464:. Realistically, the effective stress is greater than the total stress, as the pore water pressure in these partially saturated soils is actually negative. This is primarily due to the surface tension of pore water in voids throughout the vadose zone causing a suction effect on surrounding particles, i.e. matric suction. This capillary action is the "upward movement of water through the vadose zone" (Coduto, 266). Increased water infiltration, such as that caused by heavy rainfall, brings about a reduction in matric suction, following the relationship described by the soil water characteristic curve (SWCC), resulting in a reduction of the soil's shear strength, and reduced slope stability. Capillary effects in soil are more complex than in free water due to the randomly connected void space and particle interference through which to flow; regardless, the height of this zone of capillary rise, where negative pore water pressure is generally peaks, can be closely approximated by a simple equation. The height of capillary rise is inversely proportional to the diameter of void space in contact with water. Therefore, the smaller the void space, the higher water will rise due to tension forces.
235:
2825:
2678:
2724:
2637:
2625:
2736:
2787:
2712:
2613:
2497:
2132:
2486:
2760:
2513:
2813:
2801:
2837:
2748:
1308:
2861:
2777:
2700:
2601:
790:— Determination of pore water pressure — Tensiometer method", ISO 11276:1995, "describes methods for the determination of pore water pressure (point measurements) in unsaturated and saturated soil using tensiometers. Applicable for in situ measurements in the field and, e. g. soil cores, used in experimental examinations." It defines pore water pressure as "the sum of matric and pneumatic pressures".
2849:
2649:
247:
height is within said five meters, the total stress felt five meters below the surface is decreased by the product of the height of the water table in to the five meter area, and the specific weight of water, 9.81 kN/m^3. This parameter is called the effective stress of the soil, basically equal
248:
to the difference in a soil's total stress and pore water pressure. The pore water pressure is essential in differentiating a soil's total stress from its effective stress. A correct representation of stress in the soil is necessary for accurate field calculations in a variety of engineering trades.
242:
The buoyancy effects of water have a large impact on certain soil properties, such as the effective stress present at any point in a soil medium. Consider an arbitrary point five meters below the ground surface. In dry soil, particles at this point experience a total overhead stress equal to the
449:
802:
an infinitesimal quantity of water, identical in composition to the soil water, from a pool at the elevation and the external gas pressure of the point under consideration, to the soil water at the point under consideration, divided by the volume of water transported.
155:: the defining trait of unsaturated soil, this term corresponds to the pressure dry soil exerts on the surrounding material to equalise the moisture content in the overall block of soil and is defined as the difference between pore air pressure,
1013:
National
Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (2005). Fundamentals of Engineering Supplied-Reference Handbook (7th ed.). Clemson: National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying.
811:
The amount of work that must be done in order to transport reversibly and isothermally an infinitesimal quantity of water, identical in composition to the soil water, from a pool at
815:
and at the elevation of the point under consideration, to a similar pool at an external gas pressure of the point under consideration, divided by the volume of water transported.
713:
628:
397:
545:
314:
420:
The standard method for measuring pore water pressure below the water table employs a piezometer, which measures the height to which a column of the liquid rises against
776:
222:
187:
2628:
2739:
2715:
468:
soils consist of more coarse material with more room for voids, and therefore tend to have a much shallower capillary zone than do more cohesive soils, such as
864:
2763:
2549:
2816:
2294:
2703:
2330:
1206:
1117:
3514:
238:
A vibrating wire piezometer. The vibrating wire converts the fluid pressures into equivalent frequency signals that are then recorded.
2304:
3559:
2410:
1566:
123:: water flowing from a higher elevation to a lower elevation and causing a velocity head, or with water flow, as exemplified in
2542:
2382:
1843:
440:
D4750, "Standard Test Method for
Determining Subsurface Liquid Levels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (Observation Well)".
89:, which operate by allowing the pore water to come into equilibrium with a reference pressure indicator through a permeable
2320:
1157:
2347:
1549:
433:
1827:
1359:
1122:
Unsaturated Soil
Mechanics-from Theory to Practice: Proceedings of the 6th Asia Pacific Conference on Unsaturated Soils
2969:
2567:
2535:
1832:
1199:
1100:
1040:
1019:
969:
2375:
2315:
2299:
2353:
1837:
903:
2358:
2342:
1848:
1231:
3217:
3098:
2640:
1369:
143:
concentrations, which causes a force in water particles as they attract by the molecular laws of attraction.
1192:
656:
3530:
2310:
1868:
452:
Electronic tensiometer probe: (1) porous cup; (2) water-filled tube; (3) sensor-head; (4) pressure sensor
579:
348:
3130:
2575:
2489:
2325:
1853:
1292:
1068:
497:
86:
1057:
269:
3433:
2828:
1297:
243:
depth underground (5 meters), multiplied by the specific weight of the soil. However, when the local
234:
460:, in the vadose zone, the effective stress is approximately equal to the total stress, as proven by
3509:
3499:
3371:
3361:
3191:
2929:
2727:
2558:
2447:
2241:
1863:
834:
124:
1138:, in Maidment, D.R., Ed., Handbook of hydrology, New York, NY, USA, McGraw-Hill, p. 5.1–5.51.
3680:
3349:
3324:
3264:
2944:
2885:
2516:
1858:
1821:
1542:
1226:
461:
3612:
3423:
3237:
3073:
3048:
2899:
2878:
2770:
2135:
1509:
989:
754:
3299:
3108:
2616:
2506:
2190:
1149:
194:
159:
3652:
3504:
3461:
3354:
3279:
2662:
2271:
2165:
1989:
945:
928:
879:
812:
63:
85:, or matric pressure. Pore water pressures under unsaturated conditions are measured with
8:
3428:
2974:
2959:
2919:
2892:
2667:
2657:
1558:
1499:
883:
3379:
3088:
2871:
2790:
2462:
2109:
1742:
1535:
1455:
1398:
1354:
895:
437:
436:
has a standard for monitoring water pressure in a rock mass with piezometers. It sites
3476:
3222:
3113:
3083:
2934:
2155:
2024:
1415:
1262:
1096:
1036:
1015:
965:
101:
78:
899:
3526:
3413:
3304:
3269:
3244:
3103:
2924:
2336:
2029:
1492:
940:
887:
844:
829:
824:
428:) of groundwater at a specific depth. Piezometers often employ electronic pressure
425:
105:
74:
2751:
149:: attraction of surrounding soil particles to one another by adsorbed water films.
3642:
3466:
3384:
3319:
3314:
3212:
3078:
2949:
2804:
2457:
2437:
2432:
2261:
2195:
2180:
2160:
2094:
2079:
1939:
1435:
1364:
1332:
839:
3589:
3481:
3398:
3202:
2964:
2954:
2840:
2466:
2389:
2069:
2014:
1477:
1450:
1430:
1342:
1287:
1282:
97:
39:
3519:
891:
3674:
3617:
3456:
3334:
3329:
3284:
3053:
2500:
2403:
2396:
2236:
2205:
2114:
1999:
1504:
1381:
1337:
779:
751:
A tensiometer is an instrument used to determine the matric water potential (
16:
Pressure of groundwater held within a soil or rock, in gaps between particles
2824:
2677:
1150:"Soil quality -- Determination of pore water pressure -- Tensiometer method"
3637:
3632:
3622:
3602:
3289:
3232:
3063:
2780:
2723:
2636:
2527:
2256:
2251:
2226:
2099:
2044:
1472:
1445:
1420:
1376:
1349:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1257:
1215:
799:
787:
96:
Pore water pressure is vital in calculating the stress state in the ground
2689:
2624:
1058:"Procedure For Using Piezometers to Monitor Water Pressure in a Rock Mass"
798:
The amount of work that must be done in order to transport reversibly and
3647:
3344:
3227:
3166:
2735:
2452:
2266:
2200:
2170:
2104:
2084:
2004:
1984:
1964:
1954:
1949:
1482:
1405:
1386:
1055:
457:
244:
70:
51:
31:
2786:
2711:
2612:
1134:
Rawls, W.J., Ahuja, L.R., Brakensiek, D.L., and
Shirmohammadi, A. 1993.
491:
in fine-grained soils, then the pore pressure at the ground surface is:
3471:
3451:
3339:
3151:
3146:
3068:
3058:
2939:
2684:
2604:
2442:
2185:
2089:
2039:
1994:
1979:
1944:
1914:
1780:
1687:
1652:
1627:
1467:
1440:
1425:
1327:
1252:
1024:
429:
55:
1527:
865:"Components of Pore Water Pressure and their Engineering Significance"
3627:
3607:
3493:
3309:
3294:
2910:
2852:
2652:
2471:
2246:
2231:
2175:
2074:
2019:
1959:
1722:
1717:
1707:
1642:
1612:
1592:
1521:
1410:
43:
3657:
3544:
3274:
3249:
3176:
3093:
2759:
2427:
2276:
2059:
1974:
1929:
1805:
1785:
1775:
1760:
1732:
1727:
1712:
1682:
1677:
1657:
1647:
1632:
1617:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1487:
1247:
47:
27:
2812:
2800:
3597:
3569:
3254:
3181:
3171:
3161:
3156:
2864:
2836:
2221:
2009:
1969:
1934:
1924:
1919:
1909:
1904:
1800:
1770:
1765:
1755:
1750:
1702:
1697:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1637:
1622:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1393:
421:
133:: resulting from the weight of material above the point measured.
90:
82:
59:
2747:
3579:
3574:
3564:
3554:
3486:
3259:
3207:
3017:
2860:
2776:
2699:
2119:
2054:
1795:
1790:
1692:
1307:
1184:
2600:
448:
3032:
2034:
1033:
2848:
2648:
561:
is the unsaturated pore water pressure (Pa) at ground level,
3027:
3022:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2987:
2064:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1322:
473:
469:
465:
35:
2049:
1175:
1173:
783:
140:
933:
1170:
746:
729:
is the unsaturated pore water pressure (Pa) at point,
757:
659:
582:
500:
351:
272:
197:
162:
415:
1118:"Rate effects in inter-granular capillary bridges."
256:When there is no flow, the pore pressure at depth,
58:. The vertical pore water pressure distribution in
770:
707:
622:
539:
391:
308:
216:
181:
1093:Geotechnical Engineering Principles and Practices
926:
3672:
2295:Australian Society of Soil Science Incorporated
1056:Materials Engineering and Research Laboratory.
2331:National Society of Consulting Soil Scientists
2543:
1543:
1200:
479:
2557:
1086:
1084:
251:
2550:
2536:
2512:
1550:
1536:
1207:
1193:
1030:
330:is the saturated pore water pressure (kPa)
1081:
983:
981:
944:
2305:Central Soil Salinity Research Institute
862:
447:
443:
233:
229:
62:can generally be assumed to be close to
2411:Soil Science Society of America Journal
1557:
411:is the depth below the water table (m),
3673:
2383:Journal of Soil and Water Conservation
1844:Canadian system of soil classification
1090:
978:
929:"Unitary Definition of Matric Suction"
2531:
1531:
1188:
1115:
1095:. NJ: Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
806:
111:
93:cup placed in contact with the soil.
73:, the pore pressure is determined by
2485:
2321:International Union of Soil Sciences
1158:International Standards Organization
1136:Infiltration and soil water movement
1091:Coduto, Donald; et al. (2011).
962:Principles of Foundation Engineering
708:{\displaystyle p_{u}=g_{w}(z-d_{w})}
642:is the depth of the water table (m),
2348:Soil and Water Conservation Society
1147:
1035:. Wiley-Interscience. p. 117.
959:
570:is the unit weight of water (kN/m),
434:United States Bureau of Reclamation
339:is the unit weight of water (kN/m),
13:
1828:Unified Soil Classification System
1360:Soil retrogression and degradation
964:. Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning.
946:10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002004
927:Zhang Chao; Lu Ning (2019-02-01).
793:
759:
623:{\displaystyle g_{w}=9.81kN/m^{3}}
392:{\displaystyle g_{w}=9.81kN/m^{3}}
46:). Pore water pressures below the
14:
3692:
2568:Offshore geotechnical engineering
1833:AASHTO Soil Classification System
1007:
747:Measurement methods and standards
540:{\displaystyle p_{g}=-g_{w}d_{w}}
416:Measurement methods and standards
2859:
2847:
2835:
2823:
2811:
2799:
2785:
2775:
2758:
2746:
2734:
2722:
2710:
2698:
2676:
2647:
2635:
2623:
2611:
2599:
2511:
2496:
2495:
2484:
2376:Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica B
2316:Indian Institute of Soil Science
2300:Canadian Society of Soil Science
2131:
2130:
1306:
1214:
987:
782:tension) in the vadose zone. An
646:and the pore pressure at depth,
424:; i.e., the static pressure (or
309:{\displaystyle p_{s}=g_{w}h_{w}}
2354:Soil Science Society of America
1141:
1128:
484:If the water table is at depth
139:: inhomogeneous aggregation of
2359:World Congress of Soil Science
2343:Soil Science Society of Poland
1849:Australian Soil Classification
1840:(French classification system)
1124:. CRC Press. pp. 463–466.
1116:Zhang, Y; et al. (2015).
1109:
1049:
994:GeotechniCAL reference package
953:
920:
856:
702:
683:
263:, below the water surface is:
211:
198:
176:
163:
1:
3218:Mechanically stabilized earth
1370:Soil compaction (agriculture)
850:
42:, in gaps between particles (
2970:Hydraulic conductivity tests
742:is depth below ground level.
125:Bernoulli's energy equations
7:
3531:Stress distribution in soil
2311:German Soil Science Society
1869:List of vineyard soil types
818:
190:, and pore water pressure,
116:Pressure develops due to:
77:and is also referred to as
71:unsaturated ("vadose") zone
10:
3697:
2681:Pore pressure measurement
2490:Knowledge:WikiProject Soil
2326:International Year of Soil
1854:Polish Soil Classification
1293:Environmental soil science
1069:U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
1031:Dunnicliff, John (1993) .
131:Hydrostatic water pressure
121:Water elevation difference
22:(sometimes abbreviated to
3588:
3543:
3442:
3434:Preconsolidation pressure
3406:
3397:
3370:
3190:
3139:
3126:
3041:
2995:
2986:
2909:
2829:Standard penetration test
2587:
2574:
2565:
2480:
2420:
2367:
2287:
2214:
2148:
2128:
1878:Non-systematic soil types
1877:
1814:
1741:
1565:
1520:
1315:
1304:
1298:Agricultural soil science
1240:
1222:
892:10.1346/CCMN.1960.0090109
771:{\displaystyle \Psi _{m}}
2930:California bearing ratio
2728:Rotary-pressure sounding
2559:Geotechnical engineering
2448:Infiltration (hydrology)
2242:Geotechnical engineering
1864:List of U.S. state soils
835:Geotechnical engineering
650:, below the surface is:
480:Equation for calculation
252:Equation for calculation
3350:Geosynthetic clay liner
3325:Expanded clay aggregate
2945:Proctor compaction test
2886:Crosshole sonic logging
2872:Nuclear densometer test
2629:Geo-electrical sounding
2517:List of soil scientists
1859:1938 USDA soil taxonomy
1838:Référentiel pédologique
1822:FAO soil classification
872:Clays and Clay Minerals
863:Mitchell, J.K. (1960).
456:At any point above the
217:{\displaystyle (u_{w})}
182:{\displaystyle (u_{a})}
3613:Earthquake engineering
3424:Lateral earth pressure
3049:Hydraulic conductivity
2900:Wave equation analysis
2879:Exploration geophysics
2771:Deformation monitoring
2740:Rotary weight sounding
2288:Societies, Initiatives
1510:Soil water (retention)
1179:BS 7755 1996; Part 5.1
772:
709:
624:
541:
453:
393:
310:
239:
218:
183:
104:'s expression for the
2791:Settlement recordings
2716:Rock control drilling
2617:Cone penetration test
2507:Category soil science
2191:Soil salinity control
990:"Pore water pressure"
773:
733:, below ground level,
710:
625:
542:
451:
444:Above the water table
432:to provide data. The
394:
311:
237:
230:Below the water table
219:
184:
3653:Agricultural science
3355:Cellular confinement
2272:Agricultural science
2166:Soil guideline value
1990:Calcareous grassland
1567:World Reference Base
996:. Bristol University
813:atmospheric pressure
755:
657:
580:
498:
462:Terzaghi's principle
349:
270:
195:
160:
3545:Numerical analysis
3429:Overburden pressure
3419:Pore water pressure
3199:Shoring structures
3074:Reynolds' dilatancy
2975:Water content tests
2960:Triaxial shear test
2920:Soil classification
2893:Pile integrity test
2368:Scientific journals
1559:Soil classification
1500:Soil organic matter
1461:Pore water pressure
960:Das, Braja (2011).
884:1960CCM.....9..162M
147:Absorption pressure
20:Pore water pressure
3520:Slab stabilisation
3500:Stability analysis
2463:Impervious surface
1743:USDA soil taxonomy
1569:for Soil Resources
1456:Pore space in soil
1399:Soil acidification
1355:Soil contamination
988:Wood, David Muir.
807:Pneumatic pressure
768:
705:
620:
537:
454:
389:
306:
240:
214:
179:
112:General principles
54:are measured with
3668:
3667:
3539:
3538:
3515:Sliding criterion
3477:Response spectrum
3393:
3392:
3223:Pressure grouting
3122:
3121:
2982:
2981:
2935:Direct shear test
2641:Permeability test
2525:
2524:
2156:Soil conservation
2142:
2141:
1416:Soil biodiversity
1263:Soil microbiology
3688:
3527:Bearing capacity
3414:Effective stress
3404:
3403:
3305:Land reclamation
3245:Land development
3140:Natural features
3137:
3136:
3104:Specific storage
2993:
2992:
2925:Atterberg limits
2863:
2851:
2839:
2827:
2815:
2803:
2789:
2779:
2764:Screw plate test
2762:
2750:
2738:
2726:
2714:
2702:
2680:
2651:
2639:
2627:
2615:
2603:
2585:
2584:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2529:
2528:
2515:
2514:
2499:
2498:
2488:
2487:
2337:OPAL Soil Centre
2134:
2133:
2030:Hydrophobic soil
1552:
1545:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1493:Soil respiration
1310:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1145:
1139:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1088:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1062:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1028:
1022:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1001:
985:
976:
975:
957:
951:
950:
948:
924:
918:
917:
915:
914:
908:
902:. Archived from
869:
860:
845:Well engineering
830:Frost weathering
825:Internal erosion
777:
775:
774:
769:
767:
766:
714:
712:
711:
706:
701:
700:
682:
681:
669:
668:
629:
627:
626:
621:
619:
618:
609:
592:
591:
546:
544:
543:
538:
536:
535:
526:
525:
510:
509:
426:piezometric head
398:
396:
395:
390:
388:
387:
378:
361:
360:
315:
313:
312:
307:
305:
304:
295:
294:
282:
281:
223:
221:
220:
215:
210:
209:
188:
186:
185:
180:
175:
174:
137:Osmotic pressure
106:effective stress
26:) refers to the
3696:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3643:Earth materials
3584:
3546:
3535:
3444:
3438:
3389:
3366:
3320:Earth structure
3315:Erosion control
3213:Ground freezing
3203:Retaining walls
3186:
3128:
3118:
3079:Angle of repose
3037:
2978:
2912:
2905:
2904:
2865:Visible bedrock
2817:Simple sounding
2805:Shear vane test
2581:instrumentation
2580:
2578:
2570:
2561:
2556:
2526:
2521:
2476:
2458:Crust (geology)
2438:Land management
2433:Land conversion
2416:
2363:
2283:
2262:Earth materials
2210:
2196:Erosion control
2181:Soil governance
2161:Soil management
2144:
2143:
2138:
2124:
2095:Subaqueous soil
2080:Serpentine soil
1940:Parent material
1873:
1810:
1737:
1568:
1561:
1556:
1516:
1436:Soil resilience
1365:Soil compaction
1333:Soil morphology
1311:
1302:
1236:
1218:
1213:
1183:
1178:
1171:
1162:
1160:
1146:
1142:
1133:
1129:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1089:
1082:
1073:
1071:
1060:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1029:
1025:
1012:
1008:
999:
997:
986:
979:
972:
958:
954:
939:(2): 02818004.
925:
921:
912:
910:
906:
867:
861:
857:
853:
840:Water potential
821:
809:
796:
794:Matric pressure
762:
758:
756:
753:
752:
749:
741:
728:
696:
692:
677:
673:
664:
660:
658:
655:
654:
641:
614:
610:
605:
587:
583:
581:
578:
577:
569:
560:
531:
527:
521:
517:
505:
501:
499:
496:
495:
490:
482:
446:
418:
410:
383:
379:
374:
356:
352:
350:
347:
346:
338:
329:
300:
296:
290:
286:
277:
273:
271:
268:
267:
262:
254:
232:
205:
201:
196:
193:
192:
170:
166:
161:
158:
157:
114:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3694:
3684:
3683:
3681:Soil mechanics
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3594:
3592:
3590:Related fields
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3551:
3549:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3510:Classification
3507:
3502:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3482:Seismic hazard
3479:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3448:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3410:
3408:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3376:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3196:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3141:
3134:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3109:Shear strength
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3084:Friction angle
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2965:Oedometer test
2962:
2957:
2955:Sieve analysis
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2915:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2856:
2855:
2844:
2843:
2841:Total sounding
2832:
2831:
2820:
2819:
2808:
2807:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2783:
2767:
2766:
2755:
2754:
2743:
2742:
2731:
2730:
2719:
2718:
2707:
2706:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2644:
2643:
2632:
2631:
2620:
2619:
2608:
2607:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2582:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2555:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2532:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2509:
2503:
2492:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2467:Surface runoff
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2390:Plant and Soil
2386:
2379:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2345:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2215:Related fields
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2070:Prime farmland
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2025:Fuller's earth
2022:
2017:
2015:Expansive clay
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1747:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1532:
1526:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1485:
1480:
1478:Soil biomantle
1475:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1451:Soil structure
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1431:Soil fertility
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1343:Soil formation
1340:
1335:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1288:Soil chemistry
1285:
1283:Soil mechanics
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1189:
1182:
1181:
1169:
1154:ISO 11276:1995
1140:
1127:
1108:
1101:
1080:
1048:
1041:
1023:
1006:
977:
970:
952:
919:
878:(1): 162–184.
854:
852:
849:
848:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
820:
817:
808:
805:
795:
792:
765:
761:
748:
745:
744:
743:
739:
734:
726:
717:
716:
704:
699:
695:
691:
688:
685:
680:
676:
672:
667:
663:
644:
643:
639:
633:
632:
631:
630:
617:
613:
608:
604:
601:
598:
595:
590:
586:
572:
571:
567:
562:
558:
549:
548:
534:
530:
524:
520:
516:
513:
508:
504:
488:
481:
478:
445:
442:
417:
414:
413:
412:
408:
402:
401:
400:
399:
386:
382:
377:
373:
370:
367:
364:
359:
355:
341:
340:
336:
331:
327:
318:
317:
303:
299:
293:
289:
285:
280:
276:
260:
253:
250:
231:
228:
227:
226:
213:
208:
204:
200:
178:
173:
169:
165:
153:Matric suction
150:
144:
134:
128:
113:
110:
98:soil mechanics
34:held within a
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3693:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3618:Geomorphology
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3542:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3462:Consolidation
3460:
3458:
3457:Frost heaving
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3335:Geosynthetics
3333:
3331:
3330:Crushed stone
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3285:Cut-and-cover
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3125:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3054:Water content
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2908:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2752:Sample series
2749:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2586:
2583:
2577:
2576:Investigation
2573:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2541:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2518:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2502:
2501:Category soil
2493:
2491:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2404:Soil Research
2401:
2399:
2398:
2397:Pochvovedenie
2394:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2237:Geomorphology
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2206:Liming (soil)
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2136:Types of soil
2127:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2115:Tropical peat
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
2000:Dry quicksand
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:Other systems
1813:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1505:Soil moisture
1503:
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1382:Soil salinity
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1338:Pedodiversity
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1102:9780132368681
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1042:0-471-00546-0
1038:
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1021:
1020:1-932613-00-5
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971:9780495668107
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909:on 2019-02-18
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831:
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801:
791:
789:
785:
781:
780:soil moisture
763:
738:
735:
732:
725:
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721:
720:
697:
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109:
108:of the soil.
107:
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72:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
50:level of the
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
3638:Biogeography
3633:Hydrogeology
3623:Soil science
3603:Geochemistry
3418:
3362:Infiltration
3290:Cut and fill
3233:Soil nailing
3099:Permeability
3064:Bulk density
2781:Inclinometer
2704:Ram sounding
2589:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2257:Biogeography
2252:Hydrogeology
2227:Geochemistry
2149:Applications
2045:Martian soil
1473:Soil horizon
1460:
1446:Soil texture
1421:Soil quality
1377:Soil sealing
1350:Soil erosion
1278:Soil physics
1273:Soil ecology
1268:Soil zoology
1258:Soil biology
1216:Soil science
1161:. Retrieved
1153:
1148:ISO (1995).
1143:
1135:
1130:
1121:
1111:
1092:
1072:. Retrieved
1064:
1051:
1032:
1026:
1009:
998:. Retrieved
993:
961:
955:
936:
932:
922:
911:. Retrieved
904:the original
875:
871:
858:
810:
800:isothermally
797:
788:Soil quality
750:
736:
730:
723:
718:
647:
645:
636:
564:
555:
550:
485:
483:
455:
419:
405:
333:
324:
319:
257:
255:
241:
191:
156:
152:
146:
136:
130:
120:
115:
95:
87:tensiometers
68:
23:
19:
18:
3648:Archaeology
3372:Foundations
3345:Geomembrane
3228:Slurry wall
3167:Water table
3131:Interaction
3127:Structures
3114:Sensitivity
2911:Laboratory
2453:Groundwater
2267:Archaeology
2201:Agroecology
2171:Soil survey
2110:Terra rossa
2105:Terra preta
2085:Spodic soil
2005:Duplex soil
1985:Brown earth
1965:Alkali soil
1955:Rhizosphere
1950:Laimosphere
1824:(1974–1998)
1781:Inceptisols
1688:Plinthosols
1653:Kastanozems
1483:Soil carbon
1406:Soil health
1387:Alkali soil
1316:Soil topics
1241:Main fields
786:standard, "
458:water table
430:transducers
245:water table
75:capillarity
64:hydrostatic
56:piezometers
52:groundwater
32:groundwater
3505:Mitigation
3487:Shear wave
3472:Earthquake
3467:Compaction
3452:Permafrost
3443:Phenomena/
3340:Geotextile
3265:Embankment
3255:Excavation
3192:Earthworks
3152:Vegetation
3147:Topography
3069:Thixotropy
3059:Void ratio
3042:Properties
2940:Hydrometer
2685:Piezometer
2605:Core drill
2443:Vegetation
2186:Soil value
2090:Stagnogley
2040:Lunar soil
1995:Dark earth
1980:Brickearth
1945:Pedosphere
1915:Soil crust
1723:Technosols
1708:Solonchaks
1628:Ferralsols
1593:Anthrosols
1468:Soil crust
1441:Soil color
1426:Soil value
1328:Pedosphere
1253:Edaphology
1163:2014-03-13
1074:2014-03-13
1000:2014-03-12
913:2013-02-17
851:References
3628:Hydrology
3608:Petrology
3496:analysis
3494:Landslide
3399:Mechanics
3310:Track bed
3295:Fill dirt
3280:Terracing
2853:Trial pit
2668:Statnamic
2653:Load test
2472:Petrichor
2247:Hydrology
2232:Petrology
2176:Soil test
2075:Quicksand
2020:Fill dirt
1960:Bulk soil
1806:Vertisols
1796:Spodosols
1786:Mollisols
1776:Histosols
1761:Aridisols
1733:Vertisols
1728:Umbrisols
1718:Stagnosol
1683:Planosols
1678:Phaeozems
1658:Leptosols
1643:Gypsisols
1633:Fluvisols
1613:Chernozem
1608:Cambisols
1603:Calcisols
1598:Arenosols
1522:Soil type
1411:Soil life
1065:USBR 6515
760:Ψ
690:−
515:−
3675:Category
3658:Agrology
3547:software
3445:problems
3275:Causeway
3250:Landfill
3177:Subgrade
3094:Porosity
3089:Cohesion
2428:Land use
2421:See also
2277:Agrology
2060:Paleosol
1975:Blue goo
1930:Gypcrust
1801:Ultisols
1771:Gelisols
1766:Entisols
1756:Andisols
1751:Alfisols
1713:Solonetz
1703:Retisols
1698:Regosols
1673:Nitisols
1668:Luvisols
1663:Lixisols
1648:Histosol
1638:Gleysols
1623:Durisols
1618:Cryosols
1588:Andosols
1578:Acrisols
1488:Soil gas
1248:Pedology
900:32375250
819:See also
102:Terzaghi
60:aquifers
48:phreatic
28:pressure
3598:Geology
3570:SVSlope
3380:Shallow
3300:Grading
3238:Tieback
3182:Subsoil
3172:Bedrock
3162:Topsoil
3157:Terrain
2950:R-value
2913:testing
2663:Dynamic
2590:in situ
2588:Field (
2505:
2307:(India)
2222:Geology
2010:Eluvium
1970:Bay mud
1935:Caliche
1925:Hardpan
1920:Claypan
1910:Subsoil
1905:Topsoil
1791:Oxisols
1693:Podzols
1583:Alisols
1571:(1998–)
1394:Soil pH
1227:History
880:Bibcode
719:where:
551:where:
422:gravity
320:where:
100:, from
91:ceramic
83:suction
79:tension
69:In the
3580:Plaxis
3575:UTEXAS
3565:SVFlux
3555:SEEP2D
3407:Forces
3260:Trench
3208:Gabion
3018:Gravel
2658:Static
2494:
2120:Yedoma
2055:Muskeg
1099:
1039:
1018:
968:
898:
3560:STABL
3033:Loess
2996:Types
2100:Takir
2035:Loess
1232:Index
1061:(PDF)
907:(PDF)
896:S2CID
868:(PDF)
474:silts
470:clays
466:Sandy
44:pores
3385:Deep
3028:Loam
3023:Peat
3013:Sand
3008:Silt
3003:Clay
2988:Soil
2690:Well
2350:(US)
2339:(UK)
2333:(US)
2065:Peat
1900:Loam
1895:Clay
1890:Silt
1885:Sand
1323:Soil
1097:ISBN
1037:ISBN
1016:ISBN
966:ISBN
597:9.81
472:and
438:ASTM
366:9.81
40:rock
36:soil
3270:Cut
2579:and
2050:Mud
941:doi
937:145
888:doi
784:ISO
778:) (
141:ion
38:or
30:of
24:pwp
3677::
3529:*
1172:^
1156:.
1152:.
1120:.
1083:^
1067:.
1063:.
992:.
980:^
935:.
931:.
894:.
886:.
874:.
870:.
476:.
81:,
66:.
3133:)
3129:(
2592:)
2551:e
2544:t
2537:v
2465:/
1551:e
1544:t
1537:v
1208:e
1201:t
1194:v
1166:.
1105:.
1077:.
1045:.
1003:.
974:.
949:.
943::
916:.
890::
882::
876:9
764:m
740:u
737:z
731:z
727:u
724:p
715:,
703:)
698:w
694:d
687:z
684:(
679:w
675:g
671:=
666:u
662:p
648:z
640:w
637:d
616:3
612:m
607:/
603:N
600:k
594:=
589:w
585:g
568:w
565:g
559:g
556:p
547:,
533:w
529:d
523:w
519:g
512:=
507:g
503:p
489:w
486:d
409:w
406:h
385:3
381:m
376:/
372:N
369:k
363:=
358:w
354:g
337:w
334:g
328:s
325:p
316:,
302:w
298:h
292:w
288:g
284:=
279:s
275:p
261:w
258:h
225:.
212:)
207:w
203:u
199:(
177:)
172:a
168:u
164:(
127:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
