2253:, and white women into management, professional, and technical occupations occurred primarily during the 1970s and early 1980s. During this period, contractors grew their shares of these groups more rapidly than non-contractors because of the implementation of affirmative action. But the positive effect of affirmative action vanished entirely in the late 1980s, which Kurtulus says may be due to the slowdown into advanced occupation for women and minorities because of the political shift of affirmative action that started with President Reagan. Becoming a federal contractor increased white women's share of professional occupations by 0.183 percentage points, or 9.3 percent, on average during these three decades, and increased black women's share by 0.052 percentage points (or by 3.9 percent). Becoming a federal contractor also increased Hispanic women's and black men's share of technical occupations on average by 0.058 percent and 0.109 percentage points respectively (or by 7.7 and 4.2 percent). These represent a substantial contribution of affirmative action to overall trends in the occupational advancement of women and minorities over the three decades under the study. A reanalysis of multiple scholarly studies, especially in Asia, considered the impact of four primary factors on support for affirmative action programs for women: gender; political factors; psychological factors; and social structure. Kim and Kim (2014) found that, "Affirmative action both corrects existing unfair treatment and gives women equal opportunity in the future."
2842:, which did not have the same treatment and Tamils learned English instead as there was no medium for Tamil until near independence. Tamils' knowledge of English and education came from the very American missionary activity by overseas Christians that the British were concerned will anger the Sinhalese and destroy their trading relationships, so they sent them to the Tamil areas instead to teach, thinking it would have no consequences and due to their small numbers. The British sending the missionaries to the north and east was for the protection of the Sinhalese and in fact, showed favouritism to the majority group instead of the minorities to maintain trading relationships and benefits from them. The Tamils, out of this random benefit from learning English and basic education excelled and flourished and were able to take many civil service jobs to the chagrin of the Sinhalese. The myth of Divide and Rule is untrue. The 'policy of standardisation' was typical of affirmative action policies, in that it required drastically lower standards for Sinhalese students than for the more academic Tamils who had to get about ten more marks to enter into universities. The policy in fact is an example of discrimination against the Tamil ethnic group.
2962:
proportion of boards led by a woman has increased from 3.4% to 4.3%. This suggests that the law has had a marginal effect on the sex of the chair and the boards remain internally segregated. Although at the beginning of our observation period, only 7 of 91 prominent directors were women. The gender balance among prominent directors has changed considerably throughout the period, and at the end of the period, 107 women and 117 men were prominent directors. By applying more restrictive definitions of prominence, the proportion of directors who are women generally increases. If only considering directors with at least three directorships, 61.4% of them are women. When considering directors with seven or more directorships, all of them are women. Thus, affirmative action increases the female population in the director position.
2200:
Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. Neither executive order nor The Civil Rights Act authorized group preferences. The Senate floor manager of the bill, Senator Hubert
Humphrey, declared that the bill “would prohibit preferential treatment for any particular group” adding “I will eat my hat if this leads to racial quotas.” However affirmative action in practice would eventually become synonymous with preferences, goals and quotas as upheld or struck down by Supreme Court decisions even though no law had been passed explicitly permitting discrimination in favor of disadvantaged groups. Some state laws explicitly banned racial preferences, and in response some laws have failed attempting to explicitly legalize race preferences.
2457:(BEE) rose further in South Africa. The BEE was not a moral initiative to redress the wrongs of the past but to promote growth and strategies that aim to realize a country's full potential. The idea was targeting the weakest link in economics, which was inequality and which would help develop the economy. This is evident in the statement by the Department of Trade and Industry, "As such, this strategy stresses a BEE process that is associated with growth, development and enterprise development, and not merely the redistribution of existing wealth". Similarities between the BEE and affirmative action are apparent; however there is a difference. BEE focuses more on employment equality rather than taking wealth away from the skilled white labourers.
2542:
marginalization for coloured and Indian races in South Africa, as well as developing and aiding the middle and elite classes, leaving the lower class behind. This created a bigger gap between the lower and middle class, which led to class struggles and a greater segregation. Entitlement began to arise with the growth of the middle and elite classes, as well as race entitlement. Some assert that affirmative action is discrimination in reverse. Negative consequences of affirmative action, specifically the quota system, drove skilled labour away, resulting in bad economic growth. This is due to very few international companies wanting to invest in South Africa. As a result of the outcomes of affirmative action, the concept is continually evolving.
2611:
culture of the men's club is seductive token women are under the pressure to become "social males" and prove that their competence as directors, meaning that they are not significantly different from men. In the negotiation for status as worthy peers, emphasizing gender signals that a woman is an "imposter", someone who does not rightfully belong in the position she is claiming to fill." And once affirmative action for women is fulfilled, and then affirmative action shares the element, as
Izraeli put it, the "group equality discourse", making it easier for other groups to claim for a fairer distribution of resources. This suggests that affirmative action can have applications for different groups in Israel.
3268:) have passed constitutional amendments banning public institutions, including public schools, from practicing affirmative action within their respective states. In 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court held that "States may choose to prohibit the consideration of racial preferences in governmental decisions". By that time eight states, Oklahoma, New Hampshire, Arizona, Colorado, Nebraska, Michigan, Florida, Washington and California, had already banned affirmative action. Numerous critics report that colleges quietly use illegal quotas to discriminate against people of Asian, Jewish, and Caucasian backgrounds and have launched numerous lawsuits to stop them.
3071:
association, and while using public services, although exceptions exist, to wit: "Section 159 of the
Equality Act 2010 allows an employer to treat an applicant or employee with a protected characteristic (eg race, sex or age) more favourably in connection with recruitment or promotion than someone without that characteristic who is as qualified for the role. The employer must reasonably think that people with the protected characteristic suffer a disadvantage or are under-represented in that particular activity. Taking the
2885:; for students admitted in these quotas, the education is partially arranged in Swedish. The purpose of the quotas is to guarantee that a sufficient number of professionals with skills in Swedish are educated for nationwide needs. The quota system has met with criticism from the Finnish speaking majority, some of whom consider the system unfair. In addition to these linguistic quotas, women may get preferential treatment in recruitment for certain public sector jobs if there is a gender imbalance in the field.
12527:
3512:
good chance of graduating. However, according to the mismatching hypothesis, affirmative action often places a student into a college that is too difficult, and this increases the student's chance of dropping out of the college or of their desired major. Thus, affirmative action hurts its intended beneficiaries, because it increases their dropout rates. Mismatching has also been cited as a contributing factor in lowered pursuit and completion of STEM degrees among certain populations.
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3380:
population prevent or impair their enjoyment of human rights, the State should take specific action to correct those conditions. Such action may involve granting for a time to the part of the population concerned certain preferential treatment in specific matters as compared with the rest of the population. However, as long as such action is needed to correct discrimination, in fact, it is a case of legitimate differentiation under the
Covenant."
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64:
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individual hardships are also weighed. This policy made the four institutions, especially the echelons at the most selective departments, more diverse than they otherwise would have been. The rise in geographic, economic and demographic diversity of a student population suggests that the plan's focus on structural determinants of disadvantage yields broad diversity dividends.
2909:), the driving license and rank plan was cancelled. After the Sarkozy election, a new attempt in favour of Arab-French students was made, but Sarkozy did not gain enough political support to change the French constitution. However, some French schools do implement affirmative action in that they are obligated to take a certain number of students from impoverished families.
3389:
action has sought to achieve a range of goals: bridging inequalities in employment and pay; increasing access to education; enriching state, institutional, and professional leadership with the full spectrum of society; redressing apparent past wrongs, harms, or hindrances, in particular addressing the apparent social imbalance left in the wake of slavery and slave laws.
2744:) The mean income for Malays, Chinese and Indians in 1957/58 were 134, 288 and 228 respectively. In 1967/68 it was 154, 329 and 245, and in 1970 it was 170, 390 and 300. Mean income disparity ratio for Chinese/Malays rose from 2.1 in 1957/58 to 2.3 in 1970, whereas for Indians/Malays the disparity ratio also rose from 1.7 to 1.8 in the same period.
2897:. Since the 1980s, a French version of affirmative action based on neighborhood is in place for primary and secondary education. Some schools, in neighborhoods labeled "Priority Education Zones", are granted more funds than the others. Students from these schools also benefit from special policies in certain institutions (such as
3256:, 539 US 244 – Supreme Court 2003) permitted educational institutions to consider race as a factor when admitting students. Alternatively, some colleges use financial criteria to attract racial groups that have typically been under-represented and typically have lower living conditions. Some states such as California (
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implementation of employment equity to redress the effects of discrimination, to achieve a diverse workforce broadly representative of our people, to promote economic development and efficiency in the workforce and to give effects to the obligations of the
Republic as a member of the International Labour Organisation.
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in state and university service as of 2007, typically using the phrase "We try to increase diversity in this line of work". In recent years, there has been a long public debate about whether to issue programs that would grant women a privileged access to jobs in order to fight discrimination. Germany's
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compensation for past discrimination, correction of current discrimination, and the diversification of society. It is often implemented in governmental and educational settings to ensure that designated groups within a society can participate in all promotional, educational, and training opportunities.
3029:
The
Constitution of the Republic of Serbia from 2006 established the principles of equality and the prohibition of discrimination on any grounds. It also allows affirmative action as "special measures" for certain marginalized groups, such as national minorities, by specifically excluding it from the
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Greenlanders have special advantages when applying for university, college or vocation university degrees in
Denmark. With these specific rules, Greenlanders can get into degrees without the required grade averages by fulfilling certain criteria. They need to have a grade average of over 6,0 and have
2424:
scorecard: in a relatively complex scoring system, which allows for some flexibility in the manner in which each company meets its legal commitments, each company is required to meet minimum requirements in terms of representation by previously disadvantaged groups. The matters covered include equity
2085:
in various countries' laws and policies) refers to a set of policies and practices within a government or organization seeking to benefit marginalized groups. Historically and internationally, support for affirmative action has been justified by the idea that it may help with bridging inequalities in
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and Albert H. Yoon confirmed Sander's mismatch findings, but also found that eliminating affirmative action would "lead to a 63 percent decline in black matriculants at all law schools and a 90 percent decline at elite law schools". These high numbers predictions were doubted in a review of previous
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Critics of affirmative action suggest that programs may benefit the members of the targeted group that least need the benefit, that is those who have the greatest social, economic and educational advantages within the targeted group. Other beneficiaries may be described as wholly unqualified for the
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and section 19(2) of the New
Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990. Affirmative action in New Zealand is most often done indirecttly by encouraging those in groups favored by affirmative action to get jobs in sectors they are underrepresented in. Diversity Awards NZ is an organization in New Zealand whose
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Seierstad & Opsahl in their study of the effects of affirmative action on presence, prominence, and social capital of women directors in Norway found that there are few boards chaired by a woman, from the beginning of the implementation of the affirmative action policy period to August 2009, the
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provides for equal rights of all people regardless of sex, race or social background. There are programs stating that if men and women have equal qualifications, women have to be preferred for a job; moreover, the disabled should be preferred to non-disabled people. This is typical for all positions
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Pre-Democracy, the apartheid governments discriminated against non-white races, so with affirmative action, the country started to redress past discriminations. Affirmative action also focused on combating structural racism and racial inequality, hoping to maximize diversity in all levels of society
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The variation in skills and productivity between groups of people ultimately caused disparities in employment, occupation and income within labour markets, which provided advantages to certain groups and characteristics of people. This in due course was the motivation to introduce affirmative action
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states that "the principle of equality sometimes requires States parties to take affirmative action in order to diminish or eliminate conditions which cause or help to perpetuate discrimination prohibited by the
Covenant. For example, in a State where the general conditions of a certain part of the
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descent are often afforded improved access to university courses, or have scholarships earmarked specifically for them. Such access to
University courses have in the past faced criticism, particularly at the University of Auckland due to a phenomenon known as Mismatch theory, accusations of setting
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established the principles of equality and their implementation in the UK. In the UK, any discrimination, quotas or favouritism due to sex, race and ethnicity among other "protected characteristics" is illegal by default in education, employment, during commercial transactions, in a private club or
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Additionally, following the Norwegian example, after 27 January 2014, women must represent at least 20% of board members in all stock exchange listed or state-owned companies. After 27 January 2017, the proportion will increase to 40%. All appointments of men as directors will be invalid as long as
3511:
Mismatching is the term given to the supposed negative effect that affirmative action has when it places a student into a college that is too difficult for them. For example, in the absence of affirmative action, a student will be admitted to a college that matches their academic ability and has a
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A 2017 study of temporary federal affirmative action regulation in the United States estimated that the regulation "increases the black share of employees over time: in 5 years after an establishment is first regulated, the black share of employees increases by an average of 0.8 percentage points.
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on 6 March 1961 and required that government employers "not discriminate against any employee or applicant for employment because of race, creed, color, or national origin" and "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed and that employees are treated during employment, without
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status, without regard to their performance, is illegal. However, the law in the United Kingdom does allow for membership in a protected and disadvantaged group to be considered in hiring and promotion when the group is under-represented in a given area and if the candidates are of equal merit (in
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announced in 2002 that Taiwanese Aboriginal students would have their high-school or undergraduate entrance exams boosted by 33% for demonstrating some knowledge of their tribal language and culture. The percentage of boost have been revised several times, and the latest percentage is 35% in 2013.
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during the early to mid-2000s. In evaluating the eligibility of applicants, neither their financial status nor their national or ethnic origins are considered. The emphasis, rather, is on structural disadvantages, especially neighborhood socioeconomic status and high school rigor, although several
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Commission approved a plan for women to constitute 40% of non-executive board directorships in large listed companies in Europe by 2020. Directive (EU) 2022/2381 requires that EU member states adopt by 28 December 2024 laws to ensure that by 30 June 2026 members of the underrepresented sex hold at
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which required government employers to "hire without regard to race, religion and national origin" and "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, color, religion, sex or national origin." The Civil
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stipulates (in Article 2.2) that affirmative action programs may be required of countries that ratified the convention, in order to rectify systematic discrimination. It states, however, that such programs "shall in no case entail as a consequence the maintenance of unequal or separate rights for
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states that the equality provisions do "not preclude any law, program or activity that has as its object the amelioration of conditions of disadvantaged individuals or groups including those that are disadvantaged because of race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or
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universities was introduced as an affirmative action program for students from areas which had lower rates of education than other areas due to missionary activity in the north and east, which essentially were the Tamil areas. Successive governments cultivated a historical myth after the colonial
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In her study of gender politics in Israel, Dafna Izraeli showed that the paradox of affirmative action for women directors is that the legitimation for legislating their inclusion on boards also resulted in the exclusion of women's interested as a legitimate issue on the boards' agendas. "The new
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The principle of affirmative action is to promote societal equality through the preferential treatment of socioeconomically disadvantaged people. Often, these people are disadvantaged for historical reasons, such as oppression or slavery. Historically and internationally, support for affirmative
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ruled that, while attempting to create a diverse force, the Cheshire Police had discriminated against a "well prepared" white heterosexual male. The ruling stated that "while positive action can be used to boost diversity, it should only be applied to distinguish between candidates who were all
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Another criticism of affirmative action is that it may reduce the incentives of both the preferred and non-preferred to perform at their best. Beneficiaries of affirmative action may conclude that it is unnecessary to work as hard, and those who do not benefit may perceive hard work as futile.
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Some Brazilian universities (state and federal) have created systems of preferred admissions (quotas) for racial minorities (blacks and Amerindians), the poor and people with disabilities. There are also quotas of up to 20% of vacancies reserved for people with disabilities in the civil public
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Affirmative action is intended to alleviate under-representation and to promote the opportunities of defined minority groups within a society to give them equal access to that of the majority population. The philosophical basis of the policy has various rationales, including but not limited to
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Elsewhere in the USSR, the late 1930s and the outbreak of World War II also saw some significant changes: elements of korenizatsiya were phased out... the Russians were officially anointed as the 'elder brothers' of the Soviet family of nations, whilst among historians Tsarist imperialism was
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Critics of affirmative action offer a variety of arguments as to why it is counterproductive or should be discontinued. For example, critics may argue that affirmative action hinders reconciliation, replaces old wrongs with new wrongs, undermines the achievements of minorities, and encourages
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Affirmative action was introduced through the Employment Equality Act, 55 in 1998, 4 years after the end of apartheid. This act was passed to promote the constitutional right of equality and exercise true democracy. This idea was to eliminate unfair discrimination in employment, to ensure the
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were more split. Men are only slightly more likely to support affirmative action for women, though a majority of both do. However, a slight majority of Americans do believe that affirmative action goes beyond ensuring access and goes into the realm of preferential treatment. More recently, a
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Some argue that affirmative action policies create an opportunity for fraud, by encouraging non-preferred groups to designate themselves as members of preferred groups (that is, members of groups that benefit from affirmative action) in order to take advantage of group preference policies.
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As with all policies, there have also been negative outcomes. A quota system was implemented, which aimed to achieve targets of diversity in a workforce. This target affected the hiring and level of skills in the workforce, ultimately impacting the free market. Affirmative action created
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applied affirmative action to ethnic minorities. Quotas for access to university education, offices in the Soviet system and the Communist Party existed: for example, the position of First Secretary of a Soviet Republic's (or Autonomous Republic's) Party Committee was always filled by a
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and Michael Lovenheim. Their 2016 article found a strong indication that affirmative action results in a mismatch effect. They argued that the attendance by some African-American students to less-selective schools would significantly improve the low first attempt rate at passing the
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in the Canadian north, aboriginal people are given preference for jobs and education and are considered to have P1 status. Non-aboriginal people who were born in the NWT or have resided half of their life there are considered a P2, as well as women and people with disabilities.
2167:, that it tends to benefit the most privileged within minority groups at the expense of the least fortunate within majority groups, or that—when applied to universities—it can hinder minority students by placing them in courses for which they have not been adequately prepared.
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Israeli citizens who are women, Arabs, Blacks or people with disabilities are supported by affirmative action in the civil service employment. Also Israeli citizens who are Arabs, Blacks or people with disabilities are entitled to full university scholarships by the state.
2287:, the Supreme Court has ruled that "affirmative action" ethnic quotas in universities are discrimination and hence unlawful. It said that the requirements for the intake should be the same for all. The justice minister said that the decision left no room for uncertainty.
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Several different studies investigated the effect of affirmative action on women. Kurtulus (2012) in her review of affirmative action and the occupational advancement of minorities and women during 1973–2003 showed that the effect of affirmative action on advancing black,
2707:, who together form a majority of the population. However, the indigenous people of Malaysia (Orang Asli) do not have the same special rights of the rest of the Bumiputera as granted under Article 153, as the Orang Asli are not referenced within the article 153 itself.
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poll found 73% of Americans believe race or ethnicity should not factor into college admissions decisions. A few years later in 2022, a Pew Research Center poll found that 74% of Americans believe race or ethnicity should not factor into college admissions decisions.
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the kids up to fail have been made due to a lack of transparency as to the preferred groups graduation rates and the university informing the students of such historical statistics dating back to the 1970s. Affirmative action is provided for under section 73 of the
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Some critics of affirmative action argue that affirmative action devalues the actual accomplishments of people who are chosen based on the social group to which they belong rather than their qualifications, thus rendering affirmative action counterproductive.
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The French Ministry of Defence tried in 1990 to make it easier for young French soldiers of North-African descent to be promoted in rank and obtain driving licenses. After a strong protest by a young French lieutenant in the Ministry of Defence newspaper
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Strikingly, the black share continues to grow at a similar pace even after an establishment is deregulated. argue that this persistence is driven in part by affirmative action inducing employers to improve their methods for screening potential hires."
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A 2011 study proposed that mismatch can only occur when a selective school possesses private information that, had this information been disclosed, would have changed the student's choice of school. The study found that this is in fact the case for
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which amended Executive Order 11246 on 13 October 1967, by adding "sex" to the list of protected categories. In the U.S. affirmative action's original purpose was to pressure institutions into compliance with the nondiscrimination mandate of the
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The historical/common argument is that the Malays have lower incomes than the Chinese and Indians, who have traditionally been involved in businesses and industries, who were also general migrant workers. Malaysia is a multi-ethnic country, with
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Act aim to promote and achieve equality in the workplace (in South Africa termed "equity"), by advancing people from designated groups. The designated groups who are to be advanced include all people of colour, women (including white women) and
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3537:
concluded that there were 7.9% fewer black attorneys than there would have been if there had been no affirmative action. The article also states that because of mismatching, blacks are more likely to drop out of law school and fail bar exams.
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There is affirmative action in education for minority nationalities in China, this may equate to lowering minimum requirements for the National University Entrance Examination, which is a mandatory exam for all students to enter university.
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by the ruling class of a culture, and to address existing discrimination. More recently concepts have moved beyond discrimination to include diversity, equity and inclusion as motives for preferring historically underrepresented groups.
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The main goal of affirmative action is for the country to reach its full potential. This would result in a completely diverse workforce in economic and social sectors, thus broadening the economic base and stimulating economic growth.
2385:-led government chose to implement affirmative action legislation to correct previous imbalances (a policy known as employment equity). As such, all employers were compelled by law to employ previously disenfranchised groups (blacks,
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released a poll showing that 67% of Americans supported affirmative action programs aimed at increasing female representation, compared to 58% who supported such programs aimed at increasing the representation of racial minorities.
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poll found that 63% of Americans thought affirmative action programs aimed at increasing minority representation on college campuses were "a good thing", compared to 30% who thought they were "a bad thing". The following year,
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These laws cause disproportionally high costs for small companies and reduce economic growth and employment. The laws may give the black middle-class some advantage but can make the worse-off blacks even poorer. Moreover, the
2661:, many Papuan students chose to abandon their scholarship and return to their respective provinces. The program has been subject to criticism, with complaints made towards a lack of sufficient quotas and alleged corruption.
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A 2016 study found no effect of the ASA representation requirement on either valuation or profits of the affected companies, and also no correlation between the requirement and the restructuring of companies away from ASA.
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least 40% of non-executive director positions and at least 33% of all director positions, including both executive and non-executive directors, for listed companies. Directive (EU) 2022/2381 expires on 31 December 2038.
3183:. Less than one-third of Canadian Universities offer alternative admission requirements for students of aboriginal descent. Some provinces and territories also have affirmative action-type policies. For example, in the
2413:(including white people). Employment Equity legislation requires companies employing more than 50 people to design and implement plans to improve the representativity of workforce demographics, and report them to the
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Many embraced the act; however some concluded that the act contradicted itself. The act eliminates unfair discrimination in certain sectors of the national labour market by imposing similar constraints on another.
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Gururaj, Suchitra; Somers, Patricia; Fry, Jessica; Watson, Del; Cicero, Francesca; Morosini, Marilia; Zamora, Jennifer (January 2021). "Affirmative action policy: Inclusion, exclusion, and the global public good".
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for group outcomes and representation for groups, which are socio-economically disadvantaged or have faced historical discrimination or oppression. Opponents of affirmative action have argued that it is a form of
2428:
The policies of Employment Equity and, particularly, Black Economic empowerment have been criticised both by those who view them as discriminatory against white people, and by those who view them as ineffectual.
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In such countries, the focus tends to be on ensuring equal opportunity and, for example, targeted advertising campaigns to encourage ethnic minority candidates to join the police force. This is sometimes called
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4044:
2301:
In some countries that have laws on racial equality, affirmative action is rendered illegal because it does not treat all races equally. This approach of equal treatment is sometimes described as being
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Heriot, Gail L.; Somin, Alison (28 November 2011). "Affirmative Action for Men?: Strange Silences and Strange Bedfellows in the Public Debate Over Discrimination Against Women in College Admissions".
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opportunity made available through affirmative action. They may argue that at the same time the people who lose the most to affirmative action are the least fortunate members of non-preferred groups.
3243:. The Civil Rights Acts do not cover discrimination based on veteran status, disabilities, or age that is 40 years and older. These groups may be protected from discrimination under different laws.
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Once applied within the country, many different outcomes arose, some positive and some negative. This depended on the approach to and the view of The Employment Equality Act and affirmative action.
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The nature of affirmative-action policies varies from region to region and exists on a spectrum from a hard quota to merely targeting encouragement for increased participation. Some countries use a
2730:(NEP) has been dubbed a failure as of recent years, as evidence has pointed to the ever-growing wealth disparity among Malays, that have widened the gap between the rich and poor Malays, while the
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2366:, creating and extending the "colour bar" in South African labour. Then the whites successfully persuaded the government to enact laws that highly restricted the blacks employment opportunities.
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Martin Klesmann (23 February 2009). "'Kinder aus Neukölln würden sich nicht integrieren lassen' – Ein Politiker und ein Schulleiter streiten über Sozialquoten an Gymnasien". Berliner Zeitung
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found that 12% of surveyed Indian households had received academic scholarships, with 94% being on account of SC/ST/OBC membership, 2% based on financial weakness and 0.7% based on merit.
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1004:
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Seierstad, Cathrine; Opsahl, Tore (March 2011). "For the few not the many? The effects of affirmative action on presence, prominence, and social capital of women directors in Norway".
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ownership, representation at employee and management level (up to the board of director level), procurement from black-owned businesses and social investment programs, amongst others.
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Since the 1960s the apartheid laws had been weakened. Consequently, from 1975 to 1990 the real wages of black manufacturing workers rose by 50%, while those of the whites rose by 1%.
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6174:
4750:"Directive (EU) 2022/2381 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 November 2022 on improving the gender balance among directors of listed companies and related measures"
2545:
South African jurist Martin van Staden argues that the way affirmative action and transformation policies have been implemented in South Africa has eroded state institutions, grown
6664:
3862:
3412:
Quinnipiac poll from June 2009 finds that 55% of Americans feel that affirmative action, in general, should be discontinued, though 55% support it for people with disabilities. A
2120:, affirmative action by executive order originally meant selection without regard to race but preferential treatment was widely used in college admissions, as upheld in the 2003
8240:
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3481:, that any effort to cure discrimination through affirmative action is wrong because it, in turn, is another form of discrimination. Some critics claim that court cases such as
2350:-owned companies. The aforementioned policies achieved the desired results, but in the process, they marginalised and excluded black people. Skilled jobs were also reserved for
3416:
poll from 2005 showed that 72% of black Americans and 44% of white Americans supported racial affirmative action (with 21% and 49% opposing), with support and opposition among
6648:
4600:
Twale, Darla J.; Douvanis, Costas J.; Sekula, Francis J. (September 1992). "Affirmative action strategies and professional schools: case illustrations of examplary programs".
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5407:
2637:, up to 50% of all government-run higher education admissions and government job vacancies may be reserved for members of the SC/ST/OBC-NCL categories, and 10% for those in
3487:, which held that colleges have some discretion to consider race when making admissions decisions, demonstrate how discrimination occurs in the name of affirmative action.
7581:
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to ensure that applicants are employed, and employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin". In 1965, President
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requires employers in federally-regulated industries to give preferential treatment to four designated groups: Women, persons with disabilities, aboriginal peoples, and
2695:
or NEP is a form of ethnicity-based affirmative action. Malaysia provides affirmative action to those that are deemed "Bumiputera", which includes the Malay population,
3271:
On June 29, 2023, the Supreme Court ruled 6–2 that the use of race in college admissions is unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment in
7639:
Sher, George, "Preferential Hiring", in Tom Regan (ed.), Just Business: New Introductory Essays in Business Ethics, Philadelphia, Temple University Press, 1983, p. 40.
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falling between those of black people and white people. Support among black people, unlike among white people, had almost no correlation with political affiliation.
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The individuals or groups in question need (or may reasonably be supposed to need) assistance in order to achieve an equal place with other members of the community.
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A 2004 legislation requires that, for a firm with 100 employees or more wishing to compete for government contracts, at least 1 percent of its employees must be
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6018:
5103:
Franchi, V. (2003). "The racialization of affirmative action in organizational discourses: A case study of symbolic racism in post-apartheid South Africa".
2881:
In certain university education programs, including legal and medical education, there are quotas for persons who reach a certain standard of skills in the
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2109:, reserving a certain percentage of government jobs, political positions, and school vacancies for members of a certain group; an example of this is the
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individuals to identify themselves as disadvantaged, even if they are not. It may increase racial tension and benefit the more privileged people within
8679:
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3545:
and Richard Brooks from Yale who argue that eliminating affirmative action would actually reduce the number of black lawyers by 12.7%. A 2008 study by
3021:
Russia retains this system partially. Quotas are abolished, but preferences for some ethnic minorities and inhabitants of certain territories remain.
2834:
in fact benefitted from trade and plantation cultivations over the rest of the other groups and their language and culture as well as the religion of
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10526:
9909:
3118:
1921:
1284:
8673:
8246:
Condit, Deirdre M.; Condit, Celeste M.; Achter, Paul J. (Spring 2001). "Human equality, affirmative action, and genetic models of human variation".
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2116:
In some other jurisdictions where quotas are not used, minority-group members are given preference or special consideration in selection processes.
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3464:
3042:
declared in October 2005 that affirmative action i.e. "providing advantages for people of an ethnic or racial minority group" as being against its
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legal definition of discrimination. In Serbia the Roma national minority is enabled to enroll in public schools under more favorable conditions.
7516:
5712:
9257:
616:
4900:
2936:. According to Stefan Zillich, quotas should be "a possibility" to help working class children who did not do well in school gain access to a
6220:
Susanne Vieth-Entus (29. December 2008): "Sozialquote: Berliner Gymnasien sollen mehr Schüler aus armen Familien aufnehmen". Der Tagesspiegel
3637:
2922:
2674:
8553:
Thurber, Timothy M. "Racial Liberalism, Affirmative Action, and the Troubled History of the President's Committee on Government Contracts."
7501:
2633:(OBC), defined primarily by their caste. Members of these categories comprise about two-thirds of the population of India. According to the
9914:
8056:
6745:
5325:
4948:
4414:
3610:
2997:, which functioned until the 1930s as part of the international egalitarian and affirmative action movements. Quota systems existed in the
1289:
4234:
4088:
Gallagher, Charles A. (2003). "Color-Blind Privilege: The Social and Political Functions of Erasing the Color Line in Post Race America".
9884:
9478:
9010:
6661:
5085:
3870:
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survey found 65% of American voters opposed the application of affirmative action to homosexuals, with 27% indicating they supported it.
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and sectors. Achieving this would elevate the status of the perpetual underclass and to restore equal access to the benefits of society.
1259:
845:
361:
7445:
6972:
5588:
4793:
4548:
Morgenroth, Thekla; Ryan, Michelle K. (March 2018). "Quotas and affirmative action: U nderstanding group-based outcomes and attitudes".
3234:, but continued to use the same terminology that did not require or permit group preferences. Affirmative action was extended to sex by
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11486:
9162:
8230:
6332:
Eckbo, B. Espen; Nygaard, Knut; Thorburn, Karin S. (18 August 2021). "Valuation effects of Norway's board gender-quota law revisited".
4884:
4680:
3354:
of the quotas the university reserves for minorities. The Supreme Court unanimously approved their constitutionality on 26 April 2012.
521:
8234:
7687:"Choice and Fraud in Racial Identification: The Dilemma of Policing Race in Affirmative Action, the Census, and a Color-Blind Society"
5475:
5283:
4499:
12412:
8313:
7446:"U.S. Voters Disagree 3-1 With Sotomayor On Key Case, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; Most Say Abolish Affirmative Action"
7217:"New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 No 109 (as of 1 July 2013), Public Act 19 Freedom from discrimination – New Zealand Legislation"
5872:
2437:
has ruled that in principle blacks may be favored, but in practice this should not lead to unfair discrimination against the others.
8475:
Parashar, Sakshi. "Affirmative Action and Social Discrimination: A Functional Comparative Study of India, USA and South Africa." in
6656:
6416:
These egalitarian and affirmative action movements—in other words, early "communism"—receive short shrift in most Western studies...
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8723:
8286:(Princeton UP, 2009), scholarly history argues that Congress and the courts followed the lead of programs created by corporations.
8123:
Bernstein, David E. (2022) Classified: The untold story of racial classification in America. Bombardier Books, NY. ISBN 1637581734.
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in the hiring process, with the concept later expanded to address gender discrimination. Affirmative action was first created from
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A Leger poll taken in 2010 found 59% of Canadians opposed considering race, gender, or ethnicity when hiring for government jobs.
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7890:
5999:
4627:
Rothman, Stanley; Lipset, S. M.; Nevitte, Neil (December 2002). "Diversity and affirmative action: The state of campus opinion".
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For the purpose of assisting individuals or groups with a characteristic pertaining to a prohibited ground of discrimination; and
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A class-based affirmative action policy was incorporated into the admission practices of the four most selective universities in
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2117:
17:
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must be a proportionate means of enabling or encouraging people to overcome the disadvantage or to take part in the activity.")
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The stated justification for affirmative action by its proponents is to help compensate for past discrimination, persecution or
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2143:, wherein equal opportunity is promoted by encouraging underrepresented groups into a field. This is often described as being "
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453:
281:
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91:
6554:"Tsarist continuities in Soviet nationalities policy: A case of Korean territorial autonomy in the Soviet Far East, 1923–1937"
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in the United States, 1863–1877. Current policy was introduced in the early 1960s in the United States, as a way to combat
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boards, either gender should be represented by at least 40%. This affects roughly 400 companies of over 300,000 in total.
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3110:, in order to reduce any possible bias towards Protestants. This was later referred to as the '50:50' measure. (See also
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8012:
7616:"The Myth of Reverse Racism: The idea of white victimhood is increasingly central to the debate over affirmative action"
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9368:
8325:"Essence coloniale d'une politique contemporaine: pour une approche fanonienne de la discrimination positive en France"
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7169:
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7195:"Human Rights Act 1993 No 82 (as of 1 July 2013), Public Act 73 Measures to ensure equality – New Zealand Legislation"
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6746:"What "positive action" is permitted under discrimination legislation? | FAQs | Tools | XpertHR.co.uk"
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202:
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6998:
6002:[Aboriginal Students Enrollment Guarantee and Public Funding for Aboriginal Study Abroad Act] (in Chinese).
5420:
Izraeli, Dafna (March–April 2003). "Gender Politics in Israel: The Case of Affirmative Action for Women Directors".
4675:
Fidan Ana Kurtulus, "Affirmative Action and the Occupational Advancement of Minorities and Women During 1973–2003",
12535:
10289:
10126:
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9473:
9363:
6804:
6129:"Esencia colonial de una política contemporánea: Por un enfoque fanoniano de la discriminación positiva en Francia"
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5284:"Affirmative Action Act, 2024 (Gender Equity ) Passed by Parliament | Newsroom - Ministry of Information, Ghana"
4141:
selection—selection on the basis of race, gender, or ethnicity—affirmative action generates intense controversy.
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has been shown to benefit the existing rich Malays instead of achieving its intention of helping poor Malays.
501:
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8127:
Boxill, Bernard; Boxill, Jan (2005), "Affirmative action", in Frey, R.G.; Heath Wellman, Christopher (eds.),
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1953:
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Constructing affirmative action: federal contract compliance and the building construction trades, 1956–1973
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8746:
8716:
8656:
7943:
Arcidiacono, Peter; Lovenheim, Michael (1 March 2016). "Affirmative Action and the Quality–Fit Trade-off".
6917:. Clinton Administration's Affirmative Action Review: Report to the President. 19 July 1995. Archived from
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81:
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Christophe Jaffrelot, India's Silent Revolution: The rise of lower castes in northern India, p. 321. 2003
5351:
Alon, Sigal (2011). "The Diversity Dividends of a Need-blind and Color-blind Affirmative Action Policy".
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3219:
regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin" but did not require or permit group preferences.
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2359:
1864:
1708:
1115:
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The next twenty-five years: affirmative action in higher education in the United States and South Africa
7568:"More Americans Disapprove Than Approve of Colleges Considering Race, Ethnicity in Admissions Decisions"
6687:
6572:"Представители коренных малочисленных народов Севера имеют право получить бесплатную юридическую помощь"
5135:"Affirmative action and state capacity in a democratic South Africa. Policy: issues & actors, 20(4)"
4065:
Racism Without Racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States
3936:
2822:
powers had left that the British had practised communal favouritism towards Christians and the minority
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11759:
11216:
10908:
10816:
10578:
9353:
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8674:
An interview with Professor Randall Kennedy about the presidency of Barack Obama and affirmative action
8133:, Blackwell Companions to Philosophy, Oxford, UK Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, pp.
4266:
Sowell, Thomas (2004). Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study, Yale University Press,
3622:
3600:
3559:, but they cautioned that such improvements could be outweighed by decreases in law school attendance.
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3148:
2546:
2454:
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1973:
720:
381:
96:
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When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America
7582:"As courts weigh affirmative action, grades and test scores seen as top factors in college admissions"
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11966:
11845:
9931:
9745:
9642:
9522:
9184:
9152:
8817:
8751:
8493:
Pollak, Oliver B. (1983). "Antisemitism, the Harvard Plan, and the roots of reverse discrimination".
8351:"That's Not What We Meant to Do": Reform and Its Unintended Consequences in Twentieth-Century America
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2677:, called ADik to the native Papuans and students from perhipery regions close to Indonesian border.
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9147:
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8990:
8874:
8349:
Gillon, Steven M. "The strange career of affirmative action: the Civil Rights Act of 1964" in his
7184:
Sowell, T. (1990). Preferential policies: An international perspective. William Morrow and Company.
6489:
4904:
4293:"Want to Be a Doctor? A Scientist? An Engineer? An Affirmative Action Leg Up May Hurt Your Chances"
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lived a certain number of years in Greenland. These rules have been in force since 1 January 2014.
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994:
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Affirmative action has been the subject of numerous court cases, and has been questioned upon its
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Schrand, Thomas G. (2002). "Socialism in One Gender: Masculine Values in the Stalin Revolution".
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3567:, and that this information predicts the student's academic performance after beginning college.
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47:
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6973:"Executive Order 10925 – Establishing The President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity"
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legitimacy. In 2003, a Supreme Court decision regarding affirmative action in higher education (
2354:, and black people were largely used as unskilled labour, enforced by legislation including the
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8128:
7029:"Executive Order 11246 and Affirmative Action « Publishing the Long Civil Rights Movement"
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1968:
1941:
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145:
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A 2016 study on affirmative action in India finds no evidence for the mismatching hypothesis.
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8052:
8013:"Does Affirmative Action Work? Caste, Gender, College Quality, and Academic Success in India"
7784:
Hill, Andrew J. (1 April 2017). "State affirmative action bans and STEM degree completions".
7595:
Cultural Whiplash: Unforeseen Consequences of America's Crusade Against Racial Discrimination
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Arcidiacono, Peter; Aucejo, Esteban M.; Fang, Hanming; Spenner, Kenneth I. (November 2011).
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different racial groups after the objectives for which they were taken have been achieved".
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in education, government civil worker selection, and police & army selection. After the
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Under section 73 of the Human Rights Act 1993, affirmative action would be permissible if:
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Reservation in India is a form of affirmative action designed to improve the well-being of
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37:
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8:
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5788:"Mengenal ADik, Beasiswa Kuliah S1 dari Pemerintah RI untuk Generasi Papua dan Daerah 3T"
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have objected, saying that this type of policy would "be a disservice" to poor children.
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making up the majority of close to 58% of the population. About 22% of the population is
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1983:
1844:
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1038:
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929:
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609:
406:
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Stohler, Stephan (January 2021). "Untangling the Partisan Roots of Affirmative Action".
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6430:
Red 'Teaspoons of Charity': Zhenotdel, Russian Women, and the Communist Party, 1919–1930
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in 2005, the majority of Americans support affirmative action for women, while views on
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To fulfill these rights: Political struggle over affirmative action and open admissions
8381:"Diversity within racial groups and the constitutionality of race-conscious admissions"
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5615:"Afirmasi Pendidikan Tinggi – Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia"
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Sander's paper on mismatching has been criticized by several law professors, including
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Affirmative Action, Mismatch, and Economic Mobility after California's Proposition 209
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5023:"Manyi vows to get tough over BEE – Mail & Guardian Online: The smart news source"
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explicitly permits affirmative action type legislation, although the Charter does not
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The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939
6464:
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5852:
5538:"Modi govt announces 10 per cent quota for economically backward in general category"
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2015:
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1085:
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185:
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Racing for innocence: Whiteness, gender, and the backlash against affirmative action
8419:
Harper, Shannon, and Barbara Reskin. "Affirmative action at school and on the job."
7835:
7046:
5913:
Perumal, M. (1989). "Economic Growth and Income Inequality in Malaysia, 1957–1984".
12447:
12236:
12204:
12164:
12159:
11956:
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10583:
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10218:
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9760:
9316:
9311:
9157:
9050:
8542:
8336:
8255:
8184:
8138:
8024:
7991:
7964:
7952:
7793:
7395:
7073:. Managing Diversity in Public Sector Workforces. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2002
6606:(Regulation of the Ministry of Education on enrollment in secondary schools), 2021.
6456:
6433:
6399:
6349:
6341:
6292:
6140:
5429:
5360:
5112:
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4636:
4609:
4557:
4457:
4304:
4171:
4163:
3798:
3731:
3704:
3461:
Affirmative action in the United States § Arguments against affirmative action
3439:
2882:
2831:
2720:
2662:
2587:
2227:
Marketing/advertising to groups that the affirmative action is intended to increase
2158:
on the subject is divided. Supporters of affirmative action argue that it promotes
2147:", but some American sociologists have argued that this is insufficient to achieve
2095:
1978:
1963:
1891:
1812:
1782:
1599:
1435:
1135:
683:
678:
516:
401:
7294:
2669:, has expressed that he will direct more effort towards recruiting Papuans to the
12507:
12442:
12251:
12221:
12209:
12073:
11971:
11838:
11176:
10943:
10746:
10721:
10711:
10598:
10506:
10402:
10351:
10211:
10196:
10176:
10141:
9854:
9765:
9700:
9490:
9440:
9221:
9075:
8696:
8638:
8317:
8292:
8176:
8164:
6668:
6603:
6514:
6296:
4888:
4749:
4719:
4370:
3714:
3699:
3677:
3605:
3564:
3546:
3417:
3304:
goal is to " celebrate excellence in workplace diversity, equity and inclusion."
3215:
3099:
3072:
3059:
2686:
2583:
2315:
2180:
2140:
1993:
1901:
1797:
1738:
1592:
1577:
1557:
1522:
1229:
1140:
1075:
857:
807:
580:
426:
33:
8563:
Sozialquote: Berliner Gymnasien sollen mehr Schüler aus armen Familien aufnehmen
5932:
4648:
3291:
12492:
12241:
12142:
12095:
11797:
11610:
11605:
11600:
11456:
11389:
11146:
11104:
10788:
10756:
10593:
10551:
10521:
10511:
10429:
10422:
10407:
10397:
10233:
10169:
10111:
10106:
10091:
9874:
9869:
9864:
9750:
9685:
9199:
9172:
9020:
8732:
8667:
8227:"United Nations Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights"
8180:
6053:(in Finnish). Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki. 2011. Archived from
5480:
4694:"Exploring the effect of four factors on affirmative action programs for women"
3793:
3778:
3763:
3709:
3672:
3534:
3471:
3408:
3265:
3055:
2839:
2276:
2155:
1988:
1946:
1916:
1906:
1824:
1817:
1802:
1792:
1614:
1550:
1492:
1487:
1472:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1125:
1060:
558:
531:
371:
55:
8142:
7161:
The Rise of the Conservative Legal Movement: The Battle for Control of the Law
6763:
6390:
Stites, Richard (1976). "Zhenotdel: Bolshevism and Russian Women, 1917–1930".
4640:
4461:
4045:
Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College
2778:
12585:
12467:
12386:
12371:
12356:
12127:
12105:
12011:
11895:
11828:
11802:
11737:
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11537:
11532:
11384:
11268:
11166:
10888:
10741:
10726:
10605:
10228:
10164:
10149:
10011:
9976:
9956:
9827:
9770:
9705:
9097:
9000:
8523:
8370:
8214:
8188:
8168:
6460:
5068:
4469:
4167:
3103:
3091:
3010:
3005:, women and factory workers. Before 1934 ethnic minorities were described as
2986:
2974:
2562:
The Parliament of Ghana passed the Affirmative Action Bill on July 30, 2024.
2091:
2000:
1609:
1545:
1530:
1386:
1351:
1331:
1202:
1145:
1080:
448:
351:
6902:
The Affirmative Action Puzzle: A Living History From Reconstruction to Today
6596:
6403:
6105:
4446:"The Parameters of Affirmative Action: Equity and Excellence in the Academy"
3063:
which case membership in a disadvantaged group can become a "tie-breaker").
2913:
the quota is not met, and monetary penalties may apply for other directors.
2306:", in hopes that it is effective against discrimination without engaging in
12502:
12482:
12462:
12452:
12427:
12181:
12016:
11996:
11981:
11951:
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11720:
11575:
11557:
11493:
11471:
11429:
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10831:
10771:
10439:
10326:
10154:
10121:
10101:
10031:
10021:
10001:
9981:
9612:
9505:
9500:
9231:
9206:
9065:
9005:
8970:
8940:
8680:
Substantive Equality, Positive Action and Roma Rights in the European Union
8668:
Does the success of Barack Obama mean we no longer need affirmative action?
8222:
8160:
7134:"Of course legacy admissions should follow affirmative action to the grave"
6534:
6345:
6019:"Optagelse af grønlandske ansøgere — Uddannelses- og Forskningsministeriet"
5895:
3746:
3719:
2823:
2351:
1834:
1713:
1535:
1502:
1482:
1406:
1396:
1376:
1356:
979:
872:
867:
590:
565:
416:
356:
321:
291:
8341:
8324:
8259:
6145:
6128:
5145:
3009:, but in 1934 this term was found inappropriate. In 1920s and early 1930s
2977:
are allocated quotas for access to public schools and state universities.
2893:
No distinctions based on race, religion or sex are allowed under the 1958
2346:
government, as a matter of state policy, favoured white-owned, especially
12115:
12038:
12006:
11466:
11414:
11032:
10989:
10964:
10933:
10928:
10883:
10808:
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10783:
10736:
10341:
10301:
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10136:
10096:
9936:
9849:
9800:
9775:
9675:
9358:
9087:
9070:
9025:
8945:
8028:
7400:
7383:
6354:
4309:
4292:
4288:
3805:
3595:
3516:
2898:
2550:
1728:
1688:
1656:
1517:
1477:
1311:
1224:
1175:
1150:
1050:
725:
438:
421:
376:
296:
8267:
7875:
6411:
4101:
12325:
12132:
12045:
12023:
11991:
11890:
11875:
11855:
11620:
11585:
11547:
11461:
11424:
11361:
11356:
11351:
11316:
11273:
11258:
11236:
11161:
10999:
10979:
10898:
10766:
10761:
10731:
10697:
10615:
10610:
10491:
10486:
10382:
10366:
10223:
10116:
10074:
10036:
9844:
9832:
9805:
9795:
9715:
9114:
9109:
9080:
9015:
8864:
8506:
7956:
7489:
6571:
5933:"Did the British Divide & Rule Ceylon? | Ilankai Tamil Sangam"
4847:
4775:
4613:
4561:
4477:
4445:
4176:
3963:"Reservation Is About Adequate Representation, Not Poverty Eradication"
2696:
2010:
2005:
1886:
1881:
1777:
1753:
1604:
1497:
1455:
1411:
1219:
1207:
1180:
1170:
1090:
465:
460:
431:
366:
207:
7107:"Supreme Court says states can ban affirmative action; 8 already have"
6513:
Nicolaïdis, Kalypso; Sebe, Berny; Maas, Gabrielle (23 December 2014).
6437:
6048:"Hakuopas 2011. Lääketieteen ja hammaslääketieteen opiskelijavalinnat"
4819:
2175:
The term "affirmative action" was first used in the United States in "
12512:
12432:
12246:
11931:
11290:
11191:
11151:
11121:
11042:
10878:
10841:
10516:
10464:
10181:
9780:
8890:
6085:(in Finnish). Faculty of Law, University of Helsinki. 2011. p. 3
3542:
3403:
3295:
2994:
2827:
2818:
2740:
2390:
2347:
2343:
1911:
1859:
1562:
1155:
241:
27:
Policy of promoting members of groups that suffer from discrimination
7311:
6553:
6240:"LOV-1997-06-13-45 Lov om allmennaksjeselskaper (allmennaksjeloven)"
5305:"Graduate Student Admission Ordainment – Ministry of Education, PRC"
4732:"The EU's Boardroom Quota Battle Is Over, But Women Cannot Yet Rest"
12346:
11409:
11399:
11331:
11326:
11295:
11141:
11096:
10974:
10969:
10873:
10751:
10481:
10311:
10238:
9889:
9815:
9720:
9680:
9045:
9040:
9035:
8960:
8955:
8900:
8603:
8546:
8011:
Bagde, Surendrakumar; Epple, Dennis; Taylor, Lowell (1 June 2016).
7980:"Does affirmative action lead to mismatch? A new test and evidence"
7857:"A Systemic Analysis of Affirmative Action in American Law Schools"
5975:
Inequality in Education: Comparative and International Perspectives
5180:
5047:
Bergmann, B. (1999). "The continuing need for affirmative action".
4192:
3788:
3741:
3369:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
2835:
2262:
2250:
2106:
1876:
1698:
1619:
1264:
1190:
1095:
1055:
396:
391:
386:
311:
306:
251:
8290:
Featherman, David L.; Hall, Martin; Krislov, Marvin, eds. (2010).
8206:
7337:"Supremo decide pro unanimidade pela constiucionalidade das cotas"
4363:
2139:
A variant of affirmative action more common in Europe is known as
2086:
employment and pay, increasing access to education, and promoting
11976:
11926:
11665:
11615:
11404:
11109:
10793:
8965:
8869:
8849:
8822:
8797:
8701:
7996:
7979:
5971:
5410:
Council for Higher Education (in Hebrew). Retrieved 31 March 2023
4997:"Business Report – Home – Motlanthe warns BEE council has failed"
2704:
2098:
and redressing alleged wrongs, harms, or hindrances, also called
316:
212:
192:
165:
140:
63:
8590:
Weiss, Robert J. (1987). "Affirmative Action: A Brief History".
6617:
6370:"Romii – PROGRESE ÎNREGISTRATE ÎN ROMÂNIA ÎN PERIOADA 2007–2008"
5614:
4393:"Today's racial quotas? Senator Humphrey would've eaten his hat"
3477:
Some opponents of affirmative action argue that it is a form of
12100:
11448:
11092:
9941:
8950:
8854:
8832:
8827:
8777:
8085:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 278–334.
6946:. Society for History in the Federal Government. Archived from
6683:
5326:"Ethnic and Religious Affairs Commission of Guangdong Province"
4338:. Society for History in the Federal Government. Archived from
3515:
Evidence in support of the mismatching theory was presented by
3165:
legislation that gives preferential treatment. Subsection 2 of
2599:
2284:
2230:
Specific training or emulation actions for identified audiences
1316:
301:
197:
175:
170:
120:
6975:. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Archived from
6941:"President Kennedy's E.O.10925: Seedbed of Affirmative Action"
6802:
6643:
5635:
Debora, Yantina (4 February 2020). Hartanto, Agung Dwi (ed.).
4333:"President Kennedy's E.O.10925: Seedbed of Affirmative Action"
3474:
at the expense of the least fortunate within majority groups.
2233:
Relaxation of selection criteria applied to a target audiences
2154:
In the United States, affirmative action is controversial and
11961:
10666:
9951:
8782:
7517:"Public strongly backs affirmative action programs on campus"
7366:
6558:
Eurasia Studies Society of Great Britain & Europe Journal
5690:"Gercin Minta Kapolri Akomodir OAP Masuk Akpol | Papua Today"
5637:"Seleksi CPNS KKP 2019–2020: Ada Kekhususan Bagi Orang Papua"
4500:"Equal Opportunity & Affirmative Action Policy Statement"
4235:"Reverse Racism, or How the Pot Got to Call the Kettle Black"
2990:
2700:
2376:
1326:
125:
7977:
5873:"Encyclopedia of the Nations, "Malaysia Poverty and Wealth""
4373:, University of California, Irvine (access date 16 May 2015)
4067:(4th ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 101–102.
4017:
2265:
and affirmative action varies widely from nation to nation.
12001:
11444:
10563:
10392:
8079:"'Affirmative Action is reverse racism': The myth of merit"
5589:"777 Putra Asli Papua Lolos Program Beasiswa ADIK dan ADEM"
2998:
1958:
1787:
8454:
Affirmative action : the law and politics of equality
5664:"OAP calon siswa Bintara Noken di Papua capai 2.407 orang"
3935:
Jenkins, Laura Dudley; Moses, Michele S. (8 August 2017).
3769:
Special measures for gender equality in the United Nations
2224:
Specific scholarships and financial aid for certain groups
10984:
7914:"Attacking the 'Mismatch' Critique of Affirmative Action"
7448:. Quinnipiac University Poll. 3 June 2009. Archived from
5739:"Prabowo Disebut Bakal Perbanyak Prajurit TNI Asal Papua"
5662:
Rumagit, Alfian (25 February 2020). Jauhary, Andi (ed.).
5512:"Govt OKs 10% job quota for economically weaker sections"
3647:, the successor policy which replaced Affirmative Action
2268:
Caste-based and other group-based quotas are used in the
32:"Mismatch" redirects here. For the 2019 Indian film, see
8405:
University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law
8386:
University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law
8104:
The pursuit of fairness: a history of affirmative action
7633:
7543:"Higher Support for Gender Affirmative Action Than Race"
6540:
rehabilitated as having had a 'progressive significance'
6516:
Echoes of Empire: Memory, Identity and Colonial Legacies
5766:"Beasiswa ADik untuk Pelajar Papua dan 3T • INDBeasiswa"
3989:"Flexible learning pathways in Finnish higher education"
2838:
was fostered and made into mediums for schools over the
8527:
Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study
8046:
Diversity, equity, and inclusion § Further reading
7588:
7384:"The Persistent Effect of Temporary Affirmative Action"
6597:
Pravilnik ministarstva prosvete o upisu u srednje škole
3925:. Oxford University Press, March 2023. Web. 6 May 2023.
3112:
Independent Commission on Policing for Northern Ireland
11671:
List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents
8057:"Integration, affirmative action, and strict scrutiny"
7362:
General Comment 18 on Non-discrimination, Paragraph 10
7076:
6851:"Guide to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms"
6711:
6709:
5978:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 295.
4677:
Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society
4576:"What Is Affirmative Action? How It Works and Example"
4152:
2932:
brought up the discussion about affirmative action in
8690:
Affirmative Action on Campus Does More Harm than Good
8289:
7312:
Por Rodrigo Haidar e Filipe Coutinho (20 July 2009).
6991:
6103:
5713:"Siswa SMA Penerima Beasiswa Memilih Pulang ke Papua"
5564:"Guess how many Indians get merit-based scholarships"
5231:
The Constitution and the Rule of Law: An Introduction
4527:
4525:
4087:
2993:'s secretary and lover, was instrumental in creating
7942:
7465:"Race, Ideology, and Support for Affirmative Action"
6999:"Executive Order 11246—Equal employment opportunity"
6331:
6311:"Studie: Kjønnskvotering ingen effekt på lønnsomhet"
6106:"The French Constitution of 1958 and its Amendments"
4971:"'SAB deal to enrich black elite': Fin24: Companies"
4626:
4537:. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 1 April 2009.
8479:(Springer Nature Singapore, 2023) pp. 171–187.
7242:"Is positive discrimination lawful in New Zealand?"
7039:
6706:
5972:Donald B. Holsinger; W. James Jacob (29 May 2009).
5896:"The real issue is intra-Malay economic inequality"
4599:
4024:, International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
2641:(EWS), with the remaining unreserved. In 2014, the
2381:Following the transition to democracy in 1994, the
8529:(Yale University Press) analysis by a conservative
8291:
8101:
8083:Benign Bigotry: The Psychology of Subtle Prejudice
7068:Indy fire-fighters sue city, charge bias; also see
6907:
6512:
5965:
5328:. Mzzjw.gd.gov.cn. 15 October 2007. Archived from
4522:
3346:for "resurrecting Nazist ideals", appealed to the
2586:refers a policy in China on affirmative action in
10527:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
8632:"Affirmative Action: History and Analysis" (2003)
6740:
6738:
5177:"Culture, Communication and Media Studies - Home"
4661:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
3119:Sex Discrimination (Election Candidates) Act 2002
2420:Employment Equity also forms part of a company's
2373:in South Africa, following the end of apartheid.
2183:on 6 March 1961, which included a provision that
1922:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
12583:
8010:
7753:
7415:
7413:
7411:
7084:"Highlights of the 2002–2003 Supreme Court Term"
6803:Richard Kelly and Isobel White (29 April 2009).
6655:. Commission for Racial Equality. Archived from
5105:International Journal of Intercultural Relations
4818:. Sahistory.org.za. 3 April 2011. Archived from
3465:Resistance to diversity efforts in organizations
2942:(University-preparatory school). Headmasters of
10187:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
8682:, Report by Minority Rights Group International
8619:Affirmative action : a documentary history
8573:'We Want Jobs': A History of Affirmative Action
7164:. Princeton University Press. pp. 235–37.
7157:
6587:(Constitution of The Republic of Serbia), 2006.
6282:
6042:
6040:
4999:. Busrep.co.za. 9 February 2010. Archived from
1568:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
9669:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
7911:
6735:
6718:"Is there a case for positive discrimination?"
6080:"Oikeustieteellinen tiedekunta. Hakuopas 2011"
5815:The 'Bumiputera Policy': Dynamics and Dilemmas
4547:
3357:
3342:party, accusing the board of directors of the
3202:The policy of affirmative action dates to the
1044:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
10682:
8717:
7440:
7438:
7408:
7356:
7354:
7334:
7061:
6876:"GNWT – Human Resources – Affirmative Action"
6428:Patterson, Michelle Jane (29 February 2012).
6159:Jean-Pierre Steinhofer, "Beur ou ordinaire",
5371:
5172:A critique of affirmative action: The concept
5049:The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance
4848:Race, law and poverty in the new South Africa
4062:
3638:Religious discrimination in the United States
2826:for the entire 200 years they had controlled
2653:Indonesia has offered affirmative action for
2453:With the introduction of Affirmative Action,
2440:
2047:
8108:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press.
7737:
7388:American Economic Journal: Applied Economics
6878:. Hr.gov.nt.ca. 3 April 2012. Archived from
6453:Russian Masculinities in History and Culture
6072:
6037:
4357:
3934:
3611:History of civil rights in the United States
3125:to select more women as election candidates.
2215:
9885:List of people killed for being transgender
8560:
8429:
8298:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
6915:"Affirmative Action: History and Rationale"
6173:Eeckhout, Laetitia Van (17 December 2008).
5857:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5834:"Ethnic Inequality and Poverty in Malaysia"
5763:
5408:החלטות ישיבת הוועדה לתכנון ולתקצוב מס'1)100
5350:
4198:
4114:
3986:
3835:"The Equality Act 2010 and positive action"
3527:, in a 24 August 2007 article published in
1260:List of people killed for being transgender
10689:
10675:
8724:
8710:
8515:A History of Affirmative Action, 1619-2000
7772:The Painful Truth About Affirmative Action
7714:
7712:
7653:
7651:
7649:
7647:
7645:
7435:
7360:United Nations Committee on Human Rights,
7351:
7266:
5894:Ahmad, Nik Nazmi Nik (18 September 2019).
5401:
5227:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5158:
2980:
2781:. Please do not remove this message until
2377:Post-apartheid – the Employment Equity Act
2130:, until 2023, when this was overturned in
2054:
2040:
12413:Comprehensive Employment and Training Act
8561:Vieth-Entus, Susanne (29 December 2008).
8340:
7995:
7399:
7314:"DEM entra com ADPF contra cotas raciais"
6678:
6676:
6615:
6427:
6353:
6144:
6104:Jonathan D. Mott, PhD (7 February 1992).
5812:
4963:
4843:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4550:Social and Personality Psychology Compass
4308:
4175:
3899:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
3869:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
3058:, hiring someone simply because of their
2801:Learn how and when to remove this message
2516:Learn how and when to remove this message
12627:Industrial and organizational psychology
12257:Job losses caused by the Great Recession
10939:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
8981:Social determinants of health in poverty
8517:(University Press of Mississippi, 2001)
8477:Comparative Approaches in Law and Policy
8099:
8076:
7744:Does affirmative action hurt minorities?
7104:
7047:"Federal Employment Discrimination Laws"
6848:
6832:"Force discriminated against white male"
6172:
5785:
5132:
5046:
4692:Kim, Sunhee; Kim, Seoyong (March 2014).
2777:Relevant discussion may be found on the
332:Social determinants of health in poverty
12438:Credentialism and educational inflation
8676:Clifford Armion for La Clé des langues.
8532:
8450:
8356:
8221:
7848:
7810:
7709:
7642:
7613:
7540:
7292:
6812:. House of Commons Library. SN/PC/05057
6639:
6637:
6635:
6618:"Slovakia bans positive discrimination"
6450:
6126:
6000:"原住民學生升學保障及原住民公費留學辦法(民國 102 年08月19 日 )"
5912:
5710:
5687:
5661:
5468:
5419:
5155:
5102:
5080:
5078:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4443:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4018:Nicole Richardt; Torrey Shanks (2008),
3960:
3832:
3425:Quinnipiac University Polling Institute
3274:Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard
3198:Affirmative action in the United States
3159:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
2133:Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard
14:
12584:
12309:List of countries by unemployment rate
8159:
7888:
7854:
7833:
7657:
7381:
7236:
7234:
6849:Heritage, Canadian (23 October 2017).
6715:
6682:
6673:
6585:Constitution of The Republic of Serbia
6483:
6389:
5831:
5813:Mason, Richard; Omar, Ariffin (2004).
5634:
5228:van Staden, Martin (8 February 2019).
5128:
5126:
5042:
5040:
4866:
4834:
4776:"Uppsala discriminated against Swedes"
4691:
4395:. Family News Network. 20 January 2022
4287:
2406:Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment
2393:). A related, but distinct concept is
2290:
10670:
8705:
8589:
8570:
8329:Culture & History Digital Journal
7514:
7504:from the original on 4 November 2012.
7494:"Canadians against job hiring quotas"
7462:
7293:Plummer, Robert (25 September 2006).
7131:
7086:. Supct.law.cornell.edu. 27 June 2002
6649:"Affirmative action around the world"
6616:Goldirova, Renata (19 October 2005).
6477:
6133:Culture & History Digital Journal
5893:
5786:Nasikhah, Nunung (10 December 2019).
5476:"OBCs form 41% of population: Survey"
5448:"2011 Census Primary Census Abstract"
5281:
4869:"The problem with affirmative action"
4364:A Brief History of Affirmative Action
4262:
4260:
4228:
4226:
4199:Fullinwider, Robert (9 April 2018) .
4115:Fullinwider, Robert (9 April 2018) .
4011:
3937:"Affirmative action around the world"
3377:United Nations Human Rights Committee
2723:comprise about 6% of the population.
2627:Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
11207:Practice-based professional learning
10651:
9691:Capital punishment for homosexuality
8986:Social determinants of mental health
7783:
7684:
7488:
7463:Jones, Jeffrey M. (23 August 2005).
7295:"Black Brazil Seeks a Better Future"
7098:
6786:"Police recruitment 'will be 50:50'"
6632:
5201:
5086:"Black economic empowerment. (n.d.)"
5075:
4853:
4421:. Harvard Law School. Archived from
4276:
4232:
3581:Achievement gap in the United States
3333:Vestibular exam § Racial quotas
3134:equally well qualified for a role".
3001:for various social groups including
2751:
2468:
1066:Capital punishment for homosexuality
337:Social determinants of mental health
11755:Workers' right to access the toilet
9811:Genital modification and mutilation
8648:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
7912:Jaschik, Scott (3 September 2008).
7661:Affirmative Action Around the World
7541:Riffkin, Rebecca (26 August 2015).
7534:
7231:
6716:Millar, Michael (17 January 2006).
5959:Minority Rights Group International
5422:Women's Studies International Forum
5123:
5037:
4205:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4121:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4036:
3628:Discrimination in the United States
3098:to recruit 50% of numbers from the
3014:representative of this republic's "
1186:Genital modification and mutilation
24:
8731:
8611:
8486:(Stanford University Press, 2012).
8398:Harpalani, Vinay (February 2013).
8379:Harpalani, Vinay (November 2012).
8353:WW Norton, 2000) pp. 120–162.
8173:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism
8039:
7762:, by Thomas Sowell, 8 January 2003
7614:Newkirk, Vann R. (5 August 2017).
7219:. Legislation.govt.nz. 1 July 2013
7197:. Legislation.govt.nz. 1 July 2013
7009:from the original on 30 March 2010
6285:Scandinavian Journal of Management
5492:from the original on 17 April 2020
5202:Ryan, Ciaran (16 September 2019).
5195:
5088:. Southafrica.info. Archived from
4903:. Southafrica.info. Archived from
4850:, The Economist, 30 September 1999
4816:"White Workers and the Colour Bar"
4257:
4223:
4211:from the original on 12 March 2022
4127:from the original on 12 March 2022
3999:from the original on 22 April 2024
3258:California Civil Rights Initiative
3096:Police Service of Northern Ireland
25:
12638:
8659:collected news and commentary at
8637:
8625:
6551:
5711:Yunelia, Intan (3 October 2019).
3885:
3855:
3774:Strong-basis-in-evidence standard
3362:
3049:
2675:Ministry of Education and Culture
2362:, the Apprenticeship Act and the
12526:
12525:
11819:Corporate collapses and scandals
10650:
10641:
10640:
10290:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
10127:Law for Protection of the Nation
10027:White genocide conspiracy theory
8634:for secondary and middle schools
8357:Golland, David Hamilton (2008).
8004:
7971:
7936:
7905:
7882:
7827:
7804:
7798:10.1016/j.econedurev.2017.01.003
7777:
7765:
7691:Michigan Journal of Race and Law
7678:
7607:
7574:
7560:
7508:
7482:
7456:
7375:
7328:
7305:
7286:
7260:
7209:
7187:
7178:
7151:
7125:
7105:DeSilver, Drew (22 April 2014).
7021:
6965:
6933:
6894:
6868:
6842:
6824:
6796:
6778:
6756:
6609:
6590:
6578:
6564:
6545:
6506:
6444:
6421:
6262:"27.000 flere bedrifter i Norge"
5365:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.05.005
4699:Asian Journal of Women's Studies
3961:Jeenger, Kailash (18 May 2020).
3833:Jarrett, Tim (24 October 2011).
3645:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
3321:
3262:Michigan Civil Rights Initiative
3222:On 24 September 1965, President
3214:, which was signed by President
3191:
3137:
2985:Soon after the 1918 revolution,
2756:
2671:Indonesian National Armed Forces
2473:
2358:, the Job Reservations Act, the
1677:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
1508:Law for Protection of the Nation
1402:White genocide conspiracy theory
62:
36:. For the Indian TV series, see
10132:MSM blood donation restrictions
9880:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
8592:Journal of Intergroup Relations
7834:Heriot, Gail (24 August 2007).
7335:Débora Santos (26 April 2012).
6383:
6362:
6325:
6303:
6276:
6254:
6232:
6223:
6214:
6202:. Vie-publique.fr. 25 June 2002
6192:
6166:
6153:
6120:
6097:
6016:
6010:
5992:
5947:
5925:
5906:
5887:
5865:
5825:
5806:
5779:
5757:
5731:
5704:
5681:
5655:
5628:
5607:
5581:
5556:
5530:
5504:
5440:
5413:
5344:
5318:
5297:
5275:
5221:
5096:
5015:
4989:
4941:
4919:
4893:
4875:
4808:
4786:
4768:
4742:
4724:
4685:
4669:
4620:
4593:
4568:
4541:
4492:
4437:
4407:
4385:
4376:
4325:
4233:Fish, Stanley (November 1993).
4146:
4108:
4081:
4063:Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo (2014).
4056:
3525:U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
2699:, and the indigenous people of
2482:This section is written like a
2326:
1513:MSM blood donation restrictions
1255:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
12319:Employment-to-population ratio
11691:Occupational health psychology
10696:
10145:(as religious or racial quota)
8451:Hubbard, William Gary (1978).
8231:UN Economic and Social Council
8120:, a standard scholarly history
7945:Journal of Economic Literature
7836:"Affirmative Action Backfires"
7774:, The Atlantic, 2 October 2012
7515:Drake, Bruce (22 April 2014).
7316:(in Portuguese). Conjur.com.br
6645:Commission for Racial Equality
5486:Bennett, Coleman & Company
4643:(inactive 10 September 2024).
4450:Review of Educational Research
3980:
3954:
3928:
3915:
3826:
3506:
3285:
3084:Northern Ireland Peace Process
1526:(as religious or racial quota)
13:
1:
12407:Works Progress Administration
12299:Unemployment Convention, 1919
11711:Personal protective equipment
11264:Occupational Outlook Handbook
10559:Second-generation gender bias
10275:Constitutional colorblindness
8976:Social determinants of health
8400:"Fisher's fishing expedition"
8248:Rhetoric & Public Affairs
8175:. Thousand Oaks, California:
8130:A companion to applied ethics
8077:Anderson, Kristin J. (2010).
7889:Fisman, Ray (29 April 2005).
7786:Economics of Education Review
7339:(in Portuguese). g1.globo.com
7132:Soave, Robby (29 June 2023).
5434:10.1016/S0277-5395(03)00043-8
5117:10.1016/S0147-1767(02)00091-3
5061:10.1016/S1062-9769(99)00027-7
3819:
3484:Fisher v. University of Texas
3401:According to a poll taken by
3078:Specific exemptions include:
2856:Council of Aboriginal Affairs
2732:Malaysian New Economic Policy
2728:Malaysian New Economic Policy
2693:Malaysian New Economic Policy
2643:Indian National Sample Survey
2496:and discuss the issue on the
1954:Second-generation gender bias
1662:Constitutional colorblindness
327:Social determinants of health
12488:Psychopathy in the workplace
11661:Human factors and ergonomics
6297:10.1016/j.scaman.2010.10.002
6264:. nettavisen.no. 27 May 2004
6004:Ministry of Justice (Taiwan)
5955:"Taiwan: Indigenous peoples"
5025:. Mg.co.za. 20 November 2009
4867:Stokes, G. (15 March 2010).
4444:Tierney, William G. (1997).
4032:– via Encyclopedia.com
3586:Affirmative action bake sale
3519:, a professor of law at the
3454:
3157:The equality section of the
3153:Federal Contractors' Program
2956:public stock companies (ASA)
2854:. Ministry of Education and
2747:
2648:
2639:Economically Weaker Sections
2337:
2297:Reserved political positions
2244:Women in government (quotas)
7:
12622:Majority–minority relations
12473:Narcissism in the workplace
11686:Occupational exposure limit
10470:Medical model of disability
10322:Hate speech laws by country
8363:City University of New York
8284:Inventing equal opportunity
8100:Anderson, Terry H. (2004).
7855:Sander, Richard H. (2004).
7724:Southern Poverty Law Center
7423:. Usatoday.Com. 20 May 2005
7113:. The Pew Charitable Trusts
6692:Discrimination: your rights
6484:Martin, Terry Dean (2001).
5764:INDBeasiswa (10 May 2019).
4929:. Mg.co.za. 3 February 2010
4156:Policy Futures in Education
3633:Racism in the United States
3573:
3358:International organizations
3102:community and 50% from the
3033:
2783:conditions to do so are met
2680:
2673:. Education scholarship by
2577:Affirmative action in China
2360:Native Building Workers Act
2151:of outcomes based on race.
2111:reservation system in India
1865:Medical model of disability
1709:Hate speech laws by country
10:
12643:
12402:Civil Works Administration
12284:Technological unemployment
11760:Workplace health promotion
11217:Professional certification
10914:Personality–job fit theory
10579:Social model of disability
9031:Discrimination against men
8421:Annual Review of Sociology
8043:
6313:. e24.no. 2 September 2016
4949:"BEE: A man made disaster"
4706:(1): 30–69. Archived from
3623:Disability rights movement
3601:Civil and political rights
3458:
3383:
3330:
3280:
3195:
3149:Employment equity (Canada)
3146:
2969:
2916:
2876:
2867:
2684:
2618:
2574:
2464:
2455:black economic empowerment
2441:Affirmative action purpose
2422:Black Economic Empowerment
2395:Black Economic Empowerment
2333:Black Economic Empowerment
2330:
2294:
2241:
2170:
1974:Social model of disability
382:Discrimination against men
31:
12521:
12420:
12382:Guaranteed minimum income
12339:
12180:
12054:
11967:Organizational commitment
11919:
11811:
11778:
11641:
11566:
11443:
11370:
11304:
11091:
11013:
10957:
10807:
10704:
10636:
10375:
10252:
10045:
9932:Opposition to immigration
9656:
9286:
9123:
8883:
8833:Race / Ethnicity
8770:
8739:
8571:Weiss, Robert J. (1997).
8555:Journal of Policy History
8143:10.1002/9780470996621.ch9
7811:Bleemer, Zachary (2020).
7664:. Yale University Press.
6688:"Types of discrimination"
5915:Singapore Economic Review
5875:. Nationsencyclopedia.com
5819:Universiti Sains Malaysia
5688:Redaksi (22 March 2019).
4641:10.1007/s12129-002-1045-8
4462:10.3102/00346543067002165
3863:"positive discrimination"
3326:
3142:
3024:
2949:
2888:
2862:
2845:
2593:
2383:African National Congress
2321:
2256:
2216:Methods of implementation
2177:Executive Order No. 10925
1307:Opposition to immigration
176:Race / Ethnicity
12551:Aspects of organizations
12232:Involuntary unemployment
11793:Equal pay for equal work
11716:Repetitive strain injury
11222:Professional development
11212:Professional association
10894:Letter of recommendation
9927:Occupational segregation
9696:Compulsory sterilization
8189:10.4135/9781412965811.n5
8017:American Economic Review
7158:Steven M. Teles (2010).
6490:Cornell University Press
6461:10.1057/9780230501799_11
4679:(2012) 51#2 pp 213–246.
4168:10.1177/1478210320940139
4090:Race, Gender & Class
3921:"positive, adj. and n."
3759:Reasonable accommodation
3396:
3241:Civil Rights Act of 1964
2614:
2570:
2411:people with disabilities
2237:
1302:Occupational segregation
1071:Compulsory sterilization
12536:Aspects of corporations
12498:Slow movement (culture)
12377:Employer of last resort
12279:Structural unemployment
12217:Frictional unemployment
11656:Epilepsy and employment
11543:Performance-related pay
11477:National average salary
11395:996 working hour system
10455:Internalized oppression
10317:Fighting Discrimination
10307:Fat acceptance movement
10265:Anti-discrimination law
9905:Native American mascots
8670:NOW on PBS investigates
8653:, for graduate students
8323:Ghorbal, Karim (2015).
7918:Inside Higher Education
7841:The Wall Street Journal
7658:Sowell, Thomas (2004).
7597:/ Patrick Garry (2006)
7382:Miller, Conrad (2017).
6667:14 October 2016 at the
6404:10.1163/187633176X00107
6127:Ghorbal, Karim (2015).
5353:Social Science Research
5282:admin (8 August 2024).
5204:"A government unhinged"
4973:. Fin24. Archived from
4901:"Employment Equity FAQ"
4207:. Stanford University.
4123:. Stanford University.
3811:Reparations for slavery
3663:Economic discrimination
3591:Anti-discrimination law
3530:The Wall Street Journal
3521:University of San Diego
2981:Soviet Union and Russia
2934:Germany's school system
2721:those of Indian descent
2565:
2179:", signed by President
2079:positive discrimination
2069:(also sometimes called
1850:Internalized oppression
1704:Fighting Discrimination
1694:Fat acceptance movement
1652:Anti-discrimination law
1280:Native American mascots
18:Positive discrimination
12546:Aspects of occupations
12352:Unemployment insurance
12304:Unemployment extension
12274:Reserve army of labour
12079:Constructive dismissal
11886:Sleeping while on duty
11851:Exploitation of labour
11733:Sick building syndrome
10909:Person–environment fit
10779:Independent contractor
10574:Social identity threat
10547:Reverse discrimination
10537:Racial color blindness
10017:Violence against women
9997:Sex-selective abortion
8617:Robinson, Jo Ann, ed.
8423:. 31 (2005): 357-379.
8053:Anderson, Elizabeth S.
7984:Quantitative Economics
7685:Yang, Tseming (2006).
7269:"Diversity Awards NZ™"
6346:10.1287/mnsc.2021.4031
5379:"משרד הכלכלה והתעשייה"
4794:"Job Reservations Act"
3479:reverse discrimination
3344:University of Brasília
3170:physical disability".
2815:Standardization policy
2631:Other Backward Classes
2308:reverse discrimination
2185:government contractors
2165:reverse discrimination
1969:Social identity threat
1942:Reverse discrimination
1932:Racial color blindness
1392:Violence against women
1372:Sex-selective abortion
12556:Aspects of workplaces
12294:Unemployment benefits
12289:Types of unemployment
12227:Graduate unemployment
12121:Letter of resignation
11750:Workers' compensation
11743:Occupational fatality
11252:Vocational university
10852:Employment counsellor
10542:Religious intolerance
10502:Political correctness
10332:Intersex human rights
10280:Cultural assimilation
9962:Religious persecution
9726:Disability hate crime
9501:Jewish / Antisemitism
8557:18.4 (2006): 446-476.
8495:Jewish Social Studies
8342:10.3989/chdj.2015.016
8260:10.1353/rap.2001.0003
8239:E/CN.4/Sub.2/2002/21
8044:Further information:
6647:(29 September 2006).
6602:6 August 2020 at the
6521:Bloomsbury Publishing
6146:10.3989/chdj.2015.016
5841:Georgetown University
5133:Edigheji, O. (2006).
4927:"BEE's Glass Slipper"
4887:18 March 2014 at the
4382:Executive Order 11246
3754:Race and intelligence
3727:Political correctness
3695:Men's rights movement
3616:Civil rights movement
3348:Supreme Federal Court
3331:Further information:
3301:Human Rights Act 1993
3236:Executive Order 11375
3232:Executive Order 10925
3228:Executive Order 11246
3212:Executive Order 10925
3208:racial discrimination
3185:Northwest Territories
3176:Employment Equity Act
3147:Further information:
3088:Good Friday Agreement
2635:Constitution of India
2549:, and undermined the
2402:Employment Equity Act
2197:Executive Order 11246
1937:Religious intolerance
1897:Political correctness
1719:Intersex human rights
1667:Cultural assimilation
1337:Religious persecution
1101:Disability hate crime
868:Jewish / Antisemitism
12362:Job creation program
12138:Mandatory retirement
12091:Employee offboarding
11911:Workplace incivility
11906:Workplace harassment
11681:Occupational disease
11676:Occupational burnout
11591:Disability insurance
11435:Workweek and weekend
11242:Vocational education
11157:Continuing education
10995:Permanent employment
9947:Political repression
8936:Anti-left handedness
8926:Anti-intellectualism
8695:23 July 2016 at the
8686:Intelligence Squared
8643:"Affirmative Action"
8472:(Columbia UP, 2019).
8465:(W. W. Norton, 2006)
8375:Order No. DA3325474.
8165:"Affirmative Action"
8029:10.1257/aer.20140783
7401:10.1257/app.20160121
7049:. EmployeeIssues.com
7003:The Federal Register
6900:Melvin I. Urofsky,
6806:All-women shortlists
6792:. 12 September 2001.
6766:. Legislation.gov.uk
6455:. pp. 194–209.
5845:University of Malaya
5832:Ravallion1, Martin.
5488:. 1 September 2007.
5383:משרד הכלכלה והתעשייה
4718:24 June 2015 at the
4710:on 4 September 2015.
4415:"Affirmative Action"
4310:10.2139/ssrn.3112683
4201:"Affirmative Action"
4137:When steps involve
4117:"Affirmative Action"
4051:600 U.S. ___
3987:UNESCO IIEP (2021).
3893:"affirmative action"
3784:Substantive equality
3651:Diversity (business)
3523:and a member of the
3253:Grutter v. Bollinger
3230:, thereby replacing
3123:all-women shortlists
3040:Constitutional Court
2907:Armées d'aujourd'hui
2852:Taiwanese aborigines
2621:Reservation in India
2415:Department of Labour
2160:substantive equality
2149:substantive equality
2127:Grutter v. Bollinger
2118:In the United States
2100:substantive equality
1322:Political repression
287:Anti-left handedness
277:Anti-intellectualism
38:Mismatch (TV series)
12267:Recession-proof job
12262:Lists of recessions
12200:Economic depression
12148:Retirement planning
12029:Work–life interface
11866:Employee monitoring
11834:Corporate behaviour
11824:Accounting scandals
11706:Occupational stress
11696:Occupational injury
11232:Reflective practice
11227:Professional school
10949:Work-at-home scheme
10869:Induction programme
10847:Employment contract
10827:Business networking
10450:Historical eugenics
9987:Segregation academy
9967:Religious terrorism
9756:Enemy of the people
9664:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
9168:Jehovah's Witnesses
9056:Perpetual foreigner
8662:The Washington Post
8316:7 June 2010 at the
8237:on 16 October 2015.
7924:on 13 December 2017
7864:Stanford Law Review
7750:, 26 September 2007
7521:Pew Research Center
7111:Pew Research Center
7035:on 19 October 2014.
6838:. 22 February 2019.
6764:"Equality Act 2010"
6659:on 25 January 2007.
6574:. 18 February 2016.
5092:on 1 November 2012.
4782:. 21 December 2006.
4369:12 May 2015 at the
3903:on 23 February 2014
3897:Oxford Dictionaries
3873:on 23 February 2014
3867:Oxford Dictionaries
3448:Pew Research Center
3435:Pew Research Center
3311:Done in good faith;
3264:), and Washington (
3131:employment tribunal
3121:allowed the use of
3007:culturally backward
2895:French Constitution
2770:of this article is
2659:2019 Papua protests
2490:improve the section
2364:Bantu Education Act
2356:Mines and Works Act
2291:National approaches
1845:Historical eugenics
1362:Segregation academy
1342:Religious terrorism
1131:Enemy of the people
1039:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
527:Jehovah's Witnesses
407:Perpetual foreigner
12617:Left-wing politics
12592:Affirmative action
12530:See also templates
12367:Job creation index
12331:Youth unemployment
12195:Discouraged worker
12084:Wrongful dismissal
12064:At-will employment
11937:Civil conscription
11901:Workplace bullying
11788:Affirmative action
11770:Workplace wellness
11701:Occupational noise
11342:Long service leave
11202:Overspecialization
11182:Induction training
11137:Career development
10362:Social integration
10357:Self-determination
10347:Racial integration
10295:Diversity training
10285:Cultural pluralism
10260:Affirmative action
10160:Racial segregation
10070:Crime of apartheid
9972:Religious violence
9465:Indigenous people
8860:Sexual orientation
8657:Affirmative Action
8482:Pierce, Jennifer.
8468:Okechukwu, Amaka.
7957:10.1257/jel.54.1.3
7492:(12 August 2010).
6334:Management Science
6161:Armée d'ajourd'hui
5542:The Economic Times
5455:Censusindia.gov.in
5389:on 1 February 2013
4796:. South End Museum
4629:Academic Questions
4614:10.1007/BF00129440
4562:10.1111/spc3.12374
4534:Affirmative Action
4345:on 27 October 2020
3690:Legacy preferences
3656:Diversity training
3367:The International
3204:Reconstruction Era
3181:visible minorities
3090:and the resulting
2717:of Chinese descent
2494:encyclopedic style
2270:reservation system
2189:affirmative action
2075:alternative access
2067:Affirmative action
1749:Social integration
1744:Self-determination
1734:Racial integration
1682:Diversity training
1672:Cultural pluralism
1648:Affirmative action
1541:Racial segregation
1451:Crime of apartheid
1347:Religious violence
832:Indigenous people
203:Sexual orientation
12579:
12578:
12478:Post-work society
12458:Kiss up kick down
12190:Barriers to entry
12155:Severance package
11987:Human trafficking
11881:Sexual harassment
11861:Employee handbook
11780:Equal opportunity
11643:Safety and health
11633:Take-home vehicle
11247:Vocational school
11197:Lifelong learning
11172:Further education
11132:Career counseling
11127:Career assessment
10904:Overqualification
10664:
10663:
10532:Racism by country
10460:Intersectionality
10445:Heteronormativity
10244:Voter suppression
9992:Sexual harassment
9791:Forced conversion
9711:Cultural genocide
9364:African Americans
9178:post–Cold War era
9163:Eastern Orthodoxy
8921:Anti-drug addicts
8916:Anti-homelessness
8843:Scientific racism
8582:978-0-8153-2750-9
8513:Rubio, Philip F.
8461:Katznelson, Ira.
8198:978-1-4129-6580-4
8092:978-0-52-187835-7
7748:Los Angeles Times
7452:on 24 April 2021.
7071:Norma M. Riccucci
6750:www.xperthr.co.uk
6530:978-0-85773-896-7
6499:978-0-8014-8677-7
6488:. United States:
6470:978-1-349-42592-1
6175:"Le Plan Sarkozy"
6060:on 2 October 2011
5985:978-90-481-2652-1
5792:www.urbanasia.com
5332:on 5 January 2009
5241:978-0-9921788-6-4
5174:. Retrieved from
5170:Goga, F. (n.d.).
4977:on 3 October 2011
4756:. 7 December 2022
4291:(December 2010).
4245:on 28 August 2020
4074:978-1-4422-2055-3
4021:Equal Opportunity
3737:Progressive stack
3668:Equal opportunity
3552:Peter Arcidiacono
3352:constitutionality
3224:Lyndon B. Johnson
3108:other communities
3068:Equality Act 2010
3016:titular ethnicity
3003:ethnic minorities
2921:Article 3 of the
2811:
2810:
2803:
2526:
2525:
2518:
2193:Lyndon B. Johnson
2064:
2063:
1927:Racism by country
1855:Intersectionality
1840:Heteronormativity
1625:Voter suppression
1367:Sexual harassment
1166:Forced conversion
1086:Cultural genocide
731:African Americans
537:post–Cold War era
522:Eastern Orthodoxy
272:Anti-drug addicts
267:Anti-homelessness
186:Scientific racism
16:(Redirected from
12634:
12566:Critique of work
12561:Corporate titles
12529:
12528:
12448:Evil corporation
12314:Employment rates
12237:Jobless recovery
12205:Great Depression
12165:Golden parachute
12160:Golden handshake
11957:Job satisfaction
11947:Critique of work
11765:Workplace phobia
11596:Health insurance
11553:Wage compression
11521:Progressive wage
11380:35-hour workweek
11347:No call, no show
11337:Leave of absence
11187:Knowledge worker
11115:Master craftsman
10919:Personality hire
10857:Executive search
10837:Curriculum vitae
10822:Background check
10691:
10684:
10677:
10668:
10667:
10654:
10653:
10644:
10643:
10584:Social privilege
10569:Social exclusion
10497:Police brutality
10418:Multiculturalism
10388:Amatonormativity
10219:Social exclusion
10055:Age of candidacy
9855:Homeless dumping
9761:Ethnic cleansing
8726:
8719:
8712:
8703:
8702:
8652:
8639:Zalta, Edward N.
8607:
8586:
8567:Der Tagesspiegel
8566:
8550:
8510:
8458:
8447:
8413:
8394:
8374:
8346:
8344:
8309:
8297:
8279:
8238:
8233:. Archived from
8225:(17 June 2002).
8218:
8183:. pp. 6–8.
8156:
8119:
8107:
8096:
8070:
8033:
8032:
8023:(6): 1495–1521.
8008:
8002:
8001:
7999:
7975:
7969:
7968:
7940:
7934:
7933:
7931:
7929:
7920:. Archived from
7909:
7903:
7902:
7900:
7898:
7886:
7880:
7879:
7861:
7852:
7846:
7845:
7831:
7825:
7824:
7808:
7802:
7801:
7781:
7775:
7769:
7763:
7757:
7751:
7741:
7735:
7734:
7732:
7730:
7720:"Charles Murray"
7716:
7707:
7706:
7704:
7702:
7682:
7676:
7675:
7655:
7640:
7637:
7631:
7630:
7628:
7626:
7611:
7605:
7592:
7586:
7585:
7584:. 26 April 2022.
7578:
7572:
7571:
7564:
7558:
7557:
7555:
7553:
7538:
7532:
7531:
7529:
7527:
7512:
7506:
7505:
7486:
7480:
7479:
7477:
7475:
7460:
7454:
7453:
7442:
7433:
7432:
7430:
7428:
7417:
7406:
7405:
7403:
7379:
7373:
7370:
7364:
7358:
7349:
7348:
7346:
7344:
7332:
7326:
7325:
7323:
7321:
7309:
7303:
7302:
7290:
7284:
7283:
7281:
7279:
7267:DiversityWorks.
7264:
7258:
7257:
7255:
7253:
7238:
7229:
7228:
7226:
7224:
7213:
7207:
7206:
7204:
7202:
7191:
7185:
7182:
7176:
7175:
7155:
7149:
7148:
7146:
7144:
7129:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7118:
7102:
7096:
7095:
7093:
7091:
7080:
7074:
7065:
7059:
7058:
7056:
7054:
7043:
7037:
7036:
7031:. Archived from
7025:
7019:
7018:
7016:
7014:
6995:
6989:
6988:
6986:
6984:
6969:
6963:
6962:
6960:
6958:
6952:
6945:
6937:
6931:
6930:
6928:
6926:
6911:
6905:
6898:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6887:
6882:on 3 August 2012
6872:
6866:
6865:
6863:
6861:
6846:
6840:
6839:
6828:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6817:
6811:
6800:
6794:
6793:
6782:
6776:
6775:
6773:
6771:
6760:
6754:
6753:
6742:
6733:
6732:
6730:
6728:
6713:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6699:
6686:(4 April 2013).
6680:
6671:
6660:
6641:
6630:
6629:
6627:
6625:
6620:. Euobserver.com
6613:
6607:
6594:
6588:
6582:
6576:
6575:
6568:
6562:
6561:
6549:
6543:
6542:
6510:
6504:
6503:
6481:
6475:
6474:
6448:
6442:
6441:
6425:
6419:
6418:
6387:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6376:
6366:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6340:(6): 4112–4134.
6329:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6318:
6307:
6301:
6300:
6280:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6269:
6258:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6247:
6236:
6230:
6227:
6221:
6218:
6212:
6211:
6209:
6207:
6196:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6185:
6170:
6164:
6157:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6124:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6108:. Thisnation.com
6101:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6090:
6084:
6076:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6065:
6059:
6052:
6044:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6030:
6014:
6008:
6007:
5996:
5990:
5989:
5969:
5963:
5962:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5940:
5929:
5923:
5922:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5891:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5869:
5863:
5862:
5856:
5848:
5838:
5829:
5823:
5822:
5810:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5783:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5761:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5750:
5735:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5708:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5697:
5685:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5659:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5648:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5621:
5611:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5600:
5585:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5574:
5560:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5544:. 7 January 2019
5534:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5523:
5518:. 7 January 2019
5508:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5497:
5472:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5452:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5417:
5411:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5385:. Archived from
5375:
5369:
5368:
5359:(6): 1494–1505.
5348:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5337:
5322:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5290:
5279:
5273:
5272:
5266:
5262:
5260:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5179:. Archived from
5168:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5144:. Archived from
5139:
5130:
5121:
5120:
5100:
5094:
5093:
5082:
5073:
5072:
5044:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5008:
4993:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4951:. Moneyweb.co.za
4945:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4897:
4891:
4879:
4873:
4872:
4864:
4851:
4845:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4822:on 19 March 2014
4812:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4790:
4784:
4783:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4728:
4722:
4711:
4689:
4683:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4660:
4652:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4602:Higher Education
4597:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4545:
4539:
4538:
4529:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4506:. Archived from
4496:
4490:
4489:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4411:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4389:
4383:
4380:
4374:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4344:
4337:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4312:
4285:
4274:
4264:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4241:. Archived from
4230:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4179:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4134:
4132:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4060:
4054:
4048:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3941:The Conversation
3932:
3926:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3839:
3830:
3799:Angry white male
3732:Positive liberty
3705:Multiculturalism
2923:German Basic Law
2883:Swedish language
2806:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2786:
2760:
2759:
2752:
2667:defense minister
2663:Prabowo Subianto
2588:criminal justice
2553:in the country.
2521:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2501:
2477:
2476:
2469:
2096:social inclusion
2056:
2049:
2042:
1979:Social privilege
1964:Social exclusion
1892:Police brutality
1813:Multiculturalism
1783:Amatonormativity
1600:Social exclusion
1436:Age of candidacy
1230:Homeless dumping
1136:Ethnic cleansing
66:
43:
42:
21:
12642:
12641:
12637:
12636:
12635:
12633:
12632:
12631:
12582:
12581:
12580:
12575:
12571:Organized labor
12541:Aspects of jobs
12517:
12508:Toxic workplace
12443:Emotional labor
12416:
12340:Public programs
12335:
12252:Great Recession
12222:Full employment
12210:Long Depression
12176:
12074:Banishment room
12050:
11972:Refusal of work
11915:
11839:Corporate crime
11807:
11774:
11637:
11562:
11439:
11366:
11300:
11177:Graduate school
11087:
11009:
10953:
10944:Underemployment
10803:
10747:Self-employment
10722:Contingent work
10712:Academic tenure
10705:Classifications
10700:
10695:
10665:
10660:
10632:
10507:Polyculturalism
10403:Civil liberties
10371:
10352:Reappropriation
10253:Countermeasures
10248:
10177:Racial steering
10143:Numerus clausus
10047:
10041:
9766:Ethnic conflict
9701:Corrective rape
9652:
9282:
9237:minority Muslim
9119:
9011:HIV/AIDS stigma
8879:
8828:Mental disorder
8766:
8735:
8730:
8697:Wayback Machine
8628:
8614:
8612:Primary sources
8583:
8575:. Garland Pub.
8524:Sowell, Thomas.
8492:
8397:
8378:
8322:
8318:Wayback Machine
8306:
8282:Dobbin, Frank.
8245:
8199:
8153:
8126:
8116:
8093:
8051:
8048:
8042:
8040:Further reading
8037:
8036:
8009:
8005:
7976:
7972:
7941:
7937:
7927:
7925:
7910:
7906:
7896:
7894:
7887:
7883:
7859:
7853:
7849:
7832:
7828:
7809:
7805:
7782:
7778:
7770:
7766:
7760:Quotas on trial
7758:
7754:
7742:
7738:
7728:
7726:
7718:
7717:
7710:
7700:
7698:
7683:
7679:
7672:
7656:
7643:
7638:
7634:
7624:
7622:
7612:
7608:
7593:
7589:
7580:
7579:
7575:
7566:
7565:
7561:
7551:
7549:
7539:
7535:
7525:
7523:
7513:
7509:
7487:
7483:
7473:
7471:
7461:
7457:
7444:
7443:
7436:
7426:
7424:
7419:
7418:
7409:
7380:
7376:
7371:
7367:
7359:
7352:
7342:
7340:
7333:
7329:
7319:
7317:
7310:
7306:
7291:
7287:
7277:
7275:
7265:
7261:
7251:
7249:
7248:. 13 April 2022
7240:
7239:
7232:
7222:
7220:
7215:
7214:
7210:
7200:
7198:
7193:
7192:
7188:
7183:
7179:
7172:
7156:
7152:
7142:
7140:
7130:
7126:
7116:
7114:
7103:
7099:
7089:
7087:
7082:
7081:
7077:
7066:
7062:
7052:
7050:
7045:
7044:
7040:
7027:
7026:
7022:
7012:
7010:
6997:
6996:
6992:
6982:
6980:
6971:
6970:
6966:
6956:
6954:
6953:on 4 March 2016
6950:
6943:
6939:
6938:
6934:
6924:
6922:
6913:
6912:
6908:
6899:
6895:
6885:
6883:
6874:
6873:
6869:
6859:
6857:
6847:
6843:
6830:
6829:
6825:
6815:
6813:
6809:
6801:
6797:
6784:
6783:
6779:
6769:
6767:
6762:
6761:
6757:
6744:
6743:
6736:
6726:
6724:
6722:Personnel Today
6714:
6707:
6697:
6695:
6681:
6674:
6669:Wayback Machine
6642:
6633:
6623:
6621:
6614:
6610:
6604:Wayback Machine
6595:
6591:
6583:
6579:
6570:
6569:
6565:
6550:
6546:
6531:
6511:
6507:
6500:
6482:
6478:
6471:
6449:
6445:
6426:
6422:
6392:Russian History
6388:
6384:
6374:
6372:
6368:
6367:
6363:
6330:
6326:
6316:
6314:
6309:
6308:
6304:
6281:
6277:
6267:
6265:
6260:
6259:
6255:
6245:
6243:
6238:
6237:
6233:
6228:
6224:
6219:
6215:
6205:
6203:
6198:
6197:
6193:
6183:
6181:
6171:
6167:
6158:
6154:
6125:
6121:
6111:
6109:
6102:
6098:
6088:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6077:
6073:
6063:
6061:
6057:
6050:
6046:
6045:
6038:
6028:
6026:
6015:
6011:
5998:
5997:
5993:
5986:
5970:
5966:
5961:. 19 June 2015.
5953:
5952:
5948:
5938:
5936:
5931:
5930:
5926:
5911:
5907:
5892:
5888:
5878:
5876:
5871:
5870:
5866:
5850:
5849:
5836:
5830:
5826:
5811:
5807:
5797:
5795:
5794:(in Indonesian)
5784:
5780:
5770:
5768:
5762:
5758:
5748:
5746:
5745:(in Indonesian)
5737:
5736:
5732:
5722:
5720:
5719:(in Indonesian)
5709:
5705:
5695:
5693:
5692:(in Indonesian)
5686:
5682:
5672:
5670:
5660:
5656:
5646:
5644:
5643:(in Indonesian)
5633:
5629:
5619:
5617:
5613:
5612:
5608:
5598:
5596:
5595:(in Indonesian)
5587:
5586:
5582:
5572:
5570:
5562:
5561:
5557:
5547:
5545:
5536:
5535:
5531:
5521:
5519:
5510:
5509:
5505:
5495:
5493:
5474:
5473:
5469:
5459:
5457:
5450:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5418:
5414:
5406:
5402:
5392:
5390:
5377:
5376:
5372:
5349:
5345:
5335:
5333:
5324:
5323:
5319:
5309:
5307:
5303:
5302:
5298:
5288:
5286:
5280:
5276:
5264:
5263:
5254:
5253:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5226:
5222:
5212:
5210:
5200:
5196:
5186:
5184:
5183:on 22 June 2012
5175:
5169:
5156:
5151:on 19 May 2014.
5148:
5137:
5131:
5124:
5101:
5097:
5084:
5083:
5076:
5045:
5038:
5028:
5026:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5006:
5004:
4995:
4994:
4990:
4980:
4978:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4954:
4952:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4932:
4930:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4910:
4908:
4907:on 1 April 2012
4899:
4898:
4894:
4889:Wayback Machine
4880:
4876:
4871:. Fanews.co.za.
4865:
4854:
4846:
4835:
4825:
4823:
4814:
4813:
4809:
4799:
4797:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4759:
4757:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4720:Wayback Machine
4690:
4686:
4674:
4670:
4654:
4653:
4625:
4621:
4598:
4594:
4584:
4582:
4574:
4573:
4569:
4546:
4542:
4531:
4530:
4523:
4513:
4511:
4498:
4497:
4493:
4442:
4438:
4428:
4426:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4398:
4396:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4381:
4377:
4371:Wayback Machine
4362:
4358:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4335:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4289:Heriot, Gail L.
4286:
4277:
4265:
4258:
4248:
4246:
4231:
4224:
4214:
4212:
4197:
4193:
4151:
4147:
4130:
4128:
4113:
4109:
4086:
4082:
4075:
4061:
4057:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4027:
4025:
4016:
4012:
4002:
4000:
3985:
3981:
3971:
3969:
3959:
3955:
3945:
3943:
3933:
3929:
3920:
3916:
3906:
3904:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3876:
3874:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3846:
3844:
3837:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3715:Numerus clausus
3700:Minority rights
3678:Gender equality
3606:Civil liberties
3576:
3565:Duke University
3547:Jesse Rothstein
3509:
3472:minority groups
3467:
3457:
3418:Hispanic people
3409:minority groups
3399:
3386:
3365:
3360:
3335:
3329:
3324:
3290:Individuals of
3288:
3283:
3216:John F. Kennedy
3200:
3194:
3155:
3145:
3140:
3073:positive action
3060:protected-group
3052:
3036:
3027:
2983:
2972:
2952:
2919:
2891:
2879:
2870:
2865:
2848:
2830:. However, the
2824:Tamil community
2807:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2776:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2689:
2687:Ketuanan Melayu
2683:
2651:
2623:
2617:
2596:
2584:Liangshaoyikuan
2579:
2573:
2568:
2556:
2522:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2487:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2443:
2379:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2324:
2316:positive action
2299:
2293:
2259:
2246:
2240:
2218:
2181:John F. Kennedy
2173:
2141:positive action
2083:positive action
2060:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2027:
1902:Polyculturalism
1798:Civil liberties
1770:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1739:Reappropriation
1641:
1640:Countermeasures
1633:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1558:Racial steering
1524:Numerus clausus
1428:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1141:Ethnic conflict
1076:Corrective rape
1031:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1019:
656:
645:
644:
643:
642:
641:
596:minority Muslim
484:
474:
473:
472:
471:
470:
362:HIV/AIDS stigma
234:
226:
225:
224:
223:
222:
171:Mental disorder
113:
105:
104:
103:
102:
101:
74:
41:
34:Mismatch (film)
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12640:
12630:
12629:
12624:
12619:
12614:
12609:
12607:Social justice
12604:
12599:
12597:Discrimination
12594:
12577:
12576:
12574:
12573:
12568:
12563:
12558:
12553:
12548:
12543:
12538:
12532:
12531:
12522:
12519:
12518:
12516:
12515:
12510:
12505:
12500:
12495:
12493:Sunday scaries
12490:
12485:
12480:
12475:
12470:
12465:
12460:
12455:
12450:
12445:
12440:
12435:
12430:
12424:
12422:
12418:
12417:
12410:
12409:
12404:
12399:
12394:
12389:
12384:
12379:
12374:
12369:
12364:
12359:
12354:
12349:
12343:
12341:
12337:
12336:
12334:
12333:
12328:
12323:
12322:
12321:
12316:
12306:
12301:
12296:
12291:
12286:
12281:
12276:
12271:
12270:
12269:
12264:
12259:
12254:
12244:
12242:Phillips curve
12239:
12234:
12229:
12224:
12219:
12214:
12213:
12212:
12207:
12197:
12192:
12186:
12184:
12178:
12177:
12175:
12174:
12169:
12168:
12167:
12162:
12152:
12151:
12150:
12145:
12143:Retirement age
12140:
12130:
12125:
12124:
12123:
12113:
12108:
12103:
12098:
12096:Exit interview
12093:
12088:
12087:
12086:
12081:
12076:
12066:
12060:
12058:
12052:
12051:
12049:
12048:
12043:
12042:
12041:
12036:
12026:
12021:
12020:
12019:
12014:
12009:
12004:
11999:
11994:
11989:
11984:
11974:
11969:
11964:
11959:
11954:
11949:
11944:
11939:
11934:
11929:
11923:
11921:
11917:
11916:
11914:
11913:
11908:
11903:
11898:
11893:
11888:
11883:
11878:
11873:
11868:
11863:
11858:
11853:
11848:
11846:Discrimination
11843:
11842:
11841:
11836:
11831:
11826:
11815:
11813:
11809:
11808:
11806:
11805:
11800:
11798:Gender pay gap
11795:
11790:
11784:
11782:
11776:
11775:
11773:
11772:
11767:
11762:
11757:
11752:
11747:
11746:
11745:
11735:
11730:
11729:
11728:
11718:
11713:
11708:
11703:
11698:
11693:
11688:
11683:
11678:
11673:
11668:
11663:
11658:
11653:
11647:
11645:
11639:
11638:
11636:
11635:
11630:
11629:
11628:
11618:
11613:
11611:Parental leave
11608:
11606:Marriage leave
11603:
11601:Life insurance
11598:
11593:
11588:
11583:
11578:
11572:
11570:
11564:
11563:
11561:
11560:
11555:
11550:
11545:
11540:
11535:
11530:
11529:
11528:
11518:
11517:
11516:
11511:
11506:
11501:
11491:
11490:
11489:
11484:
11474:
11469:
11464:
11459:
11457:Income bracket
11453:
11451:
11441:
11440:
11438:
11437:
11432:
11427:
11422:
11417:
11412:
11407:
11402:
11397:
11392:
11390:Eight-hour day
11387:
11382:
11376:
11374:
11368:
11367:
11365:
11364:
11359:
11354:
11349:
11344:
11339:
11334:
11329:
11324:
11319:
11314:
11308:
11306:
11302:
11301:
11299:
11298:
11293:
11288:
11287:
11286:
11281:
11271:
11266:
11261:
11256:
11255:
11254:
11249:
11244:
11239:
11234:
11229:
11224:
11219:
11214:
11209:
11204:
11199:
11194:
11189:
11184:
11179:
11174:
11169:
11164:
11159:
11149:
11147:Creative class
11144:
11139:
11134:
11129:
11124:
11119:
11118:
11117:
11107:
11105:Apprenticeship
11101:
11099:
11089:
11088:
11086:
11085:
11080:
11075:
11073:Scarlet-collar
11070:
11065:
11060:
11055:
11050:
11045:
11040:
11035:
11030:
11025:
11019:
11017:
11011:
11010:
11008:
11007:
11002:
10997:
10992:
10987:
10982:
10977:
10972:
10967:
10961:
10959:
10955:
10954:
10952:
10951:
10946:
10941:
10936:
10931:
10926:
10921:
10916:
10911:
10906:
10901:
10896:
10891:
10886:
10881:
10876:
10871:
10866:
10865:
10864:
10854:
10849:
10844:
10839:
10834:
10829:
10824:
10819:
10813:
10811:
10805:
10804:
10802:
10801:
10796:
10791:
10789:Temporary work
10786:
10781:
10776:
10775:
10774:
10769:
10764:
10757:Skilled worker
10754:
10749:
10744:
10739:
10734:
10729:
10724:
10719:
10714:
10708:
10706:
10702:
10701:
10694:
10693:
10686:
10679:
10671:
10662:
10661:
10659:
10658:
10648:
10637:
10634:
10633:
10631:
10630:
10625:
10624:
10623:
10613:
10608:
10603:
10602:
10601:
10596:
10591:
10581:
10576:
10571:
10566:
10561:
10556:
10555:
10554:
10552:Reverse racism
10544:
10539:
10534:
10529:
10524:
10522:Prisoner abuse
10519:
10514:
10512:Power distance
10509:
10504:
10499:
10494:
10489:
10484:
10479:
10478:
10477:
10467:
10462:
10457:
10452:
10447:
10442:
10437:
10432:
10430:Ethnic penalty
10427:
10426:
10425:
10423:Neurodiversity
10420:
10410:
10408:Dehumanization
10405:
10400:
10398:Cisnormativity
10395:
10390:
10385:
10379:
10377:
10376:Related topics
10373:
10372:
10370:
10369:
10364:
10359:
10354:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10329:
10324:
10319:
10314:
10309:
10304:
10299:
10298:
10297:
10287:
10282:
10277:
10272:
10267:
10262:
10256:
10254:
10250:
10249:
10247:
10246:
10241:
10236:
10234:State religion
10231:
10226:
10221:
10216:
10215:
10214:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10189:
10184:
10179:
10174:
10173:
10172:
10170:Nuremberg Laws
10167:
10157:
10152:
10147:
10139:
10134:
10129:
10124:
10119:
10114:
10112:Ghetto benches
10109:
10107:Gerrymandering
10104:
10099:
10094:
10092:Gender pay gap
10089:
10088:
10087:
10082:
10072:
10067:
10062:
10057:
10051:
10049:
10046:Discriminatory
10043:
10042:
10040:
10039:
10034:
10029:
10024:
10019:
10014:
10009:
10004:
9999:
9994:
9989:
9984:
9979:
9974:
9969:
9964:
9959:
9954:
9949:
9944:
9939:
9934:
9929:
9924:
9923:
9922:
9917:
9912:
9902:
9897:
9892:
9887:
9882:
9877:
9875:Lavender scare
9872:
9870:Kill Haole Day
9867:
9865:Indian rolling
9862:
9857:
9852:
9847:
9842:
9841:
9840:
9830:
9825:
9824:
9823:
9813:
9808:
9803:
9798:
9793:
9788:
9783:
9778:
9773:
9768:
9763:
9758:
9753:
9751:Eliminationism
9748:
9743:
9738:
9733:
9728:
9723:
9718:
9713:
9708:
9703:
9698:
9693:
9688:
9686:Cancel culture
9683:
9678:
9673:
9672:
9671:
9660:
9658:
9657:Manifestations
9654:
9653:
9651:
9650:
9645:
9640:
9635:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9600:
9595:
9590:
9585:
9580:
9575:
9570:
9565:
9560:
9555:
9550:
9545:
9543:Middle Eastern
9540:
9535:
9530:
9525:
9520:
9515:
9510:
9509:
9508:
9498:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9482:
9481:
9476:
9471:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9418:
9413:
9408:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9388:
9383:
9378:
9377:
9376:
9371:
9366:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9345:
9344:
9339:
9334:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9304:
9299:
9293:
9291:
9284:
9283:
9281:
9280:
9278:Zoroastrianism
9275:
9270:
9265:
9260:
9255:
9254:
9253:
9243:
9242:
9241:
9240:
9239:
9234:
9229:
9224:
9219:
9204:
9203:
9202:
9200:Untouchability
9197:
9187:
9182:
9181:
9180:
9175:
9170:
9165:
9160:
9150:
9145:
9140:
9135:
9129:
9127:
9121:
9120:
9118:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9106:
9105:
9100:
9095:
9085:
9084:
9083:
9078:
9068:
9063:
9058:
9053:
9048:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9023:
9021:Leprosy stigma
9018:
9013:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8983:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8948:
8943:
8938:
8933:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8903:
8898:
8893:
8887:
8885:
8881:
8880:
8878:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8846:
8845:
8840:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8774:
8772:
8768:
8767:
8765:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8743:
8741:
8737:
8736:
8733:Discrimination
8729:
8728:
8721:
8714:
8706:
8700:
8699:
8683:
8677:
8671:
8665:
8654:
8635:
8627:
8626:External links
8624:
8623:
8622:
8613:
8610:
8609:
8608:
8587:
8581:
8568:
8558:
8551:
8547:10.1086/712211
8530:
8521:
8511:
8490:
8480:
8473:
8466:
8459:
8448:
8427:
8417:
8395:
8376:
8361:(PhD thesis).
8354:
8347:
8320:
8304:
8287:
8280:
8243:
8219:
8197:
8181:Cato Institute
8169:Hamowy, Ronald
8157:
8151:
8124:
8121:
8114:
8097:
8091:
8074:
8062:NYU Law Review
8041:
8038:
8035:
8034:
8003:
7990:(3): 303–333.
7970:
7935:
7904:
7881:
7870:(2): 367–483.
7847:
7826:
7803:
7776:
7764:
7752:
7736:
7708:
7677:
7671:978-0300107753
7670:
7641:
7632:
7606:
7587:
7573:
7570:. 8 June 2023.
7559:
7533:
7507:
7481:
7455:
7434:
7421:"Usatoday.Com"
7407:
7394:(3): 152–190.
7374:
7365:
7350:
7327:
7304:
7285:
7273:DiversityWorks
7259:
7230:
7208:
7186:
7177:
7171:978-1400829699
7170:
7150:
7124:
7097:
7075:
7060:
7038:
7020:
6990:
6979:on 27 May 2010
6964:
6932:
6921:on 27 May 2011
6906:
6893:
6867:
6841:
6823:
6795:
6777:
6755:
6734:
6705:
6672:
6631:
6608:
6589:
6577:
6563:
6552:Chang, Jon K.
6544:
6529:
6505:
6498:
6476:
6469:
6443:
6420:
6398:(1): 174–193.
6382:
6361:
6324:
6302:
6275:
6253:
6231:
6222:
6213:
6200:"Vie Publique"
6191:
6165:
6152:
6119:
6096:
6071:
6036:
6009:
5991:
5984:
5964:
5946:
5924:
5905:
5886:
5864:
5824:
5805:
5778:
5756:
5730:
5703:
5680:
5654:
5627:
5606:
5580:
5555:
5529:
5503:
5481:Times of India
5467:
5439:
5428:(2): 109–128.
5412:
5400:
5370:
5343:
5317:
5296:
5274:
5265:|website=
5240:
5220:
5194:
5154:
5122:
5111:(2): 157–187.
5095:
5074:
5055:(5): 757–768.
5036:
5014:
5003:on 16 May 2016
4988:
4962:
4940:
4918:
4892:
4874:
4852:
4833:
4807:
4785:
4767:
4741:
4723:
4684:
4668:
4619:
4608:(2): 177–191.
4592:
4567:
4540:
4521:
4491:
4456:(2): 165–196.
4436:
4425:on 18 May 2015
4406:
4384:
4375:
4356:
4324:
4275:
4256:
4222:
4191:
4145:
4107:
4080:
4073:
4055:
4035:
4010:
3979:
3953:
3927:
3914:
3884:
3854:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3794:White backlash
3791:
3786:
3781:
3779:Social justice
3776:
3771:
3766:
3764:Reverse racism
3761:
3756:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3723:
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3712:
3710:Multiracialism
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3683:Women's rights
3675:
3673:Ethnic penalty
3670:
3665:
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3653:
3642:
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3640:
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3598:
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3583:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3535:Richard Sander
3508:
3505:
3456:
3453:
3398:
3395:
3385:
3382:
3364:
3363:United Nations
3361:
3359:
3356:
3338:services. The
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3266:Initiative 200
3248:constitutional
3196:Main article:
3193:
3190:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3115:
3056:United Kingdom
3051:
3050:United Kingdom
3048:
3035:
3032:
3026:
3023:
2982:
2979:
2971:
2968:
2951:
2948:
2918:
2915:
2890:
2887:
2878:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2847:
2844:
2840:Tamil language
2809:
2808:
2764:
2762:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2685:Main article:
2682:
2679:
2655:native Papuans
2650:
2647:
2619:Main article:
2616:
2613:
2595:
2592:
2575:Main article:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2524:
2523:
2492:by writing in
2481:
2479:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2442:
2439:
2378:
2375:
2339:
2336:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2292:
2289:
2277:European Union
2261:Law regarding
2258:
2255:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2217:
2214:
2172:
2169:
2156:public opinion
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1947:Reverse racism
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1917:Prisoner abuse
1914:
1909:
1907:Power distance
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1825:Ethnic penalty
1822:
1821:
1820:
1818:Neurodiversity
1815:
1805:
1803:Dehumanization
1800:
1795:
1793:Cisnormativity
1790:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1769:Related topics
1768:
1767:
1764:
1763:
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1644:
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1639:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1628:
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1622:
1617:
1615:State religion
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1551:Nuremberg Laws
1548:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1493:Ghetto benches
1490:
1488:Gerrymandering
1485:
1480:
1475:
1473:Gender pay gap
1470:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1432:
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1429:
1426:
1425:
1422:
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1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1250:Lavender scare
1247:
1245:Kill Haole Day
1242:
1240:Indian rolling
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1126:Eliminationism
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1061:Cancel culture
1058:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1030:Manifestations
1029:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
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910:Middle Eastern
907:
902:
897:
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875:
865:
860:
855:
850:
849:
848:
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815:
810:
805:
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795:
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743:
738:
733:
723:
718:
713:
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691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
660:
659:
658:
657:
651:
650:
647:
646:
640:
639:
637:Zoroastrianism
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
613:
612:
602:
601:
600:
599:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
563:
562:
561:
559:Untouchability
556:
546:
541:
540:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
509:
504:
499:
494:
488:
487:
486:
485:
480:
479:
476:
475:
469:
468:
463:
458:
457:
456:
451:
446:
436:
435:
434:
429:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
372:Leprosy stigma
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
238:
237:
236:
235:
232:
231:
228:
227:
221:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
189:
188:
183:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
117:
116:
115:
114:
111:
110:
107:
106:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
78:
77:
76:
75:
72:
71:
68:
67:
59:
58:
56:Discrimination
52:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12639:
12628:
12625:
12623:
12620:
12618:
12615:
12613:
12610:
12608:
12605:
12603:
12600:
12598:
12595:
12593:
12590:
12589:
12587:
12572:
12569:
12567:
12564:
12562:
12559:
12557:
12554:
12552:
12549:
12547:
12544:
12542:
12539:
12537:
12534:
12533:
12524:
12523:
12520:
12514:
12511:
12509:
12506:
12504:
12501:
12499:
12496:
12494:
12491:
12489:
12486:
12484:
12481:
12479:
12476:
12474:
12471:
12469:
12468:Make-work job
12466:
12464:
12461:
12459:
12456:
12454:
12451:
12449:
12446:
12444:
12441:
12439:
12436:
12434:
12431:
12429:
12426:
12425:
12423:
12419:
12415:
12414:
12408:
12405:
12403:
12400:
12398:
12395:
12393:
12390:
12388:
12387:Right to work
12385:
12383:
12380:
12378:
12375:
12373:
12372:Job guarantee
12370:
12368:
12365:
12363:
12360:
12358:
12357:Make-work job
12355:
12353:
12350:
12348:
12345:
12344:
12342:
12338:
12332:
12329:
12327:
12324:
12320:
12317:
12315:
12312:
12311:
12310:
12307:
12305:
12302:
12300:
12297:
12295:
12292:
12290:
12287:
12285:
12282:
12280:
12277:
12275:
12272:
12268:
12265:
12263:
12260:
12258:
12255:
12253:
12250:
12249:
12248:
12245:
12243:
12240:
12238:
12235:
12233:
12230:
12228:
12225:
12223:
12220:
12218:
12215:
12211:
12208:
12206:
12203:
12202:
12201:
12198:
12196:
12193:
12191:
12188:
12187:
12185:
12183:
12179:
12173:
12170:
12166:
12163:
12161:
12158:
12157:
12156:
12153:
12149:
12146:
12144:
12141:
12139:
12136:
12135:
12134:
12131:
12129:
12128:Restructuring
12126:
12122:
12119:
12118:
12117:
12114:
12112:
12109:
12107:
12106:Notice period
12104:
12102:
12099:
12097:
12094:
12092:
12089:
12085:
12082:
12080:
12077:
12075:
12072:
12071:
12070:
12067:
12065:
12062:
12061:
12059:
12057:
12053:
12047:
12044:
12040:
12037:
12035:
12032:
12031:
12030:
12027:
12025:
12022:
12018:
12015:
12013:
12012:Unfree labour
12010:
12008:
12005:
12003:
12000:
11998:
11995:
11993:
11990:
11988:
11985:
11983:
11982:Bonded labour
11980:
11979:
11978:
11975:
11973:
11970:
11968:
11965:
11963:
11960:
11958:
11955:
11953:
11950:
11948:
11945:
11943:
11940:
11938:
11935:
11933:
11930:
11928:
11925:
11924:
11922:
11918:
11912:
11909:
11907:
11904:
11902:
11899:
11897:
11896:Whistleblower
11894:
11892:
11889:
11887:
11884:
11882:
11879:
11877:
11874:
11872:
11869:
11867:
11864:
11862:
11859:
11857:
11854:
11852:
11849:
11847:
11844:
11840:
11837:
11835:
11832:
11830:
11829:Control fraud
11827:
11825:
11822:
11821:
11820:
11817:
11816:
11814:
11810:
11804:
11803:Glass ceiling
11801:
11799:
11796:
11794:
11791:
11789:
11786:
11785:
11783:
11781:
11777:
11771:
11768:
11766:
11763:
11761:
11758:
11756:
11753:
11751:
11748:
11744:
11741:
11740:
11739:
11738:Work accident
11736:
11734:
11731:
11727:
11726:United States
11724:
11723:
11722:
11719:
11717:
11714:
11712:
11709:
11707:
11704:
11702:
11699:
11697:
11694:
11692:
11689:
11687:
11684:
11682:
11679:
11677:
11674:
11672:
11669:
11667:
11664:
11662:
11659:
11657:
11654:
11652:
11649:
11648:
11646:
11644:
11640:
11634:
11631:
11627:
11626:United States
11624:
11623:
11622:
11619:
11617:
11614:
11612:
11609:
11607:
11604:
11602:
11599:
11597:
11594:
11592:
11589:
11587:
11584:
11582:
11581:Casual Friday
11579:
11577:
11574:
11573:
11571:
11569:
11565:
11559:
11556:
11554:
11551:
11549:
11546:
11544:
11541:
11539:
11538:Paid time off
11536:
11534:
11533:Overtime rate
11531:
11527:
11524:
11523:
11522:
11519:
11515:
11514:United States
11512:
11510:
11507:
11505:
11502:
11500:
11497:
11496:
11495:
11492:
11488:
11485:
11483:
11480:
11479:
11478:
11475:
11473:
11470:
11468:
11465:
11463:
11460:
11458:
11455:
11454:
11452:
11450:
11446:
11442:
11436:
11433:
11431:
11428:
11426:
11423:
11421:
11418:
11416:
11413:
11411:
11408:
11406:
11403:
11401:
11398:
11396:
11393:
11391:
11388:
11386:
11385:Four-day week
11383:
11381:
11378:
11377:
11375:
11373:
11369:
11363:
11360:
11358:
11355:
11353:
11350:
11348:
11345:
11343:
11340:
11338:
11335:
11333:
11330:
11328:
11325:
11323:
11320:
11318:
11315:
11313:
11310:
11309:
11307:
11303:
11297:
11294:
11292:
11289:
11285:
11282:
11280:
11277:
11276:
11275:
11272:
11270:
11269:Practice firm
11267:
11265:
11262:
11260:
11257:
11253:
11250:
11248:
11245:
11243:
11240:
11238:
11235:
11233:
11230:
11228:
11225:
11223:
11220:
11218:
11215:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11175:
11173:
11170:
11168:
11167:Employability
11165:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11154:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11123:
11120:
11116:
11113:
11112:
11111:
11108:
11106:
11103:
11102:
11100:
11098:
11094:
11090:
11084:
11081:
11079:
11076:
11074:
11071:
11069:
11068:Orange-collar
11066:
11064:
11061:
11059:
11056:
11054:
11051:
11049:
11046:
11044:
11041:
11039:
11036:
11034:
11031:
11029:
11026:
11024:
11021:
11020:
11018:
11016:
11015:Working class
11012:
11006:
11003:
11001:
10998:
10996:
10993:
10991:
10988:
10986:
10983:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10962:
10960:
10956:
10950:
10947:
10945:
10942:
10940:
10937:
10935:
10932:
10930:
10927:
10925:
10922:
10920:
10917:
10915:
10912:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10900:
10897:
10895:
10892:
10890:
10889:Job interview
10887:
10885:
10882:
10880:
10877:
10875:
10872:
10870:
10867:
10863:
10860:
10859:
10858:
10855:
10853:
10850:
10848:
10845:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10835:
10833:
10830:
10828:
10825:
10823:
10820:
10818:
10815:
10814:
10812:
10810:
10806:
10800:
10797:
10795:
10792:
10790:
10787:
10785:
10782:
10780:
10777:
10773:
10770:
10768:
10765:
10763:
10760:
10759:
10758:
10755:
10753:
10750:
10748:
10745:
10743:
10742:Part-time job
10740:
10738:
10735:
10733:
10730:
10728:
10727:Full-time job
10725:
10723:
10720:
10718:
10715:
10713:
10710:
10709:
10707:
10703:
10699:
10692:
10687:
10685:
10680:
10678:
10673:
10672:
10669:
10657:
10649:
10647:
10639:
10638:
10635:
10629:
10626:
10622:
10619:
10618:
10617:
10614:
10612:
10609:
10607:
10606:Social stigma
10604:
10600:
10597:
10595:
10592:
10590:
10587:
10586:
10585:
10582:
10580:
10577:
10575:
10572:
10570:
10567:
10565:
10562:
10560:
10557:
10553:
10550:
10549:
10548:
10545:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10535:
10533:
10530:
10528:
10525:
10523:
10520:
10518:
10515:
10513:
10510:
10508:
10505:
10503:
10500:
10498:
10495:
10493:
10490:
10488:
10485:
10483:
10480:
10476:
10473:
10472:
10471:
10468:
10466:
10463:
10461:
10458:
10456:
10453:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10428:
10424:
10421:
10419:
10416:
10415:
10414:
10411:
10409:
10406:
10404:
10401:
10399:
10396:
10394:
10391:
10389:
10386:
10384:
10381:
10380:
10378:
10374:
10368:
10365:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10320:
10318:
10315:
10313:
10310:
10308:
10305:
10303:
10300:
10296:
10293:
10292:
10291:
10288:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10276:
10273:
10271:
10268:
10266:
10263:
10261:
10258:
10257:
10255:
10251:
10245:
10242:
10240:
10237:
10235:
10232:
10230:
10229:State atheism
10227:
10225:
10222:
10220:
10217:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10194:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10175:
10171:
10168:
10166:
10165:Jim Crow laws
10163:
10162:
10161:
10158:
10156:
10153:
10151:
10150:One-drop rule
10148:
10146:
10144:
10140:
10138:
10135:
10133:
10130:
10128:
10125:
10123:
10120:
10118:
10115:
10113:
10110:
10108:
10105:
10103:
10100:
10098:
10095:
10093:
10090:
10086:
10083:
10081:
10078:
10077:
10076:
10073:
10071:
10068:
10066:
10065:Blood quantum
10063:
10061:
10058:
10056:
10053:
10052:
10050:
10044:
10038:
10035:
10033:
10030:
10028:
10025:
10023:
10020:
10018:
10015:
10013:
10012:Victimisation
10010:
10008:
10007:Trans bashing
10005:
10003:
10000:
9998:
9995:
9993:
9990:
9988:
9985:
9983:
9980:
9978:
9977:Religious war
9975:
9973:
9970:
9968:
9965:
9963:
9960:
9958:
9957:Racialization
9955:
9953:
9950:
9948:
9945:
9943:
9940:
9938:
9935:
9933:
9930:
9928:
9925:
9921:
9918:
9916:
9913:
9911:
9908:
9907:
9906:
9903:
9901:
9898:
9896:
9893:
9891:
9888:
9886:
9883:
9881:
9878:
9876:
9873:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9863:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9851:
9848:
9846:
9843:
9839:
9836:
9835:
9834:
9831:
9829:
9828:Glass ceiling
9826:
9822:
9819:
9818:
9817:
9814:
9812:
9809:
9807:
9804:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9771:Ethnic hatred
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9729:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9706:Counter-jihad
9704:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9674:
9670:
9667:
9666:
9665:
9662:
9661:
9659:
9655:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9591:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9551:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9507:
9504:
9503:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9480:
9479:United States
9477:
9475:
9472:
9470:
9467:
9466:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9361:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9343:
9342:United States
9340:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9329:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9294:
9292:
9290:
9285:
9279:
9276:
9274:
9271:
9269:
9266:
9264:
9263:Protestantism
9261:
9259:
9256:
9252:
9249:
9248:
9247:
9244:
9238:
9235:
9233:
9230:
9228:
9225:
9223:
9220:
9218:
9215:
9214:
9213:
9210:
9209:
9208:
9205:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9192:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9179:
9176:
9174:
9173:LDS or Mormon
9171:
9169:
9166:
9164:
9161:
9159:
9156:
9155:
9154:
9151:
9149:
9146:
9144:
9141:
9139:
9136:
9134:
9131:
9130:
9128:
9126:
9122:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9098:Transmisogyny
9096:
9094:
9091:
9090:
9089:
9086:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9073:
9072:
9069:
9067:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
9001:Gerontophobia
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8931:Anti-intersex
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8906:Anti-albinism
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8888:
8886:
8882:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8835:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8775:
8773:
8769:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8747:Institutional
8745:
8744:
8742:
8738:
8734:
8727:
8722:
8720:
8715:
8713:
8708:
8707:
8704:
8698:
8694:
8691:
8687:
8684:
8681:
8678:
8675:
8672:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8663:
8658:
8655:
8650:
8649:
8644:
8640:
8636:
8633:
8630:
8629:
8620:
8616:
8615:
8605:
8601:
8597:
8593:
8588:
8584:
8578:
8574:
8569:
8564:
8559:
8556:
8552:
8548:
8544:
8540:
8536:
8531:
8528:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8516:
8512:
8508:
8504:
8501:(2): 113–22.
8500:
8496:
8491:
8489:
8485:
8481:
8478:
8474:
8471:
8467:
8464:
8460:
8456:
8455:
8449:
8445:
8441:
8437:
8433:
8428:
8426:
8422:
8418:
8416:
8411:
8407:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8393:(2): 463–537.
8392:
8388:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8368:
8364:
8360:
8355:
8352:
8348:
8343:
8338:
8334:
8330:
8326:
8321:
8319:
8315:
8312:
8307:
8305:9780472033775
8301:
8296:
8295:
8288:
8285:
8281:
8277:
8273:
8269:
8265:
8261:
8257:
8254:(1): 85–108.
8253:
8249:
8244:
8242:
8236:
8232:
8228:
8224:
8223:Bossuyt, Marc
8220:
8216:
8212:
8208:
8204:
8200:
8194:
8190:
8186:
8182:
8178:
8174:
8170:
8166:
8162:
8161:Bolick, Clint
8158:
8154:
8152:9781405133456
8148:
8144:
8140:
8136:
8132:
8131:
8125:
8122:
8117:
8115:9780195157642
8111:
8106:
8105:
8098:
8094:
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8084:
8080:
8075:
8073:
8068:
8064:
8063:
8058:
8054:
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8049:
8047:
8030:
8026:
8022:
8018:
8014:
8007:
7998:
7993:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7974:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7950:
7946:
7939:
7923:
7919:
7915:
7908:
7892:
7885:
7877:
7873:
7869:
7865:
7858:
7851:
7843:
7842:
7837:
7830:
7822:
7818:
7814:
7807:
7799:
7795:
7791:
7787:
7780:
7773:
7768:
7761:
7756:
7749:
7745:
7740:
7725:
7721:
7715:
7713:
7696:
7692:
7688:
7681:
7673:
7667:
7663:
7662:
7654:
7652:
7650:
7648:
7646:
7636:
7621:
7617:
7610:
7604:
7603:1-58182-569-2
7600:
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7459:
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7412:
7402:
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7393:
7389:
7385:
7378:
7369:
7363:
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7355:
7338:
7331:
7315:
7308:
7300:
7296:
7289:
7274:
7270:
7263:
7247:
7243:
7237:
7235:
7218:
7212:
7196:
7190:
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7173:
7167:
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7154:
7139:
7135:
7128:
7112:
7108:
7101:
7085:
7079:
7072:
7069:
7064:
7048:
7042:
7034:
7030:
7024:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6994:
6978:
6974:
6968:
6949:
6942:
6936:
6920:
6916:
6910:
6903:
6897:
6881:
6877:
6871:
6856:
6855:www.canada.ca
6852:
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6837:
6833:
6827:
6808:
6807:
6799:
6791:
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6759:
6751:
6747:
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6739:
6723:
6719:
6712:
6710:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6679:
6677:
6670:
6666:
6663:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6640:
6638:
6636:
6619:
6612:
6605:
6601:
6598:
6593:
6586:
6581:
6573:
6567:
6559:
6555:
6548:
6541:
6536:
6532:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6517:
6509:
6501:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6480:
6472:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6447:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6424:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6386:
6371:
6365:
6356:
6355:11250/3046314
6351:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6328:
6312:
6306:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6279:
6263:
6257:
6241:
6235:
6226:
6217:
6201:
6195:
6180:
6176:
6169:
6162:
6156:
6147:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6123:
6107:
6100:
6081:
6075:
6056:
6049:
6043:
6041:
6024:
6020:
6013:
6005:
6001:
5995:
5987:
5981:
5977:
5976:
5968:
5960:
5956:
5950:
5934:
5928:
5920:
5916:
5909:
5901:
5897:
5890:
5874:
5868:
5860:
5854:
5846:
5842:
5835:
5828:
5820:
5816:
5809:
5793:
5789:
5782:
5767:
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5744:
5740:
5734:
5718:
5714:
5707:
5691:
5684:
5669:
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5658:
5642:
5638:
5631:
5616:
5610:
5594:
5590:
5584:
5569:
5565:
5559:
5543:
5539:
5533:
5517:
5516:Deccan Herald
5513:
5507:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5482:
5477:
5471:
5456:
5449:
5443:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5416:
5409:
5404:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5374:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5347:
5331:
5327:
5321:
5306:
5300:
5285:
5278:
5270:
5258:
5243:
5237:
5234:. FMF Books.
5233:
5232:
5224:
5209:
5205:
5198:
5182:
5178:
5173:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5161:
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5129:
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5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5099:
5091:
5087:
5081:
5079:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5043:
5041:
5024:
5018:
5002:
4998:
4992:
4976:
4972:
4966:
4950:
4944:
4928:
4922:
4906:
4902:
4896:
4890:
4886:
4883:
4882:Archived copy
4878:
4870:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4849:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4821:
4817:
4811:
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4789:
4781:
4777:
4771:
4755:
4751:
4745:
4737:
4733:
4727:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4688:
4682:
4678:
4672:
4664:
4658:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4623:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4596:
4581:
4577:
4571:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4544:
4536:
4535:
4528:
4526:
4510:on 1 May 2015
4509:
4505:
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4483:
4479:
4475:
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4467:
4463:
4459:
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4424:
4420:
4419:Harvard Blogs
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4372:
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4365:
4360:
4341:
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4328:
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4316:
4311:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4273:
4272:0-300-10199-6
4269:
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4210:
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4014:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3983:
3968:
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3931:
3924:
3918:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3858:
3843:
3842:UK Parliament
3836:
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3812:
3809:
3808:
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3804:
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3394:
3390:
3381:
3378:
3373:
3370:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3334:
3322:South America
3316:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3260:), Michigan (
3259:
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3242:
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3225:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3209:
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3199:
3192:United States
3189:
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3182:
3178:
3177:
3173:The Canadian
3171:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3150:
3138:North America
3135:
3132:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3094:required the
3093:
3092:Patten report
3089:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3031:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3012:
3011:Korenizatsiia
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2987:Inessa Armand
2978:
2976:
2975:Romani people
2967:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2924:
2914:
2910:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2886:
2884:
2874:
2860:
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2853:
2843:
2841:
2837:
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2816:
2805:
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2794:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2754:
2753:
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2735:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2665:, Indonesian
2664:
2660:
2656:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2629:(SC/ST), and
2628:
2622:
2612:
2608:
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2591:
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2520:
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2509:
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2471:
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2438:
2436:
2435:Supreme Court
2430:
2426:
2423:
2418:
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2412:
2407:
2403:
2398:
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2334:
2319:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2288:
2286:
2281:
2278:
2275:In 2012, the
2273:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2245:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2122:Supreme Court
2119:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2092:social equity
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2001:Social stigma
1999:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
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1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1610:State atheism
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1546:Jim Crow laws
1544:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1531:One-drop rule
1529:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1446:Blood quantum
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1424:
1423:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1387:Victimisation
1385:
1383:
1382:Trans bashing
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1352:Religious war
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1332:Racialization
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1203:Glass ceiling
1201:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1146:Ethnic hatred
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1081:Counter-jihad
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1027:
1026:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
874:
871:
870:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
847:
846:United States
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
833:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
710:
709:United States
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
696:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
661:
655:
649:
648:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
622:Protestantism
620:
618:
615:
611:
608:
607:
606:
603:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
573:
572:
569:
568:
567:
564:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
550:
547:
545:
542:
538:
535:
533:
532:LDS or Mormon
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
514:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
489:
483:
478:
477:
467:
464:
462:
459:
455:
452:
450:
449:Transmisogyny
447:
445:
442:
441:
440:
437:
433:
430:
428:
425:
424:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
352:Gerontophobia
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
282:Anti-intersex
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
257:Anti-albinism
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
239:
230:
229:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
187:
184:
182:
179:
178:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
118:
109:
108:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
82:Institutional
80:
79:
70:
69:
65:
61:
60:
57:
54:
53:
49:
45:
44:
39:
35:
30:
19:
12602:Race and law
12503:Toxic leader
12483:Presenteeism
12463:Labor rights
12453:Going postal
12428:Bullshit job
12411:
12396:
12391:
12182:Unemployment
12034:Downshifting
12017:Wage slavery
11997:Penal labour
11952:Dead-end job
11942:Conscription
11787:
11721:Right to sit
11576:Annual leave
11558:Working poor
11494:Minimum wage
11472:Maximum wage
11430:Working time
11420:Six-hour day
11322:Career break
11284:Professional
11078:Black-collar
11048:White-collar
11028:Green-collar
11005:Volunteering
10842:Drug testing
10832:Cover letter
10772:Tradesperson
10440:Gender-blind
10327:Human rights
10259:
10155:Racial quota
10142:
10122:Jewish quota
10102:Gerontocracy
10097:Gender roles
10075:Disabilities
10060:Blood purity
10032:Wife selling
10022:White flight
10002:Slut-shaming
9982:Scapegoating
9900:Murder music
9563:Palestinians
9506:Anti-Zionism
9374:South Africa
9359:Black people
9337:South Africa
9153:Christianity
9143:Baháʼí Faith
9066:Sectarianism
9006:Heterosexism
8971:Ephebiphobia
8941:Anti-Masonry
8808:Hair texture
8660:
8646:
8618:
8598:(2): 40–53.
8595:
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8251:
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8235:the original
8172:
8129:
8103:
8082:
8066:
8060:
8020:
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8006:
7997:10.3982/QE83
7987:
7983:
7973:
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7938:
7926:. Retrieved
7922:the original
7917:
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7884:
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7789:
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7779:
7767:
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7727:. Retrieved
7723:
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7694:
7690:
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7660:
7635:
7623:. Retrieved
7620:The Atlantic
7619:
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7562:
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7546:
7536:
7524:. Retrieved
7520:
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7458:
7450:the original
7425:. Retrieved
7391:
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7330:
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7307:
7301:. São Paulo.
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7276:. Retrieved
7272:
7262:
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7245:
7221:. Retrieved
7211:
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7189:
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7137:
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7110:
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7088:. Retrieved
7078:
7063:
7051:. Retrieved
7041:
7033:the original
7023:
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7002:
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6981:. Retrieved
6977:the original
6967:
6957:27 September
6955:. Retrieved
6948:the original
6935:
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6919:the original
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6880:the original
6870:
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6721:
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6691:
6657:the original
6652:
6622:. Retrieved
6611:
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6535:Google Books
6533:– via
6515:
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6364:
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6315:. Retrieved
6305:
6291:(1): 44–54.
6288:
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6266:. Retrieved
6256:
6244:. Retrieved
6242:. Lovdata.no
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6178:
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6099:
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6074:
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6055:the original
6027:. Retrieved
6022:
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5967:
5958:
5949:
5937:. Retrieved
5935:. Sangam.org
5927:
5918:
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5900:Malaysiakini
5899:
5889:
5877:. Retrieved
5867:
5827:
5817:. Malaysia:
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5791:
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5759:
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5742:
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5716:
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5683:
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5667:
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5640:
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5609:
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5592:
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5567:
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5515:
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5387:the original
5382:
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5330:the original
5320:
5308:. Retrieved
5299:
5287:. Retrieved
5277:
5247:17 September
5245:. Retrieved
5230:
5223:
5213:17 September
5211:. Retrieved
5207:
5197:
5185:. Retrieved
5181:the original
5171:
5146:the original
5141:
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5090:the original
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5017:
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5001:the original
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4975:the original
4965:
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4943:
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4921:
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4905:the original
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4820:the original
4810:
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4788:
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4758:. Retrieved
4753:
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4708:the original
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4657:cite journal
4635:(4): 52–66.
4632:
4628:
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4580:Investopedia
4579:
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4512:. Retrieved
4508:the original
4503:
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4423:the original
4418:
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4387:
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4347:. Retrieved
4340:the original
4327:
4303:(3): 18–25.
4300:
4296:
4247:. Retrieved
4243:the original
4239:The Atlantic
4238:
4213:. Retrieved
4204:
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4162:(1): 63–83.
4159:
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4148:
4139:preferential
4138:
4136:
4129:. Retrieved
4120:
4110:
4096:(4): 22–37.
4093:
4089:
4083:
4064:
4058:
4053: (2023).
4043:
4038:
4028:12 September
4026:, retrieved
4020:
4013:
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3992:
3982:
3970:. Retrieved
3966:
3956:
3944:. Retrieved
3940:
3930:
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3917:
3905:. Retrieved
3901:the original
3896:
3887:
3875:. Retrieved
3871:the original
3866:
3857:
3845:. Retrieved
3841:
3828:
3747:Racial quota
3720:Jewish quota
3569:
3561:
3540:
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3082:Part of the
3077:
3065:
3053:
3044:Constitution
3037:
3028:
3020:
2984:
2973:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2943:
2937:
2927:
2920:
2911:
2906:
2903:
2892:
2880:
2871:
2849:
2813:In 1981 the
2812:
2797:
2788:
2766:
2738:
2736:
2725:
2709:
2690:
2652:
2624:
2609:
2605:
2597:
2580:
2561:
2557:
2555:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2512:
2503:
2488:Please help
2483:
2459:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2431:
2427:
2419:
2399:
2380:
2371:
2368:
2352:white people
2341:
2327:South Africa
2312:
2300:
2282:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2247:
2209:exploitation
2206:
2202:
2188:
2174:
2153:
2138:
2131:
2125:
2115:
2107:quota system
2104:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2071:reservations
2070:
2066:
2065:
1835:Gender-blind
1714:Human rights
1536:Racial quota
1523:
1503:Jewish quota
1483:Gerontocracy
1478:Gender roles
1456:Disabilities
1441:Blood purity
1407:Wife selling
1397:White flight
1377:Slut-shaming
1357:Scapegoating
1275:Murder music
930:Palestinians
873:Anti-Zionism
741:South Africa
726:Black people
704:South Africa
512:Christianity
502:Baháʼí Faith
417:Sectarianism
357:Heterosexism
322:Ephebiphobia
292:Anti-Masonry
151:Hair texture
29:
12392:Historical:
12116:Resignation
12056:Termination
12039:Slow living
12007:Truck wages
11992:Labour camp
11920:Willingness
11812:Infractions
11467:Living wage
11415:Remote work
11083:Gold-collar
11038:Pink-collar
11033:Grey-collar
11023:Blue-collar
10990:Labour hire
10965:Cooperative
10929:Recruitment
10884:Job hunting
10817:Application
10799:Wage labour
10784:Labour hire
10737:Job sharing
10342:Nonviolence
10337:LGBT rights
10302:Empowerment
10270:Anti-racism
10192:Segregation
10137:No kid zone
9937:Persecution
9850:Hate speech
9801:Gay bashing
9776:Ethnic joke
9731:Dog whistle
9676:Blood libel
9354:Azerbaijani
9258:Neopaganism
9251:Persecution
9212:Persecution
9195:Persecution
9158:Catholicism
9138:Exclusivism
9088:Transphobia
9071:Supremacism
9026:Lesbophobia
8946:Aporophobia
8911:Anti-autism
8762:Taste-based
8757:Statistical
8412:(1): 57–74.
8335:(2): e016.
8069:: 1195–271.
7951:(1): 3–51.
7893:. Slate.com
7891:"Slate.com"
7498:Toronto Sun
7490:Akin, David
7278:26 November
7252:26 November
7223:1 September
7201:1 September
7090:1 September
6139:(2): e016.
6025:(in Danish)
5939:1 September
5921:(2): 33–46.
5798:24 February
5771:24 February
5668:Antara News
5496:21 November
5289:9 September
4760:26 February
4504:chatham.edu
4177:10923/19826
4003:20 February
3972:20 February
3946:20 February
3907:13 February
3877:13 February
3806:White guilt
3596:Anti-racism
3550:studies by
3517:Gail Heriot
3507:Mismatching
3286:New Zealand
2899:Sciences Po
2551:rule of law
2304:color blind
2145:color blind
1729:Nonviolence
1724:LGBT rights
1689:Empowerment
1657:Anti-racism
1573:Segregation
1518:No kid zone
1312:Persecution
1225:Hate speech
1176:Gay bashing
1151:Ethnic joke
1106:Dog whistle
1051:Blood libel
721:Azerbaijani
617:Neopaganism
610:Persecution
571:Persecution
554:Persecution
517:Catholicism
497:Exclusivism
439:Transphobia
422:Supremacism
377:Lesbophobia
297:Aporophobia
262:Anti-autism
97:Taste-based
92:Statistical
12612:Liberalism
12586:Categories
12326:Wage curve
12133:Retirement
12046:Workaholic
12024:Work ethic
11891:Wage theft
11876:Labour law
11871:Evaluation
11856:Dress code
11621:Sick leave
11586:Child care
11548:Salary cap
11462:Income tax
11425:Shift work
11362:Time clock
11357:Sick leave
11352:Sabbatical
11317:Break room
11305:Attendance
11274:Profession
11259:Mentorship
11237:Retraining
11162:E-learning
11058:New-collar
11053:Red-collar
11000:Supervisor
10980:Internship
10899:Onboarding
10767:Technician
10762:Journeyman
10732:Gig worker
10698:Employment
10616:Stereotype
10611:Speciesism
10492:Oppression
10487:Oikophobia
10383:Allophilia
10367:Toleration
10224:Sodomy law
10117:Internment
10037:Witch-hunt
9915:Blackhawks
9845:Hate group
9833:Hate crime
9806:Gendercide
9796:Freak show
9786:Excellence
9746:Employment
9716:Defamation
9643:Vietnamese
9638:Venezuelan
9523:Lithuanian
9185:Falun Gong
9115:Xenophobia
9110:Vegaphobia
9093:Non-binary
9051:Pedophobia
9016:Homophobia
8838:Skin color
8798:Disability
8771:Attributes
8752:Structural
8207:2008009151
7928:27 January
7815:(Thesis).
7246:Lane Neave
7138:Reason.com
7117:24 October
7013:5 February
6983:5 February
6925:6 December
6860:7 February
6438:1807/32159
6432:(Thesis).
6375:30 January
5393:22 October
5187:5 November
5142:cps.org.za
4736:Forbes.com
4215:30 October
4131:30 October
3923:OED Online
3820:References
3459:See also:
3296:Polynesian
3167:Section 15
3104:Protestant
2929:Left Party
2819:Sri Lankan
2768:neutrality
2697:Orang Asli
2547:corruption
2331:See also:
2295:See also:
2242:See also:
2011:Stereotype
2006:Speciesism
1887:Oppression
1882:Oikophobia
1778:Allophilia
1754:Toleration
1605:Sodomy law
1498:Internment
1412:Witch-hunt
1290:Blackhawks
1220:Hate group
1208:Hate crime
1181:Gendercide
1171:Freak show
1161:Excellence
1121:Employment
1091:Defamation
1010:Vietnamese
1005:Venezuelan
890:Lithuanian
544:Falun Gong
466:Xenophobia
461:Vegaphobia
444:Non-binary
402:Pedophobia
367:Homophobia
181:Skin color
141:Disability
112:Attributes
87:Structural
12513:Workhouse
12433:Busy work
12247:Recession
12111:Pink slip
12069:Dismissal
11932:Careerism
11526:Singapore
11504:Hong Kong
11372:Schedules
11291:Tradesman
11192:Licensure
11152:Education
11122:Avocation
11063:No-collar
11043:Precariat
10924:Probation
10879:Job fraud
10589:Christian
10517:Prejudice
10465:Masculism
10413:Diversity
10207:religious
10182:Redlining
9781:Ethnocide
9741:Education
9628:Ukrainian
9558:Pakistani
9548:Mongolian
9469:Australia
9451:Hungarian
9406:Colombian
9386:Bulgarian
9268:Rastafari
9217:Ahmadiyya
9125:Religious
9103:Trans men
9061:Pregnancy
8996:Gayphobia
8991:Fatphobia
8896:Acephobia
8891:Arophobia
8875:Viewpoint
8457:(Thesis).
8371:279305174
8276:144851327
8215:750831024
7792:: 31–40.
6029:29 August
5717:medcom.id
5573:3 January
5548:7 January
5522:7 January
5460:1 October
5267:ignored (
5257:cite book
5069:1062-9769
4780:The Local
4649:603595788
4486:146578304
4470:0034-6543
4349:20 August
4186:225376002
3557:state bar
3543:Ian Ayres
3455:Criticism
3404:USA Today
3340:Democrats
3294:or other
2995:Zhenotdel
2944:Gymnasien
2939:Gymnasium
2832:Sinhalese
2828:Sri Lanka
2791:June 2023
2779:talk page
2748:Sri Lanka
2741:Bumiputra
2739:See also
2649:Indonesia
2539:Negative:
2532:Positive:
2498:talk page
2391:Coloureds
2348:Afrikaner
2344:apartheid
2338:Apartheid
2088:diversity
1984:Christian
1912:Prejudice
1860:Masculism
1808:Diversity
1588:religious
1563:Redlining
1156:Ethnocide
1116:Education
995:Ukrainian
925:Pakistani
915:Mongolian
836:Australia
818:Hungarian
773:Colombian
753:Bulgarian
627:Rastafari
576:Ahmadiyya
482:Religious
454:Trans men
412:Pregnancy
347:Gayphobia
342:Fatphobia
247:Acephobia
242:Arophobia
218:Viewpoint
12421:See also
12347:Workfare
12172:Turnover
11568:Benefits
11449:salaries
11410:Overtime
11400:Flextime
11332:Gap year
11327:Furlough
11296:Vocation
11279:Operator
11142:Coaching
11097:training
10975:Employer
10970:Employee
10874:Job fair
10752:Side job
10646:Category
10628:The talk
10564:Snobbery
10482:Net bias
10312:Feminism
10239:Ugly law
10080:Catholic
10048:policies
9895:Mortgage
9890:Lynching
9821:examples
9816:Genocide
9736:Economic
9721:Democide
9681:Bullying
9593:Scottish
9588:Romanian
9553:Nigerian
9496:Japanese
9431:Georgian
9416:Filipino
9349:Assyrian
9322:Armenian
9312:American
9307:Albanian
9289:National
9273:Yazidism
9190:Hinduism
9148:Buddhism
9046:Nepotism
9041:Misogyny
9036:Misandry
8961:Clannism
8956:Biphobia
8901:Adultism
8818:Language
8693:Archived
8688:debate:
8604:EJ360259
8314:Archived
8311:Details.
8268:41939651
8163:(2008).
8055:(2002).
7897:11 April
7876:40040209
7552:16 March
7526:16 March
7502:Archived
7474:11 March
7427:28 April
7320:11 April
7299:BBC News
7007:Archived
6886:11 April
6836:BBC News
6790:BBC News
6770:11 April
6694:. GOV.UK
6665:Archived
6653:Catalyst
6624:11 April
6600:Archived
6412:24649711
6206:11 April
6184:11 April
6179:Le Monde
6112:28 April
5879:11 April
5853:cite web
5749:6 August
5743:nasional
5723:6 August
5696:6 August
5673:6 August
5647:6 August
5641:tirto.id
5620:6 August
5599:6 August
5593:kumparan
5490:Archived
5336:11 April
5310:31 March
5208:Moneyweb
4955:11 April
4933:11 April
4911:11 April
4885:Archived
4800:31 March
4716:Archived
4645:ProQuest
4514:30 April
4429:30 April
4367:Archived
4209:Archived
4125:Archived
4102:41675099
3997:Archived
3967:The Wire
3847:31 March
3789:Tokenism
3742:Quotaism
3574:See also
3100:Catholic
3034:Slovakia
2836:Buddhism
2772:disputed
2719:, while
2681:Malaysia
2506:May 2018
2404:and the
2251:Hispanic
2023:The talk
1959:Snobbery
1877:Net bias
1699:Feminism
1620:Ugly law
1461:Catholic
1427:Policies
1270:Mortgage
1265:Lynching
1196:examples
1191:Genocide
1111:Economic
1096:Democide
1056:Bullying
960:Scottish
955:Romanian
920:Nigerian
863:Japanese
798:Georgian
783:Filipino
716:Assyrian
689:Armenian
679:American
674:Albanian
654:national
632:Yazidism
549:Hinduism
507:Buddhism
397:Nepotism
392:Misogyny
387:Misandry
312:Clannism
307:Biphobia
252:Adultism
161:Language
48:a series
46:Part of
12397:U.S.A.:
12002:Peonage
11977:Slavery
11927:Boreout
11666:Karoshi
11616:Pension
11405:On-call
11110:Artisan
10794:Laborer
10656:Commons
10435:Figleaf
9860:Housing
9623:Turkish
9568:Pashtun
9538:Mexican
9518:Kurdish
9491:Italian
9441:Haitian
9426:Finnish
9401:Chinese
9396:Chechen
9391:Catalan
9381:Bengali
9302:African
9287:Ethnic/
9246:Judaism
9232:Sunnism
9222:Shi'ism
9133:Atheism
8966:Elitism
8865:Species
8803:Genetic
8793:Dialect
8641:(ed.).
8507:4467214
8444:2891107
8171:(ed.).
7965:1876963
7821:3484530
7729:2 March
7701:2 March
7625:2 March
6904:(2020).
6816:23 June
6727:13 July
6698:7 April
6662:Alt URL
6246:29 July
6163:, 1991.
5029:29 July
5007:29 July
4981:29 July
4754:EUR-Lex
4478:1170625
4399:17 July
4319:3112683
4249:2 March
3446:A 2019
3433:A 2014
3423:A 2009
3384:Support
3281:Oceania
3226:signed
3163:require
3054:In the
2970:Romania
2954:In all
2917:Germany
2877:Finland
2868:Denmark
2705:Sarawak
2465:Outcome
2387:Indians
2195:issued
2171:Origins
1830:Figleaf
1235:Housing
990:Turkish
935:Pashtun
905:Mexican
885:Kurdish
858:Italian
808:Haitian
793:Finnish
768:Chinese
763:Chechen
758:Catalan
748:Bengali
669:African
652:Ethnic/
605:Judaism
591:Sunnism
581:Shi'ism
492:Atheism
317:Elitism
208:Species
146:Genetic
136:Dialect
12101:Layoff
11651:Crunch
11509:Europe
11499:Canada
11487:Europe
11093:Career
10934:Résumé
10809:Hiring
10717:Casual
10621:threat
10475:autism
10212:sexual
10202:racial
10085:Jewish
9942:Pogrom
9920:Chiefs
9910:Braves
9633:Uyghur
9608:Somali
9603:Slavic
9583:Romani
9578:Quebec
9573:Polish
9513:Korean
9474:Canada
9461:Indian
9446:Hazara
9421:Fulani
9332:France
9297:Afghan
9227:Sufism
8951:Audism
8884:Social
8813:Height
8621:(2001)
8602:
8579:
8535:Polity
8519:online
8505:
8488:online
8442:
8432:Engage
8425:online
8369:
8302:
8274:
8266:
8213:
8205:
8195:
8149:
8135:89–101
8112:
8089:
7963:
7874:
7819:
7668:
7601:
7547:Gallup
7469:Gallup
7343:3 June
7168:
7143:1 July
7053:18 May
6684:GOV.UK
6527:
6496:
6467:
6410:
6317:5 June
6268:31 May
6089:4 June
6064:4 June
6023:ufm.dk
5982:
5568:Rediff
5238:
5067:
4826:31 May
4681:online
4647:
4585:2 June
4484:
4476:
4468:
4317:
4297:Engage
4270:
4184:
4100:
4071:
4049:,
3993:UNESCO
3463:, and
3440:Gallup
3414:Gallup
3327:Brazil
3143:Canada
3086:, the
3025:Serbia
2950:Norway
2889:France
2863:Europe
2846:Taiwan
2713:Malays
2600:Israel
2594:Israel
2484:debate
2389:, and
2322:Africa
2285:Sweden
2263:quotas
2257:Quotas
2221:Quotas
2187:"take
2094:, and
2016:threat
1870:autism
1593:sexual
1583:racial
1466:Jewish
1317:Pogrom
1295:Chiefs
1285:Braves
1000:Uyghur
975:Somali
970:Slavic
950:Romani
945:Quebec
940:Polish
880:Korean
841:Canada
828:Indian
813:Hazara
788:Fulani
699:France
664:Afghan
586:Sufism
302:Audism
233:Social
156:Height
11962:McJob
11482:World
11445:Wages
11312:Break
10958:Roles
10599:white
9952:Purge
9648:Welsh
9613:Tatar
9533:Māori
9528:Malay
9486:Irish
9436:Greek
9411:Croat
9369:China
9327:Asian
9207:Islam
9076:White
8823:Looks
8788:Class
8783:Caste
8740:Forms
8503:JSTOR
8438:(3).
8272:S2CID
8264:JSTOR
8167:. In
7961:S2CID
7872:JSTOR
7860:(PDF)
7697:: 367
6951:(PDF)
6944:(PDF)
6810:(PDF)
6408:JSTOR
6083:(PDF)
6058:(PDF)
6051:(PDF)
6017:lok.
5837:(PDF)
5451:(PDF)
5149:(PDF)
5138:(PDF)
4556:(3).
4482:S2CID
4474:JSTOR
4343:(PDF)
4336:(PDF)
4182:S2CID
4098:JSTOR
3838:(PDF)
3397:Polls
3292:Māori
2991:Lenin
2701:Sabah
2615:India
2571:China
2558:Ghana
2238:Women
2124:case
1994:white
1327:Purge
1015:Welsh
980:Tatar
900:Māori
895:Malay
853:Irish
803:Greek
778:Croat
736:China
694:Asian
566:Islam
427:White
166:Looks
131:Class
126:Caste
73:Forms
11447:and
11095:and
10862:list
10594:male
10393:Bias
9838:LGBT
9618:Thai
9598:Serb
9456:Igbo
9317:Arab
9081:Male
8870:Size
8850:Rank
8600:ERIC
8577:ISBN
8440:SSRN
8367:OCLC
8300:ISBN
8241:Pdf.
8211:OCLC
8203:LCCN
8193:ISBN
8177:Sage
8147:ISBN
8110:ISBN
8087:ISBN
8072:Pdf.
7930:2016
7899:2012
7817:SSRN
7731:2019
7703:2019
7666:ISBN
7627:2019
7599:ISBN
7554:2017
7528:2017
7476:2013
7429:2014
7345:2012
7322:2012
7280:2023
7254:2023
7225:2013
7203:2013
7166:ISBN
7145:2023
7119:2021
7092:2013
7055:2010
7015:2010
6985:2010
6959:2015
6927:2018
6888:2012
6862:2024
6818:2009
6772:2012
6729:2022
6700:2013
6626:2012
6525:ISBN
6494:ISBN
6465:ISBN
6377:2013
6319:2018
6270:2015
6248:2010
6208:2012
6186:2012
6114:2014
6091:2011
6066:2011
6031:2020
5980:ISBN
5941:2013
5881:2012
5859:link
5800:2021
5773:2021
5751:2020
5725:2020
5698:2020
5675:2020
5649:2020
5622:2020
5601:2020
5575:2018
5550:2019
5524:2019
5498:2020
5462:2017
5395:2017
5338:2012
5312:2023
5291:2024
5269:help
5249:2019
5236:ISBN
5215:2019
5189:2012
5065:ISSN
5031:2010
5009:2010
4983:2010
4957:2012
4935:2012
4913:2012
4828:2015
4802:2011
4762:2024
4713:Pdf.
4663:link
4587:2024
4516:2015
4466:ISSN
4431:2015
4401:2023
4351:2020
4315:SSRN
4268:ISBN
4251:2019
4217:2022
4133:2022
4069:ISBN
4030:2011
4005:2024
3974:2024
3948:2024
3909:2014
3879:2014
3849:2023
3375:The
3151:and
3117:The
3106:and
3066:The
3038:The
2999:USSR
2765:The
2726:The
2703:and
2691:The
2566:Asia
2400:The
2342:The
1989:male
1788:Bias
1213:LGBT
985:Thai
965:Serb
823:Igbo
684:Arab
432:Male
213:Size
193:Rank
10985:Job
10197:age
8855:Sex
8778:Age
8543:doi
8415:Pdf
8337:doi
8256:doi
8185:doi
8139:doi
8025:doi
8021:106
7992:doi
7953:doi
7794:doi
7396:doi
6457:doi
6434:hdl
6400:doi
6350:hdl
6342:doi
6293:doi
6141:doi
5430:doi
5361:doi
5113:doi
5057:doi
4637:doi
4610:doi
4558:doi
4458:doi
4305:doi
4172:hdl
4164:doi
3018:".
2901:).
2817:of
2283:In
2081:or
1578:age
198:Sex
121:Age
12588::
8645:.
8596:15
8594:.
8539:53
8537:.
8499:45
8497:.
8436:12
8434:.
8410:15
8408:.
8402:.
8391:15
8389:.
8383:.
8365:.
8331:.
8327:.
8270:.
8262:.
8250:.
8229:.
8209:.
8201:.
8191:.
8179:;
8145:,
8137:,
8081:.
8067:77
8065:.
8059:.
8019:.
8015:.
7986:.
7982:.
7959:.
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