1058:. For these purposes, personality is the settled framework of reference within which a person addresses the current situation and decides how to behave. Some traits will be dominant at times and then in a balanced relationship to other traits, but each person's traits will be reasonably stable and predictable (see Marshall: 1990 and Seidman: 1994). Hence, once conditioned into a criminal lifestyle, the relevant personality traits are likely to persist until a countervailing conditioning force re-establishes normal social inhibitions. Some forms of criminal behavior such as sexual offences have been medicalized with treatment offered alongside punishment.
1333:
797:, it has attempted to find scientific objectivity for the measurement and quantification of criminal behavior. Its method was developed by observing the characteristics of criminals to observe what may be the root cause of their behavior or actions. Since the Positivist's school of ideas came around, research revolving around its ideas has sought to identify some of the key differences between those who were deemed "criminals" and those who were not, often without considering flaws in the label of what a “criminal” is.
35:
925:), and introduced a scale to measure where each individual was placed. He concluded that delinquents tended to mesomorphy. Modern research might link physical size and athleticism and aggression because physically stronger people have the capacity to use violence with less chance of being hurt in any retaliation. Otherwise, such early research is no longer considered valid. The development of
1072:
In general terms, positivism rejected the
Classical Theory's reliance on free will and sought to identify positive causes that determined the propensity for criminal behaviour. The Classical School of Criminology believed that the punishment against a crime, should in fact fit the crime and not be
828:
was scientific as applied to animals, the same approach should be applied to "man" as an "animal". Darwin's theory of evolution stated that new species would evolve by the process of evolution. It meant that creatures would adapt to their surroundings and from that, a new species would be created
952:
There are a number of reputable studies that demonstrate a link between lower intelligence and criminality. However, when studies are conducted among the prison population, they are only studying those criminals actually caught. In other words, it might be that less intelligence people are more
829:
over time. Biological positivism is a theory or approach that takes an individual's characteristics and behavior that make up their genetic disposition is what causes them to be criminals. Biological positivism in theory states that individuals are born criminals and some are not.
1073:
immoderate. This school believes in the fundamental right of equality and that each and every person should be treated the same under the law. Rather than biological or psychological causes, this branch of the School identifies "society" as the cause. Hence,
985:
and excited state associated with them. The excessive consumption of alcohol can lower blood sugar levels and lead to aggressiveness, and the use of chemicals in foods and drinks has been associated with hyper-activity and some criminal behaviour.
1093:
identified society as a social phenomenon, external to individuals, with crime a normal part of a healthy society. Deviancy was nothing more than "boundary setting," pushing to determine the current limits of morality and acceptability.
957:
has also been closely related to aggression and criminals. People who tend to have a lower emotional intelligence are those that have a hard time managing their emotions and are more prone to act out and perpetrate criminal behavior.
1046:(1987) stated that, "…certain types of personality may be more prone to react with anti-social or criminal behaviour to environmental factors of one kind or another." He proposed three dimensions of personality:
1487:
Southeastern
University. (2017, July 21). Classifying Crime: Major Schools of Criminology. Retrieved November 26, 2019, from https://online.seu.edu/articles/classifying-crime-major-schools-of-criminology/.
873:
of responsibility for criminal behavior. The problem lay in the propensities of individual offenders who were biologically distinguishable from law-abiding citizens. This theme was amplified by the
905:(1913) failed to corroborate the characteristics but did find criminals shorter, lighter and less intelligent, i.e. he found criminality to be "normal" rather than "pathological" (cf the work of
1410:
OpenLearn. (n.d.). Positivist School of
Criminology. Retrieved November 26, 2019, from https://www.open.edu/openlearn/society-politics-law/introduction-critical-criminology/content-section-1.2.
1490:
Sulloway, F. J. (2005, December 1). The
Evolution of Charles Darwin. Retrieved December 9, 2019, from https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-evolution-of-charles-darwin-110234034/.
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likely to be caught, rather than less intelligent people are more likely to commits crimes. For example, individuals with higher intelligence are more likely to avoid being arrested.
1245:
1197:
Loeber, Rolf; Menting, Barbara; Lynam, Donald R.; Moffitt, Terri E.; Stouthamer-Loeber, Magda; Stallings, Rebecca; Farrington, David P.; Pardini, Dustin (2012-11-01).
1493:
Wickert, C. (2019, April). Biological theories of crime. Retrieved
November 26, 2019, from https://soztheo.de/theories-of-crime/biological-theories-of-crime/?lang=en.
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Seidman, Bonnie T.; Marshall, W. L.; Hudson, Stephen M.; Robertson, Paul J. (2 July 2016). "An
Examination of Intimacy and Loneliness in Sex Offenders".
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2022:
1089:, viewed the city as a form of superorganism, zoned into areas engaged in a continuous process of invasion, dominance, and succession). Meanwhile,
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was replaced by the quest for scientific laws that would be discovered by experts. It is divided into biological, psychological, and social laws.
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1925:
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in which maternal deprivation was a factor that might lead to delinquency. This has been discounted in favour of general privation (
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and other genetic factors variously identified as significant to select heredity rather than environment as the cause of crime (
1152:"Cognitive abilities and antisocial behavior in prison: A longitudinal assessment using a large state-wide sample of prisoners"
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1518:
104:
1199:"Findings From the Pittsburgh Youth Study: Cognitive Impulsivity and Intelligence as Predictors of the Age–Crime Curve"
1040:: 1981) or "broken homes" (Glueck: 1950) in which absentee or uncaring parents tend to produce badly behaved children.
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1288:"The role of verbal intelligence in becoming a successful criminal: Results from a longitudinal sample"
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1445:"The relation between emotional intelligence and criminal behavior: A study among convicted criminals"
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Sharma, Neelu; Prakash, Om; Sengar, K. S.; Chaudhury, Suprakash; Singh, Amool R. (2015).
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940:). However, the evidence from family, twin, and adoption studies shows no conclusive
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and other sub-schools study the spatial distribution of crimes and offenders (see
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Handbook of Sexual
Assault: Issues, Theories, and Treatment of the Offender
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Boccio, Cashen M.; Beaver, Kevin M.; Schwartz, Joseph A. (2018-01-01).
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Journal of the
American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
1081:, who discovered that crimes rates are relatively constant, and the
1642:
1403:
Marshall, W. L.; Laws, D. R. & Barbaree, H. E. (eds.), (1990).
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has produced another potential inherent cause of criminality, with
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34:
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became interested in the problem of crime, producing studies of
1858:
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1413:
1024:. He proposed that criminal behaviour is either the result of
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893:) which identified physical characteristics associated with
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became the major paradigm in the search for knowledge, the
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1111:
July 21, Posted; Justice, 2017 | Criminal (2017-07-21).
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which linked attributes of the mind to the shape of the
1285:
1246:"Intelligence and Delinquency: A Revisionist Review"
865:. These theories were popular because they absolved
1150:Silver, Ian A.; Nedelec, Joseph L. (2018-11-01).
1113:"Classifying Crime: Major Schools of Criminology"
2436:
1243:
1244:Hirschi, Travis; Hindelang, Michael J. (2017),
2023:Fourth Great Debate in international relations
1110:
1975:
1512:
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2012:
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901:throwbacks to an earlier evolutionary form.
1135:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
992:
909:found evidence of biological inferiority).
832:
1519:
1505:
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751:
1926:Relationship between religion and science
1470:
1460:
1377:Learn how and when to remove this message
1392:The English Convict: A Statistical Study
1340:This article includes a list of general
961:
815:
2247:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
1004:, the primitive biological drives, the
2437:
1602:Machian positivism (empirio-criticism)
1974:
1500:
1326:
1061:
1008:, the internalised values, and the
13:
1879:Nomothetic–idiographic distinction
1346:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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897:demonstrating that criminals were
14:
2466:
2207:The Logic of Scientific Discovery
2191:Materialism and Empirio-criticism
2047:The Course in Positive Philosophy
1416:Journal of Interpersonal Violence
1000:divided the personality into the
1331:
110:Risk & actuarial criminology
33:
16:School of thought in criminology
2199:History and Class Consciousness
1085:which, under the leadership of
947:
913:identified three basic body or
2063:Critical History of Philosophy
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1279:
1237:
1190:
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1117:Southeastern University Online
1104:
1:
2271:Knowledge and Human Interests
1607:Rankean historical positivism
1449:Industrial Psychiatry Journal
1407:, New York, NY: Plenum Press.
1097:
2389:
2055:A General View of Positivism
1304:10.1016/j.intell.2017.10.003
1168:10.1016/j.intell.2018.09.004
877:and through the writings of
7:
2255:Conjectures and Refutations
2087:The Logic of Modern Physics
1904:Deductive-nomological model
891:Anthropological criminology
10:
2471:
2215:The Poverty of Historicism
2111:The Universe in a Nutshell
2095:Language, Truth, and Logic
2079:The Analysis of Sensations
1428:10.1177/088626094009004006
1215:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.08.019
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973:have been associated with
90:Expressive function of law
2423:
2371:
2305:
2295:The Rhetoric of Economics
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2121:
2038:
1985:
1981:
1976:Positivist-related debate
1970:
1797:
1766:
1681:
1625:
1569:
1538:
1534:
1390:Goring, Charles. (1913).
1075:environmental criminology
2231:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
1948:Structural functionalism
1874:Naturalism in literature
1462:10.4103/0972-6748.160934
1258:10.4324/9781315131511-10
1250:The Craft of Criminology
993:Psychological positivism
944:to prefer either cause.
869:and any failures of its
861:as revealed through the
833:Physical characteristics
80:Differential association
2358:Willard Van Orman Quine
2071:Idealism and Positivism
1663:Critique of metaphysics
1597:Sociological positivism
1361:more precise citations.
785:and led by two others:
135:Symbolic interactionism
2403:
2372:Concepts in contention
2013:
2003:
1993:
1884:Objectivity in science
1782:Non-Euclidean geometry
1748:Methodological dualism
1709:
1028:or a weak conscience.
955:Emotional intelligence
919:endomorphs, mesomorphs
2279:The Poverty of Theory
1899:Philosophy of science
1788:Uncertainty principle
1399:The American Criminal
962:Other medical factors
937:nature versus nurture
853:) and the science of
847:Johann Kaspar Lavater
816:Biological positivism
639:Biosocial criminology
346:Uniform Crime Reports
55:Biosocial criminology
2287:The Scientific Image
1958:Structuration theory
1921:Qualitative research
1822:Criticism of science
1817:Critical rationalism
1753:Problem of induction
1252:, pp. 121–142,
514:Solitary confinement
178:Alexandre Lacassagne
2263:One-Dimensional Man
1711:Geisteswissenschaft
1694:Confirmation holism
1397:Hooton, Earnest A.
1054:, neuroticism, and
826:Theory of evolution
704:Radical criminology
65:Collective efficacy
2338:Hans-Georg Gadamer
2139:Alexander Bogdanov
2015:Positivismusstreit
1810:Post-behavioralism
1774:history of science
1626:Principal concepts
1582:Logical positivism
942:empirical evidence
883:L'Uomo Delinquente
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2415:
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2313:Theodor W. Adorno
2129:Richard Avenarius
2005:Werturteilsstreit
1966:
1965:
1914:Sense-data theory
1612:Polish positivism
1587:Positivist school
1387:
1386:
1379:
1209:(11): 1136–1149.
1068:Social positivism
1062:Social positivism
1034:attachment theory
851:Franz Joseph Gall
810:social philosophy
802:scientific method
791:Raffaele Garofalo
779:Positivist School
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774:
521:
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458:Prisoners' rights
362:Positivist school
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2318:Gaston Bachelard
2239:Truth and Method
2223:World Hypotheses
2103:The Two Cultures
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1577:Legal positivism
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105:Rational choice
95:Labeling theory
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1091:Émile Durkheim
1087:Robert E. Park
1083:Chicago School
1066:Main article:
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1060:
1038:Michael Rutter
1026:mental illness
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903:Charles Goring
875:Italian School
837:Historically,
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822:Charles Darwin
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453:Prisoner abuse
445:
444:
443:
438:
433:
423:
418:
416:Incapacitation
413:
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389:
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158:Émile Durkheim
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137:
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115:Social control
112:
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97:
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82:
77:
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70:Crime analysis
67:
62:
60:Broken windows
57:
52:
46:
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30:
29:
15:
9:
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2349:
2348:György Lukács
2346:
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2200:
2196:
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2187:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2174:Vienna Circle
2172:
2170:
2169:Berlin Circle
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2149:Eugen DĂĽhring
2147:
2145:
2144:Auguste Comte
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
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2041:
2039:Contributions
2037:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1990:
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1984:
1980:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1953:Structuralism
1951:
1949:
1946:
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1939:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
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1919:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
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1901:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1894:Phenomenalism
1892:
1890:
1887:
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1877:
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1872:
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1867:
1865:
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1823:
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1818:
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1811:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1805:Behavioralism
1803:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1759:
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1733:Human science
1731:
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1659:
1658:Pseudoscience
1656:
1654:
1653:Justification
1651:
1649:
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1367:February 2020
1360:
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1019:
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1007:
1003:
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998:Sigmund Freud
990:
987:
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972:
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749:
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738:
735:
733:
732:Organizations
730:
728:
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723:
720:
719:
713:
712:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
679:Environmental
677:
675:
672:
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662:
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657:
655:
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650:
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645:
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635:
632:
630:
627:
626:
620:
619:
610:
607:
605:
602:
601:
599:
597:
596:Postmodernist
594:
592:
589:
587:
586:Neo-classical
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
561:Environmental
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
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539:
537:
534:
533:
527:
526:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
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492:
490:
489:Participatory
487:
486:
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484:
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477:
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468:
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454:
451:
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396:
391:
390:
383:
380:
378:
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370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
352:
351:Crime mapping
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
323:
317:
316:
309:
306:
304:
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298:Transnational
296:
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289:
286:
284:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
266:International
264:
262:
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250:
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245:
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238:
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233:
230:
229:
227:
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210:
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197:
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189:
186:
184:
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176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
155:
149:
148:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
56:
53:
51:
48:
47:
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40:
36:
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31:
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24:
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20:
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2285:
2277:
2269:
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2253:
2245:
2237:
2229:
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2205:
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2189:
2109:
2101:
2093:
2085:
2077:
2069:
2061:
2053:
2045:
2029:Science wars
1827:Epistemology
1758:Reflectivism
1718:Hermeneutics
1586:
1570:Declinations
1546:Antihumanism
1539:Perspectives
1455:(1): 54–58.
1452:
1448:
1419:
1415:
1404:
1398:
1391:
1373:
1364:
1345:
1295:
1292:Intelligence
1291:
1281:
1271:, retrieved
1249:
1239:
1206:
1202:
1192:
1159:
1156:Intelligence
1155:
1145:
1120:. Retrieved
1116:
1106:
1071:
1056:psychoticism
1052:extroversion
1048:introversion
1044:Hans Eysenck
1042:
1032:proposed an
996:
988:
967:Testosterone
965:
951:
948:Intelligence
934:
922:
918:
886:
882:
836:
819:
799:
787:Enrico Ferri
778:
776:
684:Experimental
406:Denunciation
372:Quantitative
282:Public-order
237:White-collar
168:Enrico Ferri
163:Hans Eysenck
2445:Criminology
2384:Objectivity
2353:Karl Popper
2343:Thomas Kuhn
2323:Mario Bunge
2074:(1879–1884)
2009:(1909–1959)
1743:Metaphysics
1723:Historicism
1638:Demarcation
1633:Consilience
1556:Rationalism
1359:introducing
1030:John Bowlby
915:somatotypes
843:physiognomy
795:criminology
674:Development
649:Criminology
571:Integrative
509:Utilitarian
504:Retributive
494:Restorative
481:in penology
367:Qualitative
341:Ethnography
326:Comparative
232:Blue-collar
140:Victimology
100:Psychopathy
23:Criminology
2450:Positivism
2439:Categories
2164:Ernst Mach
2159:Ernst Laas
2134:A. J. Ayer
2122:Proponents
1941:Philosophy
1738:Humanities
1682:Antitheses
1551:Empiricism
1528:Positivism
1342:references
1273:2023-02-10
1122:2019-11-12
1098:References
1018:perception
981:, and the
975:aggression
971:adrenaline
931:chromosome
923:ectomorphs
895:degeneracy
871:government
855:phrenology
669:Demography
591:Positivist
470:Recidivism
411:Deterrence
303:Victimless
130:Subculture
2405:Verstehen
2391:Phronesis
2379:Knowledge
2363:Max Weber
2183:Criticism
1931:Sociology
1869:Modernism
1847:pluralism
1832:anarchism
1728:Historism
1648:Induction
1561:Scientism
1436:145299000
1312:0160-2896
1298:: 24–31.
1223:0890-8567
1184:149606301
1176:0160-2896
1162:: 17–31.
1022:cognition
899:atavistic
694:Political
623:Subfields
546:Classical
536:Anarchist
431:abolition
331:Profiling
276:Political
271:Organized
256:Corporate
244:Cold case
200:Types of
2426:Category
1842:nihilism
1837:idealism
1767:Related
1643:Evidence
1481:26257484
1231:23101740
1131:cite web
1006:superego
979:violence
927:genetics
839:medicine
727:Journals
654:Critical
644:Conflict
629:American
600:Realism
566:Feminist
556:Critical
551:Conflict
448:Prisoner
395:Penology
261:Juvenile
212:Humanity
208:Against
85:Deviance
27:penology
2306:Critics
2031:(1990s)
2025:(1980s)
2019:(1960s)
1999:(1890s)
1852:realism
1784:(1830s)
1772:in the
1472:4525433
1355:improve
983:arousal
867:society
800:As the
659:Culture
581:Marxist
576:Italian
541:Chicago
530:Schools
479:Justice
320:Methods
249:Perfect
2298:(1986)
2290:(1980)
2282:(1978)
2274:(1968)
2266:(1964)
2258:(1963)
2250:(1962)
2242:(1960)
2234:(1951)
2226:(1942)
2218:(1936)
2210:(1934)
2202:(1923)
2194:(1909)
2114:(2001)
2106:(1959)
2098:(1936)
2090:(1927)
2082:(1886)
2066:(1869)
2058:(1848)
2050:(1830)
1986:Method
1859:Holism
1790:(1927)
1479:
1469:
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1344:, but
1310:
1264:
1229:
1221:
1182:
1174:
1020:, and
1014:memory
921:, and
917:(i.e.
907:Hooton
737:People
716:Browse
699:Public
441:reform
426:Prison
228:Class
217:Person
125:Strain
50:Anomie
44:Theory
2398:Truth
1432:S2CID
1180:S2CID
935:see:
881:(see
863:skull
859:brain
845:(see
793:. In
722:Index
664:Cyber
609:Right
421:Trial
382:NIBRS
288:State
222:State
202:crime
1477:PMID
1308:ISSN
1262:ISBN
1227:PMID
1219:ISSN
1172:ISSN
1137:link
977:and
969:and
889:and
849:and
789:and
777:The
604:Left
436:open
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