322:(EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL are defined the same as in the United States. For people ages 15 and older, the AI is set at 3,500 mg/day. AIs for pregnancy is 3,500 mg/day, for lactation 4,000 mg/day. For children ages 1–14 years, the AIs increase with age from 800 to 2,700 mg/day. These AIs are lower than the U.S. RDAs. The EFSA reviewed the same safety question and decided that there was insufficient data to establish a UL for potassium.
20:
2969:
330:
For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For potassium labeling purposes, 100% of the Daily Value was 3500 mg, but as of May 2016, it has been revised to 4700 mg. A table of the old and new adult Daily
61:
balance. Potassium is necessary for the function of all living cells, and is thus present in all plant and animal tissues. It is found in especially high concentrations within plant cells, and in a mixed diet, it is most highly concentrated in fruits. The high concentration of potassium in plants,
66:), which in turn gave the element its modern name. The high concentration of potassium in plants means that heavy crop production rapidly depletes soils of potassium, and agricultural fertilizers consume 93% of the potassium chemical production of the modern world economy.
560:
Gastrointestinal symptoms are the most common side effects of potassium supplements, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea. Taking potassium with meals or taking a microencapsulated form of potassium may reduce gastrointestinal side effects.
1889:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (March 2019). Oria M, Harrison M, Stallings VA (eds.).
2305:
1888:
1380:
Dong YY, Pike AC, Mackenzie A, McClenaghan C, Aryal P, Dong L, Quigley A, Grieben M, Goubin S, Mukhopadhyay S, Ruda GF, Clausen MV, Cao L, Brennan PE, Burgess-Brown NA, Sansom MS, Tucker SJ, Carpenter EP (Mar 2015).
69:
The functions of potassium and sodium in living organisms are quite different. Animals, in particular, employ sodium and potassium differentially to generate electrical potentials in animal cells, especially in
571:. Symptoms of hyperkalemia may include tingling of the hands and feet, muscular weakness, and temporary paralysis. The most serious complication of hyperkalemia is the development of an abnormal heart rhythm (
315:
revised the
Adequate Intake for potassium to 2,600 mg/day for females 19 years of age and older who are not pregnant or lactating, and 3,400 mg/day for males 19 years of age and older.
2994:
2298:
578:
Although hyperkalemia is rare in healthy individuals, oral doses greater than 18 grams taken at one time in individuals not accustomed to high intakes can lead to hyperkalemia.
655:
Pohl, Hanna R.; Wheeler, John S.; Murray, H. Edward (2013). "Chapter 2. Sodium and
Potassium in Health and Disease". In Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel and Roland K. O. Sigel (ed.).
74:. Potassium depletion in animals, including humans, results in various neurological dysfunctions. Characteristic concentrations of potassium in model organisms are: 30–300mM in
2122:
567:
is the most serious adverse reaction to potassium. Hyperkalemia occurs when potassium builds up faster than the kidneys can remove it. It is most common in individuals with
1986:
2410:
1867:
312:
1960:
770:
3416:
587:
120:. A deficiency of potassium ions can impair a plant's ability to maintain these processes. Potassium also functions in other physiological processes such as
2281:
1863:
521:, or vomiting. Symptoms are related to alterations in membrane potential and cellular metabolism. Symptoms include muscle weakness and cramps, paralytic
2057:
1864:"Sodium and Potassium Dietary Reference Intake Values Updated in New Report; Introduces New Category for Sodium Based on Chronic Disease Risk Reduction"
2366:
548:
Adult women in the United States consume on average half the AI, for men two-thirds. For all adults, fewer than 5% exceed the AI. Similarly, in the
62:
associated with comparatively very low amounts of sodium there, historically resulted in potassium first being isolated from the ashes of plants (
2403:
3001:
2382:
2010:
1005:
Jiang Y, Lee A, Chen J, Cadene M, Chait BT, MacKinnon R (May 2002). "Crystal structure and mechanism of a calcium-gated potassium channel".
379:
Eating a variety of foods that contain potassium is the best way to get an adequate amount. Foods with high sources of potassium include
2396:
2329:
1954:"Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies"
216:—a "spike" of electrical discharge. The ability of cells to produce electrical discharge is critical for body functions such as
2114:
1786:
794:"A Hypothesis Relating Critical Potassium Concentrations for Growth to the Distribution and Functions of This Ion in the Plant Cell"
536:
In rare cases, habitual consumption of large amounts of black licorice has resulted in hypokalemia. Licorice contains a compound (
1977:
201:
1595:"Structural basis of inward rectification: cytoplasmic pore of the G protein-gated inward rectifier GIRK1 at 1.8 A resolution"
1913:
1804:
1761:
734:
714:
697:
Clausen, Michael Jakob
Voldsgaard; Poulsen, Hanne (2013). "Sodium/Potassium Homeostasis in the Cell". In Banci, Lucia (ed.).
672:
197:
2770:
2027:
2708:
193:
184:
are tetramers with several conserved secondary structural elements. A number of potassium channel structures have been
2156:"Effect of increased potassium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and disease: systematic review and meta-analyses"
1953:
1487:
Kuo A, Gulbis JM, Antcliff JF, Rahman T, Lowe ED, Zimmer J, Cuthbertson J, Ashcroft FM, Ezaki T, Doyle DA (Jun 2003).
762:
2004:"Federal Register May 27, 2016 Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels. FR page 33982"
525:, ECG abnormalities, intestinal paralysis, decreased reflex response and (in severe cases) respiratory paralysis,
351:(2040 mg), mixed with a half-cup (1.12 dL) water, taken two to four times a day, may be used on daily basis.
96:, and as such functions as a regulator of various processes including growth regulation. Plants require potassium
3192:
2278:
189:
3087:
319:
1699:
Mikko
Hellgren; Lars Sandberg; Olle Edholm (2006). "A comparison between two prokaryotic potassium channels (K
1440:"Domain reorientation and rotation of an intracellular assembly regulate conduction in Kir potassium channels"
3365:
2909:
2665:
87:
1546:"Crystal structures of the mammalian GIRK2 K+ channel and gating regulation by G proteins, PIP2, and sodium"
1329:
Miller AN, Long SB (January 2012). "Crystal structure of the human two-pore domain potassium channel K2P1".
846:
Santoss JS, Asmar-Rovira GA, Han GW, Liu W, Syeda R, Cherezov V, Baker KA, Stevens RC, Montal M (Dec 2012).
308:(ULs) for vitamins and minerals, but for potassium the evidence was insufficient, so no UL was established.
2987:
305:
229:
607: – Ionic solids whose dissociation in water frees up ions carrying the electrical current in solution
3411:
2601:
2563:
92:
The main role of potassium in plants is to provide the ionic environment for metabolic processes in the
3390:
2959:
2942:
2136:
3421:
3245:
2493:
954:
Jiang Y, Lee A, Chen J, et al. (May 2003). "X-ray structure of a voltage-dependent K+ channel".
24:
1849:
2643:
1897:
1644:"Crystal structure of the eukaryotic strong inward-rectifier K+ channel Kir2.2 at 3.1 A resolution"
848:"Crystal structure of a voltage-gateds K+ channel pore module in a closed state in lipid membranes"
233:
212:. The cell membrane potential created by potassium and sodium ions allows the cell to generate an
2348:
2093:
2638:
2506:
2471:
2003:
749:
741:
236:, including Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), or
3257:
2904:
2758:
2653:
2596:
2558:
509:
A severe shortage of potassium in body fluids may cause a potentially fatal condition known as
332:
181:
304:
mg for lactating females that are 19 years of age and older. As for safety, the NAM also sets
3197:
3072:
2698:
2675:
2660:
2591:
2205:"Potassium intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease a meta-analysis of prospective studies"
185:
1223:"Distinct gating mechanisms revealed by the structures of a multi-ligand gated K(+) channel"
3370:
3082:
3042:
3027:
2896:
2753:
2741:
2718:
2648:
2573:
1655:
1500:
1394:
1338:
1285:
1175:
1069:
1014:
963:
910:
616:
133:
1383:"K2P channel gating mechanisms revealed by structures of TREK-2 and a complex with Prozac"
8:
3240:
3207:
3167:
3067:
2734:
2729:
2626:
2466:
1274:"Crystal structure of the human K2P TRAAK, a lipid- and mechano-sensitive K+ ion channel"
1115:"Structure of the gating ring from the human large-conductance Ca(2+)-gated K(+) channel"
628:
501:
Diets low in potassium increase risk of hypertension, stroke and cardiovascular disease.
344:
1737:
1659:
1504:
1398:
1342:
1289:
1179:
1073:
1018:
967:
914:
625: – Electric potential difference between interior and exterior of a biological cell
3431:
3426:
3375:
3334:
3159:
3037:
2530:
2451:
2180:
2155:
1927:
1837:
1818:
1676:
1643:
1624:
1570:
1545:
1526:
1469:
1415:
1382:
1362:
1306:
1273:
1249:
1222:
1198:
1164:"Functional and structural analysis of the human SLO3 pH- and voltage-gated K+ channel"
1163:
1139:
1114:
1090:
1057:
1038:
987:
936:
874:
847:
815:
810:
793:
622:
598:
368:
169:
165:
1611:
1594:
763:"Cell Biology by the Numbers: What are the concentrations of different ions in cells?"
3344:
3314:
3282:
3277:
3262:
3235:
3182:
3172:
3077:
3057:
3052:
3022:
2836:
2815:
2483:
2478:
2371:
2323:
2261:
2226:
2185:
1931:
1919:
1909:
1822:
1810:
1800:
1767:
1757:
1720:
1681:
1616:
1575:
1518:
1461:
1420:
1366:
1354:
1311:
1254:
1203:
1144:
1095:
1042:
1030:
979:
928:
879:
745:
737:
730:
720:
710:
678:
668:
634:
610:
348:
217:
125:
101:
28:
2388:
1628:
1473:
3309:
3267:
2926:
2583:
2253:
2216:
2175:
2167:
2035:
1901:
1792:
1747:
1712:
1671:
1663:
1606:
1565:
1557:
1530:
1508:
1451:
1410:
1402:
1346:
1301:
1293:
1244:
1234:
1193:
1183:
1134:
1126:
1085:
1077:
1022:
991:
971:
940:
918:
869:
859:
805:
702:
660:
592:
572:
530:
364:
213:
2780:
3380:
3272:
3212:
3177:
3062:
3047:
2973:
2919:
2914:
2285:
2257:
1058:"Structure of the human BK channel Ca2+-activation apparatus at 3.0 A resolution"
237:
173:
113:
2785:
1891:
706:
664:
371:) containing more than 99 mg (about 1.3 mEq) to be labeled with a warning.
3324:
3319:
3304:
3292:
2827:
2683:
2456:
2446:
2221:
2204:
1561:
1456:
1439:
549:
243:
For both males and females under 9 years of age, the AIs for potassium are: 400
161:
153:
121:
71:
50:
2058:"Potassium Supplement (Oral Route, Parenteral Route) Proper Use - Mayo Clinic"
1716:
1438:
Clarke OB, Caputo AT, Hill AP, Vandenberg JI, Smith BJ, Gulbis JM (Jun 2010).
296:
mg for pregnant females that are 19 years of age and older; furthermore, 2,500
3405:
3385:
3349:
3339:
3297:
3287:
2870:
2849:
2763:
2688:
2621:
2377:
899:"Crystal structure of a mammalian voltage-dependent Shaker family K+ channel"
568:
177:
54:
43:
3329:
2154:
Aburto NJ, Hanson S, Gutierrez H, Hooper L, Elliott P, Cappuccio FP (2013).
1785:
Stallings, Virginia A; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (March 5, 2019).
1667:
1513:
1488:
1406:
1350:
1297:
1188:
1081:
923:
898:
864:
518:
3202:
2875:
2844:
2747:
2436:
2265:
2230:
2189:
1923:
1814:
1771:
1739:
1724:
1685:
1620:
1579:
1522:
1489:"Crysstal structure of the potassium channel KirBac1.1 in the closed state"
1465:
1424:
1358:
1315:
1258:
1207:
1148:
1099:
1034:
983:
932:
883:
724:
682:
564:
537:
467:
384:
78:, 300mM in budding yeast, 100mM in mammalian cell and 4mM in blood plasma.
1221:
Kong C, Zeng W, Ye S, Chen L, Sauer DB, Lam Y, Derebe MG, Jiang Y (2012).
160:(Na) is the major cation outside animal cells. The difference between the
3250:
3187:
2693:
2633:
2568:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2428:
2075:
604:
510:
240:(AIs) for when there is not sufficient information to set EARs and RDAs.
109:
58:
1239:
1130:
975:
19:
3138:
2613:
2553:
2540:
2461:
2420:
2028:"Daily Value Reference of the Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD)"
819:
701:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 12. Springer. pp. 41–67.
659:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 13. Springer. pp. 29–47.
205:
2979:
2171:
1698:
277:
For females 9 years of age and older, the AIs for potassium are: 2,300
2775:
2703:
2501:
526:
416:
380:
209:
39:
2385:- the Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine.
1026:
288:
For pregnant and lactating females, the AIs for potassium are: 2,600
262:
For males 9 years of age and older, the AIs for potassium are: 2,500
3222:
3130:
3114:
2865:
2797:
2548:
1905:
1796:
1752:
514:
2202:
1742:. In Stallings, Virginia A; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria (eds.).
300:
mg of potassium for 14 to 18-year-old lactating females, and 2,800
3230:
2805:
1738:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (2019).
1703:
Bac1.1 and KcsA) in a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study".
1056:
Yuan P, Leonetti MD, Pico AR, Hsiung Y, MacKinnon R (July 2010).
513:. Hypokalemia typically results from loss of potassium through
404:
400:
396:
392:
137:
129:
117:
93:
2372:
Oregon State
University – Micronutrient Information Center
1788:
Dietary
Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium – Publication
435:
dried fruit (apricots, peaches, prunes, raisins; figs and dates)
285:
mg of potassium for females that are 19 years of age and older.
3146:
3122:
3106:
3097:
2810:
408:
388:
157:
149:
63:
657:
Interrelations between
Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases
522:
412:
292:
mg of potassium for 14 to 18-year-old pregnant females, 2,900
172:. The balance between potassium and sodium is maintained by
136:, and maintenance of cation:anion balance in the cytosol and
105:
1791:. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine.
1379:
2153:
1161:
1437:
1271:
2109:
2107:
1868:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
845:
360:
313:
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
97:
46:
2244:
Mumoli N, Cei M (2008). "Licorice-induced hypokalemia".
2115:"Top 10 Foods Highest in Potassium + One Page Printable"
1979:
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals
1486:
1162:
Leonetti MD, Yuan P, Hsiung Y, Mackinnon R (Nov 2012).
281:
mg of potassium for 9 to 18-year-old females, and 2,600
255:
mg of potassium for 1 to 3-year-old children, and 2,300
2203:
D'Elia L, Barba G, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P (2011).
2104:
1641:
1272:
Brohawn SG, del Mármol J, MacKinnon R (January 2012).
1055:
270:
mg of potassium for 14 to 18-year-old males, and 3,400
168:
between the inside and outside of cells, known as the
2957:
2418:
1784:
896:
2367:
Brooks/Cole publishers – Sodium Potassium pump
429:
dark leafy greens (spinach, Swiss chard, and others)
251:
mg of potassium for 7 to 12-month-old infants, 2,000
1740:"Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy"
496:
359:Because of the risk of small-bowel lesions, the US
232:(NAM), on behalf of both the U.S. and Canada, sets
132:, phloem solute transport of photoassimilates into
1893:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
1744:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
1642:Tao X, Avalos JL, Chen J, MacKinnon R (Dec 2009).
1004:
164:of these charged particles causes a difference in
897:Long SB, Campbell EB, Mackinnon R (August 2005).
654:
595: – Neuron communication by electric impulses
540:) that increases urinary excretion of potassium.
274:mg for males that are 19 years of age and older.
266:mg of potassium for 9 to 13-year-old males, 3,000
247:mg of potassium for 0 to 6-month-old infants, 860
3403:
2334:Energy and Nutrient Intake in the European Union
1746:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
1592:
1543:
552:, insufficient potassium intake is widespread.
1220:
791:
696:
259:mg of potassium for 4 to 8-year-old children.
53:, while having a major role in maintenance of
3417:Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements
2995:
2404:
1112:
588:Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements
1692:
953:
555:
457:Foods containing the highest concentration:
2094:"Office of Dietary Supplements - Potassium"
2076:"NCATS Inxight Drugs — POTASSIUM GLUCONATE"
3002:
2988:
2411:
2397:
2349:"Potassium Health Professional Fact Sheet"
1328:
223:
220:, muscle contraction, and heart function.
2243:
2220:
2179:
1751:
1675:
1610:
1569:
1512:
1455:
1414:
1305:
1248:
1238:
1197:
1187:
1138:
1113:Wu Y, Yang Y, Ye S, Jiang Y (July 2010).
1089:
922:
873:
863:
809:
450:nuts (pistachios, almonds, walnuts, etc.)
2279:What We Eat In America, NHANES 2013-2014
2032:Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD)
1985:, European Food Safety Authority, 2006,
419:, legumes, and meats contain potassium.
18:
3009:
792:Leigh, R. A.; Wyn Jones, R. G. (1984).
760:
112:to make surrounding guard cells either
3404:
2328:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1996:
543:
143:
2983:
2392:
619: – Use of Magnesium by organisms
575:), which can lead to cardiac arrest.
422:Common foods very high in potassium:
81:
2016:from the original on August 8, 2016.
1544:Whorton MR, MacKinnon R (Sep 2011).
631: – Use of Selenium by organisms
343:20 mEq (781 mg) potassium from
3100: (Core six elements)
2709:Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB
1593:Nishida M, MacKinnon R (Dec 2002).
601: – Use of calcium by organisms
104:and for the opening and closing of
13:
2341:
811:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1984.tb04103.x
773:from the original on 20 April 2017
637: – Use of sodium by organisms
613: – Use of Iodine by organisms
453:seeds (squash, pumpkin, sunflower)
14:
3443:
2360:
2353:NIH Office of Dietary Supplements
826:
27:a critical enzyme for regulating
2967:
2125:from the original on 2014-09-11.
1966:from the original on 2017-08-28.
834:Introduction to Plant Physiology
832:Hopkins, W.G. and Huner, N.P.A.
497:High blood pressure/Hypertension
2311:from the original on 2011-07-13
2291:
2272:
2237:
2196:
2147:
2129:
2086:
2068:
2050:
2020:
1992:from the original on 2016-03-16
1970:
1946:
1882:
1856:
1778:
1731:
1635:
1586:
1537:
1480:
1431:
1373:
1322:
1265:
1214:
1155:
1106:
1049:
374:
3088:Biological aspects of fluorine
998:
947:
890:
839:
785:
754:
689:
648:
504:
426:beans (white beans and others)
338:
320:European Food Safety Authority
1:
3366:Composition of the human body
2666:Comprehensive metabolic panel
1612:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)01227-8
641:
491:
354:
306:tolerable upper intake levels
88:Potassium deficiency (plants)
16:Use of Potassium by organisms
2383:Potassium: analyte monograph
2258:10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.11.190
230:National Academy of Medicine
7:
3376:Mineral (Essential element)
2602:Thyroid-stimulating hormone
2564:Total iron-binding capacity
707:10.1007/978-94-007-5561-1_3
665:10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_2
581:
325:
152:(K, a positive ion) inside
10:
3448:
3391:Uranium in the environment
2943:Elevated alpha-fetoprotein
2222:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.070
1562:10.1016/j.cell.2011.07.046
1457:10.1016/j.cell.2010.05.003
85:
3358:
3246:Acute beryllium poisoning
3221:
3158:
3096:
3015:
2935:
2895:
2888:
2858:
2835:
2826:
2796:
2717:
2674:
2612:
2582:
2539:
2492:
2427:
1934:. Bookshelf ID: NBK538102
1717:10.1016/j.bpc.2005.10.002
761:Milo, Ron; Philips, Rob.
556:Side effects and toxicity
234:Dietary Reference Intakes
1898:National Academies Press
1168:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
699:Metallomics and the Cell
363:requires some potassium
108:, which is regulated by
2472:BUN-to-creatinine ratio
1668:10.1126/science.1180310
1514:10.1126/science.1085028
1407:10.1126/science.1261512
1351:10.1126/science.1213274
1298:10.1126/science.1213808
1189:10.1073/pnas.1215078109
1082:10.1126/science.1190414
924:10.1126/science.1116269
865:10.1074/jbc.M112.415091
224:Dietary recommendations
148:Potassium is the major
3258:Chlorine gas poisoning
2905:Elevated transaminases
2597:Thyroid function tests
2559:Transferrin saturation
2419:Clinical biochemistry
411:, although many other
333:Reference Daily Intake
331:Values is provided at
182:potassium ion channels
36:
3231:Argyria (Silver)
3073:Molybdenum in biology
2699:Lactate dehydrogenase
2661:Basic metabolic panel
2592:ACTH stimulation test
128:, activation of some
25:Sodium–potassium pump
22:
3371:Lithium (medication)
3083:Arsenic biochemistry
3043:Manganese in biology
3033:Potassium in biology
3028:Magnesium in biology
2719:Liver function tests
2574:Transferrin receptor
2209:J. Am. Coll. Cardiol
617:Magnesium in biology
487:dry roasted soybeans
3241:Beryllium poisoning
3068:Selenium in biology
3010:Elements in biology
2735:Serum total protein
2730:Human serum albumin
1660:2009Sci...326.1668T
1505:2003Sci...300.1922K
1399:2015Sci...347.1256D
1343:2012Sci...335..432M
1290:2012Sci...335..436B
1240:10.7554/eLife.00184
1180:2012PNAS..10919274L
1131:10.1038/nature09252
1074:2010Sci...329..182Y
1019:2002Natur.417..515J
976:10.1038/nature01580
968:2003Natur.423...33J
915:2005Sci...309..897L
767:book.bionumbers.org
629:Selenium in biology
544:Insufficient intake
347:(4680 mg), or
345:potassium gluconate
202:inwardly rectifying
144:Function in animals
3412:Biological systems
3335:Thallium poisoning
3038:Calcium in biology
2507:Arterial blood gas
2284:2017-02-24 at the
2137:"FoodData Central"
2062:www.mayoclinic.org
623:Membrane potential
599:Calcium in biology
464:sun dried tomatoes
369:potassium chloride
170:membrane potential
166:electric potential
82:Function in plants
37:
3399:
3398:
3345:Toxic heavy metal
3330:Selenium toxicity
3315:Mercury poisoning
3283:Fluoride toxicity
3278:Cadmium poisoning
3263:Chromium toxicity
3236:Arsenic poisoning
3078:Iodine in biology
3058:Copper in biology
3053:Cobalt in biology
3023:Sodium in biology
2955:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2884:
2883:
2837:Blood sugar level
2816:Pancreatic lipase
2654:Total cholesterol
2484:Serum osmolal gap
2479:Plasma osmolality
2172:10.1136/bmj.f1378
1915:978-0-309-48834-1
1866:(Press release).
1806:978-0-309-48834-1
1763:978-0-309-48834-1
1654:(5960): 1668–74.
1284:(6067): 4s36–41.
909:(5736): 897–903.
735:978-94-007-5561-1
716:978-94-007-5560-4
674:978-94-007-7499-5
635:Sodium in biology
611:Iodine in biology
349:potassium citrate
218:neurotransmission
126:protein synthesis
102:protein synthesis
49:for all types of
3439:
3422:Dietary minerals
3310:Lithium toxicity
3268:Cobalt poisoning
3004:
2997:
2990:
2981:
2980:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2963:
2927:Hyperproteinemia
2893:
2892:
2833:
2832:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2390:
2389:
2378:Lab Tests Online
2356:
2335:
2333:
2327:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2310:
2303:
2295:
2289:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2224:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2183:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2141:fdc.nal.usda.gov
2133:
2127:
2126:
2111:
2102:
2101:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2034:. Archived from
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2008:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1984:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1755:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1679:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1614:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1516:
1499:(5627): 1922–6.
1484:
1478:
1477:
1459:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1418:
1393:(6227): 1256–9.
1377:
1371:
1370:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1309:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1252:
1242:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1201:
1191:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1142:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1093:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1013:(6888): 515–22.
1002:
996:
995:
951:
945:
944:
926:
894:
888:
887:
877:
867:
858:(51): 43063–70.
843:
837:
830:
824:
823:
813:
789:
783:
782:
780:
778:
758:
752:
729:electronic-book
728:
693:
687:
686:
652:
593:Action potential
303:
299:
295:
291:
284:
280:
273:
269:
265:
258:
254:
250:
246:
238:Adequate Intakes
214:action potential
174:ion transporters
3447:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3381:Oxygen toxicity
3354:
3273:Copper toxicity
3217:
3154:
3092:
3063:Zinc in biology
3048:Iron in biology
3011:
3008:
2978:
2968:
2966:
2958:
2956:
2947:
2931:
2920:Hypoalbuminemia
2915:Hypoproteinemia
2880:
2854:
2828:Small molecules
2822:
2792:
2713:
2670:
2608:
2578:
2535:
2525:
2488:
2423:
2417:
2363:
2355:. 3 April 2020.
2347:
2344:
2342:Further reading
2339:
2338:
2321:
2320:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2299:"Archived copy"
2297:
2296:
2292:
2286:Wayback Machine
2277:
2273:
2246:Int. J. Cardiol
2242:
2238:
2201:
2197:
2152:
2148:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2113:
2112:
2105:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2039:
2038:on 7 April 2020
2026:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1916:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1845:
1844:
1835:
1834:
1827:
1825:
1807:
1783:
1779:
1764:
1736:
1732:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1640:
1636:
1591:
1587:
1542:
1538:
1485:
1481:
1436:
1432:
1378:
1374:
1337:(6067): 432–6.
1327:
1323:
1270:
1266:
1219:
1215:
1174:(47): 19274–9.
1160:
1156:
1125:(7304): 393–7.
1111:
1107:
1068:(5988): 182–6.
1054:
1050:
1027:10.1038/417515a
1003:
999:
962:(6935): 33–41.
952:
948:
895:
891:
844:
840:
831:
827:
798:New Phytologist
790:
786:
776:
774:
759:
755:
717:
694:
690:
675:
653:
649:
644:
584:
558:
546:
507:
499:
494:
377:
357:
341:
328:
301:
297:
293:
289:
282:
278:
271:
267:
263:
256:
252:
248:
244:
226:
204:channels, from
146:
90:
84:
35:levels in cells
17:
12:
11:
5:
3445:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3325:Nickel allergy
3322:
3320:Metal toxicity
3317:
3312:
3307:
3305:Lead poisoning
3302:
3301:
3300:
3293:Iron poisoning
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3238:
3233:
3227:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3144:
3136:
3128:
3120:
3112:
3103:
3101:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2984:
2977:
2976:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2841:
2839:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2773:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2723:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2684:Cardiac marker
2680:
2678:
2676:Cardiovascular
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2627:Hemoglobin A1c
2618:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2594:
2588:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2457:Renal function
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2416:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2369:
2362:
2361:External links
2359:
2358:
2357:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2290:
2271:
2236:
2215:(10): 1210–9.
2195:
2146:
2128:
2103:
2098:ods.od.nih.gov
2085:
2080:drugs.ncats.io
2067:
2049:
2019:
1995:
1969:
1945:
1914:
1906:10.17226/25353
1881:
1870:. 5 March 2019
1855:
1846:|website=
1805:
1797:10.17226/25353
1777:
1762:
1753:10.17226/25353
1730:
1700:
1691:
1634:
1585:
1556:(1): 199–208.
1536:
1479:
1450:(6): 1018–29.
1430:
1372:
1321:
1264:
1213:
1154:
1105:
1048:
997:
946:
889:
838:
825:
784:
753:
715:
688:
673:
646:
645:
643:
640:
639:
638:
632:
626:
620:
614:
608:
602:
596:
590:
583:
580:
557:
554:
550:European Union
545:
542:
506:
503:
498:
495:
493:
490:
489:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
465:
462:
455:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
376:
373:
356:
353:
340:
337:
327:
324:
225:
222:
162:concentrations
145:
142:
122:photosynthesis
83:
80:
72:nervous tissue
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3444:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3386:Soil salinity
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3350:Zinc toxicity
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3340:Tin poisoning
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3298:Iron overload
3296:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3288:Halotolerance
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3005:
3000:
2998:
2993:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2975:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2871:Hyperuricemia
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2850:Hyperglycemia
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2764:AST/ALT ratio
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2748:transaminases
2745:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2689:Troponin test
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2649:Triglycerides
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2622:Blood glucose
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2414:
2409:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:Potassium at
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2331:
2325:
2307:
2300:
2294:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2012:
2005:
1999:
1988:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1962:
1955:
1949:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1885:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1851:
1839:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1705:Biophys. Chem
1695:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1605:(7): 957–65.
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
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569:renal failure
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3160:Deficiencies
3147:
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3123:
3115:
3107:
3032:
2910:Elevated ALP
2876:Hypouricemia
2845:Hypoglycemia
2781:Unconjugated
2746:
2441:
2429:Electrolytes
2352:
2313:. Retrieved
2293:
2274:
2252:(3): e42–4.
2249:
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2040:. Retrieved
2036:the original
2031:
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1936:. Retrieved
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650:
577:
565:Hyperkalemia
563:
559:
547:
538:Glycyrrhizin
535:
508:
500:
468:cocoa solids
456:
421:
385:orange juice
378:
375:Food sources
358:
342:
329:
317:
310:
287:
276:
261:
242:
227:
194:ligand gated
154:animal cells
147:
110:proton pumps
91:
75:
68:
42:is the main
38:
32:
3251:Berylliosis
2859:Nitrogenous
2694:CPK-MB test
2634:Lipid panel
2569:Transferrin
2517:Bicarbonate
2512:Base excess
2421:blood tests
1938:13 November
852:J Biol Chem
836:4th edition
804:(1): 1–13.
744:electronic-
605:Electrolyte
511:hypokalemia
505:Hypokalemia
472:whey powder
461:dried herbs
339:Supplements
206:prokaryotes
198:tandem-pore
59:electrolyte
3406:Categories
3198:Molybdenum
2786:Conjugated
2614:Metabolism
2554:Serum iron
2541:Iron tests
2462:Creatinine
2315:2007-01-30
2119:myfooddata
1874:29 January
1711:(1): 1–9.
1233:: e00184.
642:References
573:arrhythmia
531:arrhythmia
492:Deficiency
417:vegetables
210:eukaryotes
188:including
86:See also:
3432:Potassium
3427:Nutrition
3193:Manganese
3188:Potassium
3142:hosphorus
2776:Bilirubin
2726:Proteins
2704:Myoglobin
2502:Anion gap
2494:Acid-base
2442:Potassium
2166:: f1378.
1932:104464967
1848:ignored (
1838:cite book
1823:104464967
1367:206537279
1043:205029269
750:1868-0402
742:1559-0836
527:alkalosis
481:rice bran
381:kiwifruit
228:The U.S.
40:Potassium
33:Potassium
3223:Toxicity
3208:Selenium
3168:Chromium
3016:Elements
2974:Medicine
2889:Proteins
2866:Azotemia
2798:Pancreas
2584:Hormones
2549:Ferritin
2447:Chloride
2324:cite web
2306:Archived
2282:Archived
2266:17320224
2231:21371638
2190:23558164
2123:Archived
2011:Archived
1987:archived
1961:Archived
1959:. 2017.
1924:30844154
1815:30844154
1772:30844154
1725:16253415
1686:20019282
1629:15788511
1621:12507423
1580:21962516
1523:12738871
1474:14484301
1466:20564790
1425:25766236
1359:22282804
1316:22282805
1259:23240087
1208:23129643
1149:20574420
1100:20508092
1035:12037559
984:12721618
933:16002581
884:23095758
777:23 March
771:Archived
725:23595670
683:24470088
582:See also
519:diuresis
515:diarrhea
484:molasses
432:potatoes
405:parsnips
401:apricots
397:avocados
389:potatoes
355:Labeling
326:Labeling
156:, while
100:(K) for
3359:Related
3134:itrogen
3118:ydrogen
2806:Amylase
2531:Lactate
2526:content
2452:Calcium
2181:4816263
1828:May 13,
1677:2819303
1656:Bibcode
1648:Science
1571:3243363
1531:2703162
1501:Bibcode
1493:Science
1416:6034649
1395:Bibcode
1387:Science
1339:Bibcode
1331:Science
1307:3329120
1286:Bibcode
1278:Science
1250:3510474
1199:3511096
1176:Bibcode
1140:2910425
1091:3022345
1070:Bibcode
1062:Science
1015:Bibcode
992:4347957
964:Bibcode
941:6072007
911:Bibcode
903:Science
875:3522301
820:2434189
475:paprika
447:avocado
409:turnips
393:coconut
176:in the
138:vacuole
130:enzymes
118:flaccid
106:stomata
94:cytosol
76:E. coli
3203:Sodium
3183:Iodine
3173:Copper
3098:CHONPS
2960:Portal
2811:Lipase
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186:solved
180:. All
158:sodium
150:cation
114:turgid
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29:Sodium
3150:ulfur
3126:xygen
3110:arbon
2936:Other
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2302:(PDF)
2014:(PDF)
2007:(PDF)
1990:(PDF)
1983:(PDF)
1964:(PDF)
1957:(PDF)
1928:S2CID
1819:S2CID
1625:S2CID
1527:S2CID
1470:S2CID
1363:S2CID
1227:eLife
1039:S2CID
988:S2CID
937:S2CID
816:JSTOR
523:ileus
365:salts
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3213:Zinc
3178:Iron
2467:Urea
2330:link
2262:PMID
2227:PMID
2186:PMID
2044:2020
1940:2022
1920:PMID
1910:ISBN
1876:2022
1850:help
1830:2019
1811:PMID
1801:ISBN
1768:PMID
1758:ISBN
1721:PMID
1682:PMID
1617:PMID
1599:Cell
1576:PMID
1550:Cell
1519:PMID
1462:PMID
1444:Cell
1421:PMID
1355:PMID
1312:PMID
1255:PMID
1204:PMID
1145:PMID
1096:PMID
1031:PMID
980:PMID
929:PMID
880:PMID
779:2017
746:ISSN
738:ISSN
731:ISBN
721:PMID
711:ISBN
679:PMID
669:ISBN
529:and
407:and
318:The
208:and
98:ions
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2897:LFT
2771:GGT
2759:AST
2754:ALT
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