1400:); yet it seems to possess scarce any other quality in common with this animal except that of burrowing. ...I have the concurrent testimony of several persons, who have been upon the Prairies in winter, that, like rabbits and squirrels, they issue from their holes every soft day; and therefore lay up no doubt a hoard of 'hay' (as there is rarely anything else to be found in the vicinity of their towns) for winter's use. A collection of their burrows has been termed by travelers a 'dog town,' which comprises from a dozen or so, to some thousands in the same vicinity; often covering an area of several square miles. They generally locate upon firm dry plains, coated with fine short grass, upon which they feed; for they are no doubt exclusively herbivorous. But even when tall coarse grass surrounds, they seem commonly to destroy this within their 'streets,' which are nearly always found 'paved' with a fine species suited to their palates. They must need but little water, if any at all, as their 'towns' are often, indeed generally, found in the midst of the most arid plainsâunless we suppose they dig down to subterranean fountains. At least they evidently burrow remarkably deep. Attempts either to dig or drown them out of their holes have generally proved unsuccessful. Approaching a 'village,' the little dogs may be observed frisking about the 'streets'âpassing from dwelling to dwelling apparently on visitsâsometimes a few clustered together as though in councilâhere feeding upon the tender herbageâthere cleansing their 'houses,' or brushing the little hillock about the doorâyet all quiet. Upon seeing a stranger, however, each streaks it to its home, but is apt to stop at the entrance, and spread the general alarm by a succession of shrill yelps, usually sitting erect. Yet at the report of a gun or the too near approach of the visitor, they dart down and are seen no more till the cause of alarm seems to have disappeared.
1364:"In their habits, they are clannish, social, and extremely convivial, never living alone like other animals, but on the contrary, always found in villages or large settlements. They are a wild, frolicsome, madcap set of fellows when undisturbed, uneasy and ever on the move, and appear to take especial delight in chattering away the time, and visiting from hole to hole to gossip and talk over each other's affairsâat least so their actions would indicate. On several occasions I crept close to their villages, without being observed, to watch their movements. Directly in the centre of one of them I particularly noticed a very large dog, sitting in front of the door or entrance to his burrow, and by his own actions and those of his neighbors it really seemed as though he was the president, mayor, or chiefâat all events, he was the 'big dog' of the place. For at least an hour I secretly watched the operations in this community. During that time the large dog I have mentioned received at least a dozen visits from his fellow-dogs, which would stop and chat with him a few moments, and then run off to their domiciles. All this while he never left his post for a moment, and I thought I could discover a gravity in his deportment not discernible in those by which he was surrounded. Far is it from me to say that the visits he received were upon business, or had anything to do with the local government of the village; but it certainly appeared so. If any animal has a system of laws regulating the body politic, it is certainly the prairie dog."
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while at other times, they are surrounded by mounds of soil either left as piles or hard-packed. Some mounds, known as dome craters, can be as high as 20â30 cm (7.9â11.8 in). Other mounds, known as rim craters, can be as high as 1 m (3 ft 3 in). Dome craters and rim craters serve as observation posts used by the animals to watch for predators. They also protect the burrows from flooding. The holes also possibly provide ventilation as the air enters through the dome crater and leaves through the rim crater, causing a breeze though the burrow. Prairie dog burrows contain chambers to provide certain functions. They have nursery chambers for their young, chambers for night, and chambers for the winter. They also contain air chambers that may function to protect the burrow from flooding and a listening post for predators. When hiding from predators, prairie dogs use less-deep chambers that are usually 1 m (3 ft 3 in) below the surface. Nursery chambers tend to be deeper, being 2 to 3 m (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in) below the surface.
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offspring and one or two female offspring. Females remain in their natal groups for life, thus are the source of stability in the groups. Males leave their natal groups when they mature to find another family group to defend and breed in. Some family groups contain more breeding females than one male can control, so have more than one breeding adult male in them. Among these multiple-male groups, some may contain males that have friendly relationships, but the majority contain males that have largely antagonistic relationships. In the former, the males tend to be related, while in the latter, they tend not to be related. Two or three groups of females may be controlled by one male. However, among these female groups, no friendly relationships exist.
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the nursery chamber and collects grass for the nest. Males play their part by defending the territories and maintaining the burrows. The young spend their first six weeks below the ground being nursed. They are then weaned and begin to surface from the burrow. By five months, they are fully grown. The subject of cooperative breeding in prairie dogs has been debated among biologists. Some argue prairie dogs will defend and feed young that are not theirs, and young seemingly sleep in a nursery chamber with other mothers; since most nursing occurs at night, this may be a case of communal nursing. In the case of the latter, others suggest communal nursing occurs only when mothers mistake another female's young for their own.
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1392:. ...The flesh, though often eaten by travelers, is not esteemed savory. It was denominated the 'barking squirrel', the 'prairie ground-squirrel', etc., by early explorers, with much more apparent propriety than the present established name. Its yelp, which resembles that of the little toy-dog, seems its only canine attribute. It rather appears to occupy a middle ground betwixt the rabbit and squirrelâlike the former in feeding and burrowingâlike the latter in frisking, flirting, sitting erect, and somewhat so in its barking. The prairie dog has been reckoned by some naturalists a species of the
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families to defend their territories. These interactions may happen 20 times per day and last five minutes. When two prairie dogs encounter each other at the edges of their territories, they stare, make bluff charges, flare their tails, chatter their teeth, and sniff each other's perianal scent glands. When fighting, prairie dogs bite, kick, and ram each other. If their competitor is around their size or smaller, the females participate in fighting. Otherwise, if a competitor is sighted, the females signal for the resident male.
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predator than the caller. Studies of black-tailed prairie dogs suggest that alarm-calling is a form of kin selection, as a prairie dog's call alerts both offspring and indirectly related kin, such as cousins, nephews, and nieces. Prairie dogs with kin close by called more often than those that did not have kin nearby. In addition, the caller may be trying to make itself more noticeable to the predator. Predators, though, seem to have difficulty determining which prairie dog is making the call due to its "
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black-tailed and
Mexican prairie dogs are called "coteries", while "clans" describes family groups of white-tailed, Gunnison's, and Utah prairie dogs. Although these two family groups are similar, coteries tend to be more closely knit than clans. Members of a family group interact through oral contact or "kissing" and grooming one another. They do not perform these behaviors with prairie dogs from other family groups.
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colony immediately rush inside the burrows. For coyotes, the prairie dogs move to the entrance of a burrow and stand outside the entrance, observing the coyote, while those prairie dogs that were inside the burrows come out to stand and watch, as well. For domestic dogs, the response is to observe, standing in place where they were when the alarm was sounded, again with the underground prairie dogs emerging to watch.
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competition for the female's offspring and for increased foraging area due to a decrease in territorial defense by the victimized mother. Supporters of the theory that prairie dogs are communal breeders state that another reason for this type of infanticide is so that the female can get a possible helper. With their own offspring gone, the victimized mother may help raise the young of other females.
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grammar. According to
Slobodchikoff, these calls, with their individuality in response to a specific predator, imply that prairie dogs have highly developed cognitive abilities. He also writes that prairie dogs have calls for things that are not predators to them. This is cited as evidence that the animals have a very descriptive language and have calls for any potential threat.
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Debate exists over whether the alarm calling of prairie dogs is selfish or altruistic. Prairie dogs may alert others to the presence of a predator so they can protect themselves, but the calls could be meant to cause confusion and panic in the groups and cause the others to be more conspicuous to the
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in a common space, employees sometimes use the term "prairie dogging" to refer to the action of several people simultaneously looking over the walls of their cubicles in response to a noise or other distraction. This action is thought to resemble the startled response of a group of prairie dogs. The
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which consists of up to 25 barks with a 3- to 15-second pause between each one. Females may try to increase their reproduction success by mating with males outside their family groups. When copulation is over, the male is no longer interested in the female sexually, but will prevent other males from
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For black-tailed prairie dogs, the resident male of the family group fathers all the offspring. Multiple paternity in litters seems to be more common in Utah and
Gunnison's prairie dogs. Mother prairie dogs do most of the care for the young. In addition to nursing the young, the mother also defends
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A prairie dog town may contain 15â26 family groups, with subgroups within a town, called "wards", which are separated by a physical barrier. Family groups exist within these wards. Most prairie dog family groups are made up of one adult breeding male, two or three adult females, and one or two male
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in body mass in the prairie dog varies 105 to 136% between the sexes. Among the species, black-tailed prairie dogs tend to be the least sexually dimorphic, and white-tailed prairie dogs tend to be the most sexually dimorphic. Sexual dimorphism peaks during weaning, when the females lose weight and
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Until 2003, primarily black-tailed prairie dogs were collected from the wild for the exotic pet trade in Canada, the United States, Japan, and Europe. They were removed from their burrows each spring, as young pups, with a large vacuum device. They can be difficult to breed in captivity, but breed
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has been affected by direct removal by farmers, as well as the more obvious encroachment of urban development, which has greatly reduced their populations. The removal of prairie dogs "causes undesirable spread of brush", the costs of which to livestock range may outweigh the benefits of removal.
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is known to occur in prairie dogs. Males that take over a family group will kill the offspring of the previous male. This causes the mother to go into estrus sooner. However, most infanticide is done by close relatives. Lactating females will kill the offspring of a related female both to decrease
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include underground consorting, self-licking of genitals, dust-bathing, and late entrances into the burrow at night. The licking of genitals may protect against sexually transmitted diseases and genital infections, while dust-bathing may protect against fleas and other parasites. Prairie dogs also
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Prairie dog burrows are 5â10 m (16â33 ft) long and 2â3 m (6.6â9.8 ft) below the ground. The entrance holes are generally 10â30 cm (3.9â11.8 in) in diameter. Prairie dog burrows can have up to six entrances. Sometimes, the entrances are simply flat holes in the ground,
1341:, remain against import from the United States, due to the high death rate of wild captures. Several zoos in Europe have stable prairie dog colonies that generate enough surplus pups to saturate the EU internal demand, and several associations help owners to give adoption to captive-born animals.
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and others assert that prairie dogs use a sophisticated system of vocal communication to describe specific predators. According to them, prairie dog calls contain specific information as to what the predator is, how big it is and how fast it is approaching. These have been described as a form of
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Perhaps the most striking of prairie dog communications is the territorial call or "jump-yip" display of the black-tailed prairie dog. A black-tailed prairie dog stretches the length of its body vertically and throws its forefeet into the air while making a call. A jump-yip from one prairie dog
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Alarm response behavior varies according to the type of predator announced. If the alarm indicates a hawk diving toward the colony, all the prairie dogs in its flight path dive into their holes, while those outside the flight path stand and watch. If the alarm is for a human, all members of the
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The typical prairie dog territory takes up 0.05â1.01 hectares (0.12â2.50 acres). Territories have well-established borders that coincide with physical barriers such as rocks and trees. The resident male of a territory defends it, and antagonistic behavior occurs between two males of different
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Prairie dogs live mainly at altitudes ranging from 2,000 to 10,000 ft (600 to 3,000 m) above sea level. The areas where they live can get as warm as 38 °C (100 °F) in the summer and as cold as â37 °C (â35 °F) in the winter. As prairie dogs live in areas prone to
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Prairie dogs are highly social animals. They live in large colonies or "towns", and collections of prairie dog families can span hundreds of acres. The prairie dog family groups are the most basic units of its society. Members of a family group inhabit the same territory. Family groups of
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that can last for several months, in which their personalities can drastically change, often becoming defensive or even aggressive. Despite their needs, prairie dogs are very social animals and come to seem as though they treat humans as members of their colony.
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has been affected by direct removal by farmers, and the more obvious encroachment of urban development, which has greatly reduced their populations. The removal of prairie dogs "causes undesirable spread of brush", the costs of which to livestock range and
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On 8 September 2008, the FDA and CDC rescinded the ban, making it once again legal to capture, sell, and transport prairie dogs. Although the federal ban has been lifted, several states still have in place their own ban on prairie dogs.
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One common concern, which led to the widespread extermination of prairie dog colonies, was that their digging activities could injure horses by fracturing their limbs. According to writer Fred Durso, Jr., of
827:. In the winter, lactating and pregnant females supplement their diets with snow for extra water. They also will eat roots, seeds, fruit, buds, and grasses of various species. Black-tailed prairie dogs in
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environmental threats, including hailstorms, blizzards, and floods, as well as drought and prairie fires, burrows provide important protection. Burrows help prairie dogs control their body temperature (
1281:(FDA) to issue a joint order banning the sale, trade, and transport within the United States of prairie dogs (with a few exceptions). The disease was never introduced to any wild populations. The
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Prairie dog copulation occurs in the burrows, which reduces the risk of interruption by a competing male. They are also at less risk of predation. Behaviors that signal that a female is in
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Prairie dogs are stout-bodied rodents that, on average, are 30 to 40 cm (12 to 16 in) long, including the short tail, and weigh between 0.5 and 1.5 kilograms (1 and 3 lb).
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Despite their name, a prairie dog skull has a condylobasal length of between 5.2-6.4 cm shorter than the skull of a canine or actual dog which is between 11.39â17.96 cm in length.
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Black-tailed prairie dogs comprise the largest remaining community. In spite of human encroachment, prairie dogs have adapted, continuing to dig burrows in open areas of
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Prairie dogs are named for their habitat and warning call, which sounds similar to a dog's bark. The name was in use at least as early as 1774. The 1804 journals of the
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and exterminated from agricultural properties because they are capable of damaging crops, as they clear the immediate area around their burrows of most vegetation.
888:) as they are 5â10 °C (41â50 °F) during the winter and 15â25 °C (59â77 °F) in the summer. Prairie dog tunnel systems channel rainwater into the
2520:. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. pp. 19â29. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GTR-298
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They can be difficult pets to care for, requiring regular attention and a very specific diet of grasses and hay. Each year, they go into a period called
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color vision, it can detect predators from a great distance; it then alerts other prairie dogs of the danger with a special, high-pitched call.
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has not lifted its ban on imports from the U.S. of animals captured in the wild. Major
European Prairie Dog Associations, such as the Italian
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Vanderlip, S. L. (2002). Prairie Dogs: Everything about
Purchase, Care, Nutrition, Handling, and Behavior. Barron's Educational Series. p. 19
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in addition to buffalo grass and blue grama. White-tailed prairie dogs have been observed to kill ground squirrels, a competing herbivore.
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the males start eating more, and is at its lowest when the females are pregnant, which is also when the males are depleted from breeding.
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1899:"Breed-Specific Skull Morphology Reveals Insights into Canine Optic Chiasm Positioning and Orbital Structure through 3D CT Scan Analysis"
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1167:, though, "after years of asking ranchers this question, we have found not one example." Another concern is their susceptibility to
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417:, have shown a proclivity for grazing on the same land used by prairie dogs. Prairie dogs have some of the most complex systems of
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Saskatchewan, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico
900:, and can also change the composition of the soil in a region by reversing soil compaction that can result from cattle grazing.
532:) was first described by Lewis and Clark in 1804. Lewis described it in more detail in 1806, calling it the "barking squirrel".
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for both black- and white-tailed prairie dogs, but fossils of prairie dogs are scarce prior to the late
Irvingtonian.
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note that in
September 1804, they "discovered a Village of an animal the French Call the Prairie Dog". Its genus,
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1303:, and many wild colonies have been wiped out by it. Also, in 2002, a large group of prairie dogs in captivity in
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renewal in the soil, which can be crucial for soil quality and agriculture. They are extremely important in the
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1388:: "Of all the prairie animals, by far the most curious, and by no means the least celebrated, is the little
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276:. In Mexico, prairie dogs are found primarily in the northern states, which lie at the southern end of the
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Foltz, D. & Hoogland, J. L. (1981). "Analysis of the Mating System in the Black- Tailed
Prairie Dog (
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2448:"Semantic information distinguishing individual predators in the alarm calls of Gunnison's prairie dogs"
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well in zoos. Removing them from the wild was a far more common method of supplying the market demand.
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1422:(often involuntarily), with the implication that fecal matter has already begun partially exiting the
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Prairie dogs that were in captivity at the time of the ban in 2003 were allowed to be kept under a
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Hoogland, J. L. (1983). "Black- Tailed
Prairie Dog Coteries are Cooperatively Breeding Units".
1658:"Journals of the Lewis and Clark expedition, "7th September Friday 1804. a verry Cold morning""
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1311:. The prairie dog ban is frequently cited by the CDC as a successful response to the threat of
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304:, though they have also been introduced in a few eastern locales. They are also found in the
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Western
Wyoming and western Colorado with small areas in eastern Utah and southern Montana.
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2334:(pp. 257â264), M. Beckoff, C. Allen, and G. M. Burghardt (eds) Cambridge: A Bradford Book.
8:
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2154:"Parentage, Multiple Paternity, and Breeding Success in Gunnison's and Utah Prairie Dogs"
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1990:
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1493:"Pliocene-Pleistocene Biogeographic History of Prairie Dogs, Genus Cynomys (Sciuridae)"
1319:
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2593:"Open Season on "Varmints" For Saving Endangered Prairie Dogs, It's the Eleventh Hour"
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Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 2003 â Schedule 2 Prohibited new organisms
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1995:
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plans to distribute an oral vaccine it had developed by unmanned aircraft or drones.
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305:
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1108:, also rely on prairie dog burrows for nesting areas. Even grazing species, such as
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3541:
3000:"Born Free: Summary of State Laws Relating to Private Possession of Exotic Animals"
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2638:"Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems to Deliver Prairie Dog Sylvatic Plague Vaccination"
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2399:
2295:
2260:
2219:
2165:
1985:
1977:
1920:
1910:
1882:
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1433:, a minor league baseball team, use a nickname for prairie dogs as their cognomen.
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Haynie, M., Van Den Bussche, R. A., Hoogland, J.L., & Gilbert, D.A. (2002).
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2959:"CDC: Notice of Embargo⊠of certain rodents and Prairie dogs issued 06/18/2003"
2701:
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1334:
1300:
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893:
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405:, also rely on prairie dog burrows for nesting areas. Grazing species, such as
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Prairie dogs raise their heads from their burrows in response to disturbances.
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2019:
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Gregg's Commerce of the prairies: or, The journal of a Santa FĂ© trader, 1831
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1999:
1981:
1934:
1602:"Observations on the Biology of Gunnison's Prairie Dog in Central Colorado"
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have shown a proclivity for grazing on the same land used by prairie dogs.
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277:
171:
48:
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Slobodchikoff, C. N. (2002) "Cognition and Communication in Prairie Dogs"
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Ichikawa, Yoichiro; Kanemaki, Nobuyuki; Kanai, Kazutaka (January 2024).
820:. They feed primarily on grasses and small seeds. In the fall, they eat
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Slobodchikoff, C. N.; Kiriazis, Judith; Fischer, C.; Creef, E. (1991).
2413:
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2233:
1685:"Index Generum Mammalium: a List of the Genera and Families of Mammals"
1626:
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species are classed as a "prohibited new organism" under New Zealand's
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2516:. In Uresk, Daniel W.; Schenbeck, Greg L.; O'Rourke, James T. (eds.).
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Black-tailed prairie dog forages above ground for grasses and leaves.
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Prairie dogs are chiefly herbivorous, although they occasionally eat
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85:
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1966:"Prairie dogs increase fitness by killing interspecific competitors"
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Fossils of genus Cynomys have been dated to as far back as the late
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The average lifespan of a prairie dog in the wild is 8 to 10 years.
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3555:
3372:
3344:
2540:"Public, mayor react to prairie dog poisoning at Elmer Thomas Park"
2518:
Conserving biodiversity on native rangelands: symposium proceedings
2356:
C. N. Slobodchikoff; Bianca S. Perla; Jennifer L. Verdolin (2009).
2299:
1312:
860:
563:
559:
362:
336:
317:
289:
135:
105:
39:
35:
3285:
3038:
2688:
Pilny, A.; Hess, Laurie (2004). "Prairie dog care and husbandry".
2511:"Black-tailed prairie dog status and future conservation planning"
1778:"Journal of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, Tuesday July 1st 1806"
713:
3379:
2445:
1537:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
1462:
1410:
1273:, and subsequently a few humans were also infected. This led the
1151:
1061:
897:
575:
438:
429:
358:
354:
309:
2772:"Born Free: EU bans rodent imports following monkeypox outbreak"
2015:"Cute prairie dogs are serial killers savaging ground squirrels"
437:
often outweighs the benefits of removal. Other threats include
300:. In the United States, they range primarily to the west of the
3622:
3358:
3351:
3337:
2888:
The Black-Tailed Prairie Dog: Social Life of a Burrowing Mammal
2125:
The Black-tailed Prairie Dog: Social Life of a Burrowing Mammal
1393:
1089:
962:
817:
567:
538:
496:
The prairie dog is known by several indigenous names. The name
445:
in many areas to maintain local populations and ensure natural
422:
390:
313:
281:
242:
125:
115:
95:
4577:
2359:
Prairie Dogs: Communication and Community in an Animal Society
1304:
1266:
864:
2690:
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice
2128:. Chicago, Illinois, USA: The University of Chicago Press.
1423:
1000:
824:
1764:
Everyday Lakota: An English-Sioux Dictionary for Beginners
523:
369:, being important to the diet of many animals such as the
3020:
2912:"AVMA: Tularemia Outbreak Identified In Pet Prairie Dogs"
2509:
Mulhern, Daniel W.; Knowles, Craig J. (17 August 1995).
2246:
1296:, preventing them from being imported into the country.
2636:
McCollister, Matthew; Matchett, Randy (31 March 2016).
1970:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1138:) with a prairie dog skeleton, articulated to show the
2566:"The Diary of Virginia D. (Jones-Harlan) Barr b. 1866"
1964:
Hoogland, John L.; Brown, Charles R. (23 March 2016).
19:
This article is about the animal. For other uses, see
2938:"Monkeypox-Outbreak: How was the outbreak contained?"
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
1896:
1599:
Fitzgerald, James P.; Lechleitner, Robert R. (1974).
1285:
also banned importation of prairie dogs in response.
256:. There are five recognized species of prairie dog:
2635:
1344:Prairie dogs in captivity may live up to 10 years.
1194:
Prairie dogs are gaining popularity as zoo animals.
1123:Nevertheless, prairie dogs are often identified as
3237:"Site Detail - Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks"
2667:"CNN: What's that giant sucking sound on prairie?"
2314:
2208:"Estrus and Copulation of Gunnison's Prairie Dogs"
1600:
1491:
907:
2568:. Kansasheritage.org. 22 May 1940. Archived from
2436:. Prairie Dog Coalition. Retrieved on 2013-01-04.
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
508:two years after Lewis and Clark's expedition. In
4722:
3143:"Definition of prairie-dogging | Dictionary.com"
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
1818:
1816:
1814:
3278:Prairie Dog Management, Kansas State University
2751:"CDC: Questions & Answers About Monkey Pox"
2591:Motavalli, Jim; Durso, Fred Jr. (2 July 2004).
2285:
2205:
1822:
1372:"Dog Town" or settlement of prairie dogs, from
1294:Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996
2590:
2508:
2147:
2145:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
3306:
2344:"Cognition and Communication in Prairie Dogs"
2192:
2070:
1963:
1811:
1802:
1762:Karol, Joseph S.; Rozman, Stephen L. (1974).
1269:, several prairie dogs in captivity acquired
1254:In mid-2003, due to cross-contamination at a
948:
2774:. bornfree.org.uk. June 2003. Archived from
2489:"Mammals of Texas: Black-tailed Prairie Dog"
2382:
2184:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1946:
1944:
1726:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 80.
1530:
4776:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
4756:Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States)
2890:. University of Chicago Press. p. 80.
2862:"Endangered, Rescued, Now in Trouble Again"
2839:"Biologist Studies Plague and Prairie Dogs"
2647:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. p. 9
2362:. Harvard University Press. pp. 249â.
2142:
2034:
1761:
3313:
3299:
2439:
1858:"A Systematic Account of the Prairie-Dogs"
1766:. Rosebud Educational Society. p. 55.
1299:Prairie dogs are also very susceptible to
1275:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
751:Coahuila, Nuevo LeĂłn, and San Luis PotosĂ
308:. Despite the name, they are not actually
47:
3076:
2687:
2403:
2223:
2169:
2056:. New York, NY: Dodd, Mead, and Company.
1989:
1941:
1924:
1914:
1881:
1855:
1840:
1703:
1339:Associazione Italiana Cani della Prateria
2885:
2121:
1718:
1367:
1347:
1233:
1129:
1052:
1027:
999:
977:
952:
935:
923:
911:
874:
870:
783:
685:Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico
456:
3481:Cascade golden-mantled ground squirrel
3257:"Greycliff Prairie Dog Town State Park"
3232:Greycliff Prairie Dog Town State Park:
2859:
1780:. Libtextcenter.unl.edu. Archived from
1724:Lewis and Clark, Pioneering Naturalists
1660:. Libtextcenter.unl.edu. Archived from
1652:
1650:
1490:Goodwin, Thomas H. (23 February 1995).
1489:
1418:to refer to one who is on the verge of
1409:In companies that use large numbers of
806:
524:Classification and first identification
4723:
2821:"Plague and Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs"
2723:Tynes, Valarie V. (7 September 2010).
2051:
1746:
1682:
1048:
995:
4498:
4497:
3294:
2722:
2012:
1227:Pet prairie dogs can be leash trained
1045:causes others nearby to do the same.
1647:
847:, while Gunnison's prairie dogs eat
4198:Caucasian mountain ground squirrel
3286:Italian association of Prairie dogs
3132:. A. H. Clark, 1905. Vol.2, p. 277.
2980:Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 174
1825:"Sexual Dimorphism of Prairie Dogs"
1134:Skeleton of a black-footed ferret (
1008:The prairie dog is well adapted to
13:
4766:Fauna of the Western United States
2989:. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2013-01-04.
2681:
2376:
2279:
2240:
636:About 14 other genera in subfamily
14:
4792:
3456:(golden-mantled ground squirrels)
3411:EspĂritu Santo antelope squirrel
3216:
3168:"Definition of 'prairie-dogging'"
1952:Prairie Dogs: A Wildlife Handbook
1064:consider the prairie dog to be a
879:Prairie dogs at a burrow entrance
646:
2013:Irwin, Aisling (23 March 2016).
1574:"Basic Facts About Prairie Dogs"
1238:Prairie dog at the Minnesota Zoo
1220:
1201:
1187:
756:
734:
712:
690:
668:
72:
56:Black-tailed prairie dog at the
4363:Southern Idaho ground squirrel
4327:Northern Idaho ground squirrel
3609:Thirteen-lined ground squirrel
3463:Golden-mantled ground squirrel
3429:White-tailed antelope squirrel
3186:
3160:
3135:
3117:
3104:
3077:Vanderlip, Sharon Lynn (2002).
3070:
3049:
3031:
3013:
2992:
2973:
2951:
2930:
2904:
2879:
2853:
2831:
2813:
2790:
2764:
2743:
2716:
2659:
2629:
2607:
2584:
2558:
2532:
2502:
2481:
2420:
2349:
2337:
2251:) by Likelihood of Paternity".
2006:
1957:
1890:
1849:
1796:
1770:
1755:
1740:
1607:The American Midland Naturalist
1178:
908:Social organization and spacing
312:; prairie dogs, along with the
4035:Baja California rock squirrel
3438:San Joaquin antelope squirrel
2860:Robbins, Jim (18 April 2006).
2825:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1712:
1676:
1633:
1592:
1566:
1542:Johns Hopkins University Press
1534:; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005).
1524:
1483:
1455:
1307:were found to have contracted
1173:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1098:golden-mantled ground squirrel
779:
528:The black-tailed prairie dog (
395:golden-mantled ground squirrel
349:Prairie dogs are considered a
1:
4469:Round-tailed ground squirrel
4390:Richardson's ground squirrel
3472:Sierra Madre ground squirrel
3198:The Free Dictionary by Farlex
3194:"Farlex Dictionary of Idioms"
3057:"Adoptapet.com: Prairie Dogs"
2542:. KSWO Lawton. Archived from
2467:10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80117-4
1954:, Boulder, CO: Johnson Books.
1644:. Online Etymology Dictionary
1476:
1465:and as far back as the early
1404:
1326:under quarantine procedures.
1213:South-central Wisconsin, U.S.
1096:. Other species, such as the
971:mating with her by inserting
421:and social structures in the
393:. Other species, such as the
58:Smithsonian National Zoo Park
4761:Fauna of the Rocky Mountains
4746:Rodents of the United States
4408:Long-tailed ground squirrel
4302:(Holarctic ground squirrels)
4265:(Spermophilus xanthoprymnus)
4171:Red-cheeked ground squirrel
4127:(Old World ground squirrels)
4010:Ring-tailed ground squirrel
2597:EâThe Environmental Magazine
1520:– via Oxford Academic.
1279:Food and Drug Administration
1142:relationship between them. (
452:
21:Prairie dog (disambiguation)
7:
4416:Washington ground squirrel
4399:Townsend's ground squirrel
4263:Asia Minor ground squirrel
4099:PĂšre David's rock squirrel
4074:Franklin's ground squirrel
4044:California ground squirrel
3599:Rio Grande ground squirrel
3402:Harris's antelope squirrel
2843:California State University
1436:
10:
4797:
4345:Columbian ground squirrel
4336:Merriam's ground squirrel
4318:Belding's ground squirrel
4207:Tian Shan ground squirrel
4143:Brandtâs ground squirrel (
2886:Hoogland, John L. (1995).
2702:10.1016/j.cvex.2004.02.001
1057:A prairie dog and his hole
949:Reproduction and parenting
788:Full view of a prairie dog
467:Lewis and Clark Expedition
18:
4781:Mammals described in 1817
4751:Fauna of the Great Plains
4506:
4480:
4428:
4295:
4274:
4245:Speckled ground squirrel
4153:European ground squirrel
4119:
4085:
4064:
4021:
4001:Tropical ground squirrel
3989:
3900:(N. quadrimaculatus)
3768:
3620:
3583:(little ground squirrels)
3576:
3553:
3524:Black-tailed prairie dog
3515:White-tailed prairie dog
3492:
3449:
3388:
3332:
3112:Texan Santa FĂ© Expedition
2729:. John Wiley & Sons.
1751:. Routledge. p. 188.
1749:English-Lakota Dictionary
1360:Texan Santa Fe Expedition
1150:As a result, prairie dog
1018:Constantine Slobodchikoff
284:, north and northeastern
192:
187:
177:
170:
69:Scientific classification
67:
55:
46:
30:
16:Genus of ground squirrels
4771:Fauna of Northern Mexico
4460:Spotted ground squirrel
4435:(pygmy ground squirrels)
4354:Wyoming ground squirrel
4256:(Spermophilus taurensis)
4235:Relict ground squirrel (
4216:Pallid ground squirrel (
4162:Daurian ground squirrel
4134:Alashan ground squirrel
4108:Forrest's rock squirrel
3909:(N. quadrivittatus)
3871:Yellow-cheeked chipmunk
3759:(M. vancouverensis)
3757:Vancouver Island marmot
3590:Mexican ground squirrel
3420:Texas antelope squirrel
3321:Living species of tribe
3223:Desert USA: Prairie Dogs
3043:www.canedellaprateria.it
2985:25 February 2012 at the
2802:, New Zealand Government
2645:Environmental Assessment
2432:10 November 2013 at the
2206:Hoogland, J. L. (1998).
1823:Hoogland, J. L. (2002).
1448:
1386:Commerce of the Prairies
1374:Commerce of the Prairies
720:Black-tailed prairie dog
698:White-tailed prairie dog
608:Black-tailed prairie dog
599:White-tailed prairie dog
4451:Perote ground squirrel
4442:Mohave ground squirrel
4381:Arctic ground squirrel
4254:Taurus ground squirrel
4247:(Spermophilus suslicus)
4226:Little ground squirrel
4189:Russet ground squirrel
4180:Yellow ground squirrel
3819:(N. cinereicollis)
3817:Gray-collared chipmunk
3709:Groundhog or woodchuck
3506:Gunnison's prairie dog
2726:Behavior of Exotic Pets
2288:The American Naturalist
2122:Hoogland, J.L. (1995).
2054:Wonders of Prairie Dogs
1883:2027/mdp.39015006867553
1258:-area pet swap from an
1171:. As of July 2016 the
940:A prairie dog at a zoo.
831:eat western bluegrass,
811:
4471:(X. tereticaudus)
4392:(U. richardsonii)
4372:Piute ground squirrel
4309:Uinta ground squirrel
4173:(S. erythrogenys)
4092:(Asian rock squirrels)
4037:(O. atricapillus)
3891:(N. panamintinus)
3741:(M. flaviventris)
3739:Yellow-bellied marmot
3666:(M. camtschatica)
1982:10.1098/rspb.2016.0144
1856:Hollister, N. (1916).
1803:Basic Biology (2015).
1747:Ingham, Bruce (2013).
1720:Cutright, Paul Russell
1376:
1355:George Wilkins Kendall
1239:
1147:
1058:
1033:
1005:
983:
958:
941:
929:
928:A pair of prairie dogs
917:
880:
789:
676:Gunnison's prairie dog
590:Gunnison's prairie dog
477:for "dog mouse" (ÎșÏ
ÏÎœ
462:
335:), part of the larger
4703:Paleobiology Database
4418:(U. washingtoni)
4347:(U. columbianus)
4136:(S. alashanicus)
3808:Gray-footed chipmunk
3790:Yellow-pine chipmunk
3611:(I. tridecemlineatus)
3174:(Dictionary). Collins
3039:"Cane della prateria"
2383:Hoogland, J. (1996).
2052:Chance, G.E. (1976).
1683:Palmer, T.S. (1904).
1578:Defenders of Wildlife
1371:
1348:Literary descriptions
1237:
1133:
1056:
1031:
1003:
982:Juvenile prairie dogs
981:
956:
939:
927:
915:
878:
871:Habitat and burrowing
787:
460:
441:. The prairie dog is
324:genera belong to the
34:Temporal range: Late
4453:(X. perotensis)
4444:(X. mohavensis)
4401:(U. townsendii)
4209:(S. nilkaensis)
4101:(S. davidianus)
4076:(P. franklinii)
4055:(O. variegatus)
3972:(N. townsendii)
3970:Townsend's chipmunk
3918:(N. ruficaudus)
3916:Red-tailed chipmunk
3898:Long-eared chipmunk
3873:(N. ochrogenys)
3862:California chipmunk
3684:(M. himalayana)
3664:Black-capped marmot
3533:Mexican prairie dog
3395:(antelope squirrels)
2849:on 10 February 2008.
2387:Cynomys ludovicianus
2332:The Cognitive Animal
2253:Journal of Mammalogy
2249:Cynomys ludovicianus
2212:Journal of Mammalogy
2158:Journal of Mammalogy
1874:10.3996/nafa.40.0001
1862:North American Fauna
1829:Journal of Mammalogy
1705:10.3996/nafa.23.0001
1692:North American Fauna
1498:Journal of Mammalogy
1431:Amarillo Sod Poodles
1398:arctomys ludoviciana
957:Female with juvenile
807:Ecology and behavior
725:Cynomys ludovicianus
612:Cynomys ludovicianus
570:, and prairie dogs)
530:Cynomys ludovicianus
500:was recorded by Lt.
320:, and several other
274:Mexican prairie dogs
208:Cynomys ludovicianus
4462:(X. spilosoma)
4410:(U. undulatus)
4365:(U. endemicus)
4012:(N. annulatus)
3963:(N. speciosus)
3961:Lodgepole chipmunk
3844:Merriam's chipmunk
3775:(western chipmunks)
3702:(M. menzbieri)
3673:Long-tailed marmot
3639:(M. baibacina)
3567:(E. sibiricus)
3535:(C. mexicanus)
3483:(C. saturatus)
3474:(C. madrensis)
3465:(C. lateralis)
3422:(A. interpres)
3413:(A. insularis)
3021:"Untitled Document"
2346:, C.N Slobodchikoff
1916:10.3390/ani14020197
1263:Gambian pouched rat
1144:Museum of Osteology
1070:black-footed ferret
1049:Conservation status
1004:Prairie dog calling
996:Anti-predator calls
742:Mexican prairie dog
617:Mexican prairie dog
473:, derives from the
371:black-footed ferret
4329:(U. brunneus)
4320:(U. beldingi)
4286:(T. striatus)
4228:(S. pygmaeus)
4164:(S. dauricus)
4155:(S. citellus)
4110:(S. forresti)
4046:(O. beecheyi)
4003:(N. adocetus)
3981:(N. umbrinus)
3945:(N. siskiyou)
3943:Siskiyou chipmunk
3907:Colorado chipmunk
3889:Panamint chipmunk
3880:Palmer's chipmunk
3864:(N. obscurus)
3846:(N. merriami)
3837:(N. durangae)
3828:(N. dorsalis)
3799:Buller's chipmunk
3732:(M. caligata)
3720:(M. sibirica)
3700:Menzbier's marmot
3565:Siberian chipmunk
3517:(C. leucurus)
3431:(A. leucurus)
3404:(A. harrisii)
3325:(ground squirrels)
3172:Collins Dictionary
2866:The New York Times
2669:. 16 December 1996
2572:on 31 January 2009
2427:Associated Species
1976:(1827): 20160144.
1784:on 1 February 2009
1664:on 1 February 2009
1629:– via JSTOR.
1414:same term is also
1377:
1357:'s account of the
1320:grandfather clause
1256:Madison, Wisconsin
1240:
1148:
1059:
1034:
1006:
984:
959:
942:
930:
918:
916:Prairie dog family
881:
790:
463:
4741:Rodents of Mexico
4736:Rodents of Canada
4718:
4717:
4690:Open Tree of Life
4500:Taxon identifiers
4491:
4490:
4383:(U. parryii)
4356:(U. elegans)
4311:(U. armatus)
4284:Eastern chipmunk
3954:(N. sonomae)
3934:Allen's chipmunk
3882:(N. palmeri)
3855:(N. minimus)
3835:Durango chipmunk
3810:(N. canipes)
3801:(N. bulleri)
3792:(N. amoenus)
3783:(N. alpinus)
3750:(M. olympus)
3693:(M. marmota)
3682:Himalayan marmot
3675:(M. caudata)
3657:(M. broweri)
3542:Utah prairie dog
3526:(C. ludovicianus)
3452:Callospermophilus
3440:(A. nelsoni)
3326:
3263:on 7 October 2006
2396:Mammalian Species
2369:978-0-674-03181-4
2135:978-0-226-35118-6
1551:978-0-8018-8221-0
1208:
892:, which prevents
794:Sexual dimorphism
777:
776:
769:Cynomys parvidens
747:Cynomys mexicanus
681:Cynomys gunnisoni
630:Cynomys parvidens
621:Cynomys mexicanus
594:Cynomys gunnisoni
306:Canadian Prairies
302:Mississippi River
227:
226:
220:Cynomys parvidens
214:Cynomys mexicanus
196:Cynomys gunnisoni
166:
4788:
4711:
4710:
4698:
4697:
4685:
4684:
4672:
4671:
4669:NHMSYS0000376570
4659:
4658:
4646:
4645:
4633:
4632:
4620:
4619:
4607:
4606:
4594:
4593:
4581:
4580:
4568:
4567:
4555:
4554:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4495:
4494:
4431:Xerospermophilus
4374:(U. mollis)
4182:(S. fulvus)
4028:(rock squirrels)
3952:Sonoma chipmunk
3781:Alpine chipmunk
3718:Tarbagan marmot
3391:Ammospermophilus
3324:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3292:
3291:
3284:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3259:. Archived from
3252:
3250:
3248:
3239:. Archived from
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3139:
3133:
3121:
3115:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2996:
2990:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2914:. Archived from
2908:
2902:
2901:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2845:. Archived from
2835:
2829:
2828:
2827:. 23 March 1999.
2817:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2642:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2515:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2455:Animal Behaviour
2452:
2443:
2437:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2407:
2393:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2325:
2312:
2311:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2227:
2203:
2190:
2189:
2183:
2175:
2173:
2164:(4): 1244â1253.
2149:
2140:
2139:
2119:
2068:
2067:
2049:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1993:
1961:
1955:
1950:Long, K. (2002)
1948:
1939:
1938:
1928:
1918:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1835:(4): 1254â1266.
1820:
1809:
1808:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1689:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1654:
1645:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1604:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1540:(3rd ed.).
1528:
1522:
1521:
1495:
1487:
1470:
1459:
1224:
1210:
1209:
1191:
1136:Mustela nigripes
1094:ferruginous hawk
1066:keystone species
973:copulatory plugs
886:thermoregulation
841:six weeks fescue
764:Utah prairie dog
760:
738:
716:
703:Cynomys leucurus
694:
672:
651:
650:
626:Utah prairie dog
603:Cynomys leucurus
428:The prairie dog
351:keystone species
326:ground squirrels
246:ground squirrels
202:Cynomys leucurus
180:Cynomys socialis
161:
77:
76:
51:
28:
27:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4706:
4701:
4693:
4688:
4680:
4675:
4667:
4662:
4654:
4649:
4641:
4636:
4628:
4623:
4615:
4610:
4602:
4597:
4589:
4584:
4576:
4571:
4563:
4558:
4550:
4545:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4502:
4492:
4487:
4476:
4434:
4424:
4338:(U. canus)
4301:
4291:
4270:
4218:S. pallidicauda
4191:(S. major)
4126:
4115:
4091:
4081:
4060:
4027:
4024:Otospermophilus
4017:
3985:
3979:Uinta chipmunk
3936:(N. senex)
3927:(N. rufus)
3853:Least chipmunk
3826:Cliff chipmunk
3774:
3764:
3748:Olympic marmot
3723:
3711:(M. monax)
3648:(M. bobak)
3626:
3616:
3582:
3572:
3549:
3498:
3488:
3455:
3445:
3394:
3384:
3328:
3319:
3282:
3266:
3264:
3255:
3246:
3244:
3235:
3219:
3214:
3213:
3203:
3201:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3151:
3149:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3122:
3118:
3109:
3105:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3075:
3071:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3025:www.mondocdp.it
3019:
3018:
3014:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2987:Wayback Machine
2978:
2974:
2964:
2962:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2921:
2919:
2918:on 2 April 2006
2910:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2884:
2880:
2870:
2868:
2858:
2854:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2805:
2803:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2781:
2779:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2721:
2717:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2650:
2648:
2640:
2634:
2630:
2620:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2549:
2547:
2546:on 12 June 2018
2538:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2521:
2513:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2450:
2444:
2440:
2434:Wayback Machine
2425:
2421:
2405:10.2307/3504202
2391:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2354:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2326:
2315:
2284:
2280:
2265:10.2307/1380592
2245:
2241:
2225:10.2307/1383096
2204:
2193:
2177:
2176:
2171:10.1644/BRB-109
2150:
2143:
2136:
2120:
2071:
2064:
2050:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2011:
2007:
1962:
1958:
1949:
1942:
1895:
1891:
1854:
1850:
1842:10.1644/BME-008
1821:
1812:
1801:
1797:
1787:
1785:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1760:
1756:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1717:
1713:
1687:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1656:
1655:
1648:
1638:
1634:
1619:10.2307/2424208
1597:
1593:
1583:
1581:
1580:. 15 March 2012
1572:
1571:
1567:
1552:
1529:
1525:
1510:10.2307/1382319
1488:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1443:Communal burrow
1439:
1407:
1350:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1181:
1102:mountain plover
1086:American badger
1082:red tailed hawk
1051:
1039:ventriloquistic
998:
951:
910:
873:
814:
809:
782:
660:Scientific name
649:
526:
455:
399:mountain plover
387:American badger
383:red tailed hawk
296:, and northern
280:: northeastern
217:
211:
205:
199:
183:
160:
71:
42:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4794:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4699:
4686:
4673:
4660:
4647:
4634:
4621:
4608:
4595:
4582:
4569:
4556:
4543:
4528:
4512:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4489:
4488:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4466:
4457:
4448:
4438:
4436:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4413:
4405:
4396:
4387:
4378:
4369:
4360:
4351:
4342:
4333:
4324:
4315:
4305:
4303:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4280:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4260:
4251:
4242:
4232:
4223:
4213:
4204:
4195:
4186:
4177:
4168:
4159:
4150:
4140:
4130:
4128:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4105:
4095:
4093:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4070:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4053:Rock squirrel
4050:
4041:
4031:
4029:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4007:
3997:
3995:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3976:
3967:
3958:
3949:
3940:
3931:
3925:Hopi chipmunk
3922:
3913:
3904:
3895:
3886:
3877:
3868:
3859:
3850:
3841:
3832:
3823:
3814:
3805:
3796:
3787:
3778:
3776:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3754:
3745:
3736:
3715:
3706:
3697:
3691:Alpine marmot
3688:
3679:
3670:
3661:
3655:Alaska marmot
3652:
3630:
3628:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3606:
3596:
3592:(I. mexicanus)
3586:
3584:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3561:
3559:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3544:(C. parvidens)
3539:
3530:
3521:
3512:
3508:(C. gunnisoni)
3502:
3500:
3499:(prairie dogs)
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3478:
3469:
3459:
3457:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3435:
3426:
3417:
3408:
3398:
3396:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3318:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3280:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3253:
3230:
3225:
3218:
3217:External links
3215:
3212:
3211:
3185:
3159:
3147:dictionary.com
3134:
3116:
3103:
3089:
3069:
3048:
3030:
3012:
2991:
2972:
2961:. 18 June 2003
2950:
2929:
2903:
2896:
2878:
2852:
2830:
2812:
2789:
2763:
2742:
2735:
2715:
2696:(2): 269â282.
2680:
2658:
2628:
2615:"Prairie Dogs"
2606:
2583:
2557:
2531:
2501:
2480:
2461:(5): 713â719.
2438:
2419:
2375:
2368:
2348:
2336:
2313:
2300:10.1086/284057
2294:(2): 275â280.
2278:
2259:(4): 706â712.
2239:
2218:(3): 887â897.
2191:
2141:
2134:
2069:
2062:
2033:
2005:
1956:
1940:
1909:(2): 197â212.
1889:
1848:
1810:
1795:
1769:
1754:
1739:
1732:
1711:
1675:
1646:
1632:
1613:(1): 146â163.
1591:
1565:
1550:
1523:
1504:(1): 100â122.
1481:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1435:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1366:
1365:
1349:
1346:
1335:European Union
1301:bubonic plague
1283:European Union
1265:imported from
1226:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1169:bubonic plague
1050:
1047:
997:
994:
950:
947:
909:
906:
872:
869:
813:
810:
808:
805:
781:
778:
775:
774:
771:
766:
761:
753:
752:
749:
744:
739:
731:
730:
727:
722:
717:
709:
708:
705:
700:
695:
687:
686:
683:
678:
673:
665:
664:
661:
658:
655:
648:
647:Extant species
645:
644:
643:
642:
641:
640:
639:
638:
637:
634:
633:
632:
623:
614:
605:
596:
542:
525:
522:
512:, the word is
454:
451:
423:animal kingdom
248:native to the
225:
224:
190:
189:
185:
184:
175:
174:
168:
167:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
65:
64:
62:Washington, DC
53:
52:
44:
43:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4793:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4709:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4548:
4544:
4539:
4533:
4529:
4524:
4518:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4496:
4486:
4485:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4145:S. brevicauda
4141:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4124:sensu stricto
4123:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4066:Poliocitellus
4063:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3730:Hoary marmot
3727:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3646:Bobak marmot
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3634:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3601:(I. parvidens
3597:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3316:
3311:
3309:
3304:
3302:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3287:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3243:on 9 May 2007
3242:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3124:Gregg, Josiah
3120:
3113:
3107:
3092:
3090:9780764121036
3086:
3082:
3081:
3073:
3058:
3052:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3001:
2995:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2976:
2960:
2954:
2939:
2933:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2899:
2897:0-226-35117-3
2893:
2889:
2882:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2826:
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2793:
2778:on 1 May 2006
2777:
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2736:9780813800783
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2063:0-396-07366-2
2059:
2055:
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2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2022:
2021:
2020:New Scientist
2016:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1983:
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1533:
1532:Wilson, D. E.
1527:
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1280:
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1261:
1260:unquarantined
1257:
1252:
1249:
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1223:
1190:
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1174:
1170:
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1160:
1158:
1153:
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1140:predator-prey
1137:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:burrowing owl
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
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866:
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854:
850:
846:
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837:buffalo grass
834:
830:
826:
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699:
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689:
688:
684:
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679:
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671:
667:
666:
663:Distribution
662:
659:
656:
653:
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635:
631:
627:
624:
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618:
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613:
609:
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550:
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535:
534:
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515:
511:
507:
504:while on the
503:
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488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
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450:
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444:
440:
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431:
426:
424:
420:
419:communication
416:
412:
408:
404:
403:burrowing owl
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
347:
345:
341:
338:
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331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
254:North America
251:
247:
244:
241:
237:
236:
231:
223:
222:
221:
216:
215:
210:
209:
204:
203:
198:
197:
191:
186:
182:
181:
176:
173:
169:
164:
159:
158:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
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137:
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131:
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124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
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84:
81:
80:
75:
70:
66:
63:
59:
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26:
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4731:Prairie dogs
4507:
4482:
4470:
4461:
4452:
4443:
4429:
4417:
4409:
4400:
4391:
4382:
4373:
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4319:
4310:
4296:
4285:
4275:
4264:
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4246:
4236:
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4217:
4208:
4200:(S. musicus)
4199:
4190:
4181:
4172:
4163:
4154:
4144:
4135:
4122:Spermophilus
4120:
4109:
4100:
4088:Sciurotamias
4086:
4075:
4065:
4054:
4045:
4036:
4022:
4011:
4002:
3992:Notocitellus
3990:
3980:
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3827:
3818:
3809:
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3769:
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3726:Petromarmota
3725:
3719:
3710:
3701:
3692:
3683:
3674:
3665:
3656:
3647:
3638:
3637:Gray marmot
3632:
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3403:
3389:
3366:Sciuromorpha
3283:(in Italian)
3265:. Retrieved
3261:the original
3245:. Retrieved
3241:the original
3202:. Retrieved
3200:. Farlex Inc
3197:
3188:
3176:. Retrieved
3171:
3162:
3150:. Retrieved
3146:
3137:
3127:
3119:
3114:, i, p. 192.
3111:
3106:
3094:. Retrieved
3083:. Barron's.
3079:
3072:
3060:. Retrieved
3051:
3042:
3033:
3024:
3015:
3003:. Retrieved
2994:
2975:
2963:. Retrieved
2953:
2941:. Retrieved
2932:
2920:. Retrieved
2916:the original
2906:
2887:
2881:
2869:. Retrieved
2865:
2855:
2847:the original
2842:
2833:
2824:
2815:
2804:, retrieved
2798:
2792:
2780:. Retrieved
2776:the original
2766:
2754:. Retrieved
2745:
2725:
2718:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2671:. Retrieved
2661:
2649:. Retrieved
2644:
2631:
2619:. Retrieved
2609:
2600:
2596:
2586:
2574:. Retrieved
2570:the original
2560:
2548:. Retrieved
2544:the original
2534:
2522:. Retrieved
2517:
2504:
2492:. Retrieved
2483:
2458:
2454:
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2395:
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2161:
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2053:
2024:. Retrieved
2018:
2008:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1951:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1868:(40): 1â37.
1865:
1861:
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1798:
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1782:the original
1772:
1763:
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1748:
1742:
1723:
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1695:
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1678:
1666:. Retrieved
1662:the original
1640:
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1582:. Retrieved
1577:
1568:
1536:
1526:
1501:
1497:
1485:
1467:Irvingtonian
1457:
1428:
1416:vulgar slang
1408:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1384:'s journal,
1382:Josiah Gregg
1373:
1358:
1343:
1338:
1332:
1328:
1324:veterinarian
1317:
1298:
1289:
1287:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1179:In captivity
1164:
1161:
1149:
1122:
1110:plains bison
1078:golden eagle
1060:
1043:
1035:
1023:
1012:. Using its
1007:
985:
960:
943:
931:
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902:
882:
849:rabbit brush
829:South Dakota
815:
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702:
680:
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620:
611:
602:
593:
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581:
573:
552:
547:Sciuromorpha
544:
536:
529:
527:
517:
513:
502:Zebulon Pike
497:
495:
490:
486:
482:
478:
470:
464:
435:soil quality
427:
407:plains bison
379:golden eagle
357:, with rich
348:
343:
332:
278:Great Plains
262:white-tailed
258:black-tailed
234:
233:
230:Prairie dogs
229:
228:
218:
212:
206:
200:
194:
193:
178:
172:Type species
156:
155:
25:
4612:iNaturalist
4532:Wikispecies
4298:Urocitellus
4237:S. relictus
3378:Subfamily:
3228:Prairie dog
2617:. DesertUSA
1584:18 February
1390:prairie dog
1014:dichromatic
989:Infanticide
968:mating call
890:water table
853:tumbleweeds
845:tumblegrass
780:Description
657:Common name
498:wishtonwish
485:â dog; ÎŒÏ
Ï
292:, northern
288:, northern
240:herbivorous
31:Prairie dog
4725:Categories
3364:Suborder:
3323:Marmotini
2806:26 January
2782:13 October
2673:10 October
2621:9 February
2576:9 February
1788:9 February
1668:9 February
1477:References
1420:defecating
1405:In culture
1277:(CDC) and
1165:E Magazine
1104:, and the
1062:Ecologists
1041:" nature.
857:dandelions
833:blue grama
574:Subfamily
493:â mouse).
447:ecosystems
401:, and the
367:food chain
298:Tamaulipas
294:Nuevo LeĂłn
266:Gunnison's
250:grasslands
163:Rafinesque
3771:Neotamias
3724:Subgenus
3631:Subgenus
3627:(marmots)
3579:Ictidomys
3373:Sciuridae
3336:Kingdom:
3204:29 August
3178:29 August
3152:29 August
3110:Kendall,
3096:6 January
3062:6 January
3005:6 January
2965:6 January
2943:6 January
2524:6 January
1805:"Rodents"
1309:tularemia
1271:monkeypox
1118:mule deer
1114:pronghorn
1074:swift fox
1010:predators
822:broadleaf
564:chipmunks
560:squirrels
555:Sciuridae
545:Suborder
453:Etymology
443:protected
415:mule deer
411:pronghorn
375:swift fox
344:Sciuridae
333:Marmotini
318:chipmunks
286:Chihuahua
243:burrowing
146:Marmotini
136:Sciuridae
92:Kingdom:
86:Eukaryota
4656:12400909
4517:Wikidata
4484:Category
3556:Eutamias
3371:Family:
3359:Rodentia
3352:Mammalia
3345:Chordata
3343:Phylum:
3338:Animalia
2983:Archived
2922:18 April
2756:18 April
2710:15145390
2550:25 March
2494:18 April
2475:53174059
2430:Archived
2308:84323285
2026:26 March
2000:27009223
1935:38254367
1926:10812588
1722:(1989).
1560:62265494
1437:See also
1411:cubicles
1313:zoonosis
1159:cities.
861:saltbush
539:Rodentia
506:Arkansas
481:, ÎșÏ
ÎœÎżÏ
363:nutrient
337:squirrel
290:Coahuila
188:Species
132:Family:
126:Rodentia
116:Mammalia
106:Chordata
102:Phylum:
96:Animalia
82:Domain:
40:Holocene
36:Pliocene
4695:1005032
4630:1396454
4604:2437231
4552:Cynomys
4538:Cynomys
4508:Cynomys
3642:
3633:Marmota
3623:Marmota
3495:Cynomys
3380:Xerinae
3357:Order:
3350:Class:
2651:18 July
2414:3504202
2273:1380592
2234:1383096
1991:4822469
1903:Animals
1698:: 212.
1641:prairie
1627:2424208
1518:1382319
1463:Blancan
1290:Cynomys
1157:western
1152:habitat
966:have a
898:erosion
818:insects
584:Cynomys
576:Xerinae
568:marmots
553:Family
518:pĂŹspĂza
514:pispĂza
489:, ÎŒÏ
ÏÏ
471:Cynomys
439:disease
430:habitat
359:mineral
355:topsoil
314:marmots
310:canines
235:Cynomys
232:(genus
157:Cynomys
152:Genus:
142:Tribe:
122:Order:
112:Class:
4643:180183
4591:1KYMSG
4523:Q30359
4465:
4456:
4447:
4421:
4404:
4395:
4386:
4377:
4368:
4359:
4350:
4341:
4332:
4323:
4314:
4276:Tamias
4259:
4250:
4241:
4231:
4222:
4212:
4203:
4194:
4185:
4176:
4167:
4158:
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4139:
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4049:
4040:
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3966:
3957:
3948:
3939:
3930:
3921:
3912:
3903:
3894:
3885:
3876:
3867:
3858:
3849:
3840:
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3822:
3813:
3804:
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3786:
3753:
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3735:
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3669:
3660:
3651:
3605:
3595:
3538:
3529:
3520:
3511:
3477:
3468:
3434:
3425:
3416:
3407:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3267:31 May
3247:31 May
3087:
2894:
2871:22 May
2733:
2708:
2473:
2412:
2366:
2330:, In:
2306:
2271:
2232:
2132:
2060:
1998:
1988:
1933:
1923:
1730:
1625:
1558:
1548:
1516:
1394:marmot
1116:, and
1092:, and
1090:coyote
963:estrus
894:runoff
863:, and
843:, and
582:Genus
537:Order
510:Lakota
413:, and
391:coyote
389:, and
361:, and
340:family
282:Sonora
272:, and
238:) are
165:, 1817
4708:41496
4682:45478
4625:IRMNG
4617:46175
4578:39393
4565:64749
2641:(PDF)
2514:(PDF)
2471:S2CID
2451:(PDF)
2410:JSTOR
2392:(PDF)
2304:S2CID
2269:JSTOR
2230:JSTOR
1688:(PDF)
1623:JSTOR
1514:JSTOR
1449:Notes
1380:From
1353:From
1305:Texas
1267:Ghana
1125:pests
865:cacti
825:forbs
773:Utah
654:Image
483:kunos
475:Greek
330:tribe
322:basal
4677:NCBI
4638:ITIS
4599:GBIF
4586:EPPO
4560:BOLD
3269:2007
3249:2007
3206:2022
3180:2022
3154:2022
3098:2017
3085:ISBN
3064:2017
3007:2017
2967:2017
2945:2017
2924:2006
2892:ISBN
2873:2010
2808:2012
2784:2011
2758:2006
2731:ISBN
2706:PMID
2675:2009
2653:2016
2623:2009
2603:(4).
2578:2009
2552:2012
2526:2017
2496:2006
2364:ISBN
2186:link
2130:ISBN
2058:ISBN
2028:2016
1996:PMID
1931:PMID
1790:2009
1728:ISBN
1670:2009
1586:2019
1556:OCLC
1546:ISBN
1429:The
1424:anus
1333:The
1288:All
896:and
812:Diet
491:muos
479:kuĆn
270:Utah
4664:NBN
4651:MSW
4573:EoL
4547:ADW
3126:."
2698:doi
2463:doi
2400:doi
2296:doi
2292:121
2261:doi
2220:doi
2166:doi
1986:PMC
1978:doi
1974:283
1921:PMC
1911:doi
1878:hdl
1870:doi
1837:doi
1700:doi
1615:doi
1506:doi
1248:rut
516:or
487:mus
346:).
252:of
60:in
4727::
4705::
4692::
4679::
4666::
4653::
4640::
4627::
4614::
4601::
4588::
4575::
4562::
4549::
4534::
4519::
3728::
3635::
3196:.
3170:.
3145:.
3041:.
3023:.
2864:.
2841:.
2823:.
2704:.
2692:.
2643:.
2601:15
2599:.
2595:.
2469:.
2459:42
2457:.
2453:.
2408:.
2394:.
2316:^
2302:.
2290:.
2267:.
2257:62
2255:.
2228:.
2216:79
2214:.
2210:.
2194:^
2182:}}
2178:{{
2162:84
2160:.
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