59:
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505:, an inspiring lecturer and experimentalist who was among the earliest research chemists in India. Soon captivated by experimental science, Ray decided to make chemistry his career, as he recognised that his country's future would greatly depend on his progress in science. His passion for experimentation led him to set up a miniature chemistry laboratory at a classmate's lodgings and reproducing some of Pedler's demonstrations; on one occasion, he narrowly escaped injury when a faulty apparatus exploded violently. He passed the FA exam in 1881 with a second division, and was admitted to the BA (B-course) degree of the University of Calcutta as a chemistry student, with a view towards pursuing higher studies in the field. Having learnt Latin and French in addition to achieving a "fair mastery" of Sanskrit, a compulsory subject at the FA level, Ray applied for a Gilchrist Prize Scholarship while studying for his BA examination; the scholarship required a knowledge of at least four languages. After an all-India competitive examination, Ray won one of the two scholarships, and enrolled as a BSc. student at the
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619:. Some chemists, including one Vohl, subsequently claimed to have isolated numerous double-double and multiple-double sulfates including supposed "triple-double," and "quadruple-double" structures. These were purportedly the result of two double sulfates of Type I (differing in the bivalent metal Mb) combining in definite integral proportions to yield new molecular double salts. Others who had attempted to reproduce those experiments reported their inability to do so. Prior to Ray's taking up the problem, in 1886,
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nitrites and hyponitrites of different metals, and on nitrites of ammonia and organic amines. He and his students had crumbled this field for several years, leading to a long discipline of research laboratories. Prafulla
Chandra said that it was a new chapter in life that started with the unanticipated discovery of mercurous nitrite (NOT mercurous nitrate). Prafulla Chandra, in 1896, noticed the formation of a yellow crystalline solid with the reaction of excess
453:. At the college, Harish Chandra received a thorough grounding in English, Sanskrit and Persian, though he was ultimately forced to end his studies to help support his family. Liberal and cultured, Harish Chandra pioneered English-medium education and women's education in his village, establishing both a middle school for boys and one for girls, and admitting his wife and sister to the latter. Harish Chandra was strongly associated with the
834:”. British Chemist, Henry H. Armstrong stated: ‘The way in which you have gradually made yourself “master of nitrites” is very interesting and the fact that you have established that as a class they are far from being the unstable bodies, chemists had supposed, is an important addition to our knowledge.’ Prafulla Chandra retired from the Presidency College in 1916, and joined the Calcutta University College of Science (also known as
489:, whose passionately held ideals, including an emphasis on the value of service and the need to continually strive for India's rejuvenation, left a definite and lasting impression on Ray, who took those values to heart. While deeply influenced by Sen, Ray preferred a more democratic environment than the mainstream Brahmo Samaj under Sen's guidance could provide; consequently, in 1879 he joined the
591:; Bright's sympathetic reply to Ray was published in leading newspapers across Britain under the title "John Bright's Letter to an Indian Student." The following year, Ray published his paper as a booklet entitled "Essay on India," which likewise earned its author wide attention in British political circles.
627:
had concluded in their paper that double-double and higher-order sulfate salts did not exist as definite structures, deeming Vohl's experimental findings inexplicable. While Ray noted such findings placed Vohl's research in doubt, he reasoned "the position was unclear and further research was called
448:
under the
British East India Company's district collector of Krishnanagar and Jessore, and had amassed considerable wealth in the service of the company. After succeeding to his father's post, Ray's grandfather Anandlal, a progressive man, sent his son Harish Chandra to receive a modern education at
876:
P C Ray was a staunch nationalist who had observed the deterioration that Indian society had undergone due to suppression by the
British. He was sympathetic towards the revolutionaries and would make arrangements for their shelter and food at his factories. After his death, many revolutionaries and
662:
Around 1895 Prafulla
Chandra started his work in the field of discovering nitrite chemistry which turned out to be extremely effective. In 1896, he published a paper on preparation of a new stable chemical compound: mercurous nitrite. This work made way for a large number of investigative papers on
631:
Ray was awarded the Hope Prize which allowed him to work on his research for a further period of one year after completion of his doctorate. His thesis title was "Conjugated
Sulphates of the Copper-magnesium Group: A Study of Isomorphous Mixtures and Molecular Combinations". While a student he was
865:. Long before that, on the completion of his 60th year in 1921, he made a free gift of his entire salary to the Calcutta University from that date onward, to be spent for the furtherance of chemical research, and the development of the Department of Chemistry in the University College of Science.
610:
For some years, science had recognised numerous double sulfates (then also known as "vitriols") occurred in nature as mineral salts. The natural combination of sulfates of bivalent metals with monovalent metal sulfates in a 1:1 ratio results in the formation of double sulfates chemically distinct
496:
Though Ray had primarily focused on history and literature until this stage, chemistry was then a compulsory subject in the FA degree. As the
Metropolitan Institution offered no facilities for science courses at the time, Ray attended physics and chemistry lectures as an external student at the
58:
469:; owing to his concentrated self-study over the preceding two years, his teachers found him to have advanced much further than the rest of the students in his assigned class. During this period, he attended Sen's Sunday evening sermons and was deeply influenced by his
829:
He was a synthetic
Inorganic chemist with active research in organic molecules and reactions more specifically to thio-organic compounds. The initial work that made him famous was based on the chemistry of inorganic and organic nitrites, he was regarded as
602:
at a time when research in the field appeared to be making limited progress compared to organic chemistry. Following an extensive review of available inorganic chemistry literature, Ray decided to explore the specific natures of structural affinities in
441:. Ray was one of seven siblings, having four brothers – Jnanendra Chandra, Nalini Kanta, Purna Chandra and Buddha Dev – and two sisters, Indumati and Belamati, both born after their brothers. All except Buddha Dev and Belamati survived to adulthood.
790:
congratulated him for his achievement. On 15 August 1912 Nature magazine published the news of 'ammonium nitrite in tangible form' and the determination of the vapour density of 'this very fugitive salt'. The
Journal of Chemical Society,
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is one of the notable contributions of P. C. Ray. He proved that the pure ammonium nitrite is indeed stable by bring to pass a lot of experiments and explained then it can be sublimed even at 60 °C without decomposition.
374:, educationist, historian, industrialist and philanthropist. He established the first modern Indian research school in chemistry (post classical age) and is regarded as the Father of Indian Chemistry.
529:. He received his BSc. in 1885. During his student years at Edinburgh, Ray continued to nurture his strong interests in history and political science, reading works by prominent authors including
577:
observing "It contains information in reference to India which will not be found elsewhere, and is deserving of the utmost notice." A copy of the paper was read by the distinguished orator and
1247:
was named the "National
Institute of Sciences of India", and its fellows bore the post-nominal "FNI". The post-nominal became "FNA" in 1970 when the association adopted its present name.
473:. In 1878, he passed the school's Entrance Examination (matriculation exams) with a First Division, and was admitted as an FA (First Arts) student to the Metropolitan Institution (later
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2145:
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and warned the
British government of the consequences of its reactionary attitudes, was nonetheless assessed as one of the best entries and was highly praised by
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1998:
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He contributed articles in Bengali to many monthly magazines, particularly on scientific topics. He published the first volume of his autobiography
2728:
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his colleagues mentioned about his indirect support and help in manufacturing explosives. The Government records of that time mention him as a “
2922:
2917:
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This result was first published in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. That was forthwith noticed by Nature magazine on 28 May 1896.
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He prepared a lot of such compounds by double displacement. After that he worked on mercury alkyl- and mercury alkyl aryl-ammonium nitrites.
671:. Unfortunately multiple sources wrongly attribute this as mercurous nitrate instead of mercurous nitrite. The ionic reactions involved are
2821:
2766:
2248:
929:. In 1922, he donated money to establish Nagarjuna Prize to be awarded for the best work in chemistry. In 1937, another award, named after
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After recovering from an illness, Ray moved to Calcutta in 1876 and was admitted to the Albert School, established by the Brahmo reformer
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from their original constituent species. By the 1850s, a number of double sulfates had been artificially synthesized, including
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radicals and organic sulphides. A number of papers were published on this work in the Journal of the Indian Chemical Society.
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555:. In 1885, he entered an essay competition held by the university for the best essay on "India before and after
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2005:
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Conjugated Sulphates of the Copper-Magnesium Group: A Study of Isomorphous Mixtures and Molecular Combinations
239:
2118:
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honoured his life and work with the first ever Chemical Landmark Plaque outside Europe. He was the founder of
450:
1876:
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906:. The second volume was published in 1909. The work was result of many years' search through ancient
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in 1932, and dedicated it to the youth of India. The second volume of this work was issued in 1935.
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1067:
556:
526:
486:
298:
1955:
1790:"Thermodynamic and Kinetic Aspects of the Stability of Sir P. C. Ray's Mercurous Nitrite Compound"
822:
He started a new Indian School of Chemistry in 1924. Ray was president of the 1920 session of the
509:
without completing his original degree. He sailed for the United Kingdom in August 1882, aged 21.
2504:
2346:
2316:
1975:
1413:
Chatterjee, Santimay (1985). "Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray: The Growth and Decline of a Legend".
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as the subject of his thesis. Within this area, Ray chose to research metal double sulfates.
567:, the recently appointed Principal of the University and a former lieutenant-governor of the
490:
482:
941:
2857:
2852:
2489:
2479:
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1623:
Science and Empires: Historical Studies about Scientific Development and European Expansion
1572:
962:
949:
933:, to be awarded for the best work in zoology or botany, was established from his donation.
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On a conference of the Chemical Society in London, he submitted the result. Nobel laureate
518:
391:
A History of Hindu Chemistry from the Earliest Times to the Middle of the Sixteenth Century
280:
223:
8:
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2692:
2670:
2484:
2474:
2469:
2449:
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2301:
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1556:
1365:"Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray: A Scientist, Teacher, Author and a Patriotic Entrepreneur"
1122:
1074:
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and his demonstrator John Gibson, a former student of Brown's who had also studied under
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1980:
1960:
1932:
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A History of Hindu Chemistry from the Earliest Times to the Middle of Sixteenth Century
862:
598:. Although his thesis advisor Crum Brown was an organic chemist, Ray was drawn towards
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474:
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302:
290:
2713:
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The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for the Year 1943
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1937:
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846:. Here also he got a dedicated team and he started working on compounds of gold,
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synthesis in pure form through double displacement ammonium between chloride and
640:
530:
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319:
169:
1615:
1184:
For a complete list of his published scientific papers, see his obituary in the
632:
elected vice-president of the University of Edinburgh Chemical Society in 1888.
2831:
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2550:
2371:
1617:
787:
758:
386:
1805:
426:). He was the third child and son of Harish Chandra Raychowdhury (d. 1893), a
2846:
2781:
2429:
2271:
1670:
548:
522:
457:, and Ray would maintain his connections with the Samaj throughout his life.
16:
Bengali chemist, educationist, nationalist, industrialist and philanthropist
2639:
2582:
2575:
2529:
2434:
1941:
1650:
Samanta, Subhas; Goswami, Sreebrata; Chakravorty, Animesh (February 2011).
604:
573:
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454:
294:
1685:"29 Interesting Facts about Prafulla Chandra Ray- father of Indian Pharma"
1480:
2745:
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668:
624:
588:
560:
406:
Prafulla Chandra Ray was born in the village of Raruli-Katipara, then in
84:
2612:
871:
423:
1488:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
1111:
Felicitated by the Corporation of Calcutta on his 80th birthday (1941)
1094:
Felicitated by the Corporation of Calcutta on his 70th birthday (1932)
2570:
2565:
2226:
1718:
1505:
Bose, Debendra Mohan (1962). "Acharya Prafullachandra Ray: A Study".
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In 1936, at the age of 75, he retired from active service and became
855:
2094:"University of Dhaka || the highest echelon of academic excellence"
907:
847:
437:
431:
427:
102:
1850:"Master of Nitrites: Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray by Rajeev Singh"
435:
and his wife Bhubanmohini Devi (d. 1904), the daughter of a local
851:
371:
1318:
Science and Modern India: An Institutional History, C. 1784–1947
868:
He had written 107 papers in all branches of Chemistry by 1920.
1652:"On mercurous nitrite and a basic mercurous nitrate derivative"
792:
485:, the prominent Indian nationalist and future president of the
259:
644:
Bust of Prafulla Chandra Ray which is placed in the garden of
2146:"Royal society honour for father of Indian chemistry P C Ray"
571:
in India. Ray's essay was widely publicised in Britain, with
501:. He was especially drawn to the chemistry courses taught by
139:
135:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
2792:
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata
1754:"The Chemical Researches of Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray"
1649:
1397:
965:, Kolkata on his 150th birth anniversary (2 August 2011).
25:
2164:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1222:
Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS)
481:. The English literature teacher at the Institution was
2743:
2004:. Indian National Science Academy. 1935. Archived from
1537:"The Doctoral Research of Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray"
1444:
Science and National Consciousness in Bengal: 1870–1930
1118:(RSC), the first to be situated outside Europe (2011).
961:
An exhibition on Prafulla Chandra Ray was held at the
749:
559:." His submission, which was strongly critical of the
1517:
1358:
1179:. Calcutta: Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Works.
1151:
Chemical Research at the Presidency College, Calcutta
795:
published the experimental details in the same year.
746:
under the experimental condition of its preparation.
2170:
1916:"'The History of Hindu Chemistry' A Critical Review"
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1338:
594:
After obtaining his BSc degree, Ray embarked on his
517:
At Edinburgh, Ray began his chemistry studies under
1903:. London, Oxford : Williams and Norgate. 1902.
1783:
1781:
997:
370:; 2 August 1861 – 16 June 1944) was an Indian
2172:
1993:
1991:
493:, a more flexible offshoot of the original Samaj.
2817:Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute
2757:Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
1606:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1335:
1040:Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
512:
190:Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
2928:Academic staff of Presidency University, Kolkata
2844:
1778:
1498:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1097:Felicitated by the Corporation of Karachi (1933)
460:
1988:
1714:"Acharya P. C. Ray: Father of Indian chemistry"
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1129:, a documentary film about the chemist in 1961.
890:
1913:
1461:
1052:Honorary Doctor of Philosophy degree from the
917:He donated money regularly towards welfare of
2729:
2242:
2171:Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (1999).
1440:
1425:
2948:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire
2938:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta
2822:Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute
2767:S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences
1984:(Supplement). 31 December 1918. p. 106.
1314:
1282:
444:Ray's great-grandfather Maniklal had been a
1877:"'Revolutionary in the Garb of a Scientist"
1751:
1534:
1308:
646:Birla Industrial & Technological Museum
2827:National Institute of Technology, Durgapur
2736:
2722:
2249:
2235:
1598:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1412:
1104:from Korotia College, Mymensingh (now the
936:
902:In 1902, he published the first volume of
872:"Revolutionary in the garb of a Scientist"
742:mercurous nitrite survives because of its
57:
2797:National Institute of Biomedical Genomics
2119:"University and Educational Intelligence"
2067:"University and Educational Intelligence"
1964:(Supplement). 11 June 1912. p. 4300.
1931:
1555:
1265:
1263:
945:Signature of Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray
879:Revolutionary in the garb of a Scientist.
1974:
1954:
1645:
1643:
1362:
1321:. Pearson Education India. p. 137.
956:
948:
940:
897:Life and Experience of a Bengali Chemist
882:
639:
1914:Harsha, N. M.; Nagaraja, T. N. (2010).
1270:"Proceedings of the Chemical Society".
1033:National Institute of Sciences of India
183:National Institute of Sciences of India
2845:
2256:
2203:Works by or about Prafulla Chandra Ray
1298:Journal of the Indian Chemical Society
1296:"Obituary: Sir Prafulla Chandra Ray".
1260:
1239:
1237:
1186:Journal of the Indian Chemical Society
1046:
652:
383:Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals
2923:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
2918:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni
2717:
2230:
1874:
1830:. Indian Science Congress Association
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1708:
1706:
1640:
1144:. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh.
969:
621:Percival Spencer Umfreville Pickering
2812:Indian Institute of Chemical Biology
2703:Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine
2212:Publications of Prafulla Chandra Ray
1761:Indian Journal of History of Science
1544:Indian Journal of History of Science
1504:
1372:Indian Journal of History of Science
657:
401:
1787:
1588:(in Bengali). Calcutta. p. 43.
1570:
1478:
1447:. Orient Blackswan. pp. 145–.
1272:Proceedings of the Chemical Society
1234:
1171:
1158:
1148:
1139:
750:Ammonium and alkylammonium nitrites
13:
1738:
1703:
682:+ 2e (Net reaction in presence of
477:) which was established by Pandit
247:College of Science (also known as
14:
2979:
2968:People from the Bengal Presidency
2772:Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics
2222:Article from Vigayanprsar website
2196:
1828:"List of Past General Presidents"
1481:"Prafulla Chandra Ray: 1861–1944"
1202:Government P.C. College, Bagerhat
910:manuscripts and through works of
2802:Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre
1207:Acharya Prafulla Chandra College
1114:Chemical Landmark Plaque of the
998:Academic honours and fellowships
418:), in the eastern region of the
318:
164:
153:
2953:Fellows of the Chemical Society
2138:
2111:
2086:
2059:
2037:
2023:
1968:
1948:
1907:
1891:
1868:
1842:
1820:
1677:
1564:
1245:Indian National Science Academy
1133:
1080:Honorary D.Sc. degree from the
1073:Honorary D.Sc. degree from the
2175:Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema
1689:History of Indian Subcontinent
1571:Ray, Prafulla Chandra (1937).
1557:10.16943/ijhs/2015/v50i4/48315
1295:
551:book on political economy and
513:Student in Britain (1882–1888)
1:
2963:Scientists from British India
2933:University of Calcutta alumni
2217:A Biography (Calcuttaweb.com)
1752:Chakravorty, Animesh (2014).
1535:Chakravorty, Animesh (2015).
1254:
461:Childhood and early education
451:Krishnagar Government College
389:company. He is the author of
2878:20th-century Indian chemists
2873:19th-century Indian chemists
2807:Indian Statistical Institute
2661:Indian Statistical Institute
2425:Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury
1999:"List of Foundation Fellows"
1900:A History of Hindu Chemistry
1767:(4): 361–370. Archived from
1620:; Anne Marie Moulin (1992).
1378:(3): 523–533. Archived from
1175:A History of Hindu Chemistry
1127:Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray
953:Ray on a 1961 stamp of India
891:Literary works and interests
840:Palit Professor of Chemistry
396:
240:Presidency College, Calcutta
7:
2903:People from Khulna District
2618:Self-Realization Fellowship
2327:Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay
1659:Indian Journal of Chemistry
1479:Ray, Priyadaranjan (1944).
1363:Majumdar, Sisir K. (2011).
1217:Gilchrist Educational Trust
1195:
1066:Honorary D.Sc. degree from
1059:Honorary D.Sc. degree from
10:
2984:
2179:. British Film Institute.
1626:. Springer. pp. 66–.
1116:Royal Society of Chemistry
1003:Faraday Gold Medal of the
977:Order of the Indian Empire
740:Thermodynamically unstable
379:Royal Society of Chemistry
159:Order of the Indian Empire
2913:Vidyasagar College alumni
2893:Indian inorganic chemists
2752:
2648:
2538:
2515:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
2322:Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
2264:
1806:10.1007/s12045-020-0996-9
1167:. Calcutta: Cherry Press.
1106:Government Saadat College
1031:Foundation Fellow of the
1012:Asiatic Society of Bengal
836:Rajabazar Science College
635:
613:ammonium iron(II) sulfate
479:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
364:
317:
312:
308:
286:
274:
258:
249:Rajabazar Science College
232:
206:
199:
181:Foundation Fellow of the
146:
118:
110:
91:
65:
56:
23:
2744:Technical institutes in
2698:Visva-Bharati University
2561:Bangiya Sahitya Parishad
2411:Harish Chandra Mukherjee
2397:Mahanambrata Brahmachari
2152:. PTI. 30 September 2011
2134:(6): 313. December 1937.
1576:
1227:
1212:Prafulla Chandra College
1088:
1068:Banaras Hindu University
553:Essays on Indian Finance
527:University of Heidelberg
487:Indian National Congress
329:Sir Prafulla Chandra Ray
299:Jnanendra Nath Mukherjee
2958:Scientists from Kolkata
2943:Indian Knights Bachelor
2898:Indian organic chemists
2505:Ram Chandra Vidyabagish
2415:Ramakrishna Paramahamsa
2347:Michael Madhusudan Dutt
2317:Upendranath Brahmachari
2082:(10): 114. August 1936.
1920:Ancient Science of Life
1153:. Calcutta: Hare Press.
1082:University of Allahabad
1077:(1920 and 28 July 1936)
1024:Honorary Member of the
1005:University of Edinburgh
937:Recognition and honours
927:Indian Chemical Society
842:", a chair named after
824:Indian Science Congress
569:North-Western Provinces
507:University of Edinburgh
132:University of Edinburgh
105:, Bengal, British India
2777:University of Calcutta
2681:University of Calcutta
2510:Dwarkanath Vidyabhusan
2500:Brahmabandhav Upadhyay
2495:Sitanath Tattwabhushan
2049:University of Calcutta
1875:Singh, Rajeev (2021).
1441:J. Lourdusamy (2004).
1054:University of Calcutta
966:
954:
946:
887:
693:+ 4H + 3e → NO(↑) + 2H
649:
422:of British India (now
123:University of Calcutta
2676:Presidency University
2635:Tattwabodhini Patrika
2598:Rabindra Nritya Natya
2525:Paramahansa Yogananda
2440:Akshay Chandra Sarkar
2292:Jagadish Chandra Bose
1315:Uma Dasgupta (2011).
991:1919 New Year Honours
981:1912 Birthday Honours
960:
952:
944:
919:Sadharan Brahmo Samaj
886:
735:(↓)(yellow crystals)
643:
545:Revue dex deux mondes
491:Sadharan Brahmo Samaj
483:Surendranath Banerjee
368:Praphulla Chandra Rāy
2490:Fanindra Nath Gooptu
2480:Satyendranath Tagore
2297:Subhash Chandra Bose
2045:"Annual Convocation"
1788:Das, Asim K (2020).
1161:Saral Prani Bijnan (
1010:Fellow of the Royal
923:Brahmo Girls' School
615:or "Mohr's salt" by
582:Member of Parliament
541:L'Inde contemporaine
519:Alexander Crum Brown
365:প্রফুল্ল চন্দ্র রায়
357:Prafulla Chandra Roy
353:Prafulla Chandra Rây
281:Alexander Crum Brown
224:History of chemistry
70:Prafulla Chandra Ray
30:Prafulla Chandra Ray
2888:20th-century Hindus
2883:19th-century Hindus
2787:Jadavpur University
2693:University of Dhaka
2671:Jadavpur University
2485:Jnanadanandini Devi
2475:Rabindranath Tagore
2470:Debendranath Tagore
2450:Brajendra Nath Seal
2352:Romesh Chunder Dutt
2302:Satyendra Nath Bose
2287:Debendra Mohan Bose
1856:. 25 September 2020
1616:Patrick Petitjean;
1507:Science and Culture
1415:Science and Culture
1243:Prior to 1970, the
1123:Harisadhan Dasgupta
1075:University of Dhaka
1047:Honorary doctorates
653:Scientific research
617:Karl Friedrich Mohr
600:inorganic chemistry
245:Calcutta University
214:Inorganic chemistry
2908:Hare School alumni
2656:Chittagong College
2546:Bengali literature
2465:Haraprasad Shastri
2460:Keshub Chandra Sen
2455:Girish Chandra Sen
2445:Mahendralal Sarkar
2430:Raja Ram Mohan Roy
2402:Ashutosh Mukherjee
2332:Akshay Kumar Datta
2258:Bengal Renaissance
2033:. 1943. p. 2.
1981:The London Gazette
1961:The London Gazette
1385:on 1 December 2017
970:Honours and orders
967:
955:
947:
931:Ashutosh Mukherjee
888:
863:professor emeritus
832:Master of Nitrites
650:
499:Presidency College
475:Vidyasagar College
467:Keshub Chandra Sen
303:Jnan Chandra Ghosh
291:Satyendranath Bose
2840:
2839:
2711:
2710:
2588:Mahanam Sampraday
2520:Swami Vivekananda
2407:Kalikrishna Mitra
2387:Kazi Nazrul Islam
2377:Aghore Nath Gupta
2362:Kadambini Ganguly
1774:on 29 March 2017.
1726:on 28 August 2002
1633:978-0-7923-1518-6
1454:978-81-250-2674-7
1328:978-81-317-2818-5
1278:(254): 160. 1902.
1189:
1121:Indian filmmaker
1061:Durham University
1026:Deutsche Akademie
975:Companion of the
744:kinetic stability
658:Mercurous nitrite
420:Bengal Presidency
402:Family background
326:
325:
219:Organic chemistry
201:Scientific career
2975:
2868:Bengali chemists
2738:
2731:
2724:
2715:
2714:
2608:Sambad Prabhakar
2603:Rabindra Sangeet
2420:Gour Govinda Ray
2307:Madhusudan Gupta
2251:
2244:
2237:
2228:
2227:
2207:Internet Archive
2191:
2190:
2178:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2123:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2071:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2051:. Archived from
2041:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2010:
2003:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1935:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1785:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1758:
1749:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1722:. Archived from
1710:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1637:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1589:
1587:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1541:
1532:
1515:
1514:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1485:
1476:
1459:
1458:
1438:
1423:
1422:
1410:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1384:
1369:
1360:
1333:
1332:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1304:: 253–260. 1944.
1293:
1280:
1279:
1267:
1248:
1241:
1183:
1180:
1172:— (1902).
1168:
1159:— (1902).
1155:(reprinted 1897)
1154:
1149:— (1895).
1145:
1140:— (1886).
1019:Chemical Society
838:) as its first "
755:Ammonium nitrite
596:doctoral studies
534:L'Inde des Rajas
503:Alexander Pedler
471:Sulabha Samachar
408:Jessore District
385:, India's first
366:
322:
287:Notable students
276:Doctoral advisor
270:
176:Chemical Society
168:
157:
98:
61:
21:
20:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2748:
2742:
2712:
2707:
2686:Bethune College
2644:
2623:Yogoda Satsanga
2534:
2367:Monomohun Ghose
2357:Anil Kumar Gain
2282:Rajnarayan Basu
2277:Atul Prasad Sen
2260:
2255:
2199:
2194:
2187:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2127:Current Science
2121:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2100:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2075:Current Science
2069:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2055:on 28 May 2012.
2043:
2042:
2038:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2012:
2011:on 14 June 2018
2008:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1973:
1969:
1953:
1949:
1912:
1908:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1831:
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1821:
1786:
1779:
1771:
1756:
1750:
1739:
1729:
1727:
1712:
1711:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1654:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1614:
1607:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1578:
1569:
1565:
1539:
1533:
1518:
1503:
1499:
1483:
1477:
1462:
1455:
1439:
1426:
1411:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1367:
1361:
1336:
1329:
1313:
1309:
1294:
1283:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1242:
1235:
1230:
1198:
1142:Essays on India
1136:
1091:
1049:
1028:, Munich (1919)
1000:
987:Knight Bachelor
972:
939:
893:
874:
844:Taraknath Palit
817:
813:
809:
805:
781:
777:
773:
769:
752:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
711:
707:
704:+ 2H + 2e → NO
703:
696:
692:
681:
660:
655:
638:
547:. He also read
515:
463:
404:
399:
301:
297:
293:
268:
254:
228:
195:
170:Knight Bachelor
130:
119:Alma mater
106:
100:
96:
87:
74:
72:
71:
52:
31:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2981:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2832:IIEST, Shibpur
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2762:Bose Institute
2759:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2741:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2718:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
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2695:
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2688:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2551:Bengali poetry
2548:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2372:Ramgopal Ghosh
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2342:Alexander Duff
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2254:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2198:
2197:External links
2195:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2163:
2150:Times of India
2137:
2110:
2085:
2058:
2036:
2022:
1987:
1967:
1947:
1906:
1890:
1867:
1841:
1819:
1800:(6): 787–799.
1777:
1737:
1702:
1691:. 28 June 2018
1676:
1665:(2): 137–140.
1639:
1632:
1618:Catherine Jami
1605:
1563:
1550:(3): 429–437.
1516:
1513:(11): 493–500.
1497:
1460:
1453:
1424:
1396:
1334:
1327:
1307:
1281:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1169:
1163:Simple Science
1156:
1146:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1119:
1112:
1109:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1038:Fellow of the
1036:
1029:
1022:
1017:Fellow of the
1015:
1008:
999:
996:
995:
994:
984:
971:
968:
938:
935:
892:
889:
873:
870:
820:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
788:William Ramsay
784:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
759:silver nitrite
751:
748:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
709:
705:
701:
694:
690:
684:excess mercury
679:
676:
675:
659:
656:
654:
651:
637:
634:
514:
511:
462:
459:
403:
400:
398:
395:
387:pharmaceutical
351:(also spelled
324:
323:
315:
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188:Fellow of the
186:
179:
174:Fellow of the
172:
162:
150:
148:
144:
143:
120:
116:
115:
114:British Indian
112:
108:
107:
101:
99:(aged 82)
93:
89:
88:
75:
69:
67:
63:
62:
54:
53:
32:
29:
24:
15:
9:
6:
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3:
2:
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2810:
2808:
2805:
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2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2782:IIT Kharagpur
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2727:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
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2674:
2672:
2669:
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2662:
2659:
2657:
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2633:
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2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
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2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2556:Bengali music
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
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2468:
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2418:
2416:
2413:
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2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2392:Eugène Lafont
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
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2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
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2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2337:Henry Derozio
2335:
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2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
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2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2272:Sri Aurobindo
2270:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2188:
2186:9780851706696
2182:
2177:
2176:
2167:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2120:
2114:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2068:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2032:
2026:
2007:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1881:Science India
1878:
1871:
1855:
1851:
1845:
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1823:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
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1748:
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1644:
1635:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1612:
1610:
1601:
1595:
1583:
1582:Autobiography
1579:
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1567:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1545:
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1529:
1527:
1525:
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1471:
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1467:
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1421:(7): 213–227.
1420:
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1407:
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1401:
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1103:
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1092:
1083:
1079:
1076:
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1050:
1041:
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1023:
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1016:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1002:
1001:
992:
988:
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869:
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523:Robert Bunsen
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109:
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94:
90:
86:
85:British India
82:
78:
73:2 August 1861
68:
64:
60:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
27:
22:
19:
2666:Hindu School
2640:Young Bengal
2593:Nazrul geeti
2583:Gaudiya Math
2576:Brahmo Samaj
2530:Begum Rokeya
2435:Meghnad Saha
2174:
2166:
2154:. Retrieved
2149:
2140:
2131:
2125:
2113:
2101:. Retrieved
2098:www.du.ac.bd
2097:
2088:
2079:
2073:
2061:
2053:the original
2039:
2030:
2025:
2013:. Retrieved
2006:the original
1979:
1970:
1959:
1950:
1926:(2): 58–61.
1923:
1919:
1909:
1899:
1893:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1858:. Retrieved
1854:Rajeev Singh
1853:
1844:
1832:. Retrieved
1822:
1797:
1793:
1769:the original
1764:
1760:
1728:. Retrieved
1724:the original
1717:
1693:. Retrieved
1688:
1679:
1662:
1658:
1622:
1581:
1573:
1566:
1547:
1543:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1491:
1487:
1443:
1418:
1414:
1387:. Retrieved
1380:the original
1375:
1371:
1317:
1310:
1301:
1297:
1275:
1271:
1185:
1173:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1141:
1134:Bibliography
1126:
1101:
1042:(FIAS; 1943)
963:Science City
916:
912:orientalists
903:
901:
896:
894:
878:
875:
867:
860:
839:
831:
828:
821:
797:
785:
753:
743:
739:
737:
714:
699:
688:
683:
677:
661:
630:
609:
605:double salts
593:
574:The Scotsman
572:
565:William Muir
552:
544:
540:
533:
516:
495:
470:
464:
455:Brahmo Samaj
445:
443:
436:
430:
405:
390:
376:
367:
356:
352:
328:
327:
295:Meghnad Saha
264:
233:Institutions
200:
97:(1944-06-16)
95:16 June 1944
18:
2858:1944 deaths
2853:1861 births
2746:West Bengal
2156:28 February
1976:"No. 31099"
1956:"No. 28617"
1834:28 February
1574:Ātmacaritra
1102:Jnanabaridi
1035:(FNI; 1935)
1021:(FCS; 1902)
669:nitric acid
667:and dilute
625:Emily Aston
589:John Bright
561:British Raj
531:Rousselet's
111:Nationality
2847:Categories
2613:Satyagraha
2382:David Hare
1255:References
1177:, Volume I
854:etc. with
678:2Hg → Hg
586:Birmingham
557:the Mutiny
424:Bangladesh
2649:Education
2571:Brahmoism
2566:Bhadralok
1814:225851358
1794:Resonance
1719:The Hindu
1671:0975-0975
1594:cite book
1100:Title of
856:mercaptyl
806:Cl + AgNO
770:Cl + AgNO
648:, Kolkata
549:Fawcett's
397:Biography
313:Signature
77:Paikgacha
2630:Swadeshi
1942:22557428
1887:(5): 48.
1860:8 August
1577:আত্মচরিত
1494:: 58–76.
1196:See also
1108:) (1936)
908:Sanskrit
848:platinum
538:Lanoye's
438:taluqdar
432:zamindar
428:Kayastha
412:Dighalia
393:(1902).
103:Calcutta
2863:Brahmos
2539:Culture
2312:Bethune
2205:at the
2103:8 April
2015:13 July
1933:3336279
1730:28 June
1695:28 June
1056:(1908).
1014:(FRASB)
852:iridium
665:mercury
579:Liberal
525:at the
372:chemist
361:Bengali
2265:People
2183:
1940:
1930:
1812:
1669:
1630:
1584:]
1451:
1389:8 July
1325:
1084:(1937)
1070:(1920)
1063:(1912)
1007:(1887)
979:(CIE;
818:+ AgCl
793:London
782:+ AgCl
636:Career
628:for."
416:Khulna
269:(1887)
267:
260:Thesis
207:Fields
192:(FIAS)
147:Awards
81:Bengal
2122:(PDF)
2070:(PDF)
2009:(PDF)
2002:(PDF)
1810:S2CID
1772:(PDF)
1757:(PDF)
1655:(PDF)
1586:(PDF)
1580:[
1540:(PDF)
1484:(PDF)
1383:(PDF)
1368:(PDF)
1228:Notes
1125:made
1089:Other
993:list)
983:list)
810:→ RNH
719:+ 2NO
446:dewan
410:(now
341:FRASB
185:(FNI)
178:(FCS)
161:(CIE)
140:D.Sc.
136:B.Sc.
42:FRASB
2181:ISBN
2158:2018
2105:2020
2017:2018
1938:PMID
1862:2021
1836:2018
1732:2019
1697:2019
1667:ISSN
1628:ISBN
1600:link
1449:ISBN
1391:2018
1323:ISBN
925:and
774:→ NH
723:→ Hg
623:and
584:for
377:The
355:and
345:FIAS
127:B.A.
92:Died
66:Born
46:FIAS
1928:PMC
1802:doi
1663:50A
1552:doi
1302:XXI
802:RNH
727:(NO
708:+ H
349:FCS
337:FNI
333:CIE
50:FCS
38:FNI
34:CIE
26:Sir
2849::
2148:.
2130:.
2124:.
2096:.
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1958:.
1936:.
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1918:.
1885:19
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914:.
850:,
826:.
814:NO
778:NO
766:NH
715:Hg
712:O
700:NO
697:O
689:NO
686:)
543:,
536:,
414:,
363::
359:;
347:,
343:,
339:,
335:,
331:,
138:,
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2080:4
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729:2
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721:2
717:2
710:2
706:2
702:3
695:2
691:3
680:2
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134:(
129:)
125:(
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