20:
468:
is mainly controlled by the local availability of suitable deposits and the competition with the accessible industrial by-product supplementary cementitious materials. In part due to the exhaustion of the latter sources and the extensive reserves of pozzolana available, partly because of the proven
180:. Note the difference with the term pozzolan, which exerts no bearing on the specific origin of the material, as opposed to pozzolana, which can only be used for pozzolans of volcanic origin, primarily composed of
196:
were used in the
Eastern Mediterranean since 500–400 BC. Although pioneered by the ancient Greeks, it was the Romans who eventually fully developed the potential of lime-pozzolan pastes as binder phase in
217:
was built of pozzolana-lime concrete that was poured under water, apparently using a long tube to carefully lay it up without allowing sea water to mix with it. The three
444:
are often present in minor quantities as alteration products of the volcanic glass. While zeolitisation or formation of opal CT is in general beneficial for the
249:, or highly reactive, nature of these ashes and pumices limits their occurrence largely to recently active volcanic areas. Most of the traditionally used natural
464:
they are characterized by larger ranges in composition and a larger variability in physical properties. The application of pozzolana in
708:
Damtoft, J.S.; Lukasik J.; Herfort D.; Sorrentino D.; Gartner E.M. (2008). "Sustainable development and climate change initiatives".
759:
Snellings R., Mertens G., Elsen J. (2012) Supplementary cementitious materials. Reviews in
Mineralogy and Geochemistry 74:211–278.
205:
speaks of four types of pozzolana: black, white, grey, and red, all of which can be found in the volcanic areas of Italy, such as
221:
are still visible today, with the underwater portions in generally excellent condition even after more than 2100 years.
469:
technical advantages of an intelligent use of pozzolana, their use is expected to be strongly expanded in the future.
91:
460:
in countries such as Italy, Germany, Kenya, Uganda,Turkey, China and Greece. Compared to industrial by-product
694:
562:
276:
being the major chemical component, most unaltered pumices and ashes fall in the intermediate (52–66 wt% SiO
324:
types. CaO and alkali contents are usually modest but can vary substantially from pozzolana to pozzolana.
648:
Mortureux, B.; Hornain H.; Gautier E.; Regourd M. "Comparison of the reactivity of different pozzolans".
629:
Ludwig, U.; Schwiete H.E. (1963). "Lime combination and new formations in the trass-lime reactions".
448:, clay formation has adverse effects on the performance of lime-pozzolan blends or blended cements.
541:
321:
141:
552:
364:
772:
8:
588:
478:
445:
368:
360:
230:
137:
19:
782:
680:
527:
504:
503:. At the basis of the pozzolanic reaction stands a simple acid-base reaction between
484:
456:
Pozzolana is abundant in certain locations and is extensively used as an addition to
386:
347:
typically present in quantities over 50 wt%. Pozzolana containing significantly less
246:
148:
properties. The designation pozzolana is derived from one of the primary deposits of
133:
721:
667:
Mehta, P.K (1981). "Studies on blended
Portland cements containing Santorin earth".
268:
The chemical composition of pozzolana is variable and reflects the regional type of
717:
676:
332:
297:
108:
41:
777:
578:
488:
465:
457:
129:
604:
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382:
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117:
24:
766:
441:
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533:
512:
500:
238:
169:
153:
149:
367:, also defects and the degree of strain in the glass appear to affect the
609:
508:
376:
372:
214:
707:
650:
Proceedings of the 7th
International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement
164:. The modern definition of pozzolana encompasses any volcanic material (
573:
421:
390:
336:
363:. Apart from the glass content and its morphology associated with the
425:
320:
and MgO are present in minor proportions only, as is typical or more
269:
258:
202:
193:
733:
Cook D.J. (1986) Natural pozzolanas. In: Swamy R.N., Editor (1986)
647:
583:
557:
492:
461:
429:
414:
413:
is usually present in minor quantities in acidic pozzolanas, while
394:
379:
301:
254:
250:
177:
161:
568:
433:
418:
402:
328:
594:
547:
410:
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234:
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125:
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and calcium aluminate hydrate compounds are formed possessing
340:
262:
157:
77:
751:
437:
285:
218:
83:
68:
284:) composition range for glassy rock types outlined by the
50:
209:. Typically it was very thoroughly mixed two-to-one with
312:
is present in substantial amounts in most pozzolanas, Fe
756:
diagrams, and photographs. Height of Port city: 100 BC.
740:
McCann A.M. (1994) "The Roman Port of Cosa" (273 BC),
744:, pp. 92–99, by Anna Marguerite McCann. Covers,
92:
80:
62:
56:
44:
74:
53:
47:
628:
71:
428:or rock fragments incorporated during the violent
136:in the presence of water at room temperature (cf.
253:belong to this group, i.e., volcanic pumice from
16:Natural siliceous or siliceous-aluminous material
764:
201:used for buildings and underwater construction.
371:. Typical associated minerals present as large
432:and depositional events are also encountered.
224:
339:and the chemical composition of the parent
495:. It is the main reaction involved in the
746:hydraulic concrete, of "Pozzolana mortar"
424:are often found in more basic materials.
335:is mainly determined by the presence of
18:
737:, Surrey University Press, p. 200.
524:Ancient Roman use as underwater cement
765:
472:
405:is present in the K-rich, silica-poor
389:in which alkalis predominate over Ca,
666:
213:just prior to mixing with water. The
107:
742:Scientific American, Ancient Cities
359:(France) with only 25 wt% are less
261:and the incoherent parts of German
13:
172:), predominantly composed of fine
14:
794:
754:harbor, the Lighthouse on pier 5,
187:
292:) and ultrabasic (<45 wt% SiO
40:
722:10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.09.008
483:The pozzolanic reaction is the
701:
687:
660:
641:
622:
140:). In this reaction insoluble
1:
615:
563:Energetically modified cement
451:
735:Cement Replacement Materials
710:Cement and Concrete Research
681:10.1016/0008-8846(81)90080-6
669:Cement and Concrete Research
7:
518:
225:Geochemistry and mineralogy
132:material which reacts with
10:
799:
476:
300:are less commonly used as
343:. The major component is
329:mineralogical composition
280:) to acid (>66 wt% SiO
109:[potts(w)oˈlaːna]
542:Calcium silicate hydrate
401:Na-feldspar are found.
142:calcium silicate hydrate
553:Cement chemist notation
288:. Basic (45–52 wt% SiO
233:component of volcanic
121:
28:
695:"Na-Feldspar mineral"
365:specific surface area
231:pozzolanically active
22:
176:, that is used as a
589:Pozzolanic reaction
536:, the Trajanic port
530:, the Herodian port
479:Pozzolanic reaction
473:Pozzolanic reaction
446:pozzolanic activity
375:are members of the
369:pozzolanic activity
241:is a highly porous
192:Pozzolanas such as
138:pozzolanic reaction
215:Roman port at Cosa
29:
528:Caesarea Maritima
505:calcium hydroxide
485:chemical reaction
387:pyroclastic rocks
333:pyroclastic rocks
134:calcium hydroxide
122:pulvis puteolanus
112:), also known as
790:
750:5 piers, of the
726:
725:
705:
699:
698:
691:
685:
684:
664:
658:
657:
645:
639:
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631:Zement-Kalk-Gips
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124:), is a natural
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706:
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693:
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623:
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579:Portland cement
521:
489:portland cement
487:that occurs in
481:
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466:Portland cement
458:Portland cement
454:
319:
315:
311:
307:
295:
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283:
279:
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227:
190:
104:
97:
93:
67:
61:
43:
39:
23:Pozzolana from
17:
12:
11:
5:
796:
786:
785:
780:
775:
761:
760:
757:
738:
728:
727:
716:(2): 115–127.
700:
686:
675:(4): 507–518.
659:
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619:
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605:Roman concrete
602:
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539:
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531:
520:
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497:Roman concrete
477:Main article:
474:
471:
453:
450:
383:solid solution
353:trachyandesite
349:volcanic glass
345:volcanic glass
317:
313:
309:
305:
293:
289:
281:
277:
273:
259:Santorin earth
226:
223:
199:Roman concrete
194:Santorin earth
189:
188:Historical use
186:
182:volcanic glass
174:volcanic glass
114:pozzolanic ash
27:volcano, Italy
25:Mount Vesuvius
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
795:
784:
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670:
663:
655:
651:
644:
636:
632:
625:
621:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
600:Rice hull ash
598:
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449:
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442:clay minerals
439:
435:
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388:
384:
381:
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331:of unaltered
330:
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287:
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252:
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245:. The easily
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185:
183:
179:
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131:
128:or siliceous-
127:
123:
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115:
110:
102:
101:
88:
37:
33:
26:
21:
749:
745:
741:
734:
713:
709:
703:
689:
672:
668:
662:
653:
649:
643:
634:
630:
624:
534:Ostia Antica
513:silicic acid
501:Ancient Rome
499:invented in
482:
455:
409:pozzolanas.
351:, such as a
326:
298:pyroclastics
267:
228:
191:
170:volcanic ash
152:used by the
150:volcanic ash
146:cementitious
113:
35:
31:
30:
773:Volcanology
610:Silica fume
591:(main page)
509:Portlandite
491:containing
422:phenocrysts
385:series. In
377:plagioclase
373:phenocrysts
337:phenocrysts
767:Categories
656:: 110–115.
637:: 421–431.
616:References
574:Metakaolin
452:Modern use
430:eruptional
426:Xenocrysts
391:K-feldspar
229:The major
36:pozzuolana
493:pozzolans
462:pozzolans
415:pyroxenes
322:acid rock
302:pozzolans
270:volcanism
251:pozzolans
247:alterable
203:Vitruvius
130:aluminous
126:siliceous
32:Pozzolana
783:Concrete
748:and the
584:Pozzolan
558:Concrete
519:See also
395:sanidine
393:such as
380:feldspar
361:reactive
255:Pozzuoli
178:pozzolan
162:Pozzuoli
105:Italian:
569:Fly ash
438:opal CT
434:Zeolite
419:olivine
417:and/or
403:Leucite
235:pumices
96:-s(w)ə-
778:Cement
595:Pumice
548:Cement
511:) and
411:Quartz
407:Latium
399:albite
357:Volvic
207:Naples
166:pumice
154:Romans
565:(EMC)
544:(CSH)
355:from
341:magma
272:. SiO
263:trass
243:glass
239:ashes
219:piers
160:, at
158:Italy
118:Latin
752:Cosa
507:(as
440:and
327:The
304:. Al
286:IUGS
237:and
211:lime
718:doi
677:doi
397:or
168:or
156:in
100:-nə
98:LAH
94:POT
34:or
769::
714:38
712:.
673:11
671:.
654:IV
652:.
635:10
633:.
515:.
436:,
296:)
265:.
257:,
184:.
120::
103:,
78:ɑː
724:.
720::
697:.
683:.
679::
318:3
316:O
314:2
310:3
308:O
306:2
294:2
290:2
282:2
278:2
274:2
116:(
87:/
84:ə
81:n
75:l
72:ˈ
69:ə
66:)
63:w
60:(
57:s
54:t
51:ɒ
48:p
45:ˌ
42:/
38:(
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