Portia schultzi - Knowledge

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orange-brown with darker markings, and those of both sexes have pale orange and white hairs. The abdomens of females are pale yellow with black markings, and the upper sides have scattered white and orange-brown hairs. Males' abdomens are yellow-orange to orange-brown with blackish mottling, and on the upper sides are black and light orange hairs and nine white tufts. Those of females are pale yellow and have black markings with scattered white and orange-brown hairs on the upper side, but no tufts. The legs of both sexes are unusually long and slender, and those of males are orange-brown with darker markings while those of females are light yellow with blackish markings. In both sexes the final two segment of each leg has no other decorations, but the other segments in both sexes have brownish hairs and many robust spines, and those of males also have scattered white tufts. The palps of both sexes have pale yellow hairs and white fringes. All species of the genus

447: 46: 33: 1423:, try to kill and eat their mates during or after copulation, by twisting and lunging. The males wait until the females have hunched their legs, making this attack less likely. Males also try to abseil from a silk thread to approach from above, but females may manoeuvre to get the higher position. If the female moves at all, the male leaps and runs away. 411: 1319:

emit olfactory signals that reduce the risk that any other females, males or juveniles of the same species may contend for the same prey. The effect inhibits aggressive mimicry against a prey spider even if the prey spider is visible, and also if the prey is inhabiting any part of a web. If a female

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specimens without prey for 21 days ("extra-starved") showed no preference for different types of prey. The test included as prey several species of web spiders and jumping spiders, and the selection of the prey species showed no evidence of affecting the results. Insects were represented by the

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have eight eyes, the two large ones in the center-and-front position (the anteriomedian eyes, also called "principal eyes") housed in tubes in the head and providing acute vision. The other six are secondary eyes, positioned along the sides of the carapace and acting mainly as movement detectors. In

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usually lays eggs on dead, brown leaves about 20 millimetres long, suspended near the top of its capture web, and then cover the eggs with a sheet of silk. If there is no dead leaf available, the female will make a small horizontal silk platform in the capture web, lay the eggs on it, and then

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that sees a male may approach slowly or wait. The male then walks erect and displaying by waving his legs and palps. If the female does not run away, she gives a propulsive display first. If the male stands his ground and she does not run away or repeat the propulsive display, he approaches and, if

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typically take 20 to 60 seconds. These occasionally include grappling that sometimes breaks a leg, but more usually the final move is a lunge. Sometimes one knocks the other on her back and the other may be killed and eaten if she does not right herself quickly and run away. If the loser has a

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can sense vibrations from surfaces, and use these for mating and for hunting other spiders in total darkness. It can use air- and surface "smells" to detect prey which it often meets, to identify members of the same species, to recognise familiar members, and to determine the sex of other member of

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and a broad white band above the bases of the legs, and these features are less conspicuous in females. Both sexes have tufts of orange to dark orange above the eyes, which are fringed with pale orange hairs. Males' abdomens are yellow-orange to orange-brown with blackish mottling, and on the upper

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lays a continuous dragline of silk as it moves, and from time to time anchors the dragline to a surface with a spot of sticky silk. This allows the spider to return to the surface if the animal is dislodged. A spider about to jump first lays a sticky silk anchor, and then lays out a dragline as it

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moults in the open. In one case, while its new skin was still pale and soft, its spinnerets were still stuck in the discarded skin, and the spider slowly twirled for about 90 seconds until it was free. The spider's body then darkened quickly to the normal colouration, and some time later the

490:. Between 100 and 500 lux, it detects and approaches the objective from distances up to 6 cm, from 500 lux to 1500 lux, its response distance increases gradually to a maximum of about 10 cm, and stronger light causes no increase in the response distance. For comparison, 367:

and broad white band above the bases of the legs, and these features are less conspicuous in females. Both sexes have tufts of orange to dark orange above the eyes, which are fringed with pale orange hairs. Females' chelicerae are pale yellow with black markings at the ends, while males' are

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against unfamiliar prey or in unfamiliar situations, and then remember the new approach. They can also make detours to find the best attack angle against dangerous prey, even when the best detour takes it out of visual contact with the prey, and sometimes the planned route leads to

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species have a slow, "choppy" gait that preserves their concealment: pausing often and at irregular intervals, waving their legs continuously and their palps jerkily up and down, moving each appendage out of time with the others, and continuously varying the speed and timing.

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s sometimes use "propulsive displays", with which a member threatens a rival of the same species and sex, and unreceptive females also threaten males in this way. A propulsive display is a series of sudden, quick movements including striking, charging, ramming and leaps. In

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typically copulates for about 100 seconds, while others in the genus can take several minutes or even several hours. Females try to kill and eat their mates during or after copulation, and subadult females mimic adult females to attract males as prey. Contests between

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did not pursue it; if the target was totally stationary, the spider approached very slow (between 5 and 100 millimetres per minute), with very long pauses in the final stages, and the sequence was not completed in 43% of cases; if the lure jiggled on the same spot,

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s spin a horizontal web whose diameter is about twice the spider's body length and is suspended only 1 to 4 millimetres (0.039 to 0.157 in) below a leaf. The spider lies head down, and often slides down 20 to 30 millimetres (0.79 to 1.18 in) during moulting.

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s use breezes and other disturbances as "smokescreens" in which these predators can approach web spiders more quickly, and revert to a more cautious approach when the disturbance disappears. A few web spiders run far away when they sense the un-rhythmical gait of a

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species), while those of males are 4 to 6 mm long. The carapaces of both sexes are orange-brown with dark brown mottling, and they are covered with dark brown and whitish hairs lying over the surface. Males have white tufts on their

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s, when adults of the same species but opposite sexes recognise each other, they display at 10 to 30 centimetres. Males usually wait for 2 to 15 minutes before starting a display, but sometimes a female starts a display first.

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can take in only a small visual field at one time, as the most acute part of a main eye can see all of a circle up to 12 millimeters wide at 20 centimeters away, or up to 18 millimeters wide at 30 centimeters away. A

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Jackson and Blest (1982) say, "The resolution of the receptor mosaic of Layer I in the central retina was estimated to be a visual angle of 2.4 arc min, corresponding to 0-12 mm at 20 cm in front of the spider, or 0-18 mm at 30

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also build webs to catch prey directly. These "capture webs" are funnel-shaped and widest at the top and are about 4,000 cm in volume. The web is initially built in about 2 hours, and then gradually made stronger. A

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misses, it quickly returns up its safety line to its vantage point and looks for another chance - and seldom misses the second time. Most drops cover two to four centimetres, as longer drops are often obstructed by the web.

394:, adopt a special posture, called the "cryptic rest posture", pulling their legs in close to the body and their palps back beside the chelicerae ("jaws"), which obscures the outlines of these appendages. When walking, most 1170:

more often pursues small jumping spiders and web spiders than larger prey. While it more often catches small jumping spiders than larger ones, it is about equally effective with all sizes of web spiders up to twice

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s hunt in all types of webs, while other cursorial spiders generally have difficulty moving on webs, and web-building spiders find it difficult to move in webs unlike those they build. Where the web is sparse, a

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may wait about 20 to 200 millimetres away for 15 to 30 minutes from seizing the prey. Insects are usually not immobilised so quickly but continue to struggle, sometimes for several minutes. If

3510: 762:, the prey usually runs away for about 100 to 200 millimetres, enters convulsions, becomes paralysed after 10 to 30 seconds, and continues convulsing for 10 seconds to 4 minutes. 403:

uses what Forster and Murphy (1986) call a "lolloping" gait, flexing and stretching the legs. They suggest that the long legs are advantageous for moving through webs, and that lolloping enables

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typically take 20 to 60 seconds. Sometimes, one female knocks the other on her back and the other may be killed and eaten if she does not right herself quickly and run away. When hunting,

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sides are black and light orange hairs, and nine white tufts. Those of females are pale yellow and have black markings with scattered white and orange-brown hairs on the upper side.

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cannot make further contact, all types of prey usually recover, making sluggish movements several minutes after the stabbing but often starting normal movement only after an hour.

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usually does not usually take the insect, but waits for up to a day until the insect stops struggling, even if the prey is thoroughly stuck. When an insect stuck in a web owned by

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down a silk thread and biting the prey from behind. Such detours may take up to an hour, and it usually picks the best route even if it needs to walk past an incorrect route. If a

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All performance statistics summarise result of tests in a laboratory, using captive specimens. The following table shows the hunting performance of adult females. In addition to

1206:′s preferences for different types of prey are in the order: web spiders; jumping spiders; and insects. These preferences apply to both live prey and motionless lures, and to 1134:(like a restaurant with only subdued artificial lighting), but responds to prey at distances from 6 to 10 centimetres as the light level increases. A test suggested that 513:

spider takes a relatively long time to see objects, possibly because getting a good image out of such tiny eyes is a complex process and needs a lot of scanning. This makes a

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The retina is at the end of a tube. The inner end of the tube moves from side to side in one to two cycles per second, and twists 50° in a cycle that takes 10 seconds.

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gains little from being alerted to objectives at distances because this spider moves so slowly that it is very unlikely to reach a more distant target in time to catch it.

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typically takes 3 to 5 minutes to pursuit prey, but some pursuits can take much longer, and in extreme cases close to 10 hours when pursuing a web-based spider.

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s eat eggs of other spiders, including eggs of their own species and of other cursorial spiders, and can extract eggs from cases ranging from the flimsy ones of

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of both sexes are orange-brown with dark brown mottling, and covered with dark brown and whitish hairs lying over the surface. Males have white tufts on their

1547: 1447: 2743: 2013: 3119: 2105: 1139: 2698: 3601: 3047: 3002: 2957: 2416: 3461: 3856: 2483: 1934: 1248:(non-web sit-and-wait predators, usually under 13 millimetres long ) in the open, as thomisids often wave their front legs when threatened. 274:, the bodies of females are 5 to 7 mm (0.20 to 0.28 in) long, while those of males are 4 to 6 mm (0.16 to 0.24 in) long. The 3222: 616:

female's capture web may be suspended from rigid foundations such as boughs and rocks, or from pliant bases such as stems of shrubs. Males of

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have elastic abdomens, so that those of both sexes can become almost spherical when well fed, and females' can stretch as much when producing

3882: 1955:, areanophagic, web-building jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) utilisation of webs, predatory versatility, and intraspecfic interactions" 1385:

and in some other species, contests between males usually last only 5 to 10 seconds, and only their legs make contact. Contests between

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s spin a horizontal web whose diameter is about twice the spider's body length and is suspended only 1 to 4 millimetres below a leaf.

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species build "capture webs" to catch prey, and often join their own webs on to web-based spiders to catch the other spiders or their prey.

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When disturbed, most leap upwards about 100 to 150 mm, often from the cryptic rest pose, and often over a wide trajectory. Usually

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she is mature, they copulate. If the female is sub-adult (one moult from maturity), a male may cohabit in the female's capture web.

1067:"Tendency to pursue prey" is the percentage of tests in which the subject pursues the potential prey, and a pursuit starts when the 3830: 3155: 3951: 3869: 3351: 2588: 822:

s are often seen with missing legs or palps, while other salticids in the same habitat are not seen with missing legs or palps.

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will use "rotary probing", in which it moves a free leg around until it meets a thread. When hunting in another spider's web, a

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are relatively large, and function as well as those of the other secondary eyes. Jumping spiders' main eyes can see from red to

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walks very slowly towards the prey and then, when two to three centimetres away, pauses for some minutes. During this time the

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responds to a maximum of about 10 cm (3.9 in) in good light, and ignores everything in very subdued light. For prey,

3655: 3585: 3363: 3327: 3240: 3131: 3082: 3031: 2986: 2941: 2903: 2802: 2716: 2400: 2357: 2312: 3874: 635:′s slow, choppy movements and the flaps on its legs make it resemble leaf detritus caught in the web and blown in a breeze. 1555:

have been cut down, and usually about one metre above the ground. A survey of one area suggested that there is about one

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very seldom pursues or catches a larger insect in her own web, and is slightly less effective against smaller insects in

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is also found in its own web and those of other spiders, on tree trunks and the walls of buildings, and in leaf litter.

810:′s especially tough skin often prevents injury, even when its body is caught in the other spider's fangs. When injured, 3946: 3386:

Willey, Marianne B.; Robert R. Jackson (1993). "Olfactory cues from conspecifics inhibit the web-invasion behavior of

1138:′s hunting is stimulated only by vision, as prey close but hidden caused no response. A preliminary check showed that 2777: 770:

usually needs to inflict up to 15 stabbings to completely immobilise a larger spider(1.5 to 2 times to the

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that reduce the risk that any other females, males, or juveniles of the same species may contend for the same prey.

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typically copulates for about 100 seconds, while other genera can take several minutes or even several hours.

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spider often joins her own web on to one of a web-based nonsalticid spider. When not joined to another spiders', a

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has laid a few lines across a gap, it uses these as walkways and reinforces them with additional silk as it moves.

3672: 3462:"Kinship and food availability influence cannibalism tendency in early-instar wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae)" 2436:(Araneae, Gnaphosidae), an araneophagic spider from New New Zealand: silk utilisation and predatory versatility" 2124: 1275:

quivers very quickly with its whole body at regular intervals. In almost all cases the prey stays motionless.

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most jumping spiders, the middle pair of secondary eyes is very small and has no known function, but those of

3673:"Salticid spider phylogeny revisited, with the discovery of a large Australasian clade (Araneae: Salticidae)" 2574:""Eight-legged cats" and how they see - a review of recent research on jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)" 2036: 1155:

approached much faster and the sequence was almost always completed; if a lure was pulled directly away from

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In most jumping spiders, the main eyes focus accurately on an object up to about 75 cm away. However,

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have significantly better vision than other spiders, and their main eyes are more acute in daylight than a

2176:"Predatory versatility and intraspecies interactions of spartaeine jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae): 1146:

as live prey, and then more detailed testing with the lures showed that: if the target moved erratically,

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bleeds and may sometimes loses one or more legs. Spiders' palps and legs break off easily when attacked,

3913: 3283:, araneophagic jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) from the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Kenya, and Uganda" 2651:"Use of location (relative direction and distance) information by jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae, 3941: 1551:(about 15 millimetres long), which are especially abundant in partly cleared secondary bush where 497:

swivels towards a movement up to 75 cm away and approaches targets from about 20 cm. Perhaps

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returns to its resting platform at night. While eating prey at dusk and with no platform nearby, one

3175: 1542:, along with a large variety of spiders and insects, is often found in the dense, large webs of the 1183:′s size when the insect is stuck in a non-salticid's web, and against insects not in webs and up to 1074:"Efficiency in capturing prey" is the percentage of pursuits in which the subject captures the prey. 3544: 1210:

specimens without prey for 7 days ("well-fed") and without prey for 14 days ("starved").

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group, in which the apophysis of each palp in the males has a joint separated by a membrane. The

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in Queensland is killed in 0.06% of its pursuits and injured but not killed in another 0.06%. A

3861: 3734: 3417:

Gaskett, A.C. (2007). "Spider sex pheromones: emission, reception, structures, and functions".

3170: 2794: 2788: 3511:"A revision of the funnelweb mygalomorph spider subfamily Ischnothelinae (Aranea: Dipluridae)" 2708: 2702: 2239: 690:

s prey sometimes contain dead insects and other arthropods which are uneaten or partly eaten.

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Animal cognition in nature: the convergence of psychology and biology in laboratory and field

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species do not show this behaviour when they receive olfactory signals from members of other

160: 2888: 3908: 3817: 3156:"Spiderweb smokescreens: spider trickster uses background noise to mask stalking movements" 321:

will try to copulate with her, or cohabit with a subadult female and copulate while she is

3577: 3571: 3023: 3017: 2978: 2972: 2933: 2927: 2392: 2386: 8: 3936: 1681: 2843: 818:′s palps and legs break off exceptionally easily, which may be a defence mechanism, and 3595: 3484: 3442: 3196: 3041: 2996: 2951: 2819: 2526: 2410: 1592: 185: 40: 2650: 2618:"A qualitative analysis of hunting behaviour in jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)" 1830: 294:

While most jumping spiders focus accurately up to about 75 cm (30 in) away,

3895: 3804: 3695: 3651: 3581: 3434: 3430: 3359: 3323: 3236: 3188: 3127: 3078: 3027: 2982: 2937: 2899: 2798: 2712: 2669: 2530: 2518: 2510: 2457: 2396: 2353: 2308: 2263: 2213: 1976: 1525: 1356:, which are larger than those of females. Females of many spider species, including 1341: 1324:

s smells a male of the same species, the female stimulates the males to court. These

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A spider at take-off when jumping fixes a dragline (safety line) just before jumping.

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prefers web-based spiders, then jumping spiders, and finally insects. The females of

3446: 3200: 2244:, an araneophagic jumping spider, distinguishes jumping-spider prey from other prey" 1471:, spiders moult and, after hatching, the life stage before each moult is called an " 1255:

female's capture web and the vertical distance is less than 8 centimetres, the

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While most jumping spiders prey mainly on insects and by active hunting, females of

3809: 3687: 3488: 3476: 3426: 3399: 3294: 3180: 2862: 2629: 2502: 2452: 2447: 2345: 2255: 2208: 2203: 1971: 1966: 1689: 1656: 1281: 851: 671: 571: 343: 176: 3299: 3270: 2634: 2617: 1240:

found in the open, but sometimes takes flies entangled in a web. Out of its web,

1217: 839: 588: 467: 270: 137: 3075:

The Cognitive Animal: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives on Animal Cognition

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Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Arthropoda: Sense organs".

2506: 1662: 1580: 1419: 845: 665: 566: 446: 370: 246: 127: 3691: 3480: 600:

spider makes a mistake while hunting another spider, it may itself be killed.

410: 3930: 3699: 3192: 3016:

Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Chelicerata: Arachnida".

2673: 2514: 2461: 2217: 1980: 1624: 117: 3650:. International Rice Research Institute / C.A.B. International. p. 45. 3570:

Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Arthropoda: Body wall".

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have hunting tactics as versatile and adaptable as a lion's. All members of

265:. In this species, which is slightly smaller than some other species of the 3438: 3184: 3120:"Jumping spiders mating strategies: sex among cannibals in and out of webs" 2522: 2385:

Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Chelicerata: Araneae".

2267: 1513: 1488:(discarded "skins") have been found both in their own webs and in those of 1095: 732: 540:(bristles), for smell, taste, touch and vibration protruding through their 250: 32: 3783: 3569: 3015: 2925: 2866: 2699:"Web Building, Predatory Versatility, and the Evolution of the Salticidae" 2384: 1831:"Lolloping - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary" 587:

have instinctive tactics for their most common prey, but can improvise by

3843: 3766: 3670: 2970: 1769: 1722: 1673: 1552: 1529: 1159:, the spider followed, and faster if the lure was pulled, up to a limit ( 1124:

built a silk platform while holding the prey, and then continued eating.

1099: 476: 258: 87: 1199:′s web than in other situations. Males are less efficient in all cases. 3835: 3542: 2971:

Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S. and Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Chelicerata: Form".

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spins a small web between boughs or twigs, and he hangs under that and

1245: 1229: 529:, which it often cannot identify because of the other predator's size. 262: 3848: 3459: 3153: 675:, and next to a web spider's web, the web spider sometimes enters the 325:. They usually mate on a web or on a dragline made by the female, and 2790:

Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals

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often drops onto the prey too fast for a human eye to follow. If the

593: 533: 486:

does not react at all to objectives when the light is under 100

463: 77: 57: 3728: 3615: 3403: 3390:, web-invading araneophagic jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)". 3751: 3313: 2744:"A review of the ethology of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae)" 1635: 1353: 1237: 1103: 707: 275: 97: 3268: 2481: 1364:

into the air, and these generally attract males from a distance.

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is killed in 1.7% of pursuits and injured but not killed in 5.3%,

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Platnick, Norman I.; Robert Raven; Toby Schuh; Ryan Choi (2011).

1517: 1485: 726: 545: 541: 3822: 3671:

Maddison, Wayne P.; Melissa R. Bodner; Karen M. Needham (2008).

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seldom pursues or catches a larger insect in the open. A female

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then either freezes or runs about 100 mm and then freezes.

3154:

Wilcox, R. Stimson; Robert R. Jackson; Kristen Gentile (1996).

2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2032: 1509: 1472: 740:(in Queensland) captures cursorial spiders in their nests, all 526: 364: 279: 107: 67: 3460:

Roberts, J. Andrew; Phillip W. Taylor; George W. Uetz (2003).

2169: 2167: 2165: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 1704:(quite similar to the ancestors of all jumping spiders), that 450:"Squared-off" cephalothorax and eye pattern of jumping spiders 407:

to use the long legs while keeping the body near the surface.

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Solomon, Eldra Pearl; Linda R. Berg; Diana W. Martin (2004).

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s usually mate on a web or on a dragline made by the female.

1081: 837:, the table shows for comparison the hunting performances of 537: 492: 322: 266: 254: 3637: 3113: 3111: 3109: 2655:) during movement toward prey and other sighted objectives" 2054: 1296:

has no special tactics when hunting other jumping spiders.

522: 518: 3664: 3379: 3061: 3059: 3057: 2571: 2286: 2284: 2142: 1825: 1823: 1445:

has been seen laying eggs in a rolled-up leaf in a web of

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is killed in 2.1% and injured but not killed in 3.9%, and

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Tactics used by most jumping spiders and by most of genus

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Although other spiders can also jump, salticids including

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Salticidae: Diagnostic Drawings Library - Portia schultzi

3106: 3073:. In Bekoff, M.; Allen, C. & Burghardt, G.M. (eds.). 2737: 2735: 2611: 2609: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 1932: 1685: 1497:

spider hung in its usual upside-down posture in the web.

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on to it. He then soaks the semen into reservoirs on his

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The Evolution of Mating Systems in Insects and Arachnids

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Hoefler, Chad D.; Andy Chen; Elizabeth M. Jakob (2006).

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Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology

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does not respond to prey if the light is under 100

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these corpses if the corpses are not obviously decayed.

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Li, Daiqin; Robert R. Jackson; Alberto Barrion (1997).

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s' venom is unusually powerful against spiders. When a

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entering the web - a reaction Wilcox and Jackson call "

3410: 2732: 2692: 2690: 2606: 2552: 2110:, with notes on related species (Araneae, Salticidae)" 1007: 907: 3643: 3307: 3126:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 340–351, 387. 3065: 2898:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 167–210, 547. 2880: 2342:"Cognitive Abilities of Araneophagic Jumping Spiders" 2231: 1994: 1467:

s spin a similar temporary web for resting. Like all

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nest, the winner takes over and eats any eggs there.

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is killed or injured while pursuing prey up to twice

2889:"General-purpose and special-purpose visual systems" 2886: 2844:"The distances at which a primitive jumping spider, 2832: 2328: 1845: 1091:

s from Queensland, Northern Territory and Sri Lanka.

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either approaches the prey or shakes the prey's web.

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s steal eggs from empty nests of cursorial spiders.

3349: 2687: 2237: 3518:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 3356:The international wildlife encyclopedia, Volume 10 2430:Jarman, Elizabeth A.R.; Robert R. Jackson (1986). 825: 3563: 2919: 2841: 2380: 2378: 2376: 1094:The prey used were: unspecified jumping spiders; 3928: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 2793:. Westport, CT 06881: Greenwood Press. pp. 349: 3502: 3358:(3 ed.). Marshall Cavendish. p. 580. 3009: 2964: 2769: 1933:Jackson, Robert R.; Susan E. A. Hallas (1986). 1426:Before being mature enough to mate, females of 1267:When hunting a web spider in the prey's web, a 3214: 2373: 2340:Wilcox, R. Stimson; Robert R. Jackson (1998). 2174:Jackson, Robert R.; Susan E.A. Hallas (1986). 1434:mimic adult females to attract males as prey. 358:s are 5 to 7 mm long (smaller than other 3524:. American Museum of Natural History: 117–128 3322:(7 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 319. 3249: 3118:Jackson, Robert R.; Simon D. Pollard (1997). 2742:Richman, David B.; Robert R. Jackson (1992). 2291:Harland, Duane P.; Robert R. Jackson (2004). 2238:Harland, D.P.; R.R. Jackson (November 2000). 1335: 548:, spiders and other chelicerates do not have 427:′s draglines stick to each other and, when a 423:flies. Unlike those of most jumping spiders, 3647:Riceland spiders of South and Southeast Asia 3600:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3122:. In Jae C. Choe; Bernard J. Crespi (eds.). 3046:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3001:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2956:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2415:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1793: 1791: 1789: 1232:("fruit flies") almost as often as spiders. 517:vulnerable to much larger predators such as 2894:. In Eric Warrant, Dan-Eric Nilsson (ed.). 2887:Land, Michael F.; Dan-Eric Nilsson (2006). 2751:Bulletin of the British Arachnology Society 2642: 2305:Complex worlds from simpler nervous systems 2104:Forster, Lyn M.; Frances M. Murphy (1986). 2572:Harland, D.P. & Jackson, R.R. (2000). 1631:group, in which males' palps have a fixed 859:Differences in hunting tactics of females 754:stabs a small to medium spider (up to the 655:If a large insect is struggling in a web, 31: 3608: 3298: 3174: 2633: 2451: 2207: 1970: 1786: 1179:is effective against insects up to twice 766:slowly approaches the prey and takes it. 3551:. The American Museum of Natural History 2035:: British Museum: 83–124. Archived from 1935:"Comparative biology of jumping spiders 445: 409: 3416: 3350:Burton, Maurice; Robert Burton (2002). 2704:Spiders - webs, behavior, and evolution 2696: 2615: 2011: 462:'s and 10 times more acute than a 3929: 3644:Barrion, A.T.; J.A. Litsinger (1995). 3576:(7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp. 3022:(7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp. 2932:(7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp. 2707:. Stanford University Press. pp. 2391:(7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp. 1763:What Forster & Murphy (1986) call 1479:juveniles appear in the third instar. 956: 287:has relatively longer legs than other 3733: 3732: 3508: 3220: 3066:Wilcox, S. & Jackson, R. (2002). 2977:(7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. p. 2775: 1524:) in the north, and westwards to the 386:When not hunting for prey or a mate, 334:females are violent, and embraces in 2648: 2484:"The Potential of a Jumping Spider, 1759: 1757: 1389:females are violent and embraces in 1236:retreats from the sudden flights of 683:pursues and catches the web spider. 3469:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 2248:The Journal of Experimental Biology 257:in the north, and also is found in 13: 2842:Jackson, R.R.; A.D. Blest (1982). 2649:Hill, David Edwin (October 2010). 1578:is one of 17 species in the genus 1087:"(Q)", "(NT)" and "(SL)" identify 560: 14: 3963: 3716: 2301:of an Aranephagic Jumping Spider" 1754: 1708:′s closest relative is the genus 1700:Spartaeinae, that Spartaeinae is 1288:Unlike the Queensland variant of 3914:urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:035719 3431:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2006.00002.x 2014:"A revision of the spider genus 1714:, and that the next closest are 1688:of organisms to reconstruct the 1684:, a technique that compares the 1299:When hunting, mature females of 44: 3231:. O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 2855:Journal of Experimental Biology 2848:, makes visual discriminations" 2303:. In Frederick R. Prete (ed.). 1833:. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated 1767:has since 1995 to 2011 called 1745: 1735: 983: 955: 849:and three regional variants of 536:, have sensors, often modified 418:Like many species of spider, a 3952:Taxa named by Ferdinand Karsch 3287:New Zealand Journal of Zoology 2622:New Zealand Journal of Zoology 2453:10.1080/03014223.1986.10422980 2440:New Zealand Journal of Zoology 2209:10.1080/03014223.1986.10422979 2196:New Zealand Journal of Zoology 1972:10.1080/03014223.1986.10422978 1959:New Zealand Journal of Zoology 1163:generally moves very slowly). 758:′s weight), including another 1: 3626:. Natural History Museum Bern 3300:10.1080/03014223.1997.9518129 3077:. MIT Press. pp. 27–34. 2701:. In William A. Shear (ed.). 2635:10.1080/03014223.1977.9517936 1809:. Natural History Museum Bern 1780: 686:The webs of spiders on which 350:Body structure and appearance 2616:Forster, Lyndsay M. (1977). 2307:. MIT Press. pp. 5–40. 1475:". The distinctive tufts of 1142:got the same responses from 1051: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1034:Efficiency in capturing prey 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1002: 999: 996: 993: 990: 987: 985:Efficiency in capturing prey 979: 976: 973: 970: 967: 964: 951: 948: 945: 942: 939: 936: 934:Efficiency in capturing prey 928: 925: 922: 919: 916: 913: 730:to the tough papery ones of 7: 3392:Canadian Journal of Zoology 3068:"Jumping Spider Tricksters" 2697:Jackson, Robert R. (1986). 1570: 1492:, which has suggested that 1202:A test in 1997 showed that 1084:were used in this analysis. 669:or any regional variant of 620:do not build capture webs. 381: 10: 3968: 3228:Digital Video Pocket Guide 2507:10.1603/0022-0493-99.2.432 2117:The Journal of Arachnology 2106:"Ecology and behaviour in 1619:Wanless divided the genus 1500: 1336:Reproduction and lifecycle 1251:If a spider walks under a 866: 863: 564: 504:Like all jumping spiders, 291:, and a "lolloping" gait. 3947:Spiders described in 1878 3741: 3692:10.11646/zootaxa.1893.1.3 3481:10.1007/s00265-003-0646-8 2587:: 231–240. Archived from 1676:, which is thought to be 441: 317:female is mature, a male 191: 184: 166: 159: 41:Scientific classification 39: 30: 23: 3545:"World Spider Catalog - 3223:"Quick Reference Tables" 2824:: CS1 maint: location ( 2488:, as a Biocontrol Agent" 2348:; Alan C. Kamil (eds.). 1729: 1279:never plucks the web as 3316:"Genes and Development" 3221:Story, Derrick (2003). 2346:Irene Maxine Pepperberg 2344:. In Russell P. Balda; 2260:10.1242/jeb.203.22.3485 2123:: 29–42. Archived from 1102:web-based spiders; and 1011:Tendency to pursue prey 962:Tendency to pursue prey 911:Tendency to pursue prey 3547:Thelechoris striatipes 3185:10.1006/anbe.1996.0031 2018:(Araneae: Salticidae)" 2012:Wanless, F.R. (1978). 451: 415: 3509:Coyle, F. A. (1995). 3271:"Prey preferences of 2867:10.1242/jeb.97.1.441a 2778:"The Quest for Food: 1062:Notes on this table: 774:′s weight), and then 579:Members of the genus 565:Further information: 449: 413: 354:The bodies of female 3725:by Jerzy Proszynski. 3624:World Spider Catalog 3573:Invertebrate Zoology 3019:Invertebrate Zoology 2974:Invertebrate Zoology 2929:Invertebrate Zoology 2776:Piper, Ross (2007). 2388:Invertebrate Zoology 2254:(Pt 22): 3485–3494. 1807:World Spider Catalog 1672:is in the subfamily 702:(in Queensland) and 532:Spiders, like other 342:mature females emit 2896:Invertebrate vision 1765:Ischnothele karschi 1696:is a member of the 1682:Molecular phylogeny 1548:Ischnothele karschi 1508:′s range runs from 1448:Ischnothele karschi 860: 794:′s size. In tests, 390:species, including 3419:Biological Reviews 2352:. Academic Press. 1611:Linus alboguttatus 1516:) in the south to 1175:′s size. A female 858: 557:the same species. 452: 416: 249:which ranges from 228:Portia alboguttata 220:Linus alboguttatus 3942:Spiders of Africa 3924: 3923: 3896:Open Tree of Life 3735:Taxon identifiers 3657:978-0-85198-967-9 3587:978-0-03-025982-1 3365:978-0-7614-7266-7 3329:978-0-534-49276-2 3242:978-0-596-00523-8 3133:978-0-521-58976-5 3084:978-0-262-52322-6 3033:978-0-03-025982-1 2988:978-0-03-025982-1 2943:978-0-03-025982-1 2905:978-0-521-83088-1 2804:978-0-313-33922-6 2718:978-0-8047-1203-3 2402:978-0-03-025982-1 2359:978-0-12-077030-4 2314:978-0-262-66174-4 2297:Perceptions: The 2042:on 12 August 2011 1692:, indicates that 1615: 1608: 1601: 1590: 1584:as of June 2011. 1526:East African Rift 1228:spiderlings took 1112:For resting, all 1056: 1055: 544:("skin"). Unlike 344:olfactory signals 238: 237: 232: 224: 216: 208: 199: 16:Species of spider 3959: 3917: 3916: 3904: 3903: 3891: 3890: 3878: 3877: 3865: 3864: 3852: 3851: 3839: 3838: 3826: 3825: 3813: 3812: 3800: 3799: 3787: 3786: 3777: 3776: 3775: 3762: 3761: 3760: 3730: 3729: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3677: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3631: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3599: 3591: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3515: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3466: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3398:(7): 1415–1420. 3383: 3377: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3266: 3247: 3246: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3178: 3163:Animal Behaviour 3160: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3115: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3093: 3087:. Archived from 3072: 3063: 3052: 3051: 3045: 3037: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3000: 2992: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2955: 2947: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2893: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2852: 2846:Portia fimbriata 2839: 2830: 2829: 2823: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2786: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2748: 2739: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2694: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2659: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2613: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2594:on 18 March 2009 2593: 2578: 2569: 2550: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2539: 2533:. Archived from 2495:J. Econ. Entomol 2492: 2486:Phidippus clarus 2479: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2455: 2432:"The biology of 2427: 2421: 2420: 2414: 2406: 2382: 2371: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2337: 2326: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2288: 2279: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2242:Portia fimbriata 2235: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2211: 2171: 2140: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2130:on 9 August 2017 2129: 2114: 2108:Portia schultzii 2101: 2052: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2041: 2022: 2009: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1974: 1930: 1843: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1827: 1818: 1817: 1815: 1814: 1795: 1775: 1761: 1752: 1749: 1743: 1739: 1613: 1606: 1599: 1588: 1441:cover the eggs. 1417:, like those of 1360:, emit volatile 1320:of one of these 1282:Portia fimbriata 861: 857: 826:Tactics used by 679:′s web, and the 253:in the south to 245:is a species of 231:(Lawrence, 1938) 230: 222: 214: 206: 197: 195:Portia schultzii 172: 152:P. schultzi 49: 48: 35: 21: 20: 3967: 3966: 3962: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3957: 3956: 3927: 3926: 3925: 3920: 3912: 3907: 3899: 3894: 3886: 3881: 3873: 3868: 3860: 3855: 3847: 3842: 3834: 3829: 3821: 3816: 3808: 3803: 3795: 3790: 3782: 3780: 3773:Portia schultzi 3771: 3770: 3765: 3756: 3755: 3750: 3743:Portia schultzi 3737: 3719: 3714: 3704: 3702: 3675: 3669: 3665: 3658: 3642: 3638: 3629: 3627: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3568: 3564: 3554: 3552: 3541: 3537: 3527: 3525: 3513: 3507: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3464: 3458: 3454: 3415: 3411: 3404:10.1139/z93-195 3384: 3380: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3348: 3344: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3312: 3308: 3267: 3250: 3243: 3219: 3215: 3205: 3203: 3176:10.1.1.583.2268 3158: 3152: 3148: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3116: 3107: 3097: 3095: 3094:on 21 July 2011 3091: 3085: 3070: 3064: 3055: 3039: 3038: 3034: 3014: 3010: 2994: 2993: 2989: 2969: 2965: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2924: 2920: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2891: 2885: 2881: 2871: 2869: 2850: 2840: 2833: 2817: 2816: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2784: 2774: 2770: 2760: 2758: 2746: 2740: 2733: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2695: 2688: 2678: 2676: 2657: 2647: 2643: 2614: 2607: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2576: 2570: 2553: 2543: 2541: 2540:on 14 June 2010 2537: 2490: 2480: 2476: 2466: 2464: 2428: 2424: 2408: 2407: 2403: 2383: 2374: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2338: 2329: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2289: 2282: 2272: 2270: 2240:"Cues by which 2236: 2232: 2222: 2220: 2172: 2143: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2112: 2102: 2055: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2020: 2010: 1995: 1985: 1983: 1937:Portia africana 1931: 1846: 1836: 1834: 1829: 1828: 1821: 1812: 1810: 1801:Portia schultzi 1799:"Taxon details 1797: 1796: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1762: 1755: 1750: 1746: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1646:group includes 1597:Brettus martini 1586:Portia schultzi 1573: 1503: 1371:and some other 1338: 1244:rarely capture 1218:Musca domestica 1187:′s size, while 1110: 1109: 1080:specimens from 1058: 958: 902: 895: 888: 831: 828:Portia schultzi 786:Occasionally a 694:and some other 639:and some other 589:trial and error 577: 569: 563: 561:Hunting tactics 468:Jumping spiders 444: 384: 352: 242:Portia schultzi 204:Brettus martini 180: 174: 170:Portia schultzi 168: 155: 43: 25:Portia schultzi 17: 12: 11: 5: 3965: 3955: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3918: 3905: 3892: 3879: 3866: 3853: 3840: 3827: 3814: 3801: 3788: 3778: 3763: 3747: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3727: 3726: 3718: 3717:External links 3715: 3713: 3712: 3663: 3656: 3636: 3607: 3586: 3562: 3535: 3501: 3475:(4): 416–422. 3452: 3409: 3378: 3364: 3342: 3328: 3306: 3293:(4): 333–349. 3273:Portia labiata 3248: 3241: 3213: 3169:(2): 313–326. 3146: 3132: 3105: 3083: 3053: 3032: 3008: 2987: 2963: 2942: 2918: 2904: 2879: 2831: 2803: 2768: 2731: 2717: 2686: 2641: 2605: 2551: 2501:(2): 432–436. 2474: 2446:(4): 521–540. 2434:Taieria erebus 2422: 2401: 2372: 2358: 2327: 2313: 2280: 2230: 2202:(4): 491–520. 2186:Cyrba algerina 2178:Brettus adonis 2141: 2053: 1993: 1965:(4): 423–489. 1844: 1819: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1776: 1753: 1744: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1625:species groups 1614:Lawrence, 1938 1607:Lawrence, 1937 1604:Linus lesserti 1572: 1569: 1528:, and also in 1502: 1499: 1337: 1334: 1108: 1107: 1092: 1085: 1075: 1072: 1064: 1060: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1005: 1004: 1001: 998: 995: 992: 989: 986: 982: 981: 978: 975: 972: 969: 966: 963: 960: 954: 953: 950: 947: 944: 941: 938: 935: 931: 930: 927: 924: 921: 918: 915: 912: 909: 905: 904: 897: 890: 883: 878: 873: 868: 865: 830: 824: 576: 570: 567:Portia (genus) 562: 559: 443: 440: 383: 380: 351: 348: 247:jumping spider 236: 235: 234: 233: 225: 223:Lawrence, 1938 217: 215:Lawrence, 1937 212:Linus lesserti 209: 201: 189: 188: 182: 181: 175: 164: 163: 157: 156: 149: 147: 143: 142: 135: 131: 130: 125: 121: 120: 115: 111: 110: 105: 101: 100: 95: 91: 90: 85: 81: 80: 75: 71: 70: 65: 61: 60: 55: 51: 50: 37: 36: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3964: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3915: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3779: 3774: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3753: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3724: 3721: 3720: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3674: 3667: 3659: 3653: 3649: 3648: 3640: 3625: 3621: 3620:Karsch, 1878" 3619: 3611: 3603: 3597: 3589: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3566: 3550: 3548: 3539: 3523: 3519: 3512: 3505: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3463: 3456: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3382: 3367: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3352:"Crab spider" 3346: 3331: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3301: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3244: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3229: 3224: 3217: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3157: 3150: 3135: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3090: 3086: 3080: 3076: 3069: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3049: 3043: 3035: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3020: 3012: 3004: 2998: 2990: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2975: 2967: 2959: 2953: 2945: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2930: 2922: 2907: 2901: 2897: 2890: 2883: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2849: 2847: 2838: 2836: 2827: 2821: 2806: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2783: 2781: 2772: 2756: 2752: 2745: 2738: 2736: 2720: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2705: 2700: 2693: 2691: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2656: 2654: 2645: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2612: 2610: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2575: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2489: 2487: 2478: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2435: 2426: 2418: 2412: 2404: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2389: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2361: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2316: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2287: 2285: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2243: 2234: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2111: 2109: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2019: 2017: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1832: 1826: 1824: 1808: 1804: 1803:Karsch, 1878" 1802: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1785: 1773: 1771: 1766: 1760: 1758: 1748: 1738: 1734: 1727: 1725: 1724: 1719: 1718: 1713: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1605: 1598: 1594: 1587: 1583: 1582: 1577: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1450: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1290:P. frimbriata 1286: 1284: 1283: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1220: 1219: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1090: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1066: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1033: 1032: 1010: 1006: 984: 961: 933: 932: 910: 906: 901: 898: 894: 891: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 862: 856: 854: 853: 848: 847: 842: 841: 836: 829: 823: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 784: 782: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 743: 739: 736:. 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