco in the
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387:, where, in the presence of the Tuscan ruler
16:Head of the Catholic Church from 1059 to 1061
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504:, to resolve the conflict between the
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685:Detlev, Jasper. "Nicholas II, Pope",
650:(in French). Autre Vue. p. 144.
781:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
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396:assistance. At an initial battle in
278:Basilica of San Clemente al Laterano
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5077:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
771:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
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423:A 1059 bullae seal of Nicholas II
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3064:Communitas perfecta
3008:Sermon on the Mount
2318:Antiquity and Early
2122:17th–21st centuries
1836:13th–16th centuries
671:Schwartz, Gerhard.
572:Christianity portal
389:Godfrey the Bearded
285: 12th century
226:Kingdom of Burgundy
214:between 990 and 995
5952:11th-century popes
5927:People from Savoie
5648:Our Lady of Fátima
5437:Ignatius of Loyola
5361:Catherine of Siena
5329:Pope Boniface VIII
5148:Benedict of Nursia
5117:Council of Ephesus
4954:Ante-Nicene period
4907:Split with Judaism
4741:Crusading movement
4341:Premonstratensians
2724:Ante-Nicene period
2602:Lists of Catholics
2453:Reformation Papacy
2447:Renaissance Papacy
2389:(1012–1044 / 1048)
2342:Ostrogothic Papacy
1435:9th–12th centuries
537:Holy Roman emperor
425:
351:bishop of Florence
315:bishop of Florence
303:Gerard of Burgundy
288:
218:Château de Chevron
58:"Pope Nicholas II"
5899:
5898:
5859:COVID-19 pandemic
5837:Pope Benedict XVI
5742:Pope John Paul II
5517:Pope Benedict XIV
5503:French Revolution
5487:Thirty Years' War
5477:Robert Bellarmine
5462:John of the Cross
5366:Pope Alexander VI
5351:Council of Vienne
5281:Francis of Assisi
5271:Pope Innocent III
5140:Early Middle Ages
5134:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5072:Arian controversy
5025:
5024:
4973:Apostolic Fathers
4624:
4623:
4034:
4033:
3427:
3250:
3249:
2942:
2919:
2918:
2911:COVID-19 pandemic
2881:French Revolution
2871:Thirty Years' War
2779:Islamic conquests
2692:Apostolic fathers
2627:
2542:
2541:
2506:
2505:
2398:Wandering Papacy
2361:Saeculum obscurum
2334:Under Constantine
1139:5th–8th centuries
933:1st–4th centuries
917:papal resignation
822:
821:
813:Succeeded by
657:978-2-9156-8815-3
637:978-2-7171-0263-5
466:Richard of Aversa
366:count of Tusculum
337:, in what is now
309:and ruler of the
270:
269:
258:Holy Roman Empire
230:Holy Roman Empire
119:
118:
111:
93:
5959:
5912:Pope Nicholas II
5889:
5888:
5877:
5876:
5875:
5854:Patriarch Kirill
5727:Pope John Paul I
5532:Anti-clericalism
5512:Pope Innocent XI
5432:Society of Jesus
5417:Council of Trent
5371:Age of Discovery
5316:Late Middle Ages
5218:High Middle Ages
5208:East–West Schism
5092:Pope Sylvester I
5038:
5037:
5027:
5026:
4937:General epistles
4932:Pauline epistles
4865:John the Baptist
4848:Great Commission
4810:
4809:
4761:Catholic culture
4651:
4644:
4637:
4628:
4627:
4614:
4613:
4604:
4603:
4346:Redemptoristines
4194:Religious orders
4120:Anti-Catholicism
4070:Church buildings
3930:Catholic liturgy
3670:Consecrated life
3528:Apostolic Palace
3495:Synod of Bishops
3431:
3430:
3407:
3013:Ten Commandments
2946:
2945:
2928:
2829:Age of Discovery
2663:Great Commission
2631:
2630:
2615:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2546:
2545:
2530:
2518:
2517:
2438:Early Modern and
2348:Byzantine Papacy
2314:
2313:
848:
841:
834:
825:
824:
796:Preceded by
786:
785:
782:
773:Pope Nicholas II
764:
763:
757:
748:Nicholas (popes)
736:
734:
733:
722:
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698:
682:
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574:
569:
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560:
558:Biography portal
555:
554:
553:
527:In nomine Domini
404:, Tusculum, and
392:supporters with
291:Pope Nicholas II
286:
283:
254:March of Tuscany
246:
244:
202:Personal details
148:
121:
120:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
5967:
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5902:
5901:
5900:
5895:
5883:
5873:
5871:
5863:
5785:World Youth Day
5763:
5752:World Youth Day
5696:Pacem in terris
5690:Pope John XXIII
5629:
5556:
5547:Edict of Nantes
5505:
5501:
5491:
5457:Teresa of Ávila
5452:Tridentine Mass
5388:
5384:
5375:
5356:Knights Templar
5310:
5212:
5168:Gregorian chant
5126:
5052:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5033:
5021:
4948:
4817:
4805:
4797:
4664:
4662:Catholic Church
4655:
4625:
4620:
4598:
4590:
4569:
4552:Relief Services
4518:
4464:Catholic Action
4454:Military orders
4391:Confraternities
4383:of the faithful
4382:
4375:
4197:
4188:
4124:
4030:
3924:
3783:
3775:
3708:Prior, Prioress
3664:
3557:
3553:Vatican Museums
3504:
3437:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3400:
3325:
3279:Social teaching
3246:
3185:
3130:
3085:One true church
3049:
3026:Sixtine Vulgate
3022:Official Bible
2936:
2932:
2927:
2915:
2833:
2765:
2710:
2680:Petrine primacy
2623:
2619:
2614:
2606:
2578:
2576:Catholic Church
2573:
2543:
2538:
2502:
2485:(1929–present)
2439:
2433:
2387:Tusculan Papacy
2379:
2373:
2354:Frankish Papacy
2319:
2303:
2117:
1831:
1430:
1134:
928:
861:
859:Catholic Church
852:
818:
809:
801:
761:
746:, ed. (1911). "
731:
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584:
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546:
533:papal elections
529:
523:
521:Election reform
498:Anselm of Lucca
490:
482:Western Empires
450:Robert Guiscard
417:
359:
331:
307:Catholic Church
284:
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169:24 January 1059
160:Catholic Church
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52:
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40:
28:
17:
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11:
5:
5965:
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5709:
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5680:
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5673:Lateran Treaty
5670:
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5655:
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5645:
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5605:
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5564:
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5557:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5508:
5506:
5498:Baroque period
5496:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5467:Peter Canisius
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5442:Francis Xavier
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5406:Exsurge Domine
5402:
5397:
5391:
5389:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5346:Pope Clement V
5343:
5342:
5341:
5339:Avignon Papacy
5334:Western Schism
5331:
5326:
5324:Thomas Aquinas
5320:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
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5258:
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5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5222:
5220:
5214:
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5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5178:Saint Boniface
5175:
5170:
5165:
5163:Pope Gregory I
5160:
5155:
5150:
5144:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5102:Biblical canon
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5056:
5054:
5035:
5031:Late antiquity
5023:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4991:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4978:Pope Clement I
4968:Church Fathers
4965:
4959:
4957:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4909:
4904:
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4894:
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4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4851:
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4835:
4824:
4822:
4807:
4799:
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4796:
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4780:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4729:Biblical canon
4724:Catholic Bible
4721:
4720:
4719:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4674:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4654:
4653:
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4639:
4631:
4622:
4621:
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4608:
4595:
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4588:
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4578:
4573:
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4564:
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4539:
4534:
4528:
4526:
4520:
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4517:
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4511:
4506:
4501:
4499:Legion of Mary
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4428:Lay Carmelites
4425:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4387:
4385:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4276:Conceptionists
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4211:Assumptionists
4207:
4205:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4140:
4134:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4044:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3934:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3913:Syro-Malankara
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3863:Italo-Albanian
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3795:
3789:
3787:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3751:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3717:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3681:
3674:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3572:
3570:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3533:Lateran Treaty
3530:
3525:
3520:
3514:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3459:
3454:
3445:
3443:
3428:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3335:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3294:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3269:Moral theology
3266:
3260:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3140:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3099:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3059:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3033:
3028:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2952:
2950:
2943:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2854:
2843:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2784:Pope Gregory I
2781:
2775:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2756:Biblical canon
2753:
2751:Late antiquity
2748:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2731:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2687:Church fathers
2684:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2639:
2637:
2628:
2621:Ecclesiastical
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2572:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2549:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2524:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2492:
2480:
2477:Roman Question
2474:
2468:
2467:(c. 1640–1740)
2462:
2459:Baroque Papacy
2456:
2450:
2443:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2428:Western Schism
2425:
2422:Avignon Papacy
2419:
2418:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2396:
2390:
2383:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2368:Crescentii era
2365:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2324:
2322:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2174:Alexander VIII
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1557:Anastasius III
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
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2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2023:Innocent VIII
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2003:Callixtus III
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1923:Boniface VIII
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1822:Celestine III
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1797:Alexander III
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1787:Anastasius IV
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1687:Sylvester III
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1672:Benedict VIII
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1196:Anastasius II
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
937:
935:
931:
925:
922:
918:
915:
914:
913:
912:Pope emeritus
910:
908:
905:
901:
898:
896:
893:
892:
890:
888:
885:
881:
878:
876:
873:
872:
871:
870:List of popes
868:
867:
864:
860:
856:
849:
844:
842:
837:
835:
830:
829:
826:
817:
808:
807:
800:
794:
791:
787:
780:
779:
774:
768:
767:public domain
759:
755:
754:
749:
745:
740:
739:public domain
728:
727:
718:
711:
706:
704:
697:
696:9789004146662
693:
689:
688:
681:
674:
668:
659:
653:
649:
639:
633:
629:
622:
615:
609:
605:
595:
594:List of popes
592:
591:
587:
576:
573:
567:
562:
559:
548:
541:
538:
534:
528:
518:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
446:Monte Cassino
443:
439:
435:
430:
421:
412:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
279:
274:
266:
262:
259:
255:
251:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
209:
205:
200:
197:
194:
190:
187:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
161:
158:
154:
147:
142:
139:
135:
127:
122:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
5932:French popes
5846:
5842:Pope Francis
5768:21st century
5717:Pope Paul VI
5694:
5682:
5635:20th century
5622:
5573:Pope Pius IX
5561:19th century
5537:Pope Pius VI
5404:
5276:Latin Empire
5246:Universities
5198:Pope Leo III
5065:Christianity
5050:state church
5042:Great Church
4843:Resurrection
4806:(30–325/476)
4803:Early Church
4788:Latin Church
4783:Papal States
4778:Vatican City
4586:Universities
4418:Third orders
4381:Associations
4371:Visitandines
4366:Trinitarians
4316:Mercedarians
4301:Hieronymites
4246:Camaldoleses
4231:Benedictines
4221:Augustinians
4181:
4174:
4167:
4148:Vatican News
4102:Distinctions
3908:Syro-Malabar
3793:Latin Church
3715:Grand master
3613:Metropolitan
3510:Vatican City
3405:Organisation
3284:Philosophers
3149:Confirmation
3126:In canon law
3120:Subsistit in
3118:
3114:Three states
3101:
3062:
3055:Ecclesiology
3037:Nova Vulgata
3035:
2993:Original sin
2988:Nicene Creed
2978:Divine grace
2937:
2819:Universities
2789:Papal States
2716:Great Church
2658:Resurrection
2635:Early Church
2531:
2519:
2489:World War II
2483:Vatican City
2359:
2330:(until 493)
2294:Benedict XVI
2289:John Paul II
2209:Clement XIII
2204:Benedict XIV
2179:Innocent XII
2113:Clement VIII
2088:Gregory XIII
2068:Marcellus II
2028:Alexander VI
1978:Innocent VII
1943:Benedict XII
1898:Nicholas III
1863:Alexander IV
1853:Celestine IV
1843:Honorius III
1827:Innocent III
1812:Gregory VIII
1772:Celestine II
1757:Callixtus II
1727:Alexander II
1721:
1652:Sylvester II
1632:Benedict VII
1592:Stephen VIII
1477:Benedict III
1331:Adeodatus II
1276:Boniface III
1130:Anastasius I
816:Alexander II
804:
776:
751:
717:
686:
680:
672:
667:
647:
627:
621:
613:
608:
531:Previously,
530:
494:Peter Damian
491:
440:, and Abbot
426:
410:
382:
360:
332:
311:Papal States
302:
299:Nicholaus II
290:
289:
247:27 July 1061
196:Alexander II
177:27 July 1061
174:Papacy ended
166:Papacy began
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
5922:1061 deaths
5917:990s births
5848:Laudato si'
5643:Pope Pius X
5472:Philip Neri
5447:Pope Pius V
5422:Thomas More
5291:Inquisition
5193:Charlemagne
5153:Monasticism
4963:Persecution
4855:Holy Spirit
4838:Crucifixion
4717:First seven
4576:Health care
4562:Pax Christi
4514:Schoenstatt
4479:Sant'Egidio
4311:Legionaries
4291:Franciscans
4266:Cistercians
4261:Carthusians
4216:Annonciades
4075:Altarpieces
3968:West Syriac
3963:East Syriac
3943:Alexandrian
3567:Holy orders
3548:Swiss Guard
3488:Dicasteries
3483:Roman Curia
3381:Evangelists
3339:Holy Family
3274:Personalism
3264:Natural law
3242:Josephology
3176:Holy orders
2814:Inquisition
2771:Middle Ages
2761:Monasticism
2729:Constantine
2653:Crucifixion
2497:(1945–1991)
2491:(1939–1945)
2479:(1870–1929)
2473:(1775–1848)
2461:(1585–1689)
2455:(1534–1585)
2449:(1417–1534)
2430:(1378–1417)
2424:(1309–1378)
2416:, 1228–1304
2410:, 1262–1297
2404:, 1257–1281
2395:(1048–1257)
2380:Middle Ages
2320:Middle Ages
2284:John Paul I
2259:Benedict XV
2239:Gregory XVI
2214:Clement XIV
2199:Clement XII
2169:Innocent XI
2108:Innocent IX
2103:Gregory XIV
2053:Clement VII
1983:Gregory XII
1973:Boniface IX
1953:Innocent VI
1928:Benedict XI
1918:Celestine V
1913:Nicholas IV
1908:Honorius IV
1858:Innocent IV
1817:Clement III
1767:Innocent II
1762:Honorius II
1752:Gelasius II
1732:Gregory VII
1722:Nicholas II
1682:Benedict IX
1627:Benedict VI
1602:Agapetus II
1577:Stephen VII
1552:Sergius III
1542:Benedict IV
1532:Theodore II
1517:Boniface VI
1416:Stephen III
1396:Gregory III
1386:Constantine
1351:Benedict II
1286:Adeodatus I
1281:Boniface IV
1261:Pelagius II
1221:Boniface II
1161:Celestine I
1100:Sylvester I
1085:Marcellus I
1080:Marcellinus
1015:Callixtus I
1000:Eleutherius
975:Telesphorus
965:Alexander I
887:Papal names
496:and Bishop
341:. He was a
182:Predecessor
131:Nicholas II
5906:Categories
5721:coronation
5427:Pope Leo X
5012:Tertullian
4942:Revelation
4917:Background
4331:Oratorians
4286:Dominicans
4256:Carmelites
4251:Camillians
4199:institutes
4012:Tridentine
3948:Antiochian
3868:Macedonian
3813:Belarusian
3703:Provincial
3618:Archbishop
3538:Roman Rota
3500:Properties
3425:By country
3421:Precedence
3386:Confessors
3366:Archangels
3356:Patriarchs
3256:Philosophy
3234:Veneration
3199:Assumption
3169:Last rites
3136:Sacraments
3080:Four marks
2891:Vatican II
2839:Modern era
2675:Succession
2440:Modern Era
2370:(974–1012)
2274:John XXIII
2184:Clement XI
2159:Clement IX
2149:Innocent X
2144:Urban VIII
2139:Gregory XV
2063:Julius III
1998:Nicholas V
1963:Gregory XI
1948:Clement VI
1883:Innocent V
1873:Clement IV
1848:Gregory IX
1802:Lucius III
1782:Eugene III
1747:Paschal II
1737:Victor III
1717:Stephen IX
1702:Damasus II
1697:Clement II
1692:Gregory VI
1667:Sergius IV
1662:John XVIII
1612:Benedict V
1597:Marinus II
1522:Stephen VI
1502:Adrian III
1482:Nicholas I
1467:Sergius II
1462:Gregory IV
1442:Stephen IV
1406:Stephen II
1391:Gregory II
1311:Theodore I
1296:Honorius I
1291:Boniface V
1256:Benedict I
1246:Pelagius I
1231:Agapetus I
1191:Gelasius I
1181:Simplicius
1166:Sixtus III
1156:Boniface I
1146:Innocent I
1010:Zephyrinus
924:Pope-elect
900:non-extant
799:Stephen IX
600:References
442:Desiderius
406:Numentanum
374:Hildebrand
362:Benedict X
329:Early life
243:1061-07-27
186:Stephen IX
69:newspapers
5737:Communism
5707:Ecumenism
5053:(380–451)
5045:(180–451)
5034:(313–476)
4956:(100–325)
4572:See also:
4524:Charities
4433:Discalced
4361:Trappists
4356:Theatines
4326:Olivetans
4271:Clarisses
4241:Blue nuns
4226:Basilians
4203:societies
4111:See also:
3997:Mozarabic
3987:Ambrosian
3973:Malankara
3958:Byzantine
3918:Ukrainian
3893:Ruthenian
3858:Hungarian
3843:Ethiopian
3818:Bulgarian
3785:sui iuris
3769:Postulant
3678:Religious
3633:Auxiliary
3628:Coadjutor
3598:Patriarch
3466:Cardinals
3413:Canon law
3409:Hierarchy
3391:Disciples
3314:Relations
3302:Evolution
3293:See also:
3238:See also:
3191:Mariology
3181:Matrimony
3154:Eucharist
3075:Ecumenism
3003:Salvation
2939:Catechism
2934:Tradition
2896:Communism
2744:Chalcedon
2364:(904–964)
2356:(756–857)
2350:(537–752)
2344:(493–537)
2336:(312–337)
2234:Pius VIII
2164:Clement X
2098:Urban VII
2048:Adrian VI
2038:Julius II
2018:Sixtus IV
1993:Eugene IV
1938:John XXII
1933:Clement V
1903:Martin IV
1878:Gregory X
1807:Urban III
1792:Adrian IV
1777:Lucius II
1712:Victor II
1657:John XVII
1647:Gregory V
1622:John XIII
1507:Stephen V
1497:Marinus I
1492:John VIII
1487:Adrian II
1457:Valentine
1452:Eugene II
1447:Paschal I
1381:Sisinnius
1366:Sergius I
1301:Severinus
1266:Gregory I
1236:Silverius
1206:Hormisdas
1201:Symmachus
1186:Felix III
1120:Damasus I
1095:Miltiades
1070:Eutychian
1060:Dionysius
1055:Sixtus II
1050:Stephen I
1040:Cornelius
960:Evaristus
955:Clement I
950:Anacletus
880:canonised
875:graphical
506:Patarenes
468:with the
402:Praeneste
192:Successor
5747:HIV/AIDS
5241:Crusades
4995:Irenaeus
4988:Ignatius
4983:Polycarp
4833:Ministry
4821:(30–100)
4695:Timeline
4616:Category
4509:Opus Dei
4494:Scouting
4484:Focolare
4351:Servites
4336:Piarists
4281:Crosiers
4017:Anglican
3953:Armenian
3883:Romanian
3873:Maronite
3848:Georgian
3838:Eritrean
3823:Chaldean
3808:Armenian
3803:Albanian
3684:Superior
3643:Emeritus
3623:Diocesan
3476:Advisers
3435:Holy See
3361:Prophets
3319:Politics
3090:Catholic
3070:Councils
2925:Theology
2804:Crusades
2739:Nicaea I
2670:Apostles
2648:Ministry
2617:Timeline
2597:Glossary
2521:Category
2495:Cold War
2269:Pius XII
2249:Leo XIII
2224:Pius VII
2093:Sixtus V
2058:Paul III
2033:Pius III
1988:Martin V
1968:Urban VI
1893:John XXI
1888:Adrian V
1868:Urban IV
1742:Urban II
1677:John XIX
1637:John XIV
1617:Leo VIII
1607:John XII
1512:Formosus
1421:Adrian I
1376:John VII
1326:Vitalian
1321:Eugene I
1316:Martin I
1271:Sabinian
1251:John III
1241:Vigilius
1216:Felix IV
1176:Hilarius
1125:Siricius
1115:Liberius
1110:Julius I
1090:Eusebius
1045:Lucius I
1005:Victor I
990:Anicetus
970:Sixtus I
907:Antipope
810:1059–61
544:See also
458:Calabria
398:Campagna
280:in Rome
250:Florence
99:May 2024
5712:Judaism
5112:Vulgate
4922:Gospels
4897:Stephen
4814:Origins
4734:Vulgate
4670:General
4660:of the
4658:History
4581:Schools
4537:Caritas
4445:Secular
4411:Workers
4306:Jesuits
4092:Museums
4087:Library
4065:Writers
4060:Artists
4040:Culture
4007:Paul VI
3888:Russian
3878:Melkite
3720:Brother
3698:General
3638:Titular
3608:Primate
3586:Eparchy
3576:Diocese
3523:Outline
3462:College
3452:Francis
3396:Virgins
3371:Martyrs
3297:Science
3204:History
3159:Penance
3144:Baptism
3045:Worship
3018:Vulgate
2966:Kingdom
2961:Trinity
2949:General
2704:Primacy
2612:History
2592:Outline
2414:Perugia
2408:Orvieto
2402:Viterbo
2299:Francis
2279:Paul VI
2264:Pius XI
2244:Pius IX
2229:Leo XII
2219:Pius VI
2078:Pius IV
2073:Paul IV
2013:Paul II
2008:Pius II
1958:Urban V
1642:John XV
1587:Leo VII
1582:John XI
1537:John IX
1527:Romanus
1426:Leo III
1401:Zachary
1371:John VI
1306:John IV
1226:John II
1151:Zosimus
1065:Felix I
1030:Anterus
1025:Pontian
1020:Urban I
980:Hyginus
857:of the
769::
741::
478:Eastern
438:Humbert
335:Chevron
222:Mercury
83:scholar
5678:Nazism
5500:to the
5107:Jerome
5017:Origen
4700:Papacy
4459:Fimcap
4401:Marian
4321:Minims
4053:Marian
3903:Syriac
3898:Slovak
3828:Coptic
3764:Oblate
3759:Master
3754:Novice
3749:Hermit
3737:Sister
3693:Abbess
3660:Deacon
3655:Priest
3650:Parish
3593:Bishop
3563:Polity
3349:Joseph
3331:Saints
2998:Saints
2886:Nazism
2254:Pius X
2134:Paul V
2129:Leo XI
2083:Pius V
1707:Leo IX
1572:Leo VI
1567:John X
1472:Leo IV
1411:Paul I
1356:John V
1346:Leo II
1341:Agatho
1211:John I
1035:Fabian
985:Pius I
895:extant
891:Tombs
735:
694:
690:2013,
654:
634:
464:, and
462:Sicily
460:, and
454:Apulia
429:Sicily
394:Norman
357:Papacy
211:Gerard
156:Church
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
5947:Popes
5780:Islam
5048:Roman
5007:Canon
4880:Peter
4828:Jesus
4557:CIDSE
4406:Youth
4130:Media
4097:Music
4022:Zaire
4002:Roman
3992:Braga
3982:Latin
3853:Greek
3725:Friar
3689:Abbot
3603:Major
3518:Index
3417:Laity
2983:Dogma
2930:Bible
2906:Islam
2862:Trent
2643:Jesus
2625:Legal
2587:Index
2043:Leo X
1562:Lando
1547:Leo V
1361:Conon
1336:Donus
1171:Leo I
1075:Caius
995:Soter
945:Linus
940:Peter
855:Popes
502:Milan
434:Melfi
385:Sutri
378:Siena
347:Liège
343:canon
339:Savoy
319:Milan
295:Latin
90:JSTOR
76:books
5830:2023
5825:2019
5820:2016
5815:2013
5810:2011
5805:2008
5800:2005
5795:2002
5790:2000
5757:1995
4927:Acts
4890:Paul
4885:John
4860:Mary
4082:Folk
3730:Monk
3471:List
3449:Pope
3344:Mary
1105:Mark
806:Pope
692:ISBN
652:ISBN
632:ISBN
510:Wido
480:and
370:Rome
321:and
237:Died
207:Born
126:Pope
62:news
4816:and
4766:Art
4396:Lay
4048:Art
3742:Nun
3464:of
2956:God
775:".
750:".
444:of
345:at
45:by
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4201:,
3691:,
702:^
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252:,
228:,
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840:t
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662:.
660:.
642:.
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241:(
112:)
106:(
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87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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