Postage stamp - Knowledge

845: 1303:(FDCs) noted by collectors. The first and often most desirable type among advanced collectors is a cover sent through the mail in the course of everyday usage, without the intention of the envelope and stamp ever being retrieved and collected. The second type of FDC is often referred to as "Philatelic", that is, an envelope and stamp sent by someone with the intention of retrieving and collecting the mailed item at a later time and place. The envelope used for this type of FDC often bears a printed design or cachet of its own in correspondence with the stamp's subject and is usually printed well in advance of the first day of issue date. The latter type of FDC is usually far more common; it is usually inexpensive and relatively easy to acquire. Covers which were sent without any secondary purpose are considered 1322: 1363: 3841: 926: 665: 256:

covered at the back with a glutinous wash..." This would eventually become the first unambiguous description of a modern adhesive postage stamp (though the term "postage stamp" originated at later date). Shortly afterward, Hill's revision of the booklet, dated 22 February 1837, containing some 28,000 words, incorporating the supplement given to the Chancellor and statements he made to the commission, was published and made available to the general public. Hansard records that on 15 December 1837,

6854: 6534: 5749: 5298: 4527: 3735: 1515: 673: 221: 960:– for payment of airmail service. The term "airmail" or an equivalent is usually printed on special airmail stamps. Airmail stamps typically depict images of airplanes and/or famous pilots and were used when airmail was a special type of mail delivery separate from mail delivered by train, ship or automobile. Aside from mail with local destinations, today almost all other mail is transported by aircraft and thus airmail is now the standard method of delivery. 3747: 1274: 685: 1047:– stamps for everyday postage and are usually produced to meet current postal rates. They often have less appealing designs than commemoratives, though there are notable exceptions. The same design may be used for many years. The use of the same design over an extended period may lead to unintended colour varieties. This may make them just as interesting to philatelists as are commemoratives. A good example would be the US 33: 938: 3759: 913:. The effect is achieved by using ink which contains microcapsules that provide the desired fragrance when broken. The scent usually only lasts for a limited time after production, such as a few months or years. Such stamps are usually related to aromatic subjects including coffee, roses, grapes, chocolate, vanilla, cinnamon, pine needles or freshly baked bread. The first scented stamps were issued by 386: 1790: 577: 3367: 701:

evidenced by the ragged edges of surviving examples. Mechanically separating stamps from a sheet proved an inconvenience for postal clerks and businesses, both dealing with large numbers of individual stamps on a daily basis. By 1850, methods such as rouletting wheels were being devised in efforts of making stamp separation more convenient, and less time-consuming.

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United Kingdom, prepaid postage considerably increased the number of letters mailed. Before 1839, the number of letters sent in the United Kingdom was typically 76 million. By 1850, this increased five-fold to 350 million, continuing to grow rapidly until the end of the 20th century when newer methods of indicating the payment of postage reduced the use of stamps.

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and senders had no incentive to restrict the number, size, or weight of items sent, whether or not they would ultimately be paid for. The postage stamp resolved this issue in a simple and elegant manner, with the additional benefit of room for an element of beauty to be introduced. Concurrently with the first stamps, the United Kingdom offered

135:, and by 1860, they were in 90 countries around the world. The first postage stamps did not need to show the issuing country, so no country name was included on them. Thus the United Kingdom remains the only country in the world to omit its name on postage stamps; the monarch's image signifies the United Kingdom as the country of origin. 295:"Therefore, of Mr Hill's plan of a uniform rate of postage... I conceive that the most simple and economical mode... would be by Slips... in the hope that Mr Hill's plan may soon be carried into operation I would suggest that sheets of Stamped Slips should be prepared... then be rubbed over on the back with a strong solution of gum...". 1147:– While this term usually refers to perforations around a stamp to divide a sheet into individual stamps, it can also be used for stamps perforated across the middle with letters or a pattern or monogram. They are known as "perfins". The modified stamps are usually purchased by corporations to guard against theft by employees. 1422:

printers such as the Barody Stamp Company contracted to produce stamps for the separate Emirates and other countries. The sparse population of the desert states made it wholly unlikely that many of these stamps would ever be used for mailing purposes, and earned them the name of the "sand dune" countries.

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Before the introduction of postage stamps, mail in the United Kingdom was paid for by the recipient, a system that was associated with an irresolvable problem: the costs of delivering mail were not recoverable by the postal service when recipients were unable or unwilling to pay for delivered items,

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usually consists of an envelope, a postage stamp and a postmark with the date of the stamp's first day of issue thereon. Starting in the mid-20th century some countries began assigning the first day of issue to a place associated with the subject of the stamp design, such as a specific town or city.

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for some small countries that create limited runs of elaborate stamps designed mainly to be bought by stamp collectors. The stamps produced by these countries may far exceed their postal needs. Hundreds of countries, each producing scores of different stamps each year, resulted in 400,000 different

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Souvenir sheet – a commemorative issue in large format valid for postage often containing a perforated or imperforate stamp as part of its design See also

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The first stamp issue to be officially perforated, the 3-cent George Washington, was issued by the United States Post Office on 24 February 1857. Between 1857 and 1861, all stamps originally issued between 1851 and 1856 were reissued with perforations. Initial capacity was insufficient to perforate

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In the first decade of postage stamps' existence (depending on the country), stamps were issued without perforations. Scissors or other cutting mechanisms were required to separate a desired number of stamps from a full sheet. If cutting tools were not used, individual stamps were torn off. This is

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The postage stamp afforded convenience for both the mailer and postal officials, more effectively recovered costs for the postal service, and ultimately resulted in a better, faster postal system. With the conveniences stamps offered, their use resulted in greatly increased mailings during the 19th

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Because governments issue stamps of different denominations in unequal numbers and routinely discontinue some lines and introduce others, and because of their illustrations and association with the social and political realities of the time of their issue, they are often prized for their beauty and

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are often printed by companies who have purchased or contracted for those rights and such reprints see no postal use. All of these stamps are often found "canceled to order", meaning they are postmarked without ever having passed through the postal system. Most national post offices produce stamps

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have issued stamps in the shapes of fruit. Stamps that are printed on sheets are generally separated by perforations, though, more recently, with the advent of gummed stamps that do not have to be moistened prior to affixing them, designs can incorporate smooth edges (although a purely decorative

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Summoned to give evidence before the Commission for Post Office Enquiry on 13 February 1837, Hill read from the letter he wrote to the Chancellor that included a statement saying that the notation of paid postage could be created... by using a bit of paper just large enough to bear the stamp, and

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with an offer to produce their entire postage stamp needs for free. In return. he would have exclusive rights to market stamps to collectors. Each year a new issue would be produced, but would expire at the end of the year. This assured Seebeck of a continuing supply of remainders. In the 1960s,

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The subjects found on the face of postage stamps are generally what defines a particular stamp issue to the public and are often a reason why they are saved by collectors or history enthusiasts. Graphical subjects found on postage stamps have ranged from the early portrayals of kings, queens and

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James Chalmers organized petitions "for a low and uniform rate of postage". The first such petition was presented in the House of Commons on 4 December 1837 (from Montrose). Further petitions which he organized were presented on 1 May 1838 (from Dunbar and Cupar), 14 May 1838 (from the county of

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Since Chalmers used the same postage denominations that Hill had proposed in February 1837, it is clear that he was aware of Hill's proposals, but whether he obtained a copy of Hill's booklet or simply read about it in one or both of the two detailed accounts (25 March 1837 and 20 December 1837)

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The first stamps did not need to show the issuing country, so no country name was included on them. The United Kingdom remains the only country to omit its name on postage stamps, using the reigning monarch's head as country identification. Following the introduction of the postage stamp in the

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was the first stamp to be perforated during trial course of Archer's perforating machine. After a period of trial and error and modifications of Archer's invention, new machines based on the principles pioneered by Archer were purchased and in 1854 the United Kingdom postal authorities started

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is unknown. Neither article mentioned "a bit of paper just large enough to bear the stamp", so Chalmers could not have known that Hill had made such a proposal. This suggests that either Chalmers had previously read Hill's booklet and was merely elaborating Hill's idea, or he had independently

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Postage stamps have facilitated the delivery of mail since the 1840s. Before then, ink and hand-stamps (hence the word 'stamp'), usually made from wood or cork, were often used to frank the mail and confirm the payment of postage. The first adhesive postage stamp, commonly referred to as the

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stamps – used on mail in a local post; a postal service that operates only within a limited geographical area, typically a city or a single transportation route. Some local posts have been operated by governments, while others, known as private local posts, have been operated by for-profit

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When the first postage stamps were issued in the 1840s, they followed an almost identical standard in shape, size and general subject matter. They were rectangular in shape. They bore the images of queens, presidents and other political figures. They also depicted the denomination of the

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Hill's ideas for postage stamps and charging paid-postage based on weight soon took hold, and were adopted in many countries throughout the world. With the new policy of charging by weight, using envelopes for mailing documents became the norm. Hill's brother Edwin invented a prototype

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Perforations are small holes made between individual postage stamps on a sheet of stamps, facilitating separation of a desired number of stamps. The resulting frame-like, rippled edge surrounding the separated stamp defines a characteristic meme for the appearance of a postage stamp.

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asked the Chancellor of the Exchequer "whether it was the intention of the Government to give effect to the recommendation of the Commissioners of the Post-office, contained in their ninth report relating to the reduction of the rates of postage, and the issuing of penny stamps?"

1247:– For many years, water-activated stamps were the only type available, so this term entered into use with the advent of self-adhesive stamps. The adhesive or gum on a water-activated stamp must be moistened (usually by licking, thus the stamps are also known as "lick and stick"). 884:

image was deemed a more secure way of printing stamps as it was nearly impossible to counterfeit a finely detailed image with raised lines for anyone but a master engraver. In the mid-20th century, stamp issues produced by other forms of printing began to emerge, such as

252:, which was marked "private and confidential", and not released to the general public. The Chancellor summoned Hill to a meeting at which he suggested improvements and changes to be presented in a supplement, which Hill duly produced and submitted on 28 January 1837. 95:), a denomination of its value, and often an illustration of persons, events, institutions, or natural realities that symbolize the nation's traditions and values, every stamp is printed on a piece of usually rectangular, but sometimes triangular or otherwise shaped 498:

rappen on 1 March 1843. Although the Penny black could be used to send a letter less than half an ounce anywhere within the United Kingdom, the Swiss did not initially adopt that system, instead continuing to calculate mail rates based on distance to be delivered.

284:, published an essay in August 1834 describing and advocating a postage stamp, but submitted no evidence of the essay's existence. Nevertheless, until he died in 1891, Patrick Chalmers campaigned to have his father recognized as the inventor of the postage stamp. 208:), suggested the use of "artificially affixed postal tax stamps" using "gepresste Papieroblate" ("pressed paper wafers"), but although civil bureaucrats considered the suggestion in detail, it was not adopted. The 'Papieroblate' were to produce stamps as paper 1396:

Some countries authorize the production of postage stamps that have no postal use, but are intended instead solely for collectors. Other countries issue large numbers of low denomination stamps that are bundled together in starter packs for new collectors.

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of postage stamps began in January 1854. The first officially perforated stamps were issued in February 1854. Stamps from Henry Archer's perforation trials were issued in the last few months of 1850; during the 1851 parliamentary session at the

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and 20th centuries. Postage stamps released during this era were the most popular way of paying for mail; however by the end of the 20th century were rapidly being eclipsed by the use of metered postage and bulk mailing by businesses.

119:. Because collectors often buy stamps from an issuing agency with no intention to use them for postage, the revenues from such purchases and payments of postage can make them a source of net profit to that agency. On 1 May 1840, the 314:

Forfar), and 12 June 1839. At this same time, other groups organized petitions and presented them to Parliament. All petitions for consumer-oriented, low-cost, volume-based postal rates followed publication of Hill's proposals.

1017:– a stamp which is issued for a limited time to commemorate a person or event Anniversaries of birthdays and historical events are among the most common examples. 1097:

Minisheet – a commemorative issue smaller than a regular full sheet of stamps, but with more than one stamp Minisheets often contain a number of different stamps and often have a decorative border. See also souvenir

6720: 6815: 564:, established in 1874, prescribed that nations shall only issue postage stamps according to the quantity of real use, and no living persons shall be taken as subjects. The latter rule lost its significance after 968:. Prior to 1940, the Scott Catalogue did not have a special designation for airmail stamps. The various major stamp catalogs have different numbering systems and may not always list airmail stamps the same way. 766:

In addition to the most common rectangular shape, stamps have been issued in geometric (circular, triangular and pentagonal) and irregular shapes. The United States issued its first circular stamp in 2000 as a

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began requiring the name of the country on stamps used in the international mails, the United Kingdom, as traditionally being the first country to issue stamps for postage, never put the country name on their

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to frank the mailed item. Though this "stamp" was applied to the letter or parcel itself, rather than to a separate piece of paper, it is considered by many historians to be the world's first postage stamp.

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Stamps are most commonly made from paper designed specifically for them, and are printed in sheets, rolls, or small booklets. Less commonly, postage stamps are made of materials other than paper, such as

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Etheridge would have the remainders and reprint rights for the philatelic market. Etheridge sold these rights to Nicholas Seebeck, whose Hamilton Bank Note Company issued Ecuador’s 1892, 1894, and 1895

6223: 1139:– a regularly issued stamp, such as a commemorative or a definitive issue, that has been changed after issuance by "printing over" some part of the stamp. Denominations can be changed in this manner. 4769: 4749: 1229:– a label not valid for postage, used by postal authorities to test sorting and cancelling machines or machines that can detect a stamp on an envelope. May also be known as dummy or training stamps 876:

Artists, designers, engravers and administrative officials are involved with the choice of subject matter and the method of printing stamps. Early stamp images were almost always produced from an

6750: 6663: 4388: 4007: 620:, a nine-character alphanumeric code that is written as a 3x3 grid on the piece of mail as an alternative to stamps. In December 2020, 590,000 people sent cards with these handwritten codes. 464:. With its introduction the postage fee was paid by the sender and not the recipient, though it was still possible to send mail without prepaying. From when the first postage stamps were used, 441:

As postage stamps with their engraved imagery began to appear on a widespread basis, historians and collectors began to take notice. The study of postage stamps and their use is referred to as

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The first independent evidence for Chalmers' claim is an essay, dated 8 February 1838 and received by the Post Office on 17 February 1838, in which he proposed adhesive postage stamps to the

72:, or other authorized vendors to customers who pay postage (the cost involved in moving, insuring, or registering mail). Then the stamp is affixed to the face or address-side of any item of 6273: 5693: 6668: 88:

mark—in modern usage indicating date and point of origin of mailing—is applied to the stamp and its left and right sides to prevent its reuse. Next the item is delivered to its address.

6725: 6478: 171:. The LPP was a mail system that delivered letters and small parcels inside the city of London for the sum of one penny. Confirmation of paid postage was indicated by the use of a hand 5708: 5009: 4779: 4719: 6683: 5049: 1945: 612:

has already announced that it will not issue new stamps for collectors anymore because the sales have decreased and there are enough stamps in the stock. In 2013 the Netherlands

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was introduced. The Penny black was sufficient for a letter less than half an ounce to be sent anywhere within the United Kingdom. Both stamps included an engraving of the young

5435: 5034: 965: 2178:(Entering the final decade of the century, PB saw its sales surpass the US$ 3 billion mark for the first time in company history, topping off at US$ 3.2 billion in fiscal 1990. 1183:– a stamp indicating that a tax above the postage rate required for sending letters has been paid. This is often mandatory on mail issued on a particular day or for a few days. 727:

In the United States, the use of postage stamps caught on quickly and became more widespread when on 3 March 1851, the last day of its legislative session, Congress passed the

5688: 5472: 4914: 4734: 4644: 1177:– a stamp showing that the full postage has not been paid, and indicating the amount owed. The United States Post Office Department has issued "parcel post postage due" stamps 3874: 5636: 4854: 4488: 4223: 2957:"Programa de Melhoramento Genético e a Viticultura brasileira ganham selos dos Correios (Genetic Improvement Program and Brazilian Viticulture receive stamps from Correios)" 642:

Soon after the introduction of the postage stamp, other subjects and designs began to appear. Some designs were welcome, others widely criticized. For example, in 1869, the

5933: 5239: 4443: 1348:, the border surrounding the stamps. Sometimes the stamps make up a greater picture. Some countries, and some issues, are produced as individual stamps as well as sheets. 5893: 5554: 5544: 5524: 4679: 707:

was the first country to issue postage stamps with perforations. The first machine specifically designed to perforate sheets of postage stamps was invented in London by

1041:– a stamp on which the image can be chosen by the purchaser by sending in a photograph or by use of the computer. Some are not true stamps but technically meter labels. 5678: 5059: 5014: 4714: 4674: 4358: 3718: 3713: 3708: 1553: 1548: 1543: 6795: 6745: 6673: 5569: 5465: 5119: 4669: 2005: 1733: 2899:"2020 - Folhas. Emissão Postal Especial: Viticultura - 1º Porte da Carta (PPC) (2020 - Sheets. Special Postal Issue: Viticulture - 1st Postage of the Letter (PPC))" 2168: 6810: 6800: 5995: 5703: 5616: 5360: 5174: 4894: 4804: 4684: 1910: 453:

and a form of historical study and reference, as government-issued postage stamps and their mailing systems have always been involved with the history of nations.

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numerous methods were used to indicate that postage had been paid on a mailed item, so several different men have received credit for inventing the postage stamp.

6483: 6463: 6203: 5918: 5477: 5139: 5039: 4849: 4834: 4689: 4503: 4158: 6835: 6656: 5953: 5713: 5154: 4784: 4243: 2841: 2140: 6790: 6765: 6715: 6688: 6678: 5445: 5219: 4909: 4634: 4398: 2656: 2598: 1881: 873:, historical events, comics, dinosaurs, hobbies (knitting, stamp collecting), sports, holiday themes, and a plethora of other subjects too numerous to list. 2292: 6636: 6626: 6149: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6054: 5943: 4869: 4393: 4348: 2898: 4759: 1071:– issued to show payment of a fee to allow inclusion of a letter or package in the outgoing dispatch although it has been turned in after the cut-off time 6780: 6596: 5923: 5888: 5656: 5594: 5169: 4864: 4413: 1405:

Sales of stamps to collectors who do not use them for mailing can result in large profits. Examples of excessive issues have been the stamps produced by

6356: 6089: 6007: 5811: 5450: 5099: 5074: 4879: 4589: 4313: 4148: 249: 2635: 1205:/ charity stamp – a stamp with an additional charge for charity. The use of semi-postal stamps is at the option of the purchaser. Countries including 6268: 6248: 6144: 6074: 5673: 5507: 5455: 5244: 5229: 5214: 5144: 5129: 5109: 4829: 4809: 4799: 4694: 4478: 4418: 4363: 4333: 3096: 4924: 2457: 739:

required the prepayment of postage on all mailings. Thereafter, postage stamp use in the United States quickly doubled, and by 1861 had quadrupled.

406:, which, in the early 19th century, was in disarray and rife with corruption. There are varying accounts of the inventor or inventors of the stamp. 6770: 6473: 6361: 6243: 6124: 5718: 5683: 5564: 5460: 5405: 5149: 5064: 5054: 4739: 4729: 4433: 4368: 4143: 4108: 2792: 2276: 1385:, which is defined as the study of stamps. The creation of a valuable or comprehensive collection, however, may require some philatelic knowledge. 2956: 1712: 6760: 6631: 6278: 6198: 6173: 6119: 6099: 6034: 5873: 5853: 5631: 5621: 5579: 5529: 5189: 5124: 4989: 4964: 4949: 4844: 4493: 4483: 4458: 4377: 4298: 4283: 4218: 4178: 4168: 3122: 5539: 5497: 507:

stamp on 1 August 1843. Using the same printer used for the Penny black, Brazil opted for an abstract design instead of the portrait of Emperor

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broke the tradition of depicting presidents or other famous historical figures, instead using other subjects including a train and horse.(See:

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or other postal cover (e.g., packet, box, mailing cylinder)—which they wish to send. The item is then processed by the postal system, where a

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Although a number of people laid claim to the concept of the postage stamp, it is well documented that stamps were first introduced in the

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envelope-making machine that folded paper into envelopes quickly enough to match the pace of the growing demand for postage stamps.

2054: 402:, was issued in the United Kingdom in 1840. The invention of the stamp was part of an attempt to improve the postal system in the 1995: 1755: 6868: 6589: 6548: 6331: 5346: 5307: 4541: 3666: 3597: 3351: 3301: 1558: 3270: 2691: 909:

Occasionally, postal authorities issue novelty "scented" or "aromatic" stamps which contain a scent, more readily apparent when

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containing one or a small number of stamps. Souvenir sheets typically include additional artwork or information printed on the

1051:, their designs being very picturesque and ornamental. Definitive stamps are often issued in a series of stamps with different 554: 880:—a design etched into a steel die, which was then hardened and whose impression was transferred to a printing plate. Using an 639:, depicted the name of the country from which issued. Nearly all early postage stamps depict images of national leaders only. 268:

Rowland Hill and the reforms he introduced to the United Kingdom postal system appear on several of its commemorative stamps.

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During the 21st century, the amount of mail—and the use of postage stamps, accordingly—has reduced in the world because of

123:, the first adhesive postage stamp, was issued in the United Kingdom. Within three years postage stamps were introduced in 1871: 1656: 6323: 3572: 2165: 743: 291:. In this approximately 800-word document concerning methods of indicating that postage had been paid on mail he states: 2386:

Appelberg, Carl (4 January 2020). "Snart är frimärkets saga all" [The story of postage stamp coming to an end].

1906: 1255:(used to collect taxes or fees on items like documents, tobacco, alcoholic drinks, hunting licenses, and medicines) and 754:, England. The original machine cut slits into the paper rather than punching holes, but the machine was soon modified. 6582: 6558: 6228: 5773: 5322: 4551: 3635: 3577: 3346: 1223:– sent to postmasters and postal administrations so that they are able to identify valid stamps and to avoid forgeries 1133:– postage stamp that remains valid even after the price has risen. It is also known as a permanent or "forever" stamp. 6878: 6863: 6543: 5797: 5768: 5758: 5317: 4575: 4546: 4536: 3341: 3331: 2325: 2038: 1062: 1023:– advanced secure postage that uses information-based indicia (IBI) technology. IBI uses a two-dimensional bar code ( 526:, but it was not until 1847 that the first official United States stamps were issued: 5 and 10 cent issues depicting 6934: 4062: 3630: 2144: 229: 2652: 2594: 2218: 6919: 6883: 6873: 6563: 6553: 6432: 6399: 6351: 5778: 5763: 5327: 5312: 4984: 4899: 4556: 4094: 3859: 3688: 3336: 3163: 2512: 2474: 2288: 557:; and finally in 1853/54 after the United Kingdom government paid Archer £4,000 for his machine and the patent. 6422: 6303: 6288: 1784: 1611:

Stamps not intended for international mail, such as postage due stamps, do not need to have the country's name.

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all stamps printed, thus perforated issues used between February and July 1857 are scarce and quite valuable.

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The Ninth Report of the Commissioners appointed to inquire into the Management of the Post-office Department

650:.) The change was greeted with general disapproval, and sometimes harsh criticism from the American public. 483:, without perforations, as the first stamps were separated from their sheets by cutting them with scissors. 6929: 6417: 6389: 6384: 6379: 3640: 2632: 1538: 1052: 643: 475:", became available for purchase 1 May 1840, to be valid as of 6 May 1840. Two days later, 8 May 1840, the 49: 2089: 6924: 6493: 3294: 245: 104: 1402:

that would not be produced if there were no collectors, some to a far more prolific degree than others.

6409: 6371: 3326: 1708: 1414: 17: 3118: 6049: 4002: 3869: 3790: 3404: 1455: 1162: 281: 164: 5338: 2539: 901:. These later printing methods were less expensive and typically produced images of lesser quality. 748:

commissioned by the United States government to print United States postage stamps through the 1850s

3567: 3070: 1563: 870: 689: 659: 549: 2872: 2764: 2717: 2401: 1084:– a stamp with a very small value, used to make up the difference when postage rates are increased 6914: 6909: 6904: 3751: 3620: 2982: 1130: 1020: 345: 3228: 595:, it became customary in some countries, especially small Arab nations, to issue postage stamps 3678: 3287: 2814: 1598: 1362: 894: 561: 5789: 4567: 1682: 576: 3763: 2315: 1767: 1465: 1244: 1235:- dispensed by machines that print the cost of the postage at the time the stamp is dispensed 977: 69: 4086: 2240: 2111: 724:

continuously issuing perforated postage stamps in the Penny Red and all subsequent designs.

4067: 3783: 3479: 1410: 1232: 857: 735:). Similarly introduced on the last day of the Congressional session four years later, the 647: 629: 240:

of material". After a detailed study, on 4 January 1837 Hill submitted a pamphlet entitled

3200: 8: 6012: 4075: 3399: 1533: 1406: 1196: 1014: 974:

stamps dispensed by automates and have their value imprinted only at the time of purchase

584: 411: 362: 288: 96: 85: 3040: 2983:"Timbres de France. 2009. (héliogravure Le bloc est imprégné d'une senteur de chocolat)" 2050: 1370: 491: 3940: 3592: 3551: 3520: 3366: 2265: 1751: 1495: 1393:

types of stamps in existence by 2000. Annual world output averages about 10,000 types.

1268: 1150: 1044: 983: 817: 581: 508: 236:

numerous books and documents about the postal service, which Hill described as a "half

3890: 3820: 3356: 3267: 2809: 2687: 2321: 2034: 1780: 1688: 1032: 910: 531: 527: 415: 168: 100: 2452:

Miller, Rick (2003) "Refresher Course: Symbols can be useful in identifying stamps"

2188: 925: 495: 6858: 6538: 5753: 5302: 4531: 3897: 3739: 3673: 3505: 3384: 1740: 1520: 1357: 1213:

often use charitable fund-raising design stamps which are desirable for collectors.

1190: 1168: 994: 446: 326: 299:

Chalmers' original document is now in the United Kingdom's National Postal Museum.

112: 2927: 2739: 2569: 193: 4037: 3510: 3454: 3274: 3235: 2639: 2172: 2026: 1794: 1341: 1329: 1316: 1294: 1278: 1256: 1101: 1008: 946: 898: 789: 605: 546:, started their use in the 1850s, and by the 1860s most countries issued stamps. 336: 201: 156: 1259:(for sending telegrams), which fall in a separate category from postage stamps. 664: 6609: 6604: 5824: 5373: 4602: 4121: 3930: 3474: 3318: 1652: 1500: 1470: 1337: 1220: 1156: 1087: 988: 877: 849: 636: 480: 476: 330: 257: 144: 92: 684: 6898: 3986: 3925: 3825: 3683: 3625: 3541: 3459: 3434: 2928:"A História da Viticultura Brasileira (The History of Brazilian Viticulture)" 2796: 2277:

Photo of two covers bearing the First US Postage stamps showing cancellations

1578: 1418: 1326: 1288:

Postage stamps are first issued on a specific date, often referred to as the

1252: 1238: 1114: 1081: 961: 957: 617: 519: 431: 237: 132: 4032: 3262: 490:

Other countries soon followed the United Kingdom with their own stamps. The

4057: 4052: 4047: 3966: 3587: 3536: 3515: 3500: 2740:"First round United States postage stamp on the way, and that's not all..." 1186: 1091: 1068: 1058: 998: 890: 813: 776: 712: 708: 672: 592: 461: 349: 233: 91:

Always featuring the name of the issuing nation (with the exception of the

3279: 1159:

stamps – for mail sent using pressurized air tubes, only produced in Italy

220: 4042: 3981: 3976: 3935: 3469: 3449: 3429: 3424: 1701: 1621: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1210: 1202: 1174: 886: 821: 797: 565: 472: 399: 390: 124: 120: 65: 44: 1907:"The British Postal Museum & Archive, Rowland Hill's Postal Reforms" 4027: 3971: 3582: 3546: 3409: 2508: 2348: 2214: 1450: 1442: 1273: 1226: 1109: 1074: 1024: 1004: 937: 768: 515: 427: 423: 3159: 2470: 1901: 1899: 5368: 3917: 3661: 3444: 3389: 2799:"Stamp: Sober Superheroes", American Heritage, November/December 2006 1528: 1382: 1282: 1136: 1105: 866: 733:

An Act to reduce and modify the Rates of Postage in the United States

720: 677: 539: 442: 305: 197: 184: 116: 1437: 1031:) to encode the originating address, date of mailing, postage and a 534:. A few other countries issued stamps in the late 1840s. The famous 3961: 3439: 3419: 3394: 2932: 2903: 2846: 2085: 1896: 1568: 465: 419: 356: 205: 81: 77: 1653:"The Penny Post revolutionary who transformed how we send letters" 852:. Portrait of Lenin (based on a 1900 photography of Y. Mebius in 32: 3806: 3656: 3602: 3495: 2842:"France's La Poste celebrates baguette with bakery-scented stamp" 2000: 1876: 1389: 1345: 1206: 950: 930: 809: 609: 54: 2540:"Smithsonian National postal Museum: Early Perforation Machines" 115:, whose study of their history and of mailing systems is called 5819: 4597: 3187:

Scotts United States Stamp Catalogue, First Day of Issue Index.

1241:– a variation on the postal tax stamp to defray the cost of war 1144: 1117:

stamp – issued for use by the government or a government agency

1028: 914: 853: 829: 716: 613: 500: 369: 160: 128: 1816:

The Life of Sir Rowland Hill and the History of the Penny Post

385: 4116: 1378: 780: 772: 751: 450: 209: 39: 3259:– Provides updates on new stamp issues from around the world 2135: 2133: 3830: 3414: 3310: 3256: 1165:– stamps which were equally valid for postal and fiscal use 1124: 1123:– a stamp for use by an occupying army or by the occupying 825: 805: 801: 793: 680:, 1854 issue, the first officially perforated postage stamp 73: 3775: 2313: 848:

The 1985 postage stamp for the 115th birth anniversary of

460:

on 1 May 1840 as a part of postal reforms promoted by Sir

2130: 1779:

A History of Victorian Postage by Gerard Cheshire, 2017,

1307:

and often are much more challenging to find and collect.

571: 3009: 3007: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1554:

List of entities that have issued postage stamps (M–Z)

1549:

List of entities that have issued postage stamps (F–L)

1544:

List of entities that have issued postage stamps (A–E)

1171:

postage stamps used as currency rather than as postage

668:

Rows of perforations in a sheet of 1940 postage stamps

511:, so his image would not be disfigured by a postmark. 2363: 2361: 2359: 468:

were applied to prevent the stamps being used again.

280:, Scotsman Patrick Chalmers claimed that his father, 242:

Post Office Reform: Its Importance and Practicability

3004: 2621:

Specialised Stamp Catalogue Volume 1: Queen Victoria

2534: 2532: 2530: 2428:"Gebruik postzegelcodes PostNL bijna verdrievoudigd" 2075:

National Postal Museum: World’s First Postage Stamps

1510: 1409:

and stamps produced for the component states of the

980:

stamp – stamps produced and issued in booklet format

1638: 1332:, in which the stamps form a part of a larger image 865:presidents to later depictions of ships, birds and 3263:History of postage stamps and collecting of stamps 2949: 2920: 2891: 2356: 2033:, pp. 73–74, Guinness Superlatives Limited, 1982, 1687:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 118. 2765:"Bhutan – Talking Stamps and Other World Firsts!" 2645: 2595:"Linn's Stamp News, Refresher Course, Janet Klug" 2527: 2051:"British Postal Museum, The Penny Post and After" 6896: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2633:National Postal Museum, Charles Toppan & Co. 1199:– not requiring moisture to stick, self-sticking 310:developed the idea of the modern postage stamp. 2867: 2865: 2385: 2086:"Before the Penny Black, by Ken Lawrence, 1995" 1413:. Seebeck operated in the 1890s as an agent of 1310: 3033: 2975: 1754:stampdomain.com 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2012. 1734:"New Issues: Technical Details: Lovrenc Košir" 393:, the world's first postage stamp (1 May 1840) 27:Piece of paper which shows payment for postage 6590: 5805: 5354: 4583: 4102: 3791: 3295: 3201:"The Stamp Collecting Blog, Seebeck reprints" 3183: 3181: 3142: 3140: 2829: 2589: 2587: 2367:Why has a Postage Stamp a Perforated Edge? – 2031:The Guinness Book of Stamps Facts & Feats 232:, a Member of (British) Parliament, gave Sir 2862: 1709:"William Dockwra and the Penny Post Service" 1388:Stamp collectors are an important source of 635:postage-paid, and with the exception of the 601:as it was realized how profitable that was. 3309: 2334: 1814:Hill, Rowland & Hill, George Birkbeck, 1007:– tear-off stamps issued individually in a 458:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 414:for mail. Later related inventions include 404:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 6597: 6583: 5812: 5798: 5361: 5347: 4590: 4576: 4109: 4095: 3798: 3784: 3302: 3288: 3195: 3193: 3178: 3154: 3152: 3137: 2584: 2494: 2492: 1676: 1674: 839: 6721:French Southern and Antarctic Territories 2215:"The Life and Times of a Stamp Collector" 380: 355:Francis Worrell Stevens, schoolmaster at 322:Other claimants include or have included 3067:"United States Postal Service / Airmail" 2716:. National Postal Museum. Archived from 2677:Kenmore Collector's Catalog, 2010, #906. 2314:O'Donnell, Kevin; Winger, Larry (1997). 1680: 1436: 1361: 1320: 1272: 964:has a separate category and listing for 936: 924: 843: 683: 671: 663: 575: 542:in September 1847. Many others, such as 384: 219: 183: 31: 3190: 3149: 2489: 2460:by Internet Archive on 28 December 2010 2343:(Sharp Photography Publications, 2021) 1671: 1559:List of most expensive philatelic items 1336:Postage stamps are sometimes issued in 1153:– allow the user to add their own image 1094:, usually using a special postal system 761: 14: 6897: 3224: 3222: 3166:from the original on 12 September 2010 2802: 2783: 2471:"The U.S. Philatelic Classics Society" 2390:(in Swedish). Helsingfors. p. 33. 2381: 2379: 2377: 1684:The Error World: An Affair with Stamps 572:The twentieth and twenty-first century 555:House of Commons of the United Kingdom 64:is a small piece of paper issued by a 6578: 5793: 5342: 4571: 4090: 3779: 3283: 3093:"Linn's Stamp News, Refresher Course" 2694:from the original on 25 February 2010 2601:from the original on 30 November 2010 2511:. American Philatelic Society. 2017. 2341:A Sharp Eye on collecting US Classics 2295:from the original on 24 November 2011 1913:from the original on 24 December 2014 1831:, National Postal Museum, 1990, p. 42 800:made a stamp that contained a bit of 608:and other technological innovations. 4770:East Africa and Uganda Protectorates 3758: 3207:from the original on 21 January 2011 2289:"Smithsonian National Postal Museum" 2241:"Smithsonian National Postal Museum" 2221:from the original on 31 January 2008 2057:from the original on 18 October 2020 1884:from the original on 18 October 2020 1849:The Life of Sir Rowland Hill, p. 269 1840:The Life of Sir Rowland Hill, p. 264 1805:The Life of Sir Rowland Hill, p. 246 1715:from the original on 1 February 2014 834:national anthem on a playable record 808:. The United States produced one of 99:whose back is either glazed with an 3573:Mail Isolation Control and Tracking 3219: 3099:from the original on 4 January 2010 2771:from the original on 19 August 2013 2402:"Postzegel niet meer nodig met app" 2374: 1829:Postal Reform & the Penny Black 1711:. Canadian Museum of Civilization. 1659:from the original on 2 October 2019 1430:For a more comprehensive list, see 1351: 1262: 1127:or authorities for use by civilians 784:perforated edge is often present). 418:such as prepaid-postage envelopes, 342:Charles Whiting, a London stationer 212:so thin as to prevent their reuse. 24: 3578:Multiline Optical Character Reader 3365: 3160:"American First Day Cover Society" 2498:Kenmore Collectors Catalogue, 2010 2259: 2233: 2166:Pitney-Bowes Postage Meter Company 2118:from the original on 22 April 2011 1104:– used to pay the cost of mailing 317: 150: 25: 6946: 6224:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 3250: 3125:from the original on 14 June 2007 2546:from the original on 25 July 2010 2515:from the original on 7 April 2017 2247:from the original on 27 July 2010 2195:from the original on 26 July 2010 2092:from the original on 25 July 2018 1251:Apart from these, there are also 744:Postmaster General James Campbell 271: 6852: 6532: 5747: 5694:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5296: 4525: 3839: 3757: 3746: 3745: 3733: 2745:. Associated Press. 14 June 2000 2477:from the original on 14 May 2011 2008:from the original on 2 July 2009 1933:The Penny Postage Scheme of 1837 1818:, Thomas De La Rue, 1880, p. 242 1620:See, for example, the low value 1513: 1425: 1381:. Collecting is not the same as 742:In 1856, under the direction of 715:landowner and railroad man from 278:The Penny Postage Scheme of 1837 179: 3667:most expensive philatelic items 3146:Scotts US Catalogue, 1903 Issue 3111: 3085: 3059: 2757: 2732: 2706: 2680: 2671: 2659:from the original on 1 May 2011 2626: 2613: 2558: 2501: 2463: 2446: 2420: 2394: 2307: 2281: 2270: 2207: 2181: 2159: 2104: 2078: 2069: 2043: 2020: 2001:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 1988: 1976: 1964: 1938: 1925: 1877:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 1864: 1852: 1843: 1834: 1821: 1766:"Meet the new Rowland Hill" in 1614: 1605: 1591: 653: 368:Curry Gabriel Treffenberg from 215: 36:The main components of a stamp: 4389:Palestinian National Authority 2189:"United States Postal Service" 1946:"James Chalmers essay of 1837" 1808: 1799: 1773: 1760: 1745: 1727: 1574:Philatelic fakes and forgeries 1486:Red Revenue "Small One Dollar" 1432:List of notable postage stamps 536:Mauritius "Post Office" stamps 13: 1: 6706:Falkland Islands Dependencies 5160:Southern Nigeria Protectorate 5025:Northern Nigeria Protectorate 2810:"Philatelic Products. Stamps" 2767:. Sandafayre (Holdings) Ltd. 2714:"Holography: Into the Future" 1739:, archived on 10 May 2011 by 1631: 1299:There are two basic types of 966:United States Airmail Postage 580:The US Mail postage stamp of 4780:Elobey, Annobon, and Corisco 2434:(in Dutch). 29 December 2020 1539:Errors, freaks, and oddities 1311:Souvenir or miniature sheets 138: 7: 3805: 3700:List of entities that have 3440:Post box / Mailbox 2141:"The British Postal Museum" 1872:"Hansard, 15 December 1837" 1506: 246:Chancellor of the Exchequer 192:In 1835, the civil servant 111:historical significance by 10: 6951: 6726:Gilbert and Ellice Islands 6479:North German Confederation 3327:Timeline of postal history 2743:Seattle Post-Intelligencer 1429: 1415:Hamilton Bank Note Company 1355: 1314: 1266: 1163:Postage and revenue stamps 692:United States stamp (1857) 657: 627: 494:in Switzerland issued the 375: 6844: 6617: 6612:of Oceania and Antarctica 6524: 6492: 6441: 6408: 6370: 6322: 6296: 6287: 5832: 5739: 5689:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 5416:Belize (British Honduras) 5381: 5288: 4915:Kenya, Uganda, Tanganyika 4645:Bechuanaland Protectorate 4610: 4517: 4129: 4020: 4003:American Air Mail Society 3995: 3954: 3916: 3852: 3837: 3813: 3727: 3699: 3649: 3636:Postal systems by country 3611: 3560: 3529: 3488: 3405:Information-Based Indicia 3377: 3363: 3317: 3268:A Brief History Of Stamps 2320:. CRC Press. p. 19. 1456:British Guiana 1c magenta 904: 746:, Toppan and Carpenter, ( 644:United States Post Office 623: 159:, an English merchant in 97:special custom-made paper 5010:Niger Coast Protectorate 4855:German South West Africa 4720:Central African Republic 3613:Institutions and systems 3568:Intelligent Mail barcode 3521:Surface Air Lifted (SAL) 3019:janeaustenpenpalclub.com 2638:24 November 2011 at the 2456:10 March 2003, archived 2371:– Volume Two – page 1415 1935:, Effingham Wilson, 1881 1793:28 December 2022 at the 1681:Garfield, Simon (2009). 1584: 1564:List of stamp catalogues 1419:Latin American countries 1090:– stamp for a country's 1011:, or purchased in a roll 920: 660:Postage stamp separation 131:, a little later in the 6935:19th-century inventions 6684:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 5240:Upper Senegal and Niger 5140:Somaliland Protectorate 5050:Oil Rivers Protectorate 4359:Netherlands East Indies 3311:Mail and postal systems 3045:blog.arpinphilately.com 3041:"Top 10 Smelly Stamps!" 2653:"The National Archives" 2566:"Ffestiniog Railway Co" 2408:(in Dutch). 23 May 2013 2317:Internet for Scientists 1476:Mauritius "Post Office" 1131:Non-denominated postage 1021:Computer vended postage 840:Graphic characteristics 6920:Philatelic terminology 5894:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5436:British Virgin Islands 5085:Rhodesia and Nyasaland 5035:Nyasaland Protectorate 4680:British Central Africa 3689:Philatelic terminology 3371: 3352:Pan-American countries 3229:National Postal Museum 2815:Cyprus Postal Services 1599:Universal Postal Union 1446: 1377:Stamp collecting is a 1374: 1333: 1285: 953: 934: 861: 693: 681: 669: 588: 562:Universal Postal Union 471:The first stamp, the " 394: 381:The nineteenth century 225: 189: 57: 5679:Saint Kitts and Nevis 5473:Caribbean Netherlands 4063:Humber-Sommer biplane 3702:issued postage stamps 3369: 3273:18 March 2022 at the 3257:Stamp Collecting News 3234:29 April 2011 at the 2623:(8th ed. 1985) p. 207 2619:Stanley Gibbons Ltd, 2171:12 April 2010 at the 1768:Gibbons Stamp Monthly 1466:Inverted Head 4 Annas 1461:Hawaiian Missionaries 1440: 1365: 1324: 1276: 1245:Water-activated stamp 1233:Variable value stamps 940: 928: 847: 688:The first officially 687: 675: 667: 579: 388: 361:Ferdinand Egarter of 223: 187: 70:postal administration 35: 6859:Philately portal 6664:Australian Antarctic 6539:Philately portal 5754:Philately portal 5637:Netherlands Antilles 5466:Prince Edward Island 5303:Philately portal 5120:Senegambia and Niger 4670:British Bechuanaland 4532:Philately portal 4489:United Arab Emirates 4224:Far Eastern Republic 3740:Philately portal 3480:Variable value stamp 3370:Envelope for mailing 1996:"Hansard 4 Dec 1837" 1880:. 15 December 1837. 1411:United Arab Emirates 1035:to verify the stamp. 858:Tampere Lenin Museum 832:issued one with its 824:a stamp was made of 762:Shapes and materials 737:Act of March 3, 1855 729:Act of March 3, 1851 719:, Ireland. The 1850 648:1869 Pictorial Issue 630:Postage stamp design 335:Samuel Forrester, a 188:Lovrenc Košir, 1870s 6930:Scottish inventions 5889:Bohemia and Moravia 5704:Trinidad and Tobago 4895:Italian East Africa 4805:Fezzan and Ghadames 4685:British East Africa 4444:Straits Settlements 3846:Curtis "Jenny" JN-4 3021:. 23 September 2017 2795:20 October 2007 at 2509:"Glossary of Terms" 2004:. 4 December 1837. 1931:Chalmers, Patrick, 1770:, April 1949, p. 85 1534:Cancellation (mail) 1407:Nicholas F. Seebeck 1290:First day of issue. 1197:Self-adhesive stamp 1151:Personalised stamps 1049:1903 regular issues 1015:Commemorative stamp 899:web offset printing 818:synthetic chemicals 792:foil (sometimes of 585:C. G. E. Mannerheim 289:General Post Office 6925:British inventions 6484:Schleswig-Holstein 6357:Bushire occupation 5555:Dominican Republic 5545:Danish West Indies 5525:Confederate States 4850:German East Africa 4835:French West Africa 4690:British Somaliland 4504:Western New Guinea 3941:First flight cover 3853:Specific countries 3593:Package forwarding 3552:Postmaster General 3372: 3347:Oceanian countries 3342:European countries 3015:"Scents on Stamps" 2963:. 22 December 2020 2937:. 22 December 2020 2908:. 22 December 2020 2879:. 17 December 2015 2266:Postal Service Act 1985:, 20 December 1837 1496:Treskilling Yellow 1447: 1375: 1334: 1286: 1269:First day of issue 954: 935: 862: 816:issued a stamp of 705:The United Kingdom 694: 682: 670: 589: 395: 250:Thomas Spring Rice 226: 190: 163:, and his partner 58: 6892: 6891: 6836:Wallis and Futuna 6669:British Antarctic 6657:Western Australia 6647:Van Diemen's Land 6572: 6571: 6520: 6519: 6332:Africa (military) 5787: 5786: 5336: 5335: 5165:Southern Rhodesia 5155:South West Africa 5075:Portuguese Guinea 5060:Orange Free State 5030:Northern Rhodesia 5015:Niger Territories 4825:French Somaliland 4785:Equatorial Guinea 4715:Cape of Good Hope 4675:British Cameroons 4565: 4564: 4084: 4083: 4011: 3907: 3900: 3893: 3891:Air Mail Facility 3865: 3847: 3821:Airmail etiquette 3773: 3772: 3357:Postal censorship 3332:African countries 3047:. 30 October 2008 2454:Linn's Stamp News 2388:Hufvudstadsbladet 2369:A.M. Encyclopedia 1827:Muir, Douglas N, 1694:978-0-15-101396-8 1399:Official reprints 1145:Perforated stamps 1045:Definitive stamps 1033:digital signature 532:George Washington 528:Benjamin Franklin 416:postal stationery 276:In the 1881 book 169:London Penny Post 16:(Redirected from 6942: 6857: 6856: 6855: 6796:Pitcairn Islands 6791:Papua New Guinea 6746:Marshall Islands 6716:French Polynesia 6679:Christmas Island 6674:Caroline Islands 6599: 6592: 6585: 6576: 6575: 6537: 6536: 6535: 6362:Batum occupation 6294: 6293: 5814: 5807: 5800: 5791: 5790: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5709:Turks and Caicos 5570:Falkland Islands 5446:British Columbia 5363: 5356: 5349: 5340: 5339: 5301: 5300: 5299: 5220:Tristan da Cunha 5070:Portuguese Congo 4985:Morocco Agencies 4910:Kenya and Uganda 4592: 4585: 4578: 4569: 4568: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4399:Portuguese India 4111: 4104: 4097: 4088: 4087: 4009: 3903: 3898:Air Mail scandal 3896: 3889: 3863: 3845: 3843: 3800: 3793: 3786: 3777: 3776: 3761: 3760: 3749: 3748: 3738: 3737: 3736: 3674:Stamp collecting 3506:Package delivery 3385:Advertising mail 3304: 3297: 3290: 3281: 3280: 3244: 3226: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3197: 3188: 3185: 3176: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3156: 3147: 3144: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3069:. Archived from 3063: 3057: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3011: 3002: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2987: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2961:gazeta-rs.com.br 2953: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2877:mintageworld.com 2873:"Scented Stamps" 2869: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2838: 2827: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2806: 2800: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2720:on 27 April 2011 2710: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2684: 2678: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2649: 2643: 2630: 2624: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2591: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2572:on 21 April 2007 2568:. Archived from 2562: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2536: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2505: 2499: 2496: 2487: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2467: 2461: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2383: 2372: 2365: 2354: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2311: 2305: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2285: 2279: 2274: 2268: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2237: 2231: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2185: 2179: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2143:. Archived from 2137: 2128: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2112:"Cost of Stamps" 2108: 2102: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2082: 2076: 2073: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2047: 2041: 2024: 2018: 2017: 2015: 2013: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1974: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1948:. Archived from 1942: 1936: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1903: 1894: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1868: 1862: 1856: 1850: 1847: 1841: 1838: 1832: 1825: 1819: 1812: 1806: 1803: 1797: 1777: 1771: 1764: 1758: 1749: 1743: 1741:Internet Archive 1731: 1725: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1705: 1699: 1698: 1678: 1669: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1649: 1625: 1618: 1612: 1609: 1603: 1595: 1523: 1521:Philately portal 1518: 1517: 1516: 1417:. He approached 1371:François Barraud 1358:Stamp collecting 1352:Stamp collecting 1342:miniature sheets 1301:First Day Covers 1263:First day covers 1257:telegraph stamps 1191:Cinderella stamp 1169:Postage currency 1121:Occupation stamp 1063:special delivery 1039:Customised stamp 995:Cinderella stamp 524:their own stamps 492:canton of Zürich 447:Stamp collecting 167:established the 113:stamp collectors 21: 6950: 6949: 6945: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6940: 6939: 6895: 6894: 6893: 6888: 6853: 6851: 6840: 6811:Solomon Islands 6801:Ross Dependency 6637:South Australia 6627:New South Wales 6613: 6603: 6573: 6568: 6533: 6531: 6516: 6488: 6437: 6404: 6366: 6318: 6283: 6150:North Macedonia 6140:Northern Epirus 6135:Northern Cyprus 5996:German colonies 5974:French colonies 5944:Eastern Rumelia 5837: 5835: 5828: 5818: 5788: 5783: 5748: 5746: 5735: 5617:Leeward Islands 5377: 5376:of the Americas 5367: 5337: 5332: 5297: 5295: 5284: 4870:Griqualand West 4615:Afars and Issas 4606: 4596: 4566: 4561: 4526: 4524: 4513: 4349:Muscat and Oman 4125: 4115: 4085: 4080: 4038:Boeing Model 40 4016: 3991: 3950: 3912: 3848: 3844: 3835: 3809: 3804: 3774: 3769: 3734: 3732: 3723: 3701: 3695: 3645: 3631:Postal services 3621:Postal entities 3614: 3607: 3556: 3525: 3484: 3455:Post office box 3373: 3361: 3337:Asian countries 3313: 3308: 3275:Wayback Machine 3253: 3248: 3247: 3236:Wayback Machine 3227: 3220: 3210: 3208: 3199: 3198: 3191: 3186: 3179: 3169: 3167: 3158: 3157: 3150: 3145: 3138: 3128: 3126: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3102: 3100: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3076: 3074: 3073:on 23 June 2011 3065: 3064: 3060: 3050: 3048: 3039: 3038: 3034: 3024: 3022: 3013: 3012: 3005: 2995: 2993: 2990:wikitimbres.fr/ 2985: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2966: 2964: 2955: 2954: 2950: 2940: 2938: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2911: 2909: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2882: 2880: 2871: 2870: 2863: 2853: 2851: 2840: 2839: 2830: 2820: 2818: 2808: 2807: 2803: 2788: 2784: 2774: 2772: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2748: 2746: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2723: 2721: 2712: 2711: 2707: 2697: 2695: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2662: 2660: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2640:Wayback Machine 2631: 2627: 2618: 2614: 2604: 2602: 2593: 2592: 2585: 2575: 2573: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2549: 2547: 2538: 2537: 2528: 2518: 2516: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2490: 2480: 2478: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2451: 2447: 2437: 2435: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2411: 2409: 2400: 2399: 2395: 2384: 2375: 2366: 2357: 2339: 2335: 2328: 2312: 2308: 2298: 2296: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2275: 2271: 2264: 2260: 2250: 2248: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2224: 2222: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2198: 2196: 2187: 2186: 2182: 2173:Wayback Machine 2164: 2160: 2150: 2148: 2139: 2138: 2131: 2121: 2119: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2095: 2093: 2084: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2060: 2058: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2025: 2021: 2011: 2009: 1994: 1993: 1989: 1981: 1977: 1973:, 25 March 1837 1969: 1965: 1955: 1953: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1930: 1926: 1916: 1914: 1905: 1904: 1897: 1887: 1885: 1870: 1869: 1865: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1826: 1822: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1795:Wayback Machine 1778: 1774: 1765: 1761: 1750: 1746: 1737:Stanley Gibbons 1732: 1728: 1718: 1716: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1695: 1679: 1672: 1662: 1660: 1651: 1650: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1628: 1624:issues of 1964. 1619: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1435: 1428: 1367:Le Philatéliste 1360: 1354: 1338:souvenir sheets 1330:miniature sheet 1319: 1317:Miniature sheet 1313: 1295:first day cover 1279:First Day Cover 1271: 1265: 1102:Newspaper stamp 1009:vending machine 984:Carrier's stamp 947:newspaper stamp 923: 907: 842: 764: 662: 656: 632: 626: 606:electronic mail 574: 538:were issued by 383: 378: 320: 318:Other claimants 274: 218: 202:Austria-Hungary 182: 157:William Dockwra 153: 151:William Dockwra 141: 52: 47: 42: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6948: 6938: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6915:Postal systems 6912: 6910:Postage stamps 6907: 6905:Paper products 6890: 6889: 6887: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6849: 6845: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6781:Norfolk Island 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6702: 6701: 6696: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6660: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6610:postal history 6606:Postage stamps 6602: 6601: 6594: 6587: 6579: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6529: 6525: 6522: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6514: 6512:Ottoman Empire 6509: 6504: 6498: 6496: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6445: 6443: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6435: 6430: 6428:Ottoman Empire 6425: 6420: 6414: 6412: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6402: 6397: 6395:Ottoman Empire 6392: 6387: 6382: 6376: 6374: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6328: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6316: 6314:Ottoman Empire 6311: 6306: 6300: 6298: 6291: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6167: 6162: 6160:Ottoman Empire 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6016: 6015: 6005: 6000: 5999: 5998: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5977: 5976: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5924:Czechoslovakia 5921: 5919:Czech Republic 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5840: 5838: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5825:postal history 5821:Postage stamps 5817: 5816: 5809: 5802: 5794: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5744: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5722: 5721: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5595:British Guiana 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5485: 5480: 5478:Cayman Islands 5475: 5470: 5469: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5382: 5379: 5378: 5374:postal history 5370:Postage stamps 5366: 5365: 5358: 5351: 5343: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5293: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5250:Western Sahara 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5170:Spanish Guinea 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5040:Nyassa Company 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4607: 4603:postal history 4599:Postage stamps 4595: 4594: 4587: 4580: 4572: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4522: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4414:Ryukyu Islands 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4159:Annam-Tongking 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4122:postal history 4118:Postage stamps 4114: 4113: 4106: 4099: 4091: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4078: 4073: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4014: 4005: 3999: 3997: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3951: 3949: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3931:Astrophilately 3928: 3922: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3910: 3909: 3908: 3901: 3894: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3860:Berlin Airlift 3856: 3854: 3850: 3849: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3810: 3803: 3802: 3795: 3788: 3780: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3767: 3755: 3743: 3728: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3705: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3693: 3692: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3679:notable stamps 3671: 3670: 3669: 3659: 3653: 3651: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3626:Postal museums 3623: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3564: 3562: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3533: 3531: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3482: 3477: 3475:Postal marking 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3381: 3379: 3375: 3374: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3323: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3307: 3306: 3299: 3292: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3265: 3260: 3252: 3251:External links 3249: 3246: 3245: 3218: 3189: 3177: 3148: 3136: 3110: 3084: 3058: 3032: 3003: 2974: 2948: 2919: 2890: 2861: 2828: 2801: 2782: 2756: 2731: 2705: 2679: 2670: 2644: 2625: 2612: 2583: 2557: 2526: 2500: 2488: 2462: 2445: 2419: 2393: 2373: 2355: 2333: 2326: 2306: 2280: 2269: 2258: 2232: 2206: 2180: 2158: 2147:on 13 May 2011 2129: 2103: 2077: 2068: 2042: 2019: 1987: 1975: 1963: 1952:on 13 May 2011 1937: 1924: 1895: 1863: 1851: 1842: 1833: 1820: 1807: 1798: 1772: 1759: 1756:Archived here. 1744: 1726: 1700: 1693: 1670: 1636: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1613: 1604: 1589: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1525: 1524: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1501:Uganda Cowries 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1471:Inverted Jenny 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1427: 1424: 1356:Main article: 1353: 1350: 1315:Main article: 1312: 1309: 1305:non-philatelic 1267:Main article: 1264: 1261: 1253:revenue stamps 1249: 1248: 1242: 1236: 1230: 1224: 1221:Specimen stamp 1218: 1214: 1200: 1194: 1184: 1178: 1172: 1166: 1160: 1157:Pneumatic post 1154: 1148: 1141: 1140: 1134: 1128: 1118: 1112: 1099: 1095: 1088:Military stamp 1085: 1079: 1072: 1069:Late fee stamp 1066: 1056: 1042: 1036: 1018: 1012: 1002: 992: 989:Certified mail 986: 981: 975: 969: 945:, a rare 1856 922: 919: 906: 903: 850:Vladimir Lenin 841: 838: 763: 760: 658:Main article: 655: 652: 637:United Kingdom 628:Main article: 625: 622: 618:Postzegelcodes 573: 570: 514:In 1845, some 496:Zürich 4 and 6 481:Queen Victoria 477:Two penny blue 449:can be both a 432:postage meters 382: 379: 377: 374: 373: 372: 366: 359: 353: 346:Samuel Roberts 343: 340: 333: 331:British Museum 319: 316: 297: 296: 282:James Chalmers 273: 272:James Chalmers 270: 258:Benjamin Hawes 238:hundred weight 230:Robert Wallace 217: 214: 181: 178: 152: 149: 145:modern history 140: 137: 93:United Kingdom 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6947: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6843: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6816:South Georgia 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6691: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6616: 6611: 6607: 6600: 6595: 6593: 6588: 6586: 6581: 6580: 6577: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6523: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6491: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6442:German states 6440: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6407: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6369: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6321: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6309:Liechtenstein 6307: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6286: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6090:Liechtenstein 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6009: 6008:Great Britain 6006: 6004: 6001: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5954:Faroe Islands 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5834:By country or 5831: 5826: 5822: 5815: 5810: 5808: 5803: 5801: 5796: 5795: 5792: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5738: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5715: 5714:United States 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5451:New Brunswick 5449: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5383: 5380: 5375: 5371: 5364: 5359: 5357: 5352: 5350: 5345: 5344: 5341: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5287: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 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4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4815:French Guinea 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4740:Côte d'Ivoire 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4650:Belgian Congo 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4612: 4609: 4604: 4600: 4593: 4588: 4586: 4581: 4579: 4574: 4573: 4570: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4516: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 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