298:(NSF) to increase or decrease funding for the Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship (IGERT) programs at least at the same rate as it increases or decreases funding for the Graduate Research Fellowship. There are no comprehensive data of international postdoctoral researchers in the US because of the less-organized survey and the difficulty in counting international postdoctoral researchers. The proportion of postdoctoral researchers on temporary visas reached 53.6% in 2010. The life sciences hold the largest percentage of postdoctoral researchers on temporary visas; in 2008, approximately 56% of postdoctoral researchers in the life sciences were temporary residents. Of these postdoctoral researchers on temporary visas, four out of five earned their PhD outside of the United States. There exists fear that foreign PhD's are taking postdoctoral research positions from American researchers. The influx of foreign PhD's has influenced the supply of ready-researchers, and thereby, the wages. One estimate claims that a 10% increase in the supply of foreign postdoctoral researchers lower the position salary by 3 to 4%.
885:
446:), may be asked to pay back the grants or even the salaries that they have received. Because of the way that the postdoctoral system is managed, postdoctoral research is widely mistaken to be an academic degree in China. The government's administration of the postdoctoral system has been criticized for hindering innovative research, as too much effort is spent on evaluations, and overemphasis on performance prevents the creation of a relaxing research environment.
193:
in a specialist subject, including integrating a team and acquiring novel skills and research methods. Postdoctoral research is often considered essential while advancing the scholarly mission of the host institution; it is expected to produce relevant publications in peer-reviewed academic journals or conferences. In some countries, postdoctoral research may lead to further formal qualifications or certification, while in other countries, it does not.
286:
supply of the professional positions in academia compared to the growing number of postdoctoral researchers makes it difficult to find tenure-track positions. In 2008, the proportion of postdoctoral researchers who got a tenure or tenure-track position within 5 years after they received a doctoral degree was about 39%; nearly 10% of postdoctoral researchers were over 40 years old in 2003.
192:
position. According to data from the US National
Science Foundation, the number of holders of PhD in biological sciences who end up in tenure track has consistently dropped from over 50% in 1973 to less than 20% in 2006. They continue their studies or carry out research and further increase expertise
260:
in 2003, 25% of PhD graduates in the natural sciences continued to undertake post-doctoral research. Since the landmark ruling in the employment tribunal (Scotland) Ball vs
Aberdeen University 2008 case (S/101486/08), researchers who have held successive fixed-term contracts for four years' service
313:
In 2014, postdoctoral researchers in Boston organized the "Future of
Research" Symposium to respond to a conversation about the state of biomedical research from the perspective of junior scientists. The meeting included panel discussions with academics concerned about the scientific enterprise, a
285:
faculty position, especially at research-oriented institutions. Post-doctoral appointments that were traditionally optional have become mandatory in some fields as the degree of competition for tenure-track positions in academia has significantly increased over previous decades. In fact, the small
438:). Those who are approved to leave the stations will receive a postdoctoral certificate from the national administration office. In some universities, postdoctoral researchers who fail to leave their stations normally, either due to failing their evaluations or early withdrawal from the stations (
301:
In the US, life sciences have a greater share than other fields due to higher federal funding of life and medical science areas since mid 1990. One survey shows that 54% of postdoctoral researchers major in life sciences, whereas those who majored in physical science, mathematics, and engineering
309:
in order to secure better working conditions such as the right to file a complaint for alleged discrimination or sexual harassment through a formal grievance procedure. In
California, new postdoctoral appointments receive at least the NIH postdoctoral minimum salary ($ 50,004 in 2019) and many
269:
In the US, a postdoctoral scholar is an individual holding a doctoral degree who is engaged in mentored research or scholarly training for the purpose of acquiring the professional skills needed to pursue a career path of his or her choosing. Postdoctoral researchers play an important role in
289:
On the other hand, 85 percent of engineering doctoral degree holders are likely to initially go into business or the industry sector. Under the circumstances, providing doctoral students as well as postdoctoral researchers with necessary skills for nonacademic positions has become one of the
354:(AIIMS) have postdoctoral positions. The salary typically varies from ₹40,000 to ₹70,000 per month. For example, IIT Kharagpur, IIT Guwahati, IIT Delhi, IIT Kanpur, IIT Bombay, IIT Madras, IISER Bhopal, IISER Mohali, IISER Pune, IISER Kolkata, IIM Kolkata offer postdoctoral fellowships. The
322:, and workshops discussing training, funding, the structure of the biomedical workforce, and metrics and incentives in science which were used to generate recommendations in a white paper. Meetings organized by postdoctoral researchers in 2015 spread to
244:
in 2018. The authors found that only about 17% of postdocs ultimately land tenure-track positions. In the 1970s the number for PhD holders in biological sciences was 50%, illustrating how that generation had a significantly different job market.
224:
Due to the nature of their work in some fields, and an oversupply of graduating PhD students in many fields, some postdoctoral researchers in certain countries face an uncertain future in academia, and a large proportion will not gain
381:
Alternatively the
Australian Research Council (ARC) provides Postdoctoral Fellowships. For example, their Discovery Projects, funds 3 year Fellowships, beginning in 2009, with A$ 61,399 p.a. Furthermore, a mandatory
326:(NYU), Chicago and San Francisco and a second meeting in Boston discussed data collection, labor economics and evidence-based policy to advocate for changes to science, including the future of the PhD.
430:). Postdoctoral researchers are required to undergo regular evaluations, and submit a research report for evaluation at the end of the postdoctoral period to obtain approval to leave the stations (
1360:
274:
activity in the US. The median salary of postdoctoral researchers 1 to 5 years after receiving their doctoral degrees is $ 42,000, 44% less than the $ 75,000 average for tenured positions. The
248:
As of 2022, however, and the broad shifts in the labor market in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, postdoc positions in at least some fields are going unfilled due to a lack of applicants.
1780:
McDowell, Gary S.; Gunsalus, Kearney T. W.; MacKellar, Drew C.; Mazzilli, Sarah A.; Pai, Vaibhav P.; Goodwin, Patricia R.; Walsh, Erica M.; Robinson-Mosher, Avi; Bowman, Thomas A. (2014).
986:"Education: Rethinking PhDs. Fix it, overhaul it or skip it completely — institutions and individuals are taking innovative approaches to postgraduate science training"
1648:
539:
366:
Salaried appointments at the minimum Level A, Step 6 for academic salaries, for doctoral qualified employees (beginning in 2008) are set at A$ 75,612 p.a. at the
422:) at institutes and enterprises in mainland China. Applicants to postdoctoral positions have to pass a detailed medical check-up in order to enter the stations (
2453:
1335:
343:
1364:
2472:
2127:
1700:"Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award (NRSA) Stipends, Tuition/Fees and Other Budgetary Levels Effective for Fiscal Year 2012"
278:(NPA) and Boston Postdoctoral Association (BPDA) are nonprofit organizations that advocate for postdoctoral scholars in the United States.
310:
receive annual pay raises of 5% to 7% or more in accordance with the NIH's Ruth L. Kirschstein
National Research Service Awards (NRSA).
1993:
567:
355:
294:
recognized the importance of graduate student support for obtaining skills needed when they pursue nonacademic careers, and required
2379:
1928:
351:
2077:
1961:
1603:
241:
1652:
1512:
455:
188:). Postdocs most commonly, but not always, have a temporary academic appointment, sometimes in preparation for an academic
2027:
2467:
2044:
898:
Lauto, G.; Sengoku, S. (2015). "Perceived incentives to transdisciplinarity in a
Japanese university research center".
394:
The postdoctoral system in China was founded in 1985 upon suggestion by
Chinese American physicist and Nobel laureate
275:
2691:
1563:
637:
347:
339:
20:
2696:
1998:
423:
415:
407:
399:
375:
184:, is a person professionally conducting research after the completion of their doctoral studies (typically a
590:"The future of the postdoc: There is a growing number of postdocs and few places in academia for them to go"
2372:
1027:"Harsh reality: Two reports highlight the plight of postdocs on both sides of the pond aiming for academia"
216:. In many English-speaking countries, postdoctoral researchers are colloquially referred to as "postdocs".
1144:"Fix the PhD: No longer a guaranteed ticket to an academic career, the PhD system needs a serious rethink"
1578:"Graduate Enrollment in Science and Engineering Grew Substantially in the Past Decade but Slowed in 2010"
335:
295:
1699:
884:
2400:
230:
189:
1619:
196:
Postdoctoral research may be funded through an appointment with a salary or an appointment with a
2609:
2365:
1966:
1546:
371:
2604:
2548:
2515:
2405:
1336:"As professors struggle to recruit postdocs, calls for structural change in academia intensify"
460:
213:
2643:
2615:
2283:
271:
1296:"The Postdoc Queue: A Labour Force in Waiting: The Postdoc Queue: A Labour Force in Waiting"
2335:
2003:
1844:
1726:
1207:
948:
750:
668:
601:
493:
367:
291:
185:
98:
2153:
1881:
1361:"UK GRAD Programme: Physical sciences and engineering PhD graduates from 2003 at a glance"
571:
8:
2519:
2443:
2438:
323:
1935:
1848:
1730:
1463:"Monitoring the compliance of the academic enterprise with the Fair Labor Standards Act"
1295:
1211:
952:
754:
672:
605:
497:
2665:
2578:
2573:
2557:
2538:
2500:
2081:
1962:"Policy library - Salary Scales for Full Time Academic Staff - Effective 14 April 2012"
1808:
1781:
1757:
1714:
1713:
Alberts, Bruce; Kirschner, Marc W.; Tilghman, Shirley; Varmus, Harold (22 April 2014).
1532:
1489:
1462:
1271:
1244:
1173:
1124:
868:
839:
817:
691:
656:
2104:
1971:
1862:
1813:
1762:
1744:
1599:
1494:
1443:
1403:
1276:
1225:
1177:
1165:
1089:
1048:
1007:
966:
873:
821:
809:
768:
723:
696:
619:
517:
509:
1577:
1128:
788:"The rise of the professional master's degree: The answer to the postdoc/PhD bubble"
113:
2448:
1852:
1803:
1793:
1752:
1734:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1433:
1315:
1307:
1266:
1256:
1215:
1155:
1116:
1079:
1038:
997:
956:
915:
907:
863:
853:
799:
758:
719:
686:
676:
609:
501:
439:
431:
398:. The Office of the National Administrative Committee of Postdoctoral Researchers (
319:
2231:
2051:
1798:
911:
16:
Person professionally conducting research after the completion of doctoral studies
2670:
2631:
2583:
2543:
2510:
2477:
2415:
2205:
2031:
1404:"Science and Engineering Labor Force. In Science and Engineering Indicators 2012"
1386:
681:
1674:
1519:
2658:
2024:
1633:
1294:
Andalib, Maryam A.; Ghaffarzadegan, Navid; Larson, Richard C. (November 2018).
844:
383:
306:
257:
117:
60:
2309:
2179:
1904:"Post Doctoral Fellowship | Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR)"
540:"The Ph.D Bust: America's Awful Market for Young Scientists—in 7 Charts"
200:
or sponsorship award. Appointments for such a research position may be called
2685:
1903:
1748:
1245:"Opinion: Addressing systemic problems in the biomedical research enterprise"
1191:
513:
395:
334:
Most of India's premier engineering, science and management institutes (like
315:
237:
1739:
1261:
1120:
261:
are no longer temporary employees but are entitled to open-ended contracts.
2653:
2648:
2637:
2626:
2257:
1866:
1817:
1766:
1498:
1447:
1280:
1229:
1169:
1093:
1052:
1011:
970:
877:
813:
772:
700:
623:
521:
282:
2357:
1107:
Jones, A. (2013). "The explosive growth of postdocs in computer science".
641:
481:
1320:
835:
1084:
1067:
920:
44:
1782:"Shaping the Future of Research: a perspective from junior scientists"
1311:
935:
Cyranoski, D.; Gilbert, N.; Ledford, H.; Nayar, A.; Yahia, M. (2011).
2553:
2524:
2410:
804:
787:
763:
738:
212:. Postdoctoral researchers typically work under the supervision of a
1857:
1832:
1438:
1421:
1220:
1195:
1160:
1143:
1043:
1026:
1002:
985:
961:
936:
614:
589:
505:
2505:
1526:
1513:"Doctors Without Orders: Highlights of The Sigma Xi Postdoc Survey"
858:
83:
78:
1598:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 166–167, 195.
2045:"Discovery Projects Funding Rules for funding commencing in 2009"
1779:
1564:"Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship Program"
638:"National Postdoctoral Association: Career Development Resources"
197:
56:
358:
also offers fellowship(s) for pursuing a post doctoral degree.
305:
In 2010, postdoctoral researchers in
California formed a union,
2621:
226:
1712:
1242:
1243:
Alberts, B; Kirschner, M. W.; Tilghman, S; Varmus, H (2015).
840:"Survival strategies for choosing the right postdoc position"
129:
Post-doctoral researchers by discipline (United States, 2012)
2125:
934:
785:
236:
A study on the topic was conducted in collaboration between
1293:
290:
important roles for graduate schools and institutions. The
1715:"Rescuing US biomedical research from its systemic flaws"
714:
Ruben, A. (2013). "The
Postdoc: A Special Kind of Hell".
657:"Ten Simple Rules for Selecting a Postdoctoral Position"
19:"Post-doctoral" redirects here. Not to be confused with
739:"Postdoc glut means academic pathway needs an overhaul"
2210:
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University
2025:
Discovery Projects – Australian Research Council (ARC)
786:
Theodosiou, M; Rennard, J. P.; Amir-Aslani, A (2012).
281:
Postdoctoral research may be required for obtaining a
1387:"UCU – University and College Union – Research staff"
1929:"Academic staff agreement 2006 – 2008 annual rates"
344:
Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research
2288:East China University of Political Science and Law
2105:"China establishes 4,300 postdoc research centers"
1634:"Postdoctoral Education Survey Summary of Results"
1547:"Pathway Through Graduate School and Into Careers"
414:) at universities and postdoctoral work stations (
1994:"Human Resources - Salary Rates - Academic Staff"
166: Psychology, social sciences and others (5%)
2683:
2078:"Superannuation - Department of Human Resources"
562:
560:
1719:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1646:
1249:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
654:
406:) regulates all postdoctoral mobile stations (
2373:
557:
1649:"California Postdocs Embrace Union Contract"
1196:"Give postdocs a career, not empty promises"
897:
2387:
1505:
386:payment of 11–17% is paid by Universities.
219:
2380:
2366:
1398:
1396:
1856:
1807:
1797:
1756:
1738:
1488:
1478:
1437:
1319:
1270:
1260:
1219:
1159:
1083:
1042:
1001:
960:
919:
867:
857:
803:
762:
690:
680:
613:
583:
581:
537:
356:Indian Council of Social Science Research
1620:"Budget of NSF for the fiscal year 2015"
1460:
352:All India Institutes of Medical Sciences
1593:
1393:
1300:Systems Research and Behavioral Science
1068:"Academia: The changing face of tenure"
2684:
1065:
983:
736:
587:
578:
538:Weissmann, Jordan (20 February 2013).
479:
2361:
1879:
1830:
1589:
1587:
1419:
1106:
713:
655:Bourne, P. E.; Friedberg, I. (2006).
640:. NationalPostDoc.org. Archived from
154: Math and computer sciences (3%)
1190:
1141:
1024:
834:
533:
531:
456:Postdoctoral researcher unionization
233:in their chosen field of research.
13:
2126:Ministry of Personnel of the PRC.
2107:. People's Daily. 29 November 2010
1647:Kristen Minogue (13 August 2010).
1640:
1584:
14:
2708:
1651:. Science Insider. Archived from
528:
276:National Postdoctoral Association
251:
1702:. National Institutes of Health.
1675:"Salary & NIH-NRSA Stipends"
883:
724:10.1126/science.caredit.a1300256
480:Powell, Kendall (1 April 2015).
264:
2336:"两会热点校长说：校长后加副部级丢人 把博士后当成学位很荒唐"
2328:
2302:
2276:
2250:
2224:
2198:
2172:
2146:
2119:
2097:
2070:
2036:
2018:
1986:
1954:
1921:
1896:
1873:
1824:
1773:
1706:
1692:
1667:
1626:
1612:
1570:
1556:
1539:
1518:. May–June 2005. Archived from
1454:
1413:
1379:
1353:
1328:
1287:
1236:
1184:
1135:
1100:
1059:
1018:
977:
928:
891:
828:
348:Indian Institutes of Management
340:Indian Institutes of Technology
210:postdoctoral research assistant
206:postdoctoral research associate
2236:Xi'an University of Technology
1480:10.12688/f1000research.10086.2
1422:"The spread of postdoc unions"
779:
730:
707:
648:
630:
473:
427:
419:
411:
403:
1:
2184:Shanghai Jiao Tong University
1999:University of New South Wales
1799:10.12688/f1000research.5878.2
1525:on 23 March 2012 – via
912:10.1016/j.futures.2014.10.010
466:
376:University of New South Wales
142: Physical sciences (13%)
2262:Shanghai University of Sport
1596:How Economics Shapes Science
937:"Education: The PhD factory"
682:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020121
374:, and A$ 75,612 p.a. at the
361:
202:postdoctoral research fellow
7:
2493:Research and teaching track
2342:(in Chinese). 10 March 2015
2094:, Retrieved on 22 July 2008
2067:, Retrieved on 22 July 2008
1833:"How to build a better PhD"
482:"The future of the postdoc"
449:
336:Indian Institute of Science
296:National Science Foundation
10:
2713:
2180:"上海交通大学关于调整博士后相关管理工作规定的通知"
1951:, Retrieved on 4 June 2012
661:PLOS Computational Biology
18:
2597:
2566:
2486:
2424:
2393:
1109:Communications of the ACM
443:
435:
136: Life sciences (65%)
105:
92:
71:
66:
50:
38:
33:
2310:"求助：博后中途退站——退还之前发放生活补贴？"
588:Powell, Kendall (2015).
389:
370:, A$ 75,404 p.a. at the
329:
220:Job security in academia
2692:Academic administration
2610:Distinguished professor
2589:Postdoctoral researcher
2388:Academic ranks overview
1967:University of Melbourne
1740:10.1073/pnas.1404402111
1679:www.nationalpostdoc.org
1594:Stephan, Paula (2012).
1262:10.1073/pnas.1500969112
1121:10.1145/2408776.2408801
372:University of Melbourne
178:postdoctoral researcher
148: Engineering (11%)
29:Postdoctoral researcher
2549:Senior research fellow
1882:"Postdoc in IIT Delhi"
1531:Special Supplement to
737:Brooks, I. M. (2008).
461:Postgraduate education
214:principal investigator
160: Geosciences (3%)
2697:Postdoctoral research
2644:Professor of practice
2425:North American system
2284:"华东政法大学师资博士后研究人员工作协议"
1831:Gould, Julie (2015).
272:postgraduate research
2128:"关于印发《博士后管理工作规定》的通知"
2030:19 July 2008 at the
1880:IIT Delhi, PostDoc.
1461:Bankston, A (2016).
1367:on 29 September 2007
792:Nature Biotechnology
568:"What is a Postdoc?"
368:University of Sydney
292:America COMPETES Act
21:Post-doctoral degree
2520:associate professor
2487:Commonwealth system
2444:Associate professor
2439:Assistant professor
2232:"西安理工大学博士后研究人员管理办法"
2206:"药学院博士后流动站管理工作实施细则"
2057:on 14 February 2014
2042:Appendix 3, p. 58,
1849:2015Natur.528...22G
1731:2014PNAS..111.5773A
1212:2011Natur.471....7R
1085:10.1038/nj7320-123a
1066:Kaplan, K. (2010).
984:McCook, A. (2011).
953:2011Natur.472..276C
755:2008Natur.454.1049B
673:2006PLSCB...2..121B
606:2015Natur.520..144P
498:2015Natur.520..144P
324:New York University
314:video message from
174:postdoctoral fellow
30:
2666:Teaching assistant
2579:Research associate
2574:Research assistant
2558:research professor
2539:Research assistant
2501:Associate lecturer
1533:American Scientist
94:Education required
28:
2679:
2678:
2468:Adjunct professor
1941:on 23 August 2009
1725:(16): 5773–5777.
1655:on 9 October 2012
1605:978-0-674-04971-0
1420:Gewin, V (2010).
1312:10.1002/sres.2510
1154:(7343): 259–260.
1078:(7320): 123–125.
996:(7343): 280–282.
947:(7343): 276–279.
644:on 16 March 2015.
492:(7546): 144–147.
302:account for 28%.
123:
122:
2704:
2567:Junior positions
2460:Non-tenure track
2449:Professor (full)
2406:Ranks and titles
2382:
2375:
2368:
2359:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2158:Fudan University
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2080:. Archived from
2074:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2056:
2050:. Archived from
2049:
2040:
2034:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2002:. Archived from
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1974:on 27 April 2012
1970:. Archived from
1958:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1940:
1934:. Archived from
1933:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1860:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1811:
1801:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1760:
1742:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1566:. 10 March 2011.
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1524:
1517:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1492:
1482:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1441:
1432:(7316): 739–41.
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1363:. Archived from
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1264:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1223:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1163:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1087:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1046:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1005:
981:
975:
974:
964:
932:
926:
925:
923:
895:
889:
888:
887:
881:
871:
861:
832:
826:
825:
807:
805:10.1038/nbt.2180
783:
777:
776:
766:
764:10.1038/4541049a
734:
728:
727:
711:
705:
704:
694:
684:
652:
646:
645:
634:
628:
627:
617:
585:
576:
575:
574:on 2 April 2015.
570:. Archived from
564:
555:
554:
552:
550:
535:
526:
525:
477:
445:
437:
429:
421:
413:
405:
320:Elizabeth Warren
231:faculty position
165:
159:
153:
147:
141:
135:
52:Activity sectors
31:
27:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2671:Teaching fellow
2632:Head of college
2598:Other positions
2593:
2584:Research fellow
2562:
2544:Research fellow
2511:Senior lecturer
2482:
2420:
2389:
2386:
2356:
2355:
2345:
2343:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2317:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2291:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2265:
2258:"上海体育学院博士后管理办法"
2256:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2239:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2189:
2187:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2087:
2085:
2084:on 15 July 2011
2076:
2075:
2071:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2032:Wayback Machine
2023:
2019:
2009:
2007:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1885:
1878:
1874:
1858:10.1038/528022a
1843:(7580): 22–25.
1829:
1825:
1778:
1774:
1711:
1707:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1656:
1645:
1641:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1592:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1522:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1459:
1455:
1439:10.1038/467638a
1418:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1394:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1340:www.science.org
1334:
1333:
1329:
1292:
1288:
1241:
1237:
1221:10.1038/471007a
1189:
1185:
1161:10.1038/472259b
1140:
1136:
1105:
1101:
1064:
1060:
1044:10.1038/516007b
1023:
1019:
1003:10.1038/472280a
982:
978:
962:10.1038/472276a
933:
929:
896:
892:
882:
833:
829:
784:
780:
735:
731:
712:
708:
653:
649:
636:
635:
631:
615:10.1038/520144a
600:(7546): 144–7.
586:
579:
566:
565:
558:
548:
546:
536:
529:
506:10.1038/520144a
478:
474:
469:
452:
392:
364:
332:
267:
254:
222:
170:
169:
168:
167:
163:
161:
157:
155:
151:
149:
145:
143:
139:
137:
133:
110:
108:
95:
88:
53:
41:
40:Occupation type
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2710:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2659:Vice-principal
2656:
2646:
2641:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2612:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:Research track
2528:
2527:
2522:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2362:
2354:
2353:
2327:
2301:
2275:
2249:
2223:
2197:
2171:
2145:
2118:
2096:
2069:
2035:
2017:
2006:on 14 May 2012
1985:
1953:
1920:
1895:
1872:
1823:
1772:
1705:
1691:
1666:
1639:
1625:
1611:
1604:
1583:
1569:
1555:
1538:
1504:
1453:
1412:
1392:
1378:
1352:
1327:
1306:(6): 675–686.
1286:
1235:
1183:
1134:
1099:
1058:
1017:
976:
927:
890:
859:10.1186/gb4163
845:Genome Biology
827:
778:
749:(7208): 1049.
729:
706:
647:
629:
577:
556:
527:
471:
470:
468:
465:
464:
463:
458:
451:
448:
391:
388:
384:superannuation
363:
360:
331:
328:
307:UAW Local 5810
266:
263:
258:United Kingdom
253:
252:United Kingdom
250:
221:
218:
162:
156:
150:
144:
138:
132:
126:
125:
124:
121:
120:
111:
106:
103:
102:
96:
93:
90:
89:
87:
86:
81:
75:
73:
69:
68:
64:
63:
54:
51:
48:
47:
42:
39:
36:
35:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2709:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2454:Endowed Chair
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2411:Professorship
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2159:
2155:
2154:"复旦大学博士后退站流程"
2149:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2106:
2100:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1937:
1930:
1924:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1883:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1786:F1000Research
1783:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1701:
1695:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1635:
1629:
1621:
1615:
1607:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1588:
1579:
1573:
1565:
1559:
1548:
1542:
1535:
1534:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1467:F1000Research
1464:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1388:
1382:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1322:
1321:1721.1/122786
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1255:(7): 1912–3.
1254:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1142:Anon (2011).
1138:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1037:(7529): 7–8.
1036:
1032:
1028:
1025:Anon (2014).
1021:
1013:
1009:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
987:
980:
972:
968:
963:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
931:
922:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
894:
886:
879:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
851:
847:
846:
841:
837:
831:
823:
819:
815:
811:
806:
801:
797:
793:
789:
782:
774:
770:
765:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
733:
725:
721:
717:
710:
702:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
651:
643:
639:
633:
625:
621:
616:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
584:
582:
573:
569:
563:
561:
545:
541:
534:
532:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
476:
472:
462:
459:
457:
454:
453:
447:
441:
433:
425:
417:
409:
404:全国博士后管理委员会办公室
401:
397:
396:Tsung-Dao Lee
387:
385:
379:
377:
373:
369:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
327:
325:
321:
317:
316:Massachusetts
311:
308:
303:
299:
297:
293:
287:
284:
279:
277:
273:
270:spearheading
265:United States
262:
259:
249:
246:
243:
239:
238:Virginia Tech
234:
232:
229:or a coveted
228:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
131:
130:
119:
115:
112:
104:
101:or equivalent
100:
97:
91:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
74:
70:
65:
62:
58:
55:
49:
46:
43:
37:
32:
26:
22:
2654:Head teacher
2649:Schoolmaster
2638:Privatdozent
2636:
2627:Habilitation
2614:
2588:
2431:Tenure track
2416:Tenure track
2344:. Retrieved
2339:
2330:
2318:. Retrieved
2316:(in Chinese)
2313:
2304:
2292:. Retrieved
2290:(in Chinese)
2287:
2278:
2266:. Retrieved
2264:(in Chinese)
2261:
2252:
2240:. Retrieved
2238:(in Chinese)
2235:
2226:
2214:. Retrieved
2212:(in Chinese)
2209:
2200:
2188:. Retrieved
2186:(in Chinese)
2183:
2174:
2162:. Retrieved
2160:(in Chinese)
2157:
2148:
2136:. Retrieved
2134:(in Chinese)
2131:
2121:
2109:. Retrieved
2099:
2086:. Retrieved
2082:the original
2072:
2059:. Retrieved
2052:the original
2038:
2020:
2008:. Retrieved
2004:the original
1997:
1988:
1976:. Retrieved
1972:the original
1965:
1956:
1943:. Retrieved
1936:the original
1923:
1911:. Retrieved
1907:
1898:
1886:. Retrieved
1875:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1722:
1718:
1708:
1694:
1682:. Retrieved
1678:
1669:
1657:. Retrieved
1653:the original
1642:
1628:
1614:
1595:
1572:
1558:
1541:
1530:
1520:the original
1507:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1381:
1369:. Retrieved
1365:the original
1355:
1343:. Retrieved
1339:
1330:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1252:
1248:
1238:
1203:
1199:
1186:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1115:(2): 37–39.
1112:
1108:
1102:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1034:
1030:
1020:
993:
989:
979:
944:
940:
930:
903:
899:
893:
849:
843:
830:
798:(4): 367–8.
795:
791:
781:
746:
742:
732:
715:
709:
667:(11): e121.
664:
660:
650:
642:the original
632:
597:
593:
572:the original
547:. Retrieved
544:The Atlantic
543:
489:
485:
475:
393:
380:
365:
333:
312:
304:
300:
288:
283:tenure-track
280:
268:
255:
247:
235:
223:
209:
205:
201:
195:
181:
180:, or simply
177:
173:
171:
128:
127:
72:Competencies
25:
2346:18 November
2111:18 November
1884:. IIT Delhi
1206:(7336): 7.
921:2433/196093
906:: 136–149.
836:Odom, D. T.
350:(IIMs) and
67:Description
2686:Categories
2616:Agrégation
2605:Chancellor
2473:Instructor
2320:26 October
2294:26 October
2268:26 October
2242:26 October
2216:26 October
2190:26 October
2164:26 October
2138:26 October
1684:31 October
1371:4 December
852:(3): 107.
467:References
346:(IISERs),
109:employment
45:Profession
34:Occupation
2554:Professor
2525:Professor
1908:icssr.org
1749:0027-8424
1178:205063761
822:205276890
514:1476-4687
362:Australia
114:Academics
107:Fields of
2506:Lecturer
2478:Lecturer
2394:Overview
2028:Archived
1888:8 August
1867:26632571
1818:25653845
1767:24733905
1527:Sigma Xi
1499:27990268
1473:: 2690.
1448:20930810
1281:25691698
1230:21368781
1194:(2011).
1192:Rohn, J.
1170:21512527
1129:28370486
1094:21157983
1053:25471843
1012:21512549
971:21512548
878:25001498
838:(2014).
814:22491294
773:18756230
701:17121457
624:25855437
522:25855437
450:See also
420:博士后科研工作站
412:博士后科研流动站
342:(IITs),
338:(IISc),
318:senator
118:Industry
84:Teaching
79:Research
61:Industry
57:Academia
2401:Faculty
2340:Guancha
2088:29 July
2061:29 July
1945:29 July
1913:28 June
1845:Bibcode
1809:4304227
1792:: 291.
1758:4000813
1727:Bibcode
1659:22 June
1490:5130071
1345:14 July
1272:4343141
1208:Bibcode
949:Bibcode
900:Futures
869:4053951
751:Bibcode
716:Science
692:1664706
669:Bibcode
602:Bibcode
549:29 July
494:Bibcode
440:Chinese
432:Chinese
424:Chinese
416:Chinese
408:Chinese
400:Chinese
256:In the
198:stipend
190:faculty
182:postdoc
2622:Docent
2516:Reader
2132:中国博士后网
2010:4 June
1978:4 June
1865:
1837:Nature
1816:
1806:
1765:
1755:
1747:
1602:
1529:.org.
1497:
1487:
1446:
1426:Nature
1279:
1269:
1228:
1200:Nature
1176:
1168:
1148:Nature
1127:
1092:
1072:Nature
1051:
1031:Nature
1010:
990:Nature
969:
941:Nature
876:
866:
820:
812:
771:
743:Nature
699:
689:
622:
594:Nature
520:
512:
486:Nature
442::
434::
426::
418::
410::
402::
227:tenure
164:
158:
152:
146:
140:
134:
2055:(PDF)
2048:(PDF)
1939:(PDF)
1932:(PDF)
1550:(PDF)
1523:(PDF)
1516:(PDF)
1407:(PDF)
1174:S2CID
1125:S2CID
818:S2CID
390:China
330:India
208:, or
2348:2018
2322:2018
2296:2018
2270:2018
2244:2018
2218:2018
2192:2018
2166:2018
2140:2018
2113:2018
2090:2015
2063:2015
2012:2012
1980:2012
1947:2015
1915:2020
1890:2015
1863:PMID
1814:PMID
1763:PMID
1745:ISSN
1686:2019
1661:2011
1600:ISBN
1495:PMID
1444:PMID
1373:2007
1347:2022
1277:PMID
1226:PMID
1166:PMID
1090:PMID
1049:PMID
1008:PMID
967:PMID
874:PMID
810:PMID
769:PMID
697:PMID
620:PMID
551:2023
518:PMID
510:ISSN
240:and
2556:or
2518:or
2314:小木虫
1853:doi
1841:528
1804:PMC
1794:doi
1753:PMC
1735:doi
1723:111
1485:PMC
1475:doi
1434:doi
1430:467
1316:hdl
1308:doi
1267:PMC
1257:doi
1253:112
1216:doi
1204:471
1156:doi
1152:472
1117:doi
1080:doi
1076:468
1039:doi
1035:516
998:doi
994:472
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