831:
512:
2809:
432:
32:
770:
Activation of neurohumoral factors (discussed in the
Pathophysiology section) leads to renal vasoconstriction, which results in decreased blood supply to the kidneys and therefore, a decreased glomerular filtration rate. This can be an acute kidney injury (HRS type 1) or a slowly progressive kidney
481:
Rising portal pressures leads to increased production of vasodilators, defective response to vasoconstrictors, and the formation of new blood vessels all within the splanchnic circulation. All of this is done in order to recruit more blood to sinusoids, thereby promoting more blood flow within the
838:
Selective shunts select non-intestinal flow to be shunted to the systemic venous drainage while leaving the intestinal venous drainage to continue to pass through the liver. The most well known of this type is the splenorenal. This connects the splenic vein to the left renal vein thus reducing
676:
are due to a connection between the left gastric vein and the azygos-hemiazygos veins; gastroesophageal varices are due to connections between either the anterior branch of the left gastric vein and esophageal veins or the short gastric & posterior gastric vein and esophageal veins.
640:
In cirrhosis, there is bacterial overgrowth in the intestinal tract and increased permeability of the intestinal wall. These bacteria (most commonly E. coli & Klebsiella) are able to pass through the intestinal wall and into ascitic fluid, leading to an inflammatory response.
533:, a slow velocity of <16 cm/s in addition to dilatation in the main portal vein are diagnostic of portal hypertension. Other signs of portal hypertension on ultrasound include a portal flow mean velocity of less than 12 cm/s, porto–systemic collateral veins (patent
783:. This use of splanchnic vasoconstrictors increases mean arterial pressure, which increases the amount of blood supplied to the kidneys. This decreases the compensatory neurohumoral response that led to the renal vasoconstriction and improves overall kidney function.
502:
The pathophysiology of non-cirrhotic portal hypertension is most commonly disrupted blood flow to or from the liver. This results in a backing up of blood in either the liver or the vessels supplying it, leading to an increased portal pressure.
463:
Normally, SECs generate nitric oxide, which has several functions, including the maintenance of vascular tone and prevention of HSC activation. HSC activation results in liver fibrosis, which also predisposes to portal hypertension.
482:
portal vein, further contributing to portal hypertension. Splanchnic vasodilation results in decreased effective arterial blood volume, causing low blood pressure. To compensate for this low blood pressure, neurohumoral factors (
108:. Normal portal pressure is 1–4 mmHg; clinically insignificant portal hypertension is present at portal pressures 5–9 mmHg; clinically significant portal hypertension is present at portal pressures greater than 10 mmHg. The
806:. Eventually, the heart will no longer be able to maintain this increased cardiac output in the setting of prolonged splanchnic vasodilation. As a result, the heart will not fill with or pump out blood appropriately.
854:
With the advent of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting (TIPS), portosystemic shunts are less performed. TIPS has the advantage of being easier to perform and doesn't disrupt the liver's vascularity.
2734:
2719:
671:
Increased portal pressure leads to dilation of existing vessels and the formation of new vascular connections. These newly formed vascular connections are weak and prone to rupture, which leads to bleeding.
657:
Primary prevention is given to high-risk groups; secondary prevention is given to anyone who has previously been diagnosed with SBP. Medications for prevention are usually fluoroquinolones or sulfonamides.
556:
for assessing the severity of portal hypertension. Portal hypertension is defined as HVPG greater than or equal to 5 mmHg and is considered to be clinically significant when HVPG exceeds 10 to 12 mmHg.
581:
The activation of neurohumoral factors as described in the "Pathophysiology" section results in a high volume state due to sodium and water retention. Additionally, with cirrhosis, there is increased
1167:
Stamm ER, Meier JM, Pokharel SS, Clark T, Glueck DH, Lind KE, Roberts KM (October 2016). "Normal main portal vein diameter measured on CT is larger than the widely referenced upper limit of 13 mm".
839:
portal system pressure while minimizing any encephalopathy. In an H-shunt, which could be mesocaval (from the superior mesenteric vein to the inferior vena cava) or could be, portocaval (from the
601:
The management of ascites needs to be gradual to avoid sudden changes in systemic volume status, which can precipitate hepatic encephalopathy, kidney failure, and death. The management includes
751:. Restriction of dietary protein was recommended but this is now refuted by a clinical trial which shows no benefit. Instead, the maintenance of adequate nutrition is now advocated.
1840:
Kimura T, Moriyasu F, Kawasaki T, Someda H, Tamada T, Yamashita Y, et al. (May 1991). "Relationship between esophageal varices and azygos vein evaluated by cineportography".
802:
Initially, the heart compensates for the decreased effective arterial blood volume that is the result of splanchnic vasodilation by increasing cardiac output, which results in
126:. The signs and symptoms of both cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic portal hypertension are often similar depending on cause, with patients presenting with abdominal swelling due to
779:
Management depends on whether or not patients are in the intensive care unit (ICU). When not in the ICU, patients are given albumin and splanchnic vasoconstrictors such as
3677:
696:
The management of active variceal bleeding includes administering vasoactive drugs (somatostatin, octreotide), endoscopic banding ligation, balloon tamponade and TIPS.
1747:"Introduction to the revised American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases Practice Guideline management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis 2012"
649:
Antibiotic treatment is usually with a third generation cephalosporin (ceftriaxone or cefotaxime) after a diagnostic paracentesis. Patients are also given albumin.
522:(US) is the first-line imaging technique for the diagnosis and follow-up of portal hypertension because it is non-invasive, low-cost and can be performed on-site.
145:
Treatment is directed towards decreasing portal hypertension itself or in the management of its acute and chronic complications. Complications include ascites,
1045:
2855:
964:
444:
The pathophysiology of cirrhotic portal hypertension is indicated by increased resistance to blood flow in vessels via different mechanisms. There is
3359:
715:
In portal hypertension, ammonia levels increase and this ammonia can cross the blood brain barrier. As brain cells attempt to clear the ammonia,
690:
618:
4929:
2954:
2529:
Garbuzenko DV (2016). "Current approaches to the management of patients with liver cirrhosis who have acute esophageal variceal bleeding".
2611:
GarcĂa-Pagán JC, Gracia-Sancho J, Bosch J (August 2012). "Functional aspects on the pathophysiology of portal hypertension in cirrhosis".
1382:
GarcĂa-Pagán JC, Gracia-Sancho J, Bosch J (August 2012). "Functional aspects on the pathophysiology of portal hypertension in cirrhosis".
817:
have been successful in some clinical studies. Patients are also treated with diuretics. Liver transplant may reverse the cardiomyopathy.
4155:
830:
122:(a form of chronic liver failure) is the most common cause of portal hypertension; other, less frequent causes are therefore grouped as
4728:
2993:
246:) or between the liver and the heart (post-hepatic). The most common cause is cirrhosis (chronic liver failure). Other causes include:
847:) a graft, either synthetic or the preferred vein harvested from elsewhere on the patient's body, is connected between the superior
2848:
333:
4500:
3221:
2486:"Mechanisms of adaptation of the hepatic vasculature to the deteriorating conditions of blood circulation in liver cirrhosis"
1262:
3133:
2873:
4505:
238:
The causes for portal hypertension are classified as originating in the portal venous system before it reaches the liver (
230:
of 13 mm is widely used in this regard, but the diameter is often larger than this is in normal individuals as well.
1124:
Hosking SW, Smart HL, Johnson AG, Triger DR (February 1989). "Anorectal varices, haemorrhoids, and portal hypertension".
3434:
2841:
2316:
915:"Portal Hypertension Medication: Somatostatin Analogs, Beta-Blockers, Nonselective, Vasopressin-Related, Vasodilators"
4106:
3953:
2651:
630:
146:
1253:
Theise ND (2013-01-01). "Liver, Gallbladder, and
Biliary Tract". In Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC, Robbins SL (eds.).
4655:
4272:
3851:
549:
348:
101:
474:). Nitric oxide inhibition has been shown in some studies to increase portal hypertension and hepatic response to
4287:
4148:
3992:
3604:
3587:
3092:
3087:
2964:
4606:
3846:
3802:
3696:
3518:
3117:
323:
972:
4418:
4057:
3903:
4723:
4643:
4348:
3812:
3331:
2939:
2385:"The transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in the treatment of portal hypertension: current status"
1210:
Bloom S, Kemp W, Lubel J (January 2015). "Portal hypertension: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management".
525:
A dilated portal vein (diameter of greater than 13 or 15 mm) is a sign of portal hypertension, with a
483:
2824:
4738:
4733:
4460:
4450:
3026:
526:
343:
4839:
4490:
4465:
4282:
4211:
4141:
3392:
3321:
2922:
2035:
Rose CF, Amodio P, Bajaj JS, Dhiman RK, Montagnese S, Taylor-Robinson SD, et al. (December 2020).
1493:"Assessing Portal Hypertension in Liver Diseases: Noninvasive Techniques to Assess Portal Hypertension"
487:
4864:
4807:
4455:
4408:
4258:
4221:
3665:
3621:
3574:
3380:
2998:
803:
414:
316:
4849:
4662:
4616:
4611:
4435:
4413:
4011:
3691:
3326:
3284:
3097:
2972:
2959:
2929:
2900:
2749:
848:
685:
Both pharmacological (non-specific β-blockers, nitrate isosorbide mononitrate, vasopressin such as
419:
2441:"Restructuring of the vascular bed in response to hemodynamic disturbances in portal hypertension"
4904:
4886:
4368:
4363:
4327:
4297:
3936:
3713:
3454:
3246:
2905:
530:
519:
511:
410:
306:
4876:
4859:
4854:
4844:
4685:
4621:
4263:
4164:
4016:
3740:
3723:
3107:
2983:
2934:
2895:
2865:
1698:"Current management of the complications of portal hypertension: variceal bleeding and ascites"
939:
705:
255:
154:
135:
97:
470:
is an endogenous vasodilator and it regulates intrahepatic vascular tone (it is produced from
4939:
4881:
4626:
4485:
4477:
4445:
4332:
3948:
3867:
3856:
3817:
3745:
3048:
2383:
Pomier-Layrargues G, Bouchard L, Lafortune M, Bissonnette J, Guérette D, Perreault P (2012).
449:
268:
2094:
719:
is formed excessively, which results in swelling of brain cells and neurologic dysfunction.
494:) are activated, leading to sodium and water retention, and therefore, a high volume state.
4795:
4790:
4594:
4386:
3987:
3931:
3752:
3648:
3231:
3226:
3060:
2978:
2944:
2568:"Contemporary concepts of the medical therapy of portal hypertension under liver cirrhosis"
1418:
760:
748:
582:
491:
354:
328:
301:
158:
914:
8:
4934:
4871:
4638:
4081:
3891:
3784:
3767:
3728:
3653:
3496:
3473:
3466:
3415:
3387:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3216:
2833:
2738:
2037:"Hepatic encephalopathy: Novel insights into classification, pathophysiology and therapy"
542:
515:
Portal hypertension due to cirrhosis resulting in revascularization of the umbilical vein
392:
2814:
2213:
Kalluru R, Gadde S, Chikatimalla R, Dasaradhan T, Koneti J, Cherukuri SP (August 2022).
1801:"Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis in Decompensated Liver Cirrhosis—A Literature Review"
851:
and the inferior vena cava. The size of this shunt will determine how selective it is.
4785:
4695:
4277:
4093:
3958:
3941:
3926:
3913:
3896:
3762:
3397:
3289:
3261:
3195:
3021:
2917:
2882:
2679:
2662:
2594:
2567:
2554:
2512:
2485:
2467:
2440:
2411:
2384:
2360:
2334:"The surgical treatment for portal hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
2333:
2282:
2265:
2241:
2214:
2190:
2165:
2141:
2116:
2076:
2012:
1987:
1963:
1936:
1909:
1884:
1865:
1776:
1722:
1697:
1673:
1648:
1624:
1597:
1573:
1548:
1465:
1440:
1359:
1332:
1308:
1283:
1235:
1192:
1149:
1101:
1076:
1022:
997:
673:
534:
150:
139:
56:
2743:
1547:
Iranpour P, Lall C, Houshyar R, Helmy M, Yang A, Choi JI, et al. (January 2016).
1137:
883:
4576:
4525:
4425:
4071:
4052:
3425:
2760:
2684:
2647:
2628:
2599:
2546:
2517:
2472:
2416:
2365:
2312:
2287:
2246:
2195:
2146:
2080:
2068:
2017:
1968:
1914:
1857:
1822:
1768:
1727:
1678:
1629:
1578:
1529:
1470:
1399:
1364:
1313:
1258:
1227:
1184:
1141:
1106:
1027:
538:
194:
182:
131:
74:
44:
2789:
1869:
1780:
1239:
1196:
1153:
545:), splenomegaly and signs of cirrhosis (including nodularity of the liver surface).
4581:
4230:
4133:
4118:
4038:
4033:
4023:
3885:
3757:
3685:
3503:
3410:
3405:
3335:
3294:
3102:
3067:
2674:
2620:
2589:
2579:
2558:
2538:
2507:
2497:
2462:
2452:
2406:
2396:
2355:
2345:
2277:
2236:
2226:
2185:
2177:
2136:
2128:
2058:
2048:
2007:
1999:
1988:"Management of varices and variceal hemorrhage in liver cirrhosis: a recent update"
1958:
1948:
1904:
1896:
1849:
1812:
1758:
1717:
1709:
1668:
1660:
1619:
1609:
1568:
1560:
1519:
1460:
1452:
1391:
1354:
1344:
1303:
1295:
1219:
1176:
1133:
1096:
1088:
1017:
1009:
602:
590:
295:
204:
49:
2542:
112:
and its branches supply most of the blood and nutrients from the intestine to the
4773:
4768:
4680:
4403:
4358:
4238:
4076:
4006:
3872:
3807:
3772:
3643:
3508:
3444:
3346:
3265:
3256:
3206:
3146:
3031:
3008:
2754:
2641:
2306:
1492:
360:
338:
311:
1299:
4822:
4672:
4535:
4495:
4430:
4391:
4302:
4113:
4028:
3582:
3555:
3420:
3355:
3351:
3241:
3211:
2792:
2765:
2624:
2181:
2053:
2036:
1395:
1092:
792:
610:
475:
445:
227:
162:
2728:
2132:
2003:
1180:
4923:
4690:
4353:
4046:
3999:
3792:
3735:
3718:
3630:
3375:
3202:
3077:
3043:
2988:
2584:
2382:
1953:
1826:
1284:"Portal hypertension in cirrhosis: Pathophysiological mechanisms and therapy"
553:
457:
278:
211:
4517:
2457:
1524:
1507:
4831:
4743:
4558:
4248:
4191:
3921:
3833:
3706:
3609:
3560:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3449:
3274:
3190:
3082:
3072:
3038:
2688:
2663:"Etiology of Portal Hypertension in Children:A Single Center's Experiences"
2632:
2603:
2550:
2521:
2502:
2476:
2420:
2369:
2291:
2266:"A simplified technique of performing splenorenal shunt (Omar's technique)"
2250:
2199:
2150:
2072:
2063:
2021:
1972:
1918:
1853:
1772:
1731:
1682:
1633:
1582:
1533:
1474:
1403:
1368:
1317:
1231:
1188:
1110:
1031:
1013:
814:
780:
686:
614:
467:
453:
379:
274:
260:
200:
2401:
2350:
1900:
1861:
1817:
1800:
1614:
1349:
1145:
834:
Fluoroscopic image of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS)
689:) and endoscopic (banding ligation) treatment have similar results. TIPS (
4896:
4292:
4101:
3863:
3841:
3672:
3592:
3236:
3137:
2890:
2231:
840:
368:
364:
188:
109:
2117:"Management of hepatorenal syndrome in liver cirrhosis: a recent update"
1713:
4812:
4802:
4763:
4707:
4700:
4530:
3877:
3550:
3528:
3173:
3112:
1564:
744:
606:
593:. Combined, this leads to leakage of fluid into the peritoneal cavity.
471:
383:
263:
2711:
1763:
1746:
1417:
Carale J, Azer SA, Mekaroonkamol P (30 November 2017). Anand P (ed.).
1223:
374:
Toxicity (from arsenic, copper, vinyl chloride monomers, mineral oil,
4566:
4307:
4243:
4199:
4182:
4177:
3827:
3797:
3660:
3638:
3491:
3342:
3316:
3178:
3168:
3055:
3016:
2949:
2784:
844:
736:
728:
716:
375:
291:
119:
1664:
1595:
1456:
4780:
4382:
4319:
4253:
4204:
3461:
3439:
3151:
740:
2661:
Imanieh MH, Dehghani SM, Khoshkhui M, Malekpour A (October 2012).
2643:
Portal
Hypertension: Diagnostic Imaging and Imaging-Guided Therapy
2212:
1549:"Altered Doppler flow patterns in cirrhosis patients: an overview"
1257:(9th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. p. 608.
3513:
3279:
3183:
3155:
2660:
2215:"Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy: The Interplay Between Liver and Heart"
586:
571:
219:
178:
127:
884:"Portal Hypertension. Learn about Portal Hypertension | Patient"
431:
4173:
3979:
3597:
3483:
2723:
1419:"Portal Hypertension: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy"
1333:"Pathophysiology of portal hypertension and esophageal varices"
2610:
1381:
3429:
3159:
732:
210:
Swollen veins on the anterior abdominal wall (referred to as
113:
1839:
1596:
Al-Busafi SA, McNabb-Baltar J, Farag A, Hilzenrat N (2012).
1490:
4549:
998:"Clinical Assessment and Management of Portal Hypertension"
105:
2863:
218:
In addition, a widened (dilated) portal vein as seen on a
31:
2308:
1546:
1491:
Bosch J, Berzigotti A, Seijo S, Reverter E (2013-01-28).
1123:
223:
1885:"Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices"
1416:
1166:
1046:"Portal Hypertension - Liver and Gallbladder Disorders"
2483:
2438:
2166:"Diagnosis and Management of Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy"
2439:
Garbuzenko DV, Arefyev NO, Belov DV (December 2016).
2034:
1074:
605:
in diet, diuretics to urinate excess salt and water (
226:
may raise the suspicion about portal hypertension. A
4163:
2701:
1985:
1508:"The role of ultrasonography in portal hypertension"
624:
497:
1246:
995:
693:) is effective at reducing the rate of rebleeding.
173:Signs and symptoms of portal hypertension include:
2095:"Hepatic Encephalopathy. Free Medical information"
996:Kibrit J, Khan R, Jung BH, Koppe S (August 2018).
2484:Garbuzenko DV, Arefyev NO, Belov DV (June 2016).
69:Splenic vein thrombosis, stenosis of portal vein
4921:
1598:"Clinical manifestations of portal hypertension"
1540:
1330:
1128:. Originally published as Volume 1, Issue 8634.
691:transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting
439:
87:Portosystemic shunts, Nonselective beta-blockers
2331:
2170:Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology
1934:
1646:
1438:
1281:
1081:Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology
1695:
1505:
1209:
1075:Kulkarni AV, Rabiee A, Mohanty A (July 2022).
359:Granulomatous or infiltrative liver diseases (
4149:
2849:
2163:
1798:
1160:
619:transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
2955:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
1986:Diaz-Soto MP, Garcia-Tsao G (January 2022).
1799:Huang CH, Lee CH, Chang C (September 2022).
1486:
1484:
552:(HVPG) measurement has been accepted as the
203:), which may lead to lower platelet counts (
2263:
16:Abnormally increased portal venous pressure
4729:Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency
4156:
4142:
2994:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
2856:
2842:
2565:
2528:
965:"Portal hypertension | Disease | Overview"
931:
617:to manually remove the ascitic fluid, and
30:
2678:
2667:Middle East Journal of Digestive Diseases
2646:. Springer Science & Business Media.
2593:
2583:
2511:
2501:
2466:
2456:
2410:
2400:
2359:
2349:
2311:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 851.
2281:
2240:
2230:
2189:
2140:
2062:
2052:
2011:
1962:
1952:
1908:
1816:
1762:
1721:
1672:
1623:
1613:
1572:
1523:
1481:
1464:
1358:
1348:
1307:
1100:
1021:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
699:
2121:Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology
2114:
1992:Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology
829:
510:
430:
177:Abdominal swelling and tightness due to
1930:
1928:
937:
825:
754:
537:, spleno–renal collaterals and dilated
4922:
2332:Yin L, Liu H, Zhang Y, Rong W (2013).
1744:
1252:
909:
907:
905:
903:
865:
661:
334:Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia
4501:Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
4137:
3978:
3222:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
2837:
2639:
2304:
2110:
2108:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1696:Dib N, Oberti F, Calès P (May 2006).
1647:Hernaez R, Hamilton JP (March 2016).
1439:Vora RS, Subramanian RM (June 2019).
1434:
1432:
1282:Iwakiri Y, Trebicka J (August 2021).
1277:
1275:
422:also known as hepatic vein thrombosis
168:
4506:Generalized essential telangiectasia
2531:Current Medical Research and Opinion
2164:Kaur H, Premkumar M (January 2022).
1935:Bari K, Garcia-Tsao G (March 2012).
1925:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1002:Seminars in Interventional Radiology
991:
989:
367:, lymphoproliferative malignancies,
191:) from gastric or esophageal varices
4930:Accessory digestive gland disorders
2389:International Journal of Hepatology
1882:
1602:International Journal of Hepatology
1337:International Journal of Hepatology
1077:"Management of Portal Hypertension"
900:
39:The portal vein and its tributaries
13:
2431:
2105:
1937:"Treatment of portal hypertension"
1787:
1429:
1272:
1038:
426:
14:
4951:
4107:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
3954:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
2697:
2572:World Journal of Gastroenterology
2264:Shah OJ, Robbani I (2005-01-01).
1941:World Journal of Gastroenterology
1889:Clinical and Molecular Hepatology
1512:Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology
1063:
986:
797:
786:
765:
735:, and use of antibiotics such as
710:
666:
635:
631:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
625:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
498:Non-cirrhotic portal hypertension
147:spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
124:non-cirrhotic portal hypertension
4656:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
3852:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
2807:
560:
550:hepatic venous pressure gradient
349:Nodular regenerative hyperplasia
134:, and lab abnormalities such as
102:hepatic venous pressure gradient
3093:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
3088:Portal hypertensive gastropathy
2965:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
2376:
2325:
2298:
2257:
2206:
2157:
2115:Bera C, Wong F (January 2022).
2087:
2028:
1979:
1876:
1833:
1738:
1689:
1640:
1589:
1499:
1410:
1375:
1331:Maruyama H, Yokosuka O (2012).
1324:
1203:
809:
774:
722:
680:
644:
576:
4607:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
3847:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
3697:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
3519:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
1117:
957:
529:estimated at 12.5% or 40%. On
407:Inferior vena cava obstruction
324:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
1:
4419:Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva
4273:Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis
3904:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
2543:10.1185/03007995.2015.1124846
2270:Texas Heart Institute Journal
1138:10.1016/S0140-6736(89)91724-8
858:
727:A treatment plan may involve
652:
596:
440:Cirrhotic portal hypertension
378:, azathioprine, dacarbazine,
281:(increased portal blood flow)
271:(increased portal blood flow)
181:, which is free fluid in the
4724:Chronic venous insufficiency
4349:Aortoiliac occlusive disease
3813:Postcholecystectomy syndrome
3332:Intestinal pseudoobstruction
2940:Esophageal motility disorder
820:
585:and decreased production of
506:
7:
4739:Inferior vena cava syndrome
4734:Superior vena cava syndrome
4461:Vertebral artery dissection
4451:Intracranial berry aneurysm
2490:World Journal of Hepatology
2445:World Journal of Hepatology
1300:10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100316
1050:MSD Manual Consumer Version
815:Non-selective beta blockers
446:sinusoidal endothelial cell
344:Congenital hepatic fibrosis
242:causes), within the liver (
10:
4956:
4840:Hypertensive heart disease
4491:Arteriovenous malformation
4466:Familial aortic dissection
3798:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
3322:Functional colonic disease
3118:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
2625:10.1016/j.jhep.2012.03.007
2566:Garbuzenko DV (May 2015).
2182:10.1016/j.jceh.2021.08.016
2054:10.1016/j.jhep.2020.07.013
1506:Al-Nakshabandi NA (2006).
1441:"Hypotension in Cirrhosis"
1396:10.1016/j.jhep.2012.03.007
1093:10.1016/j.jceh.2022.03.002
790:
758:
703:
628:
589:, which lead to decreased
569:
565:
4895:
4865:Renovascular hypertension
4830:
4821:
4808:Hepatic artery thrombosis
4756:
4716:
4671:
4575:
4557:
4548:
4516:
4476:
4456:Carotid artery dissection
4409:Abdominal aortic aneurysm
4381:
4341:
4318:
4259:Intermittent claudication
4229:
4222:Peripheral artery disease
4220:
4190:
4172:
4092:
3971:
3912:
3826:
3783:
3629:
3620:
3573:
3527:
3482:
3368:
3255:
3145:
3132:
3007:
2999:Acute esophageal necrosis
2881:
2872:
2775:
2705:
2133:10.1177/17562848221102679
2004:10.1177/17562848221101712
1212:Internal Medicine Journal
1181:10.1007/s00261-016-0785-9
969:rarediseases.info.nih.gov
804:high-output heart failure
415:constrictive pericarditis
411:Right-sided heart failure
363:, mucopolysaccharidosis,
317:Primary biliary cirrhosis
233:
83:
73:
65:
55:
43:
38:
29:
24:
4850:Hypertensive nephropathy
4663:Post-thrombotic syndrome
4644:Paget–Schroetter disease
4436:Coronary artery aneurysm
4414:Thoracic aortic aneurysm
3098:Gastric dumping syndrome
2973:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
2960:Diffuse esophageal spasm
2585:10.3748/wjg.v21.i20.6117
1954:10.3748/wjg.v18.i11.1166
1745:Runyon BA (April 2013).
96:is defined as increased
4905:Orthostatic hypotension
4887:White coat hypertension
4364:Fibromuscular dysplasia
4328:Carotid artery stenosis
3714:Alcoholic liver disease
3247:Bile acid malabsorption
3191:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
2458:10.4254/wjh.v8.i36.1602
2305:Moore WS (2012-11-23).
1525:10.4103/1319-3767.29750
1255:Robbins basic pathology
531:Doppler ultrasonography
307:chronic viral hepatitis
199:Increased spleen size (
4877:Pulmonary hypertension
4860:Secondary hypertension
4855:Essential hypertension
4845:Hypertensive emergency
4686:Portacaval anastomosis
4622:Portal vein thrombosis
4264:Critical limb ischemia
4165:Cardiovascular disease
3724:Hepatic encephalopathy
3108:Buried bumper syndrome
3039:Peptic (gastric) ulcer
2923:Mallory–Weiss syndrome
2866:human digestive system
2640:Rossi P (2012-12-06).
2503:10.4254/wjh.v8.i16.665
1854:10.1002/hep.1840130510
1653:Clinical Liver Disease
1445:Clinical Liver Disease
1014:10.1055/s-0038-1660793
919:emedicine.medscape.com
835:
771:failure (HRS type 2).
706:Hepatic encephalopathy
700:Hepatic encephalopathy
516:
436:
397:Veno-occlusive disease
256:Portal vein thrombosis
155:hepatic encephalopathy
136:elevated liver enzymes
98:portal venous pressure
4882:Systolic hypertension
4627:Renal vein thrombosis
4486:Arteriovenous fistula
4478:Vascular malformation
4446:Intracranial aneurysm
4333:Renal artery stenosis
3949:Pancreatic pseudocyst
3818:Porcelain gallbladder
2930:Zenker's diverticulum
2613:Journal of Hepatology
2338:ISRN Gastroenterology
2127:: 17562848221102679.
2041:Journal of Hepatology
1998:: 17562848221101712.
1901:10.3350/cmh.2017.0064
1883:Seo YS (March 2018).
1818:10.3390/livers2030018
1649:"Unexplained ascites"
1384:Journal of Hepatology
940:"Portal hypertension"
833:
514:
450:hepatic stellate cell
434:
269:Arteriovenous fistula
4796:Paradoxical embolism
4791:Cholesterol embolism
4617:May–Thurner syndrome
4612:Budd–Chiari syndrome
4595:Deep vein thrombosis
4590:primarily lower limb
4369:Raynaud's phenomenon
3753:Hepatorenal syndrome
3692:Budd–Chiari syndrome
3649:Autoimmune hepatitis
3474:Intestinal adhesions
3232:Short bowel syndrome
3061:Functional dyspepsia
2979:Esophageal stricture
2945:Nutcracker esophagus
2232:10.7759/cureus.27969
826:Portosystemic shunts
761:Hepatorenal syndrome
755:Hepatorenal syndrome
583:hydrostatic pressure
420:Budd–Chiari syndrome
329:Chronic pancreatitis
302:alcohol use disorder
159:hepatorenal syndrome
4872:Benign hypertension
3892:Choledocholithiasis
3763:Metabolic disorders
3729:Acute liver failure
3702:Portal hypertension
3654:Alcoholic hepatitis
3497:Radiation proctitis
3416:Mesenteric ischemia
3388:Gastroenterocolitis
3217:Blind loop syndrome
3027:Ménétrier's disease
2935:Barrett's esophagus
2825:Portal hypertension
2402:10.1155/2012/167868
2351:10.1155/2013/464053
1714:10.1503/cmaj.051700
1615:10.1155/2012/203794
1350:10.1155/2012/895787
1169:Abdominal Radiology
662:Variceal hemorrhage
543:short gastric veins
448:dysfunction (SEC),
393:Fatty liver disease
140:low platelet counts
94:Portal hypertension
25:Portal hypertension
4786:Pulmonary embolism
4696:Esophageal varices
4634:upper limb / torso
4278:Arteriolosclerosis
4067:Undefined location
4058:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft
3959:Pancreatic fistula
3942:Pancreatic abscess
3897:Biliary dyskinesia
3868:Mirizzi's syndrome
3369:Large and/or small
3049:Dieulafoy's lesion
2918:Boerhaave syndrome
2776:External resources
2101:. 11 January 2022.
1565:10.14366/usg.15020
836:
674:Esophageal varices
535:paraumbilical vein
517:
452:(HSC) activation,
437:
402:Posthepatic causes
169:Signs and symptoms
4917:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4757:Arteries or veins
4752:
4751:
4577:Venous thrombosis
4544:
4543:
4526:Cherry hemangioma
4426:Aortic dissection
4377:
4376:
4212:Buerger's disease
4131:
4130:
4127:
4126:
3967:
3966:
3569:
3568:
3426:Bowel obstruction
3128:
3127:
2802:
2801:
2578:(20): 6117–6126.
2451:(36): 1602–1609.
1947:(11): 1166–1175.
1764:10.1002/hep.26359
1708:(10): 1433–1443.
1264:978-1-4377-1781-5
1224:10.1111/imj.12590
1175:(10): 1931–1936.
1132:(8634): 349–352.
250:Prehepatic causes
195:Anorectal varices
183:peritoneal cavity
132:vomiting of blood
91:
90:
75:Diagnostic method
19:Medical condition
4947:
4828:
4827:
4639:Mondor's disease
4582:Thrombophlebitis
4555:
4554:
4231:Arteriosclerosis
4227:
4226:
4188:
4187:
4158:
4151:
4144:
4135:
4134:
4119:Pneumoperitoneum
3976:
3975:
3886:Common bile duct
3768:Wilson's disease
3758:Peliosis hepatis
3627:
3626:
3504:Proctalgia fugax
3411:Abdominal angina
3336:Ogilvie syndrome
3285:Pseudomembranous
3143:
3142:
3103:Gastric volvulus
3068:Pyloric stenosis
2879:
2878:
2864:Diseases of the
2858:
2851:
2844:
2835:
2834:
2811:
2810:
2703:
2702:
2692:
2682:
2657:
2636:
2607:
2597:
2587:
2562:
2525:
2515:
2505:
2480:
2470:
2460:
2425:
2424:
2414:
2404:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2363:
2353:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2285:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2244:
2234:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2193:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2144:
2112:
2103:
2102:
2099:www.patient.info
2091:
2085:
2084:
2066:
2056:
2047:(6): 1526–1547.
2032:
2026:
2025:
2015:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1956:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1912:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1820:
1796:
1785:
1784:
1766:
1757:(4): 1651–1653.
1742:
1736:
1735:
1725:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1676:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1627:
1617:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1576:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1527:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1488:
1479:
1478:
1468:
1436:
1427:
1426:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1362:
1352:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1311:
1279:
1270:
1268:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1104:
1087:(4): 1184–1199.
1072:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1025:
993:
984:
983:
981:
980:
971:. Archived from
961:
955:
954:
952:
950:
935:
929:
928:
926:
925:
911:
898:
897:
895:
894:
880:
843:to the inferior
603:salt restriction
591:oncotic pressure
456:activation, and
205:thrombocytopenia
187:Vomiting blood (
50:Gastroenterology
34:
22:
21:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4909:
4891:
4817:
4774:Microangiopathy
4769:Macroangiopathy
4748:
4712:
4681:Gastric varices
4667:
4580:
4571:
4540:
4512:
4472:
4404:Aortic aneurysm
4390:
4373:
4359:Erythromelalgia
4337:
4314:
4239:Atherosclerosis
4216:
4180:
4168:
4162:
4132:
4123:
4088:
4077:Internal hernia
3963:
3908:
3873:Biliary fistula
3831:
3822:
3808:Adenomyomatosis
3803:Cholesterolosis
3779:
3773:Hemochromatosis
3644:Viral hepatitis
3616:
3565:
3523:
3509:Rectal prolapse
3478:
3445:Fecal impaction
3435:Intussusception
3398:Crohn's disease
3364:
3347:Toxic megacolon
3259:
3257:Large intestine
3251:
3196:Curling's ulcer
3149:
3147:Small intestine
3136:
3124:
3032:Gastroenteritis
3003:
2868:
2862:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2771:
2770:
2714:
2700:
2695:
2654:
2496:(16): 665–672.
2434:
2432:Further reading
2429:
2428:
2381:
2377:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2303:
2299:
2262:
2258:
2211:
2207:
2162:
2158:
2113:
2106:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2033:
2029:
1984:
1980:
1933:
1926:
1881:
1877:
1838:
1834:
1797:
1788:
1743:
1739:
1694:
1690:
1665:10.1002/cld.537
1645:
1641:
1594:
1590:
1553:Ultrasonography
1545:
1541:
1504:
1500:
1489:
1482:
1457:10.1002/cld.764
1437:
1430:
1415:
1411:
1380:
1376:
1329:
1325:
1280:
1273:
1265:
1251:
1247:
1208:
1204:
1165:
1161:
1122:
1118:
1073:
1064:
1054:
1052:
1044:
1043:
1039:
994:
987:
978:
976:
963:
962:
958:
948:
946:
936:
932:
923:
921:
913:
912:
901:
892:
890:
882:
881:
866:
861:
849:mesenteric vein
828:
823:
812:
800:
795:
789:
777:
768:
763:
757:
725:
713:
708:
702:
683:
669:
664:
655:
647:
638:
633:
627:
599:
579:
574:
568:
563:
520:Ultrasonography
509:
500:
442:
429:
427:Pathophysiology
389:Viral hepatitis
361:Gaucher disease
339:Schistosomiasis
312:biliary atresia
236:
171:
104:greater than 5
79:Ultrasonography
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4953:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4901:
4899:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4836:
4834:
4825:
4823:Blood pressure
4819:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4683:
4677:
4675:
4673:Varicose veins
4669:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4586:
4584:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4563:
4561:
4552:
4546:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4536:Spider angioma
4533:
4528:
4522:
4520:
4518:Vascular nevus
4514:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4496:Telangiectasia
4493:
4488:
4482:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4438:
4433:
4431:Aortic rupture
4428:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4396:
4394:
4392:pseudoaneurysm
4379:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4324:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4303:Oxycholesterol
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4235:
4233:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4196:
4194:
4185:
4170:
4169:
4161:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4138:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4114:Hemoperitoneum
4111:
4110:
4109:
4098:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3984:
3982:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3918:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3838:
3836:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3789:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3716:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3635:
3633:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3585:
3583:Blood in stool
3579:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3556:Anal dysplasia
3553:
3548:
3543:
3533:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3488:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3423:
3421:Angiodysplasia
3418:
3413:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3390:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3356:Diverticulosis
3352:Diverticulitis
3349:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3329:
3319:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3242:Milroy disease
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3212:Tropical sprue
3209:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3165:
3163:
3140:
3134:Lower GI tract
3130:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3013:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2887:
2885:
2876:
2874:Upper GI tract
2870:
2869:
2861:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2838:
2813:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2757:
2746:
2731:
2715:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:Classification
2699:
2698:External links
2696:
2694:
2693:
2673:(4): 206–210.
2658:
2652:
2637:
2619:(2): 458–461.
2608:
2563:
2537:(3): 467–475.
2526:
2481:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2375:
2324:
2318:978-1455753864
2317:
2297:
2276:(4): 549–554.
2256:
2205:
2176:(1): 186–199.
2156:
2104:
2086:
2027:
1978:
1924:
1875:
1848:(5): 858–864.
1832:
1811:(3): 214–232.
1786:
1737:
1688:
1639:
1588:
1539:
1518:(3): 111–117.
1498:
1480:
1451:(6): 149–153.
1428:
1409:
1390:(2): 458–461.
1374:
1323:
1271:
1263:
1245:
1202:
1159:
1116:
1062:
1037:
1008:(3): 153–159.
985:
956:
930:
899:
863:
862:
860:
857:
827:
824:
822:
819:
811:
808:
799:
796:
793:Cardiomyopathy
791:Main article:
788:
787:Cardiomyopathy
785:
776:
773:
767:
764:
759:Main article:
756:
753:
724:
721:
712:
709:
704:Main article:
701:
698:
682:
679:
668:
665:
663:
660:
654:
651:
646:
643:
637:
634:
629:Main article:
626:
623:
611:spironolactone
598:
595:
578:
575:
570:Main article:
567:
564:
562:
559:
508:
505:
499:
496:
476:norepinephrine
441:
438:
428:
425:
424:
423:
417:
408:
399:
398:
395:
390:
387:
372:
357:
355:space of Disse
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
320:
319:
314:
309:
304:
286:Hepatic causes
283:
282:
272:
266:
258:
235:
232:
216:
215:
208:
197:
192:
185:
170:
167:
163:cardiomyopathy
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
77:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
59:
53:
52:
47:
41:
40:
36:
35:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4952:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4779:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4709:
4706:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4691:Caput medusae
4689:
4688:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4578:
4574:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4354:Degos disease
4352:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4166:
4159:
4154:
4152:
4147:
4145:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3988:Diaphragmatic
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3829:
3825:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3793:Cholecystitis
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3736:Liver abscess
3734:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3719:Liver failure
3717:
3715:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3376:Enterocolitis
3374:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3203:Malabsorption
3201:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3078:Gastroparesis
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3044:Cushing ulcer
3042:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2989:Megaesophagus
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2820:
2816:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2653:9783642571169
2649:
2645:
2644:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2320:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2225:(8): e27969.
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2109:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2064:10044/1/84685
2060:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1929:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1494:
1487:
1485:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1433:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1294:(4): 100316.
1293:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1276:
1266:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
990:
975:on 2016-01-27
974:
970:
966:
960:
945:
941:
934:
920:
916:
910:
908:
906:
904:
889:
885:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
864:
856:
852:
850:
846:
842:
832:
818:
816:
807:
805:
794:
784:
782:
772:
762:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
720:
718:
707:
697:
694:
692:
688:
678:
675:
659:
650:
642:
632:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
594:
592:
588:
584:
573:
561:Complications
558:
555:
554:gold standard
551:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
523:
521:
513:
504:
495:
493:
489:
485:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
459:
458:myofibroblast
455:
451:
447:
435:Stellate cell
433:
421:
418:
416:
412:
409:
406:
405:
404:
403:
396:
394:
391:
388:
385:
381:
377:
373:
370:
366:
362:
358:
356:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
299:
297:
293:
290:
289:
288:
287:
280:
279:hypersplenism
276:
273:
270:
267:
265:
262:
259:
257:
254:
253:
252:
251:
247:
245:
241:
231:
229:
225:
221:
213:
212:caput medusae
209:
206:
202:
198:
196:
193:
190:
186:
184:
180:
176:
175:
174:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
86:
82:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
58:
54:
51:
48:
46:
42:
37:
33:
28:
23:
4940:Hypertension
4832:Hypertension
4744:Venous ulcer
4650:
4633:
4601:
4589:
4559:Inflammation
4440:
4399:
4288:Hyperplastic
4249:Fatty streak
4192:Inflammation
4066:
4045:
3922:Pancreatitis
3884:
3834:biliary tree
3707:Nutmeg liver
3701:
3684:
3610:Hematochezia
3561:Pruritus ani
3546:Anal abscess
3541:Anal fistula
3537:Anal fissure
3450:Constipation
3404:
3275:Appendicitis
3083:Gastroptosis
3073:Achlorhydria
2912:
2901:Eosinophilic
2823:
2822:
2821:profile for
2818:
2783:
2759:
2748:
2733:
2718:
2670:
2666:
2642:
2616:
2612:
2575:
2571:
2534:
2530:
2493:
2489:
2448:
2444:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2341:
2337:
2327:
2307:
2300:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2124:
2120:
2098:
2089:
2044:
2040:
2030:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1944:
1940:
1895:(1): 20–42.
1892:
1888:
1878:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1808:
1804:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1659:(3): 53–56.
1656:
1652:
1642:
1605:
1601:
1591:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1448:
1444:
1422:
1412:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1291:
1288:JHEP Reports
1287:
1254:
1248:
1218:(1): 16–26.
1215:
1211:
1205:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1084:
1080:
1053:. Retrieved
1049:
1040:
1005:
1001:
977:. Retrieved
973:the original
968:
959:
947:. Retrieved
943:
933:
922:. Retrieved
918:
891:. Retrieved
887:
853:
837:
813:
801:
798:Pathogenesis
781:terlipressin
778:
769:
766:Pathogenesis
726:
714:
711:Pathogenesis
695:
687:terlipressin
684:
670:
667:Pathogenesis
656:
648:
639:
636:Pathogenesis
615:paracentesis
600:
580:
577:Pathogenesis
547:
524:
518:
501:
480:
468:Nitric oxide
466:
462:
460:activation.
454:Kupffer cell
443:
413:, e.g. from
401:
400:
380:methotrexate
353:Fibrosis of
285:
284:
275:Splenomegaly
261:Splenic vein
249:
248:
244:intrahepatic
243:
239:
237:
228:cutoff value
217:
201:splenomegaly
172:
153:hemorrhage,
144:
123:
118:
93:
92:
4897:Hypotension
4441:head / neck
4293:Cholesterol
4183:capillaries
4102:Peritonitis
3864:Cholestasis
3842:Cholangitis
3785:Gallbladder
3673:Fatty liver
3593:Hematemesis
3575:GI bleeding
3381:Necrotizing
3310:Lymphocytic
3305:Collagenous
3300:Microscopic
3237:Steatorrhea
3138:Enteropathy
2984:Inlet patch
2906:Herpetiform
2891:Esophagitis
1559:(1): 3–12.
944:Radiopaedia
938:D'Souza D.
841:portal vein
527:sensitivity
369:amyloidosis
365:sarcoidosis
189:hematemesis
110:portal vein
4935:Hepatology
4924:Categories
4813:Vasculitis
4803:Thrombosis
4764:Angiopathy
4708:Varicocele
4701:Hemorrhoid
4531:Halo nevus
4387:dissection
4178:arterioles
4094:Peritoneal
4072:Incisional
3993:Congenital
3937:Hereditary
3914:Pancreatic
3878:Haemobilia
3551:Hemorrhoid
3529:Anal canal
3467:Infectious
3455:Functional
3290:Ulcerative
3174:Duodenitis
3113:Gastrinoma
2761:DiseasesDB
2395:: 167868.
2344:: 464053.
1842:Hepatology
1751:Hepatology
1608:: 203794.
1343:: 895787.
979:2016-01-08
924:2016-01-08
893:2016-01-08
859:References
810:Management
775:Management
749:quinolones
747:, and the
745:vancomycin
723:Management
681:Management
653:Prevention
645:Management
607:furosemide
597:Management
472:L-arginine
384:amiodarone
264:thrombosis
240:prehepatic
4567:Phlebitis
4308:Trans fat
4244:Foam cell
4200:Arteritis
4167:(vessels)
4082:Richter's
4039:Spigelian
4034:Obturator
4024:Umbilical
3857:Ascending
3828:Bile duct
3661:Cirrhosis
3639:Hepatitis
3622:Accessory
3492:Proctitis
3343:Megacolon
3317:Dysentery
3227:Whipple's
3179:Jejunitis
3169:Enteritis
3056:Dyspepsia
3017:Gastritis
2950:Achalasia
2883:Esophagus
2790:radio/570
2785:eMedicine
2081:225058522
1827:2673-4389
845:vena cava
821:Treatment
737:rifaximin
729:lactulose
717:glutamine
507:Diagnosis
376:vitamin A
292:Cirrhosis
120:Cirrhosis
100:, with a
84:Treatment
45:Specialty
4781:Embolism
4383:Aneurysm
4320:Stenosis
4254:Atheroma
4205:Aortitis
4174:Arteries
4012:Indirect
4007:Inguinal
3741:Pyogenic
3686:Vascular
3462:Diarrhea
3440:Volvulus
3406:Vascular
3345: /
3334: /
3295:Ischemic
3262:Appendix
3152:Duodenum
3022:Atrophic
2896:Candidal
2793:med/1889
2689:24829658
2633:22504334
2604:26034348
2551:26804426
2522:27326313
2477:28083082
2421:22888442
2370:23509634
2292:16429901
2251:36120195
2200:35068798
2151:35721838
2073:33097308
2022:35757384
1973:22468079
1919:29249128
1870:23580034
1781:30642150
1773:23463403
1732:16682712
1683:31041029
1634:23024865
1583:26169079
1534:19858596
1475:31316760
1423:Medscape
1404:22504334
1369:22666604
1318:34337369
1240:45193610
1232:25230084
1197:19845427
1189:27251734
1154:29675644
1111:35814519
1055:11 March
1032:30087517
949:11 March
741:neomycin
621:(TIPS).
151:variceal
57:Symptoms
4602:abdomen
4283:Hyaline
4053:Petit's
4029:Femoral
3932:Chronic
3746:Amoebic
3514:Anismus
3280:Colitis
3207:Coeliac
3184:Ileitis
3156:Jejunum
3009:Stomach
2913:Rupture
2815:Scholia
2755:D006975
2680:3990125
2595:4445090
2559:7149809
2513:4909428
2468:5192551
2412:3408669
2361:3594950
2283:1351828
2242:9467492
2191:8766707
2142:9201357
2013:9218432
1964:3309905
1910:5875194
1862:2029990
1723:1455434
1674:6490258
1625:3457672
1574:4701371
1466:6605738
1360:3362051
1309:8318926
1146:2563507
1102:9257868
1023:6078702
888:Patient
587:albumin
572:Ascites
566:Ascites
386:, etc.)
371:, etc.)
294:of any
277:and/or
220:CT scan
179:ascites
128:ascites
61:Ascites
4047:Lumbar
4017:Direct
4000:Hiatus
3980:Hernia
3832:Other
3598:Melena
3484:Rectum
2967:(GERD)
2817:has a
2687:
2677:
2650:
2631:
2602:
2592:
2557:
2549:
2520:
2510:
2475:
2465:
2419:
2409:
2368:
2358:
2315:
2290:
2280:
2249:
2239:
2219:Cureus
2198:
2188:
2149:
2139:
2079:
2071:
2020:
2010:
1971:
1961:
1917:
1907:
1868:
1860:
1825:
1805:Livers
1779:
1771:
1730:
1720:
1681:
1671:
1632:
1622:
1581:
1571:
1532:
1473:
1463:
1402:
1367:
1357:
1316:
1306:
1261:
1238:
1230:
1195:
1187:
1152:
1144:
1126:Lancet
1109:
1099:
1030:
1020:
733:enemas
234:Causes
161:, and
66:Causes
4717:Other
4550:Veins
4400:torso
4342:Other
3972:Other
3927:Acute
3678:MASLD
3631:Liver
3605:Lower
3588:Upper
3430:Ileus
3266:Colon
3160:Ileum
2975:(LPR)
2819:topic
2766:10388
2744:572.3
2729:K76.6
2555:S2CID
2077:S2CID
1866:S2CID
1777:S2CID
1236:S2CID
1193:S2CID
1150:S2CID
296:cause
114:liver
4651:head
4181:and
3360:SCAD
2750:MeSH
2739:9-CM
2685:PMID
2648:ISBN
2629:PMID
2600:PMID
2547:PMID
2518:PMID
2473:PMID
2417:PMID
2393:2012
2366:PMID
2342:2013
2313:ISBN
2288:PMID
2247:PMID
2196:PMID
2147:PMID
2069:PMID
2018:PMID
1969:PMID
1915:PMID
1858:PMID
1823:ISSN
1769:PMID
1728:PMID
1702:CMAJ
1679:PMID
1630:PMID
1606:2012
1579:PMID
1530:PMID
1471:PMID
1400:PMID
1365:PMID
1341:2012
1314:PMID
1269:2013
1259:ISBN
1228:PMID
1185:PMID
1142:PMID
1107:PMID
1057:2021
1028:PMID
951:2021
548:The
541:and
539:left
484:RAAS
106:mmHg
4298:LDL
3666:PBC
3393:IBD
3327:IBS
2735:ICD
2720:ICD
2675:PMC
2621:doi
2590:PMC
2580:doi
2539:doi
2508:PMC
2498:doi
2463:PMC
2453:doi
2407:PMC
2397:doi
2356:PMC
2346:doi
2278:PMC
2237:PMC
2227:doi
2186:PMC
2178:doi
2137:PMC
2129:doi
2059:hdl
2049:doi
2008:PMC
2000:doi
1959:PMC
1949:doi
1905:PMC
1897:doi
1850:doi
1813:doi
1759:doi
1718:PMC
1710:doi
1706:174
1669:PMC
1661:doi
1620:PMC
1610:doi
1569:PMC
1561:doi
1520:doi
1461:PMC
1453:doi
1392:doi
1355:PMC
1345:doi
1304:PMC
1296:doi
1220:doi
1177:doi
1134:doi
1097:PMC
1089:doi
1018:PMC
1010:doi
613:),
492:ADH
488:SNS
224:MRI
222:or
138:or
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