887:, that consists of 60 items that can be completed in 10 minutes or less. The PANAS-X incorporates the original, higher order dimensions specified in the PANAS in addition to the measures of 11 lower order emotional states. These measures are broken down into three main categories: basic negative emotion scales consisting of fear, hostility, guilt, and sadness; basic positive emotion scales consisting of joviality, self-assurance, and attentiveness; and other affective states consisting of shyness, fatigue, serenity, and surprise. Through extensive analyses, all eleven affective states, with the exception of surprise, were shown to be stable, valid measures that assess how an individual's emotional states fluctuate over time.
787:
shared between the two. Previous mood scales for children have been shown to reliably capture the former relationship but not the latter; the PANAS-C was created as a tool with better discriminant validity for child assessment. Similar to the development of the original PANAS, the PANAS-C drew from terms of the PANAS-X and eliminated several terms with insufficient correlations between the term and the affective construct after preliminary analyses with a non-clinical sample of children. The final version of the measure consists of 27 items: 12 positive affect terms and 15 negative affect terms. Despite the purpose of its development, however, the measure's discriminant validity is still wanting.
53:
664:. The measure has been used mainly as a research tool in group studies, but can be utilized within clinical and non-clinical populations as well. Shortened, elongated, and children's versions of the PANAS have been developed, taking approximately 5β10 minutes to complete. Clinical and non-clinical studies have found the PANAS to be a reliable and valid instrument in the assessment of positive and negative affect.
597:
896:
research tool in group studies, but it has the potential to be utilized in clinical work with individuals. Furthermore, the PANAS has the potential to be used to evaluate mental illnesses, as shown in an experiment conducted by Dyck, Jolly, and Kramer, which demonstrated its effectiveness in distinguishing between depression and anxiety in clinical samples.
875:
were eliminated from the modified form. Researchers found that the I-PANAS-SF had high correlations with the original PANAS. Through multiple tests and studies, they were able to determine that the I-PANAS-SF was on par with the original scale and can be used as a reliable, valid, brief, and efficient instrument on an international scale.
816:) in order to make a 10 item mood scale that can be implemented effectively on an international level, provide more clarity on the content of the items, reduce ambiguities, address the limitations of the original and the previous short form of the PANAS, and also to provide a shorter, yet dependable and valid scale.
904:
Since the PANAS is a self-report questionnaire, it can be difficult to assess people's mood accurately, as people can overstate or understate their experience of their moods. In addition, the original PANAS had a limited sample size of college students, which concerns with wide applicability to other
895:
Many forms of the PANAS (PANAS-C, PANAS-X, I-PANAS-SF, among others) have shown that the PANAS has been widely employed. Recent studies have also shown that the PANAS can be administered in a large general adult population, as well as other populations. However, to date, the PANAS is mostly used as a
874:
To determine the 10 items of the 20 original items, two focus groups were utilized to evaluate all of the original 20 PANAS items. They found that while some items were easily understood by the participant, certains items had different meanings or were too ambiguous. Items that had too much ambiguity
676:
The researchers extracted 60 terms from the factor analyses of
Michael Zevon and Tellegen shown to be relatively accurate markers of either positive or negative affect, but not both. They chose terms that met a strong correlation to one corresponding dimension but exhibited a weak correlation to the
786:
was developed in an attempt to differentiate the affective expressions of anxiety and depression in children. The tripartite model on which this measure is based suggests that high levels of negative affect is present in those with anxiety and depression, but high levels of positive affect is not
672:
The PANAS was developed in 1988 by researchers from the
University of Minnesota and Southern Methodist University. Previous mood measures have shown correlations of variable strength between positive and negative affect, and these same measures have questionable reliability and validity. Watson,
803:
reported by Watson et al. (1988) in his original PANAS. Previous mood scales, such that of
Bradburn, had low reliabilities and high correlations between subscales. Watson was able to address these concerns in his study of the original PANAS; however, his participants consisted mostly of student
804:
populations. The purpose of the PANAS-SF was not only to provide a shorter and more concise form of the PANAS, but to be able to apply the schedules to older clinical populations. Overall, it was reported that this modified model was consistent with Watson's.
1108:
Hughes, Alicia A.; Kendall, Philip C. (2009-01-14). "Psychometric
Properties of the Positive and Negative Affect Scale for Children (PANAS-C) in Children with Anxiety Disorders".
677:
other. Through multiple rounds of elimination and preliminary analyses with a test population, the researchers arrived at 10 terms for each of the two scales, as follows:
1291:
1162:
Thompson, Edmund R. (2007-03-01). "Development and
Validation of an Internationally Reliable Short-Form of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)".
983:
Kercher, Kyle (1992-06-01). "Assessing
Subjective Well-Being in the Old-Old The PANAS as a Measure of Orthogonal Dimensions of Positive and Negative Affect".
905:
samples. Furthermore, some studies claim that the PANAS is too long or that its items are redundant. The PANAS does not encompass higher order mood states.
1026:
Watson, David; Clark, Lee A.; Tellegen, Auke (1988). "Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales".
1237:
930:"The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS): Construct validity, measurement properties and normative data in a large non-clinical sample"
627:
1209:
337:
564:
1259:
Actual link to the article listed as
Reference 1, because its link is to another article and I canβt edit it (correct Ref. 1:
673:
Clark, and
Tellegen developed the PANAS in an attempt to provide a better, purer measure of each of these dimensions.
1253:
620:
544:
539:
367:
1260:
569:
136:
579:
492:
613:
929:
1276:
83:
534:
525:
447:
267:
148:
158:
126:
799:, comprises 10 items that were determined through the highest factor loadings on the exploratory
559:
457:
228:
193:
178:
173:
163:
112:
72:
574:
507:
397:
307:
262:
238:
213:
143:
131:
97:
1231:
554:
549:
467:
332:
297:
272:
168:
67:
62:
653:
649:
452:
377:
287:
122:
107:
8:
812:
Separate from the PANAS-SF, Edmund
Thompson created the international PANAS short form (
382:
372:
357:
322:
317:
302:
282:
277:
153:
92:
1286:
1187:
1141:
1051:
1008:
477:
422:
417:
352:
292:
253:
183:
1191:
1179:
1133:
1125:
1090:
1043:
1012:
1000:
962:
648:) is a self-report questionnaire that consists of two 10-item scales to measure both
601:
402:
327:
233:
218:
102:
1281:
1217:
1210:"The PANAS-X: Manual for the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule - Expanded Form"
1171:
1145:
1117:
1082:
1055:
1035:
992:
952:
944:
407:
362:
347:
342:
223:
198:
800:
203:
1039:
1086:
1070:
1121:
883:
In 1994, Watson and Clark developed an expanded form of the PANAS, called the
1270:
1183:
1175:
1129:
1094:
1004:
996:
948:
512:
472:
392:
387:
1261:
https://bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1348/0144665031752934
1137:
966:
497:
188:
1047:
957:
412:
117:
1222:
312:
208:
44:
462:
52:
487:
482:
442:
1071:"The structure of mood change: An idiographic/nomothetic analysis"
1214:
502:
1025:
1268:
1069:Zevon, Michael A.; Tellegen, Auke (1982-07-01).
1292:Mental disorders screening and assessment tools
1208:David, Watson; Anna, Clark, Lee (1999-01-01).
1107:
1068:
927:
656:. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale of 1
621:
1236:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1075:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1028:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
928:Crawford, John R.; Henry, Julie D. (2004).
667:
628:
614:
30:assessment of positive and negative affect
1221:
1207:
956:
1161:
982:
1269:
1110:Child Psychiatry and Human Development
937:British Journal of Clinical Psychology
642:Positive and Negative Affect Schedule
22:Positive and Negative Affect Schedule
1203:
1201:
1164:Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
1157:
1155:
978:
976:
923:
921:
919:
917:
13:
14:
1303:
1247:
1198:
1152:
1019:
973:
914:
595:
51:
819:10 items = 5 terms x 2 scales:
1101:
1062:
899:
1:
908:
807:
338:Industrial and organizational
784:PANAS for Children (PANAS-C)
493:Human factors and ergonomics
7:
1040:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
790:
772:
10:
1308:
1087:10.1037/0022-3514.43.1.111
878:
777:
1122:10.1007/s10578-009-0130-4
890:
827:
824:
685:
682:
268:Applied behavior analysis
26:
21:
16:Self-report questionnaire
1176:10.1177/0022022106297301
997:10.1177/0164027592142001
949:10.1348/0144665031752934
1254:Online version of PANAS
668:Development and history
458:Behavioral neuroscience
113:Behavioral neuroscience
508:Psychology of religion
448:Behavioral engineering
132:Cognitive neuroscience
98:Affective neuroscience
602:Psychology portal
453:Behavioral genetics
368:Occupational health
108:Behavioral genetics
39:Part of a series on
1223:10.17077/48vt-m4t2
570:Schools of thought
408:Sport and exercise
254:Applied psychology
1277:Personality tests
985:Research on Aging
872:
871:
770:
769:
638:
637:
535:Counseling topics
478:Consumer behavior
219:Psycholinguistics
103:Affective science
34:
33:
1299:
1242:
1241:
1235:
1227:
1225:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1159:
1150:
1149:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1034:(6): 1063β1070.
1023:
1017:
1016:
980:
971:
970:
960:
934:
925:
828:Negative affect
825:Positive affect
822:
821:
686:Negative affect
683:Positive affect
680:
679:
630:
623:
616:
600:
599:
598:
565:Research methods
224:Psychophysiology
84:Basic psychology
55:
36:
35:
19:
18:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1267:
1266:
1250:
1245:
1229:
1228:
1206:
1199:
1160:
1153:
1106:
1102:
1067:
1063:
1024:
1020:
981:
974:
932:
926:
915:
911:
902:
893:
881:
810:
801:factor analysis
793:
780:
775:
670:
654:negative affect
634:
596:
594:
587:
586:
585:
584:
560:Psychotherapies
528:
518:
517:
438:
430:
429:
428:
427:
256:
246:
245:
244:
243:
204:Neuropsychology
86:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1305:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1249:
1248:External links
1246:
1244:
1243:
1197:
1170:(2): 227β242.
1151:
1116:(3): 343β352.
1100:
1081:(1): 111β122.
1061:
1018:
991:(2): 131β168.
972:
958:2027.42/115964
943:(3): 245β265.
912:
910:
907:
901:
898:
892:
889:
880:
877:
870:
869:
866:
862:
861:
858:
854:
853:
850:
846:
845:
842:
838:
837:
834:
830:
829:
826:
809:
806:
792:
789:
779:
776:
774:
771:
768:
767:
764:
760:
759:
756:
752:
751:
748:
744:
743:
740:
736:
735:
732:
728:
727:
724:
720:
719:
716:
712:
711:
708:
704:
703:
700:
696:
695:
692:
688:
687:
684:
669:
666:
636:
635:
633:
632:
625:
618:
610:
607:
606:
605:
604:
589:
588:
583:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
531:
530:
529:
524:
523:
520:
519:
516:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
439:
436:
435:
432:
431:
426:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
259:
258:
257:
252:
251:
248:
247:
242:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
149:Cross-cultural
146:
141:
140:
139:
129:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
89:
88:
87:
82:
81:
78:
77:
76:
75:
70:
65:
57:
56:
48:
47:
41:
40:
32:
31:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1304:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1262:
1258:
1256:- broken link
1255:
1252:
1251:
1239:
1233:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1202:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1156:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
979:
977:
968:
964:
959:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
931:
924:
922:
920:
918:
913:
906:
897:
888:
886:
876:
867:
864:
863:
859:
856:
855:
851:
848:
847:
843:
840:
839:
835:
832:
831:
823:
820:
817:
815:
805:
802:
798:
788:
785:
765:
762:
761:
757:
754:
753:
749:
746:
745:
741:
738:
737:
733:
730:
729:
725:
723:Enthusiastic
722:
721:
717:
714:
713:
709:
706:
705:
701:
698:
697:
693:
690:
689:
681:
678:
674:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
631:
626:
624:
619:
617:
612:
611:
609:
608:
603:
593:
592:
591:
590:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
555:Psychologists
553:
551:
548:
546:
545:Organizations
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
532:
527:
522:
521:
514:
513:Psychometrics
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
473:Consciousness
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
440:
434:
433:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
393:Psychotherapy
391:
389:
388:Psychometrics
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
260:
255:
250:
249:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
159:Developmental
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
138:
135:
134:
133:
130:
128:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
90:
85:
80:
79:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
60:
59:
58:
54:
50:
49:
46:
43:
42:
38:
37:
29:
25:
20:
1232:cite journal
1213:
1167:
1163:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1031:
1027:
1021:
988:
984:
940:
936:
903:
894:
884:
882:
873:
818:
813:
811:
796:
794:
783:
781:
675:
671:
661:
658:(not at all)
657:
645:
641:
639:
498:Intelligence
229:Quantitative
194:Mathematical
189:Intelligence
179:Experimental
174:Evolutionary
164:Differential
900:Limitations
857:Determined
755:Interested
731:Determined
726:Distressed
662:(very much)
540:Disciplines
413:Suicidology
308:Educational
263:Anomalistic
239:Theoretical
214:Personality
144:Comparative
127:Cognitivism
118:Behaviorism
1271:Categories
909:References
841:Attentive
814:I-PANAS-SF
808:I-PANAS-SF
702:Irritable
691:Attentive
468:Competence
333:Humanistic
313:Ergonomics
298:Counseling
273:Assessment
209:Perception
169:Ecological
45:Psychology
1287:Suffering
1192:145498269
1184:0022-0221
1130:0009-398X
1095:1939-1315
1013:145807286
1005:0164-0275
865:Inspired
739:Inspired
463:Cognition
378:Political
288:Community
123:Cognitive
73:Subfields
1138:19142724
967:15333231
868:Nervous
844:Ashamed
836:Hostile
797:PANAS-SF
791:PANAS-SF
773:Versions
766:Nervous
758:Jittery
715:Excited
710:Ashamed
694:Hostile
650:positive
575:Timeline
488:Feelings
483:Emotions
443:Behavior
437:Concepts
398:Religion
383:Positive
373:Pastoral
358:Military
323:Forensic
318:Feminist
303:Critical
293:Consumer
283:Coaching
278:Clinical
154:Cultural
93:Abnormal
1282:Emotion
1146:1479349
1056:7679194
1048:3397865
885:PANAS-X
879:PANAS-X
860:Afraid
833:Active
778:PANAS-C
763:Strong
750:Afraid
742:Scared
718:Guilty
699:Active
550:Outline
423:Traffic
418:Systems
353:Medical
184:Gestalt
68:History
63:Outline
27:Purpose
1190:
1182:
1144:
1136:
1128:
1093:
1054:
1046:
1011:
1003:
965:
891:Impact
852:Upset
849:Alert
747:Proud
734:Upset
707:Alert
580:Topics
403:School
328:Health
234:Social
137:Social
1188:S2CID
1142:S2CID
1052:S2CID
1009:S2CID
933:(PDF)
660:to 5
646:PANAS
526:Lists
363:Music
348:Media
343:Legal
199:Moral
1238:link
1180:ISSN
1134:PMID
1126:ISSN
1091:ISSN
1044:PMID
1001:ISSN
963:PMID
795:The
782:The
652:and
640:The
503:Mind
1218:doi
1172:doi
1118:doi
1083:doi
1036:doi
993:doi
953:hdl
945:doi
1273::
1263:).
1234:}}
1230:{{
1216:.
1212:.
1200:^
1186:.
1178:.
1168:38
1166:.
1154:^
1140:.
1132:.
1124:.
1114:40
1112:.
1089:.
1079:43
1077:.
1073:.
1050:.
1042:.
1032:54
1030:.
1007:.
999:.
989:14
987:.
975:^
961:.
951:.
941:43
939:.
935:.
916:^
1240:)
1226:.
1220::
1194:.
1174::
1148:.
1120::
1097:.
1085::
1058:.
1038::
1015:.
995::
969:.
955::
947::
644:(
629:e
622:t
615:v
125:/
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.