595:
often unexpected and concerning in the setting of excitement and anticipation of a new baby. Mothers who develop postpartum blues often have significant shame or guilt for feelings of anxiety or depression during a time that is expected to be joyful. It is important to reassure new parents that low mood symptoms after childbirth are common and transient. Obstetric providers may recommend that patients and their families prepare ahead of time to ensure the mother will have adequate support and rest after the delivery. Additionally, they should provide education and resources to family and friends about red flags of more severe perinatal psychiatric conditions that may develop, such as postpartum depression and
267:, is a very common but self-limited condition that begins shortly after childbirth and can present with a variety of symptoms such as mood swings, irritability, and tearfulness. Mothers may experience negative mood symptoms mixed with intense periods of joy. Up to 85% of new mothers are affected by postpartum blues, with symptoms starting within a few days after childbirth and lasting up to two weeks in duration. Treatment is supportive, including ensuring adequate sleep and emotional support. If symptoms are severe enough to affect daily functioning or last longer than two weeks, the individual should be evaluated for related postpartum psychiatric conditions, such as
673:
Both were significantly higher than previously reported rates of 3–4% from two large cohort studies in the United
Kingdom, which may reflect heterogeneity across countries. Both meta-analyses found higher rates in the United States (12.8–14.1%) compared to studies conducted internationally (7.1–8.2%). Furthermore, there was a moderate positive correlation between paternal and maternal depression (
573:(ACOG): In 2018, ACOG recommended universal screening for depression and anxiety using a validated tool at least once during pregnancy or postpartum, in addition to a full assessment of mood and well-being at the postpartum visit. This is in addition to existing recommendations for annual depression screening in all women.
410:
Factors most consistently shown to be predictive of postpartum blues are personal and family history of depression. This is of particular interest given of the bidirectional relationship between postpartum blues and postpartum depression: a history of postpartum depression appears to be a risk factor
653:
Evidence demonstrates that postpartum blues exists across a variety of countries and cultures, however there is considerable heterogeneity in reported prevalence rates. For instance, reports of prevalence of postpartum blues in the literature vary from 15% in Japan to 60% in Iran. Underreporting of
640:
Most mothers who develop postpartum blues experience complete resolution of symptoms by two weeks. However, a number of prospective studies have identified more severe postpartum blues as an independent risk factor for developing subsequent postpartum depression. More research is necessary to fully
445:
Studies have not detected a consistent association between hormone concentrations and development of postpartum mood disorders. Some investigators believe the discrepant results may be due to variations in sensitivity to hormonal shifts across different subgroups of women. Therefore, development of
672:
A 2010 meta-analysis published in JAMA with over 28,000 participants across various countries showed that prenatal and postpartum depression affects about 10% of men. This analysis was updated by an independent research team in 2016, who found the prevalence to be 8.4% in over 40,000 participants.
478:
The proper diagnostic classification of postpartum blues has not been clearly established. Postpartum blues has long been considered to be the mildest condition on the spectrum of postpartum psychiatric disorders, which includes postpartum depression and postpartum psychosis. However, there exists
362:
Pregnancy and postpartum are significant life events that increase a woman's vulnerability for postpartum blues. Even with a planned pregnancy, it is normal to have feelings of doubt or regret, and it takes time to adjust to having a newborn. Feelings commonly reported by new parents and lifestyle
594:
Given the mixed evidence regarding causes of postpartum blues, it is unclear whether prevention strategies would be effective in decreasing the risk of developing this condition. However, educating women during pregnancy about postpartum blues may help to prepare them for these symptoms that are
565:
There are no specific screening recommendations for postpartum blues. Nonetheless, a variety of professional organizations recommend routine screening for depression and/or assessment of emotional well-being during pregnancy and postpartum. Universal screening provides an opportunity to identify
649:
Postpartum blues is a very common condition, affecting around 50–80% of new mothers based on most sources. However, estimates of prevalence vary greatly in the literature, from 26 to 85%, depending on the criteria used. Precise rates are difficult to obtain given lack of standardized diagnostic
521:
Postpartum depression and postpartum blues may be indistinguishable when symptoms first begin. However, symptoms of postpartum blues are less severe, resolve on their own, and last fewer than two weeks. Mothers who experience severe postpartum blues appear to be at increased risk of developing
631:
If symptoms do not resolve within two weeks or if they interfere with functioning, individuals are encouraged to contact their healthcare provider. Early diagnosis and treatment of more severe postpartum psychiatric conditions, such as postpartum depression, postpartum anxiety, and postpartum
2056:
Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic is associated with an increased prevalence of PPDS, especially after long-term follow-up and among the group with a high possibility of depression. The negative influence from the pandemic, causing more PPDS was significant in studies from
353:
The causes of postpartum blues have not been clearly established. Most hypotheses regarding the etiology of postpartum blues and postpartum depression center on the intersection of the significant biological and psychosocial changes that occur with childbirth.
406:
Most risk factors studied have not clearly and consistently demonstrated an association with postpartum blues. These include sociodemographic factors, such as age and marital status, and obstetric factors, such as delivery complications or low birth weight.
506:
Although symptoms of postpartum blues present in a majority of mothers and the condition is self-limited, it is important to keep related psychiatric conditions in mind as they all have overlap in presentation and similar period of onset.
1616:
668:
Literature is lacking on whether new fathers also experience postpartum blues. However, given similar causes of postpartum blues and postpartum depression in women, it may be relevant to examine rates of postpartum depression in men.
514:
Symptoms of anxiety and irritability are often predominant in the presentation of postpartum blues. However, compared to postpartum anxiety, symptoms of postpartum blues are less severe, resolve on their own, and last fewer than two
607:
Postpartum blues is a self-limited condition. Signs and symptoms are expected to resolve within two weeks of onset without any treatment. Nevertheless, there are a number of recommendations to help relieve symptoms, including:
279:
Symptoms of postpartum blues can vary significantly from one individual to another, and from one pregnancy to the next. Many symptoms of postpartum blues overlap both with normal symptoms experienced by new parents and with
284:. Individuals with postpartum blues have symptoms that are milder and less disruptive to their daily functioning compared to those with postpartum depression. Symptoms of postpartum blues include, but are not limited to:
937:
2242:
585:(USPSTF): In 2016, the USPSTF recommended depression screening in the general adult population, including pregnant and postpartum women. Their recommendations did not include guidelines for frequency of screening.
1612:
1641:
1920:
Watanabe M, Wada K, Sakata Y, Aratake Y, Kato N, Ohta H, Tanaka K (September 2008). "Maternity blues as predictor of postpartum depression: a prospective cohort study among
Japanese women".
488:
498:(EPDS) and Beck Depression Index (BDI), as well as developing blues-specific scales. Examples of blues-specific scales include the Maternity Blues Questionnaire and the Stein Scale.
929:
446:
mood symptoms may be related to a woman's sensitivity, based on genetic predisposition and psychosocial stressors, to changes in hormones rather than absolute hormonal levels.
2237:
494:
Investigators have employed a variety of diagnostic tools in prospective and retrospective studies of postpartum blues, including repurposing screening tools, such as the
436:. Major hormonal changes in the early postpartum period may trigger mood symptoms similarly to how more minor hormonal shifts cause mood swings prior to menstrual periods.
566:
women with sub-clinical psychiatric conditions during this period and those at higher risk of developing more severe symptoms. Specific recommendations are listed below:
544:. Postpartum psychosis is a rare condition, affecting 1-2 per 1000 women. Postpartum psychosis is classified as a psychiatric emergency and requires hospital admission.
1005:
1899:
1037:
271:
and postpartum anxiety. It is unclear whether the condition can be prevented, however education and reassurance are important to help alleviate patient distress.
1537:
1189:
243:
1672:
487:
There are no standardized criteria for the diagnosis of postpartum blues. Unlike postpartum depression, postpartum blues is not a diagnosis included in the
2147:
Ramchandani P, Stein A, Evans J, O'Connor TG (2005). "Paternal depression in the postnatal period and child development: a prospective population study".
1745:
570:
2112:
Cameron EE, Sedov ID, Tomfohr-Madsen LM (December 2016). "Prevalence of paternal depression in pregnancy and the postpartum: An updated meta-analysis".
2016:"Study characteristical and regional influences on postpartum depression before vs. during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
335:
Postpartum blues may last a few days up to two weeks. If symptoms last more than two weeks, evaluation for postpartum depression is recommended by the
1637:
167:
905:
731:
2074:
Paulson JF, Bazemore SD (May 2010). "Prenatal and postpartum depression in fathers and its association with maternal depression: a meta-analysis".
1591:
579:(AAP): In 2017, the AAP recommended universal screening of mothers for postpartum depression at the 1-, 2-, 4-, and 6-month well child visits.
1061:
O'Hara MW, Schlechte JA, Lewis DA, Wright EJ (September 1991). "Prospective study of postpartum blues. Biologic and psychosocial factors".
582:
1310:
Redpath N, Rackers HS, Kimmel MC (March 2019). "The
Relationship Between Perinatal Mental Health and Stress: a Review of the Microbiome".
1562:
455:
819:
236:
1965:"Investigation of the effect of religious doctrines on religious knowledge and attitude and postpartum blues in primiparous women"
1263:"Changes in the maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis during the early puerperium may be related to the postpartum 'blues'"
650:
criteria, inconsistency of presentation to medical care, and methodological limitations of retrospective reporting of symptoms.
702:
970:
997:
411:
for developing postpartum blues, and postpartum blues confers a higher risk of developing subsequent postpartum depression.
1863:
549:
495:
229:
1864:"Maternity blues: a risk factor for anhedonia, anxiety, and depression components of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale"
162:
1029:
1529:
1181:
462:
958:
336:
197:
458:, tryptophan, prolactin, thyroid hormone, and others have been assessed over the years with inconclusive results.
1663:
192:
1737:
576:
454:
The association between postpartum blues and a variety of other biological factors, including cortisol and the
1665:
Bright
Futures: Guidelines for Health Supervision of Infants, Children, and Adolescents [pocket guide]
2192:"Incidence of maternal and paternal depression in primary care: a cohort study using a primary care database"
479:
some discussion in the literature of the possibility that postpartum blues may be an independent condition.
202:
897:
723:
17:
1402:
Kennerley H, Gath D (September 1989). "Maternity blues. I. Detection and measurement by questionnaire".
207:
1696:
Siu AL, Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Baumann LC, Davidson KW, Ebell M, et al. (January 2016).
1445:
Stein GS (1980). "The pattern of mental change and body weight change in the first post-partum week".
1583:
51:
1261:
O'Keane V, Lightman S, Patrick K, Marsh M, Papadopoulos AS, Pawlby S, et al. (November 2011).
1698:"Screening for Depression in Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement"
1483:
Henshaw C, Foreman D, Cox J (2004). "Postnatal blues: a risk factor for postnatal depression".
654:
symptoms due to cultural norms and expectations may be one explanation for this heterogeneity.
84:
1862:
Zanardo V, Volpe F, de Luca F, Giliberti L, Giustardi A, Parotto M, et al. (March 2019).
1558:
281:
268:
187:
177:
89:
1355:"Emerging literature in the Microbiota-Brain Axis and Perinatal Mood and Anxiety Disorders"
811:
596:
529:
212:
182:
157:
93:
8:
1074:
663:
217:
2172:
2042:
2015:
1991:
1964:
1945:
1891:
1795:
1770:
1508:
1427:
1379:
1354:
1335:
1292:
1243:
1124:
871:
846:
790:
439:
For additional information on the relationship between estrogen and mental health, see
63:
Tearfulness, mood swings, irritability, anxiety, fatigue, difficulty sleeping or eating
58:
2160:
440:
2213:
2164:
2129:
2091:
2047:
1996:
1937:
1883:
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1284:
1279:
1262:
1235:
1227:
1159:
1116:
1078:
976:
966:
876:
782:
528:
Although both conditions can cause periods of high and low moods, the mood swings in
391:
Societal or cultural pressure to "bounce back" quickly after pregnancy and childbirth
42:
2208:
2191:
2176:
1895:
1512:
1431:
1339:
1247:
1128:
794:
694:
2203:
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1986:
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1929:
1875:
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1492:
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1374:
1370:
1366:
1319:
1296:
1274:
1219:
1151:
1108:
1070:
866:
858:
774:
1879:
862:
363:
changes that may contribute to developing early postpartum mood symptoms include:
1786:
957:
1223:
778:
2032:
1099:
Henshaw C (August 2003). "Mood disturbance in the early puerperium: a review".
2125:
1933:
1496:
1323:
1112:
641:
elucidate the association between postpartum blues and postpartum depression.
2231:
1981:
1231:
980:
537:
2014:
Zhang X, Wang C, Zuo X, Aertgeerts B, Buntinx F, Li T, Vermandere M (2023).
1714:
1697:
632:
psychosis, are critical for improved outcomes in both the parent and child.
2217:
2168:
2133:
2095:
2051:
2000:
1941:
1887:
1848:
1839:
1822:
1804:
1771:"Concise review for physicians and other clinicians: postpartum depression"
1723:
1504:
1388:
1331:
1288:
1239:
1163:
1155:
1120:
880:
786:
433:
2087:
1466:
1423:
1415:
1082:
397:
Anger, loss, or guilt, especially for parents of premature or sick infants
1353:
Rackers HS, Thomas S, Williamson K, Posey R, Kimmel MC (September 2018).
2243:
Mental disorders associated with pregnancy, childbirth or the puerperium
327:
Symptoms appear within 4 weeks of delivery and can last for years. (49)
1671:(4th ed.). Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics.
627:
Reassurance that symptoms are very common and will resolve on their own
108:
47:
118:
1210:
Seyfried, L. S.; Marcus, S. M. (2003). "Postpartum mood disorders".
461:
Emerging research has suggested a potential association between the
1962:
851:
Best
Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
765:
Seyfried LS, Marcus SM (August 2003). "Postpartum mood disorders".
541:
429:
428:, mothers experience an abrupt decline of gonadal hormones, namely
425:
1963:
Akbarzadeh M, Mokhtaryan T, Amooee S, Moshfeghy Z, Zare N (2015).
963:
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5
2146:
1695:
847:"Perinatal mental illness: definition, description and aetiology"
1260:
1615:. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG).
1060:
624:
Avoiding alcohol and other drugs that may worsen mood symptoms
533:
1861:
1823:"Peripartum depression: Early recognition improves outcomes"
1352:
1004:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2018-04-09.
930:"Depression During & After Pregnancy: You Are Not Alone"
1738:"Mom's Mental Health Matters: Moms-to-be and Moms - NCMHEP"
2111:
816:
American
College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG)
318:
Negative mood symptoms interspersed with positive symptoms
2190:
Davé S, Petersen I, Sherr L, Nazareth I (November 2010).
2189:
1919:
2013:
2238:
Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium
1868:
The
Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
615:
Taking time to relax and do activities that you enjoy
489:
1309:
1142:
Miller LJ (February 2002). "Postpartum depression".
394:
Overwhelmed and questioning ability to care for baby
1922:
1485:
548:Additionally, a variety of medical co-morbidities
1969:Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research
1820:
1482:
370:Caring for a newborn that requires 24/7 attention
168:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder
16:"Baby blues" redirects here. For other uses, see
2229:
2196:Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
1036:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
844:
2073:
1661:
1209:
1034:The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
764:
583:United States Preventative Services Task Force
532:are significantly more severe and may include
300:Questioning one's ability to care for the baby
1401:
571:American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology
237:
419:
1662:Hagan JF, Shaw JS, Duncan PM, eds. (2017).
1821:Howard MM, Mehta ND, Powrie R (May 2017).
1561:. Postpartum Support International (PSI).
465:and perinatal mood and anxiety disorders.
244:
230:
2207:
2041:
2031:
1990:
1980:
1838:
1794:
1713:
1378:
1278:
870:
501:
1768:
550:can mimic or worsen psychiatric symptoms
1180:Health, MGH Center for Women's Mental.
1098:
618:Asking for help from family and friends
376:Lack of support from family and friends
2230:
2107:
2105:
2069:
2067:
2065:
1816:
1814:
1764:
1762:
1175:
1173:
1141:
1056:
1054:
357:
1524:
1522:
1478:
1476:
1444:
1094:
1092:
1024:
1022:
924:
922:
892:
890:
845:O'Hara MW, Wisner KL (January 2014).
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
589:
288:Tearfulness or crying "for no reason"
274:
1827:Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
1613:"Screening for Perinatal Depression"
1534:MGH Center for Women's Mental Health
1186:MGH Center for Women's Mental Health
1075:10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810330025004
992:
990:
840:
838:
836:
806:
804:
496:Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale
2102:
2062:
1811:
1759:
1203:
1170:
1051:
163:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
13:
1640:. American Academy of Pediatrics.
1530:"Postpartum Psychiatric Disorders"
1519:
1473:
1212:International Review of Psychiatry
1182:"Postpartum Psychiatric Disorders"
1179:
1135:
1089:
1019:
936:. American Academy of Pediatrics.
919:
887:
767:International Review of Psychiatry
745:
414:
14:
2254:
1584:"Postpartum Depression Screening"
1447:Journal of Psychosomatic Research
1404:The British Journal of Psychiatry
1101:Archives of Women's Mental Health
987:
833:
801:
621:Reaching out to other new parents
473:
382:Changes in home and work routines
1280:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02139.x
959:American Psychiatric Association
388:Unrealistic expectations of self
367:Fatigue after labor and delivery
337:American Psychiatric Association
198:Miscarriage and mental disorders
2209:10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.184
2183:
2140:
2007:
1956:
1913:
1902:from the original on 2023-01-15
1855:
1748:from the original on 2016-10-04
1730:
1689:
1678:from the original on 2022-05-09
1655:
1644:from the original on 2019-10-17
1630:
1619:from the original on 2018-12-03
1605:
1594:from the original on 2019-12-07
1576:
1565:from the original on 2015-04-06
1551:
1540:from the original on 2008-05-12
1438:
1395:
1346:
1303:
1254:
1192:from the original on 2008-05-12
1040:from the original on 2017-06-21
1008:from the original on 2019-11-15
940:from the original on 2009-12-31
908:from the original on 2017-02-19
822:from the original on 2014-07-14
734:from the original on 2017-02-19
705:from the original on 2016-07-27
677:= 0.308; 95% CI, 0.228–0.384).
644:
401:
193:Breastfeeding and mental health
71:Within a few days of childbirth
2114:Journal of Affective Disorders
1769:Bobo WV, Yawn BP (June 2014).
1371:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.05.020
1063:Archives of General Psychiatry
951:
716:
687:
577:American Academy of Pediatrics
379:Marital or relationship strain
1:
2161:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66778-5
1880:10.1080/14767058.2019.1593363
1267:Journal of Neuroendocrinology
1030:"Postpartum Depression Facts"
863:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.09.002
680:
555:
1787:10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.01.027
1459:10.1016/0022-3999(80)90038-0
898:"Baby blues after pregnancy"
724:"Baby blues after pregnancy"
635:
602:
560:
468:
203:Pregnancy options counseling
7:
1638:"Screening Recommendations"
1224:10.1080/0954026031000136857
779:10.1080/0954026031000136857
482:
441:Estrogen#Brain and behavior
330:
145:Pregnancy and mental health
37:Baby blues, maternity blues
10:
2259:
2033:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1102618
1312:Current Psychiatry Reports
661:
438:
208:Abortion and mental health
15:
2126:10.1016/j.jad.2016.07.044
1934:10.1080/01674820801990577
1497:10.1080/01674820400024414
1324:10.1007/s11920-019-0998-z
1113:10.1007/s00737-003-0004-x
961:DSM-5 Task Force (2013).
420:Estrogen and progesterone
348:
303:Difficulty making choices
127:
117:
107:
99:
83:
75:
67:
57:
52:obstetrics and gynecology
41:
33:
28:
1982:10.4103/1735-9066.164586
1588:MedlinePlus Medical Test
1359:Psychoneuroendocrinology
1002:Office on Women's Health
657:
449:
322:
315:Difficulty concentrating
1775:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
1715:10.1001/jama.2015.18392
998:"Postpartum depression"
812:"Postpartum Depression"
695:"Postpartum Depression"
113:No medication indicated
1840:10.3949/ccjm.84a.14060
1559:"Postpartum Psychosis"
1156:10.1001/jama.287.6.762
502:Differential diagnosis
424:After delivery of the
92:, postpartum anxiety,
85:Differential diagnosis
2088:10.1001/jama.2010.605
1416:10.1192/bjp.155.3.356
518:Postpartum depression
282:postpartum depression
269:postpartum depression
188:Gender disappointment
178:Postpartum depression
90:Postpartum depression
728:www.marchofdimes.org
612:Getting enough sleep
597:postpartum psychosis
530:postpartum psychosis
525:Postpartum psychosis
213:Infant mental health
183:Postpartum psychosis
158:Antenatal depression
94:postpartum psychosis
2020:Front Public Health
1107:(Suppl 2): S33-42.
934:HealthyChildren.org
664:Paternal depression
358:Psychosocial causes
312:Difficulty sleeping
218:Paternal depression
140:Articles related to
1742:www.nichd.nih.gov/
590:Primary prevention
511:Postpartum anxiety
275:Signs and symptoms
972:978-0-89042-559-6
373:Sleep deprivation
254:
253:
135:
134:
23:Medical condition
2250:
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2211:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2155:(9478): 2201–5.
2144:
2138:
2137:
2109:
2100:
2099:
2071:
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2059:
2045:
2035:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1994:
1984:
1960:
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1911:
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1908:
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720:
714:
713:
711:
710:
691:
385:Financial stress
306:Loss of appetite
259:, also known as
257:Postpartum blues
246:
239:
232:
173:Postpartum blues
137:
136:
29:Postpartum blues
26:
25:
2258:
2257:
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2249:
2248:
2247:
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2227:
2226:
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2202:(11): 1038–44.
2188:
2184:
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2141:
2110:
2103:
2072:
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2012:
2008:
1961:
1957:
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1767:
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1520:
1491:(3–4): 267–72.
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1453:(3–4): 165–71.
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1396:
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1308:
1304:
1273:(11): 1149–55.
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415:Pathophysiology
404:
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277:
265:maternity blues
250:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2256:
2246:
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2240:
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2182:
2139:
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2082:(19): 1961–9.
2061:
2006:
1955:
1912:
1874:(23): 3962–8.
1854:
1833:(5): 388–396.
1810:
1758:
1729:
1688:
1654:
1629:
1604:
1575:
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1394:
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1218:(3): 231–242.
1202:
1169:
1134:
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1050:
1018:
986:
971:
950:
918:
902:March of Dimes
886:
832:
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715:
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474:Classification
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463:gut microbiome
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1959:
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1931:
1928:(3): 206–12.
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1781:(6): 835–44.
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954:
939:
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839:
837:
821:
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788:
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773:(3): 231–42.
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733:
729:
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79:Up to 2 weeks
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32:
27:
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2152:
2148:
2142:
2117:
2113:
2079:
2075:
2055:
2023:
2019:
2009:
1975:(5): 570–6.
1972:
1968:
1958:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1904:. Retrieved
1871:
1867:
1857:
1830:
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1778:
1774:
1750:. Retrieved
1741:
1732:
1708:(4): 380–7.
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1701:
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1680:. Retrieved
1664:
1657:
1646:. Retrieved
1632:
1621:. Retrieved
1607:
1596:. Retrieved
1587:
1578:
1567:. Retrieved
1553:
1542:. Retrieved
1533:
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1194:. Retrieved
1185:
1150:(6): 762–5.
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727:
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698:
689:
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652:
648:
645:Epidemiology
639:
630:
606:
593:
564:
547:
505:
493:
486:
477:
460:
453:
444:
434:progesterone
423:
409:
405:
402:Risk factors
361:
352:
344:
341:
334:
326:
294:Irritability
278:
264:
260:
256:
255:
172:
123:Self-limited
2120:: 189–203.
2026:: 1102618.
857:(1): 3–12.
522:depression.
291:Mood swings
68:Usual onset
34:Other names
2232:Categories
1906:2020-09-03
1752:2020-10-29
1682:2019-10-17
1648:2019-10-17
1623:2019-10-17
1598:2020-10-29
1569:2020-10-29
1544:2019-10-16
1410:: 356–62.
1196:2019-10-16
1044:2019-10-17
1012:2019-10-17
944:2019-10-13
912:2019-10-01
826:2019-10-13
738:2020-10-29
709:2020-10-29
681:References
662:See also:
556:Prevention
261:baby blues
109:Medication
103:Supportive
48:Psychiatry
18:Baby Blues
1365:: 86–96.
1318:(3): 18.
1232:0954-0261
981:847226928
636:Prognosis
603:Treatment
561:Screening
552:.
542:delusions
491:.
469:Diagnosis
131:Up to 85%
128:Frequency
119:Prognosis
100:Treatment
43:Specialty
2218:20819960
2177:34516133
2169:15978928
2134:27475890
2096:20483973
2052:36875385
2001:26457094
1942:18608817
1900:Archived
1896:85514575
1888:30909766
1849:28530897
1805:24943697
1746:Archived
1724:26813211
1673:Archived
1642:Archived
1617:Archived
1592:Archived
1563:Archived
1538:Archived
1513:12141830
1505:15715025
1432:44208783
1389:29807325
1340:73461103
1332:30826885
1289:22004568
1248:25021211
1240:15276962
1190:Archived
1164:11851544
1129:11442944
1121:14615921
1038:Archived
1006:Archived
938:Archived
906:Archived
881:24140480
820:Archived
795:25021211
787:15276962
732:Archived
703:Archived
483:Criteria
456:HPA axis
430:estrogen
426:placenta
331:Duration
150:Overview
76:Duration
59:Symptoms
2043:9975262
1992:4598903
1950:8152986
1796:4113321
1467:7441584
1424:2611547
1380:6348074
1297:8199019
1083:1929770
872:7077785
309:Fatigue
297:Anxiety
2216:
2175:
2167:
2149:Lancet
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2050:
2040:
1999:
1989:
1948:
1940:
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540:, and
515:weeks.
349:Causes
2173:S2CID
2057:Asia.
1946:S2CID
1892:S2CID
1676:(PDF)
1669:(PDF)
1509:S2CID
1428:S2CID
1336:S2CID
1293:S2CID
1244:S2CID
1125:S2CID
791:S2CID
658:Males
534:mania
450:Other
323:Onset
2214:PMID
2165:PMID
2130:PMID
2092:PMID
2076:JAMA
2048:PMID
1997:PMID
1938:PMID
1884:PMID
1845:PMID
1801:PMID
1720:PMID
1702:JAMA
1501:PMID
1463:PMID
1420:PMID
1385:PMID
1328:PMID
1285:PMID
1236:PMID
1228:ISSN
1160:PMID
1144:JAMA
1117:PMID
1079:PMID
977:OCLC
967:ISBN
877:PMID
783:PMID
432:and
263:and
2204:doi
2200:164
2157:doi
2153:365
2122:doi
2118:206
2084:doi
2080:303
2038:PMC
2028:doi
1987:PMC
1977:doi
1930:doi
1876:doi
1835:doi
1791:PMC
1783:doi
1710:doi
1706:315
1493:doi
1455:doi
1412:doi
1408:155
1375:PMC
1367:doi
1320:doi
1275:doi
1220:doi
1152:doi
1148:287
1109:doi
1071:doi
867:PMC
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