40:
191:
Using a pencil point rather than a cutting spinal needle decreases the risk. The size of the pencil point needle does not appear to make a difference, while smaller cutting needles have a low risk compared to larger ones. Modern, atraumatic needles such as the
Sprotte or Whitacre spinal needle leave
124:
Using a pencil-point needle rather than a cutting spinal needle decreases the risk of developing PDPH. Smaller needle gauges decrease the odds of PDPH, but make it more challenging to perform the procedure successfully. The needle with the lowest PDPH rate and highest succession rate is the 26G
192:
a smaller perforation and reduce the risk for PDPH. However, the evidence that atraumatic needles reduce the risk of post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) without increasing adverse events such as paraesthesia or backache is moderate-quality and further research should be done.
1844:
949:
Abdelaal Ahmed
Mahmoud, Ahmed; Mansour, Amr Zaki; Yassin, Hany Mahmoud; Hussein, Hazem Abdelwahab; Kamal, Ahmed Moustafa; Elayashy, Mohamed; Elemady, Mohamed Farid; Elkady, Hany W.; Mahmoud, Hatem Elmoutaz; Cusack, Barbara; Hosny, Hisham (2018-12-01).
141:
that typically worsen when the patient assumes an upright posture. The headache usually occurs 24–48 hours after puncture but may occur as many as 12 days after. It usually resolves within a few days but has been rarely documented to take much longer.
120:
causes reduced fluid pressure in the brain and spinal cord. Onset occurs within two days in 66% of cases and three days in 90%. It occurs so rarely immediately after puncture that other possible causes should be investigated when it does.
1817:
1794:
1697:
1776:
283:
Estimates for the overall incidence of PDPH vary between 0.1% and 36%. It is more common in younger patients (especially in the 18–30 age group), females (especially those who are pregnant), and those with a low
1562:
1550:
251:
EBP is effective, and further intervention is rarely necessary. 25–35% of patients suffer from transient back pain after EBP. More rare complications of EBP include misplacement of blood leading to spinal
1672:
183:
Although in very rare cases the headache may present immediately after a puncture, this is almost always due to another cause such as increased intracranial pressure and requires immediate attention.
1725:
288:(BMI). The low prevalence in elderly patients may be due to a less stretchable dura mater. It is also more common with the use of larger diameter needles. A 2006 review reported an incidence of:
596:
Zorrilla-Vaca A, Mathur V, Wu CL, Grant MC (July 2018). "The Impact of Spinal Needle
Selection on Postdural Puncture Headache: A Meta-Analysis and Metaregression of Randomized Studies".
89:). The headache is severe and described as "searing and spreading like hot metal", involving the back and front of the head and spreading to the neck and shoulders, sometimes involving
1642:
1767:
1048:"The Effectiveness of Bilateral Greater Occipital Nerve Block by Ultrasound for Treatment of Post-Dural Puncture Headache in Comparison with Other Conventional Treatment"
1633:
639:
Arevalo-Rodriguez I, Muñoz L, Godoy-Casasbuenas N, Ciapponi A, Arevalo JJ, Boogaard S, Roqué I, Figuls M, et al. (Cochrane
Anaesthesia Group) (April 2017).
489:
Arevalo-Rodriguez, Ingrid; Muñoz, Luis; Godoy-Casasbuenas, Natalia; Ciapponi, AgustĂn; Arevalo, Jimmy J; Boogaard, Sabine; RoquĂ© i Figuls, Marta (2017-04-07).
93:. It is exacerbated by movement and sitting or standing and is relieved to some degree by lying down. Nausea, vomiting, pain in arms and legs, hearing loss,
1087:
Jespersen, Mads S.; Jaeger, Pia; Ægidius, Karen L.; Fabritius, Maria L.; Duch, Patricia; Rye, Ida; Afshari, Arash; Meyhoff, Christian S. (2020-04-15).
309:
PDPH is roughly twice as common in lumbar puncture than spinal anaesthesia, almost certainly due to the atraumatic needles used in spinal anaesthesia.
837:"Meningeal (postdural) puncture headache, unintentional dural puncture, and the epidural blood patch: a national survey of United States practice"
206:
appear effective in reducing post dural puncture headaches. Evidence does not support the use of bed rest or intravenous fluids to prevent PDPH.
548:"The association between post-dural puncture headache and needle type during spinal anaesthesia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis"
1379:"Facial nerve paralysis and partial brachial plexopathy after epidural blood patch: a case report and review of the literature"
1007:"Is theophylline more effective than sumatriptan in the treatment of post-dural puncture headache? A randomized clinical trial"
952:"Addition of Neostigmine and Atropine to Conventional Management of Postdural Puncture Headache: A Randomized Controlled Trial"
1179:"Delayed radicular pain following two large volume epidural blood patches for post-lumbar puncture headache: a case report"
1616:
1089:"Sphenopalatine ganglion block for the treatment of postdural puncture headache: a randomised, blinded, clinical trial"
33:
Post-spinal-puncture headache, post-lumbar-puncture headache, spinal headache, epidural headache, low-pressure headache
1046:
Mostafa
Mohamed Stohy, El-Sayed; Mohamed Mohamed El-Sayed, Mostafa; Saeed Mohamed Bastawesy, Mohamed (2019-10-01).
338:"Post spinal puncture headache, an old problem and new concepts: review of articles about predisposing factors"
233:. Minimally invasive procedures as; bilateral greater occipital nerve block or sphenopalatine ganglion block.
1862:
1748:
1710:
1655:
295:
40% if a needle between 0.7176 mm (0.02825 in) and 0.9081 mm (0.03575 in) is used; and
1830:
1438:"An epidural blood patch causing acute neurologic dysfunction necessitating a decompressive laminectomy"
292:
12% if a needle between 0.4128 mm (0.01625 in) and 0.5652 mm (0.02225 in) is used;
1045:
1882:
1577:
892:"Comparing the effect of pregabalin, gabapentin, and acetaminophen on post-dural puncture headache"
298:
70% if a needle between 1.067 mm (0.0420 in) and 1.651 mm (0.0650 in) is used.
229:
Pharmacological treatments as; gabapentin, pregabalin, neostigmine/atropine, methylxanthines, and
1128:
Safa-Tisseront V, Thormann F, Malassiné P, Henry M, Riou B, Coriat P, Seebacher J (August 2001).
1877:
1867:
1685:
1609:
261:
272:
1903:
1852:
1738:
1277:"Intrathecal injection of epidural blood patch: a case report and review of the literature"
237:
159:
688:
Basurto Ona X, Uriona Tuma SM, MartĂnez GarcĂa L, SolĂ I, Bonfill Cosp X (February 2013).
244:
is injected into the epidural space near the site of the original puncture; the resulting
8:
1857:
1733:
1566:
1130:"Effectiveness of epidural blood patch in the management of post-dural puncture headache"
737:
Arevalo-Rodriguez I, Ciapponi A, Roqué i Figuls M, Muñoz L, Bonfill Cosp X (March 2016).
151:
117:
1332:"A subdural abscess and infected blood patch complicating regional analgesia for labour"
1929:
1473:
1413:
1378:
1312:
1159:
987:
926:
872:
812:
787:
763:
738:
714:
689:
665:
640:
621:
523:
490:
416:
391:
354:
337:
163:
48:
1571:
891:
133:
PDPH typically occurs hours to days after puncture and presents with symptoms such as
1908:
1602:
1514:
1465:
1457:
1418:
1400:
1359:
1351:
1304:
1296:
1257:
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1208:
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113:
59:
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349:
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257:
1316:
1163:
1023:
1006:
951:
1753:
1743:
1582:
1453:
1195:
1178:
967:
852:
641:"Needle gauge and tip designs for preventing post-dural puncture headache (PDPH)"
609:
546:
Maranhao, B.; Liu, M.; Palanisamy, A.; Monks, D. T.; Singh, P. M. (August 2021).
491:"Needle gauge and tip designs for preventing post-dural puncture headache (PDPH)"
285:
109:
890:
Mahoori, Alireza; Noroozinia, Heydar; Hasani, Ebrahim; Saghaleini, Hadi (2014).
1872:
1802:
1715:
1347:
1228:"Spinal subdural haematoma as a complication of immediate epidural blood patch"
638:
488:
155:
90:
1292:
1105:
1088:
1923:
1461:
1404:
1355:
1300:
1253:
1204:
1073:
1032:
975:
917:
908:
860:
571:
514:
407:
203:
1509:
1492:
1437:
1331:
1276:
1064:
1047:
836:
736:
547:
336:
Jabbari A, Alijanpour E, Mir M, Bani Hashem N, Rabiea SM, Rupani MA (2013).
1518:
1469:
1422:
1363:
1308:
1212:
1155:
1114:
983:
935:
868:
821:
772:
723:
674:
617:
579:
532:
475:
425:
363:
102:
1261:
948:
687:
466:
449:
268:
199:
86:
1542:
1898:
1784:
1395:
1244:
1227:
563:
265:
245:
78:
450:"Post-dural puncture headache: pathogenesis, prevention and treatment"
226:. Vigorous hydration is routinely encouraged in postpartum patients.
215:
39:
1491:
Alstadhaug KB, Odeh F, Baloch FK, Berg DH, Salvesen R (April 2012).
1127:
125:
pencil-point needle. Its estimated PDPH rate is between 2% and 10%.
1825:
1650:
1625:
223:
219:
195:
167:
134:
94:
1005:
Shaat, Ahmed
Mohamed; Abdalgaleil, Mohamed Mahmoud (2021-01-01).
889:
230:
98:
1436:
Mehta, Sonya P.; Keogh, Bart P.; Lam, Arthur M. (January 2014).
1226:
Tekkök, Ismail H.; Carter, David A.; Brinker, Ray (1996-03-01).
739:"Posture and fluids for preventing post-dural puncture headache"
1554:
1086:
335:
222:. A 2015 review found tentative evidence to support the use of
138:
1275:
Kalina, Peter; Craigo, Paula; Weingarten, Toby (August 2004).
1177:
Desai, Mehul J.; Dave, Ankur P.; Martin, Megan B. (May 2010).
785:
241:
82:
306:, these correspond to the values 27–24G, 22–20G and 19–16G.
1594:
835:
Harrington, Brian E.; Schmitt, Andrew M. (September 2009).
256:
or intrathecal injection and arachnoiditis, infection with
16:
Common side effect of lumbar puncture or spinal anaesthesia
690:"Drug therapy for preventing post-dural puncture headache"
595:
545:
392:"Post lumbar puncture headache: diagnosis and management"
1490:
788:"Drug therapy for treating post-dural puncture headache"
1274:
786:
Basurto Ona X, Osorio D, Bonfill Cosp X (July 2015).
1532:
1225:
389:
834:
1921:
1004:
447:
1377:Shahien, Radi; Bowirrat, Abdalla (2011-02-02).
1376:
1176:
390:Ahmed SV, Jayawarna C, Jude E (November 2006).
443:
441:
439:
437:
435:
137:(which is mostly bi-frontal or occipital) and
1610:
1435:
1336:International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia
1329:
1121:
214:Some people require no other treatment than
1330:Collis, R. E.; Harries, S. E. (July 2005).
792:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
743:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
694:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
645:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
495:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
432:
1617:
1603:
448:Turnbull DK, Shepherd DB (November 2003).
236:Persistent and severe PDPH may require an
38:
1508:
1412:
1394:
1243:
1194:
1145:
1104:
1063:
1022:
925:
907:
811:
762:
713:
664:
591:
589:
522:
465:
415:
353:
331:
329:
327:
325:
323:
321:
178:
150:PDPH is thought to result from a loss of
1497:Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening
77:) is a complication of puncture of the
1922:
586:
318:
1598:
1442:Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
841:Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
598:Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
128:
385:
383:
381:
379:
377:
375:
373:
342:Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine
248:then "patches" the meningeal leak.
13:
145:
14:
1941:
1528:
370:
240:. A small amount of the person's
81:(one of the membranes around the
1147:10.1097/00000542-200108000-00012
108:PDPH is a common side effect of
47:PDPH is a common side effect of
1493:"Post-lumbar puncture headache"
1484:
1429:
1370:
1323:
1268:
1232:Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia
1219:
1170:
1080:
1039:
1011:Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia
998:
942:
883:
828:
779:
278:
1093:British Journal of Anaesthesia
804:10.1002/14651858.CD007887.pub3
755:10.1002/14651858.CD009199.pub3
730:
706:10.1002/14651858.cd001792.pub3
681:
657:10.1002/14651858.CD010807.pub2
632:
539:
507:10.1002/14651858.CD010807.pub2
482:
454:British Journal of Anaesthesia
166:then leads to traction to the
105:of the scalp are also common.
1:
1863:External compression headache
1749:New daily persistent headache
1711:Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania
1024:10.1080/11101849.2021.1949195
312:
186:
1808:Post-dural-puncture headache
1624:
1454:10.1097/AAP.0000000000000025
968:10.1213/ANE.0000000000003734
896:Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia
853:10.1097/AAP.0b013e3181b493e9
610:10.1097/AAP.0000000000000775
396:Postgraduate Medical Journal
209:
173:
71:Post-dural-puncture headache
25:Post-dural-puncture headache
7:
1831:Medication overuse headache
10:
1946:
1348:10.1016/j.ijoa.2005.03.002
956:Anesthesia & Analgesia
170:with associated symptoms.
1891:
1843:
1816:
1793:
1775:
1766:
1724:
1696:
1671:
1641:
1632:
1536:
1293:10.1007/s10140-004-0365-0
1106:10.1016/j.bja.2020.02.025
58:
46:
37:
29:
24:
1383:Journal of Pain Research
1196:10.36076/ppj.2010/13/257
1052:Al-Azhar Medical Journal
909:10.4103/1658-354X.136436
408:10.1136/pgmj.2006.044792
1510:10.4045/tidsskr.11.0832
1065:10.21608/amj.2019.64954
1878:Postherpetic neuralgia
1868:Cold-stimulus headache
1686:Mixed tension migraine
262:facial nerve paralysis
179:Differential diagnosis
273:cauda equina syndrome
1883:Tolosa–Hunt syndrome
1853:Trigeminal neuralgia
1739:Thunderclap headache
238:epidural blood patch
160:hydrostatic pressure
1858:Occipital neuralgia
1734:Hemicrania continua
1656:Familial hemiplegic
1281:Emergency Radiology
152:cerebrospinal fluid
118:cerebrospinal fluid
1396:10.2147/JPR.S15314
1245:10.1007/BF03011749
564:10.1111/anae.15320
467:10.1093/bja/aeg231
164:subarachnoid space
129:Signs and symptoms
49:spinal anaesthesia
1917:
1916:
1839:
1838:
1762:
1761:
1592:
1591:
254:subdural hematoma
114:spinal anesthesia
68:
67:
19:Medical condition
1937:
1773:
1772:
1663:Retinal migraine
1639:
1638:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1558:: G44.820, G97.0
1534:
1533:
1523:
1522:
1512:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1416:
1398:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1247:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1198:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1149:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1108:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1067:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1026:
1002:
996:
995:
962:(6): 1434–1439.
946:
940:
939:
929:
911:
887:
881:
880:
832:
826:
825:
815:
783:
777:
776:
766:
734:
728:
727:
717:
685:
679:
678:
668:
651:(12): CD010807.
636:
630:
629:
593:
584:
583:
558:(8): 1098–1110.
543:
537:
536:
526:
486:
480:
479:
469:
445:
430:
429:
419:
387:
368:
367:
357:
333:
304:Birmingham gauge
258:subdural abscess
216:pain medications
101:, dizziness and
42:
22:
21:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1887:
1835:
1812:
1789:
1758:
1754:Hypnic headache
1744:Sexual headache
1720:
1692:
1667:
1628:
1623:
1593:
1588:
1587:
1545:
1531:
1526:
1489:
1485:
1434:
1430:
1375:
1371:
1328:
1324:
1273:
1269:
1224:
1220:
1175:
1171:
1126:
1122:
1085:
1081:
1044:
1040:
1003:
999:
947:
943:
888:
884:
833:
829:
798:(7): CD007887.
784:
780:
749:(4): CD009199.
735:
731:
700:(2): CD001792.
686:
682:
637:
633:
594:
587:
544:
540:
501:(4): CD010807.
487:
483:
446:
433:
388:
371:
334:
319:
315:
286:body mass index
281:
212:
189:
181:
176:
148:
146:Pathophysiology
131:
110:lumbar puncture
64:Anaesthesiology
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1943:
1933:
1932:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1889:
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1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1873:Optic neuritis
1870:
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1849:
1847:
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1840:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1803:Ictal headache
1799:
1797:
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1787:
1781:
1779:
1770:
1764:
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1760:
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1599:
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1540:
1538:
1537:Classification
1530:
1529:External links
1527:
1525:
1524:
1483:
1428:
1369:
1342:(3): 246–251.
1322:
1267:
1238:(3): 306–309.
1218:
1189:(3): 257–262.
1183:Pain Physician
1169:
1134:Anesthesiology
1120:
1099:(6): 739–747.
1079:
1058:(4): 479–488.
1038:
1017:(1): 310–316.
997:
941:
902:(3): 374–377.
882:
847:(5): 430–437.
827:
778:
729:
680:
631:
604:(5): 502–508.
585:
538:
481:
431:
402:(973): 713–6.
369:
348:(1): 595–602.
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158:. A decreased
156:epidural space
147:
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130:
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91:neck stiffness
66:
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18:
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1506:
1503:(7): 818–21.
1502:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1388:
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1380:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
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1337:
1333:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
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1278:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1255:
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1241:
1237:
1233:
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1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1184:
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1173:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
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1131:
1124:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1001:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
945:
937:
933:
928:
923:
919:
915:
910:
905:
901:
897:
893:
886:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
831:
823:
819:
814:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
782:
774:
770:
765:
760:
756:
752:
748:
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733:
725:
721:
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711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
684:
676:
672:
667:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
635:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
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603:
599:
592:
590:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
542:
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530:
525:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
485:
477:
473:
468:
463:
460:(5): 718–29.
459:
455:
451:
444:
442:
440:
438:
436:
427:
423:
418:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
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259:
255:
249:
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227:
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221:
217:
207:
205:
204:aminophylline
201:
197:
193:
184:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
143:
140:
136:
126:
122:
119:
116:. Leakage of
115:
111:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
63:
61:
57:
53:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
28:
23:
1807:
1576:
1561:
1549:
1500:
1496:
1486:
1448:(1): 78–80.
1445:
1441:
1431:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1287:(1): 56–59.
1284:
1280:
1270:
1235:
1231:
1221:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1140:(2): 334–9.
1137:
1133:
1123:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1014:
1010:
1000:
959:
955:
944:
899:
895:
885:
844:
840:
830:
795:
791:
781:
746:
742:
732:
697:
693:
683:
648:
644:
634:
601:
597:
555:
551:
541:
498:
494:
484:
457:
453:
399:
395:
345:
341:
308:
301:
282:
279:Epidemiology
250:
235:
228:
213:
194:
190:
182:
149:
132:
123:
107:
103:paraesthesia
74:
70:
69:
51:
1904:Orthostatic
552:Anaesthesia
269:paraparesis
200:cosyntropin
87:spinal cord
30:Other names
1899:Eye strain
1785:Migralepsy
313:References
246:blood clot
187:Prevention
79:dura mater
52:(pictured)
1930:Headaches
1768:Secondary
1462:1532-8651
1405:1178-7090
1389:: 39–45.
1356:0959-289X
1301:1070-3004
1254:1496-8975
1205:2150-1149
1074:1110-0400
1033:1110-1849
976:0003-2999
918:1658-354X
861:1532-8651
572:1365-2044
515:1469-493X
210:Treatment
174:Diagnosis
154:into the
60:Specialty
1924:Category
1909:Vascular
1826:Hangover
1651:Migraine
1626:Headache
1519:22511093
1478:21920366
1470:24310044
1423:21386953
1364:15935637
1309:15278703
1213:20495590
1156:11506102
1115:32303377
992:52142441
984:30169405
936:25191190
877:39028435
869:19749586
822:26176166
773:26950232
724:23450533
675:28388808
618:29659437
580:33332606
533:28388808
476:14570796
426:17099089
364:24009943
231:triptans
224:caffeine
220:bed rest
196:Morphine
168:meninges
135:headache
95:tinnitus
1845:ICHD 13
1706:Cluster
1681:Tension
1634:Primary
1583:D051299
1414:3048582
1262:8829870
927:4141388
813:6457875
764:6682345
715:8406520
666:6478120
626:4956569
524:6478120
417:2660496
355:3762227
302:On the
266:spastic
162:in the
99:vertigo
1818:ICHD 8
1795:ICHD 7
1777:ICHD 5
1726:ICHD 4
1698:ICHD 3
1673:ICHD 2
1643:ICHD 1
1517:
1476:
1468:
1460:
1421:
1411:
1403:
1362:
1354:
1317:436062
1315:
1307:
1299:
1260:
1252:
1211:
1203:
1164:569494
1162:
1154:
1113:
1072:
1031:
990:
982:
974:
934:
924:
916:
875:
867:
859:
820:
810:
771:
761:
722:
712:
673:
663:
624:
616:
578:
570:
531:
521:
513:
474:
424:
414:
362:
352:
202:, and
139:nausea
1892:Other
1716:SUNCT
1572:349.0
1474:S2CID
1313:S2CID
1160:S2CID
988:S2CID
873:S2CID
622:S2CID
242:blood
83:brain
1578:MeSH
1567:9-CM
1515:PMID
1466:PMID
1458:ISSN
1419:PMID
1401:ISSN
1360:PMID
1352:ISSN
1305:PMID
1297:ISSN
1258:PMID
1250:ISSN
1209:PMID
1201:ISSN
1152:PMID
1111:PMID
1070:ISSN
1029:ISSN
980:PMID
972:ISSN
932:PMID
914:ISSN
865:PMID
857:ISSN
818:PMID
769:PMID
720:PMID
698:2016
671:PMID
614:PMID
576:PMID
568:ISSN
529:PMID
511:ISSN
499:2017
472:PMID
422:PMID
360:PMID
271:and
218:and
112:and
85:and
75:PDPH
1563:ICD
1551:ICD
1505:doi
1501:132
1450:doi
1409:PMC
1391:doi
1344:doi
1289:doi
1240:doi
1191:doi
1142:doi
1101:doi
1097:124
1060:doi
1019:doi
964:doi
960:127
922:PMC
904:doi
849:doi
808:PMC
800:doi
759:PMC
751:doi
710:PMC
702:doi
661:PMC
653:doi
606:doi
560:doi
519:PMC
503:doi
462:doi
412:PMC
404:doi
350:PMC
1926::
1581::
1570::
1555:10
1513:.
1499:.
1495:.
1472:.
1464:.
1456:.
1446:39
1444:.
1440:.
1417:.
1407:.
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1385:.
1381:.
1358:.
1350:.
1340:14
1338:.
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1311:.
1303:.
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1230:.
1207:.
1199:.
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1015:37
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320:^
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264:,
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