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Tenochtitlan. Unlike the later
Spanish, the Aztecs did not seek to "convert" or destroy the cultures they conquered. Quite the opposite: the engines of warfare and empire in Central Mexico required that all participants understand and accept common cultural "rules" in order to make the flow of imperial wealth as smooth as possible. The rules of empire in Mexico were old rules, understood by all the power players and "contenders to the throne," as had been shown many times before (the kingdom of
695:. These civilizations (with the exception of the politically fragmented Maya) extended their reach across Mexico, and beyond, like no others. They consolidated power and distributed influence in matters of trade, art, politics, technology, and theology. Other regional power players made economic and political alliances with these seven civilizations over the span of 3,000 years. Many made war with them. But almost all found themselves within these seven spheres of influence.
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1365:(the most common language at the time of Spanish arrival) their terms and names were widespread as descriptors of cities, regions, valleys, rivers, mountains, and many cultural objects. The Tlaxcala allies of the Spanish also spoke Nahuatl and they accompanied the Spanish in the conquest of much of what would become New Spain. As a result, Nahuatl names were used as geographic identifiers as far away as Guatemala and Sonora (e.g. "UtatlĂĄn" was
1797:
27:
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823:. The period between AD 250 and AD 650 saw an intense flourishing of Maya civilized accomplishments. While the many Maya city-states never achieved political unity on the order of the central Mexican civilizations, they exerted a tremendous intellectual influence upon Mexico. The Maya built some of the most elaborate cities on the continent, and made innovations in mathematics,
1032:, was by 1519 among the largest cities in the world with a population of around 300,000 (although some estimates range as high as 500,000). Beijing at the same time had a population variously estimated to be 670,000 up to one million people. By comparison, the population of Venice, the largest city in Europe in 1519, was 100,000 people. Tenochtitlan is the site of modern-day
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100,000 people. Teotihuacan's economic pull impacted areas in northern Mexico as well. It was a city whose monumental architecture reflected a new era in
Mexican civilization, declining in political power about AD 650, but lasting in cultural influence for the better part of a millennium, to around AD 950.
1404:
in 1821. Today it consists of a rectangle with a green stripe on the left (signifying the
Independence Movement), a white stripe in the middle (originally signifying the purity of the Catholic faith), and a red stripe on the right (signifying the blood of the fighters). There is a coat of arms in the
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The empire was primarily economic in nature, and the Triple
Alliance grew very rich: libraries were built, monumental architecture was constructed, and a highly prestigious artistic and priestly class was cultivated. All of this created a "First World" aura of invincibility around the island-city of
793:
Most of the regional ethnicities of Mexico were represented in the city. They lived in rural apartment communities where they worked their trades and contributed to the city's economic and cultural prowess. By AD 500, Teotihuacan had become one of the largest cities in the world with a population of
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In fact, many of the later
Mexican-based civilizations would carefully build their cities and ceremonial centers according to specific astronomical events. Astronomy and the notion of human observation of celestial events would become central factors in the development of religious systems, writing
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of the city. Following independence and after a number of floods, the lakes of the valley were drained, drastically changing the landscape. The former island city now was able to spread over a dry plain. Only small remnants of the old canal city remain, such as in the celebrated flower district of
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site named
Zumpango, in the former Lake Xaltocan. According to the INAH, mammoth skeletons revealed in what used to be the shallow part of the lake were better anatomically preserved than those found in the deeper parts of the former lake. Mammoths probably got stuck in the lake and died.
982:, which had subjugated most of the Valley of Mexico's peoples. The revolt was successful, and the Aztecs, through cunning political maneuvers and ferocious fighting skills, managed to pull off a true "rags-to-riches" story: they became the rulers of central Mexico as the leaders of the
732:. Their immediate cultural influence, however, extends far beyond this region. The Olmec flourished during the Formative (or Preclassic) period, dating from 1400 BC to about 400 BC, and are believed to have been the progenitor civilization of later Mesoamerican civilizations.
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would be founded and built on astronomical principles, leaders would be appointed on celestial events, wars would be fought according to solar-calendars, and a complex theology using astronomical metaphors would organize the daily lives of millions of people.
588:) demonstrate an early propensity for counting in Mexico. These very early and ancient count-markings were associated with astronomical events and underscore the influence that astronomical activities had upon Mexican natives, even before they possessed
1412:. According to legend, the gods had advised the Aztecs that they should establish their city when they saw an eagle, perched on a prickly pear tree, devouring a serpent; after years of wandering, they found such an eagle on an island in
790:. Teotihuacan's influence over the Maya civilization cannot be overstated; it transformed political power, artistic depictions, and the nature of economics. Within the city of Teotihuacan was a diverse and cosmopolitan population.
619:) were among the largest cities in the world. These cities and several others blossomed as centers of commerce, ideas, ceremonies, and theology. In turn, they radiated influence outward into neighboring cultures in central Mexico.
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Today, approximately 1.5 million indigenous Nahua people continue to speak the
Nahuatl language. Recent years have seen a resurgence of interest in learning Nahuatl by Spanish-speaking and English-speaking Mexicans at-large.
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These civilizations are credited with many inventions and advancements including pyramid-temples, mathematics (such as the development of the concept of zero as early as 36 BC and working with sums of hundreds of millions),
2020:
485:
Human presence in the
Mexican region was once thought to date back 40,000 years based upon what were believed to be ancient human footprints discovered in the Valley of Mexico, but after further investigation using
1174:(formerly the ceremonial center of Tenochtitlan). Many streets and boulevards lay along the same paths as the previous water canals of Tenochtitlan. Several pyramids and ruins have even remain unearthed within the
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as the U.S. states of
Arizona, Utah, New Mexico, Colorado, Nevada, and parts of California. Cultural groups that flourished in Aridoamerica, mostly within the borders of modern-day Mexico include the
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Prehistoric
Mexican astronomers began a tradition of precise observing, recording, and commemorating astronomical events that later become a hallmark of Mexican civilized achievements.
1163:, the capital of the modern nation of Mexico. Mexico City is the largest metropolitan area in the Western Hemisphere (and fifth-largest in the world with 21.2 million inhabitants).
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1435:", and armed indigenous warriors have been popular themes. Also popular have been zigzag motifs (found on indigenous buildings and pottery) and the theological notion of The
1116:
In July 2020, archaeologists unearthed two pre-Hispanic stone monuments believed to have been built by the Zapotecs 1500 years ago on top of the Cerro de Peña mountain in
1136:. Much of what is considered modern Mexican culture derives from the Aztec civilization: place-names, words, food, art, dress, symbols, and even the name "Mexican". (
1388:
English and other languages have borrowed a number of words indirectly from Nahuatl through Spanish such as "avocado", "chili", "tomato", "chocolate", and "coyote".
952:. Newcomers to the Valley of Mexico, they were seen as crude and unrefined in the eyes of the existing Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the fallen Toltec empire.
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While many city-states, kingdoms, and empires competed with one another for power and prestige, Mexico can be said to have had seven major civilizations: The
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plants around 8000 BC. Evidence shows a marked increase in pottery working by 2300 BC and the beginning of intensive corn farming between 1800 and 1500 BC.
1439:(found among indigenous cultures across the Western Hemisphere). In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in the ceremonies and art of the
647:. These two cultural regions maintained long-distance trade networks with Mesoamerica, evidenced by cacao, macaws, and other Mesoamerican goods found in
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1200:. As such, many ingredients commonly consumed by today's people worldwide originate from Mexico. The names of the various foods are originally from
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The Olmec were an ancient Pre-Columbian people living in the tropical lowlands of south-central Mexico, roughly in what are the modern-day states of
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458:
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Latecomers to Mexico's central plateau, the Aztecs thought of themselves as heirs to the prestigious civilizations that had preceded them, much as
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civilization, which took the reins of cultural and political power in Mexico from about 700. The Toltec empire established contact as far south as
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1092:. The Aztec war machine would become multi-ethnic, comprising soldiers from conquered areas, led by a large core of Aztec warriors and officers.
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1443:. The art, architecture, and symbols of the Mexica civilization exert such a unique identity that they are commonly used in advertisements for
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Mexican art has inspired generations of Mexican-descent artists, both inside and outside of Mexico's modern borders. Images of pyramids, the "
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also revealed two stelae, small carved animals and figures. One of the carvings described a figure with horns and claws wearing a loincloth.
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of tax collectors, courts, civil servants, and local officials who were installed as loyalists to the Triple Alliance (led by Tenochtitlan).
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in trade. The Toltec political system was so influential, that many future Mesoamerican dynasties would later claim to be of Toltec descent.
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1995:
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655:, a site connected to the Mogollon culture, there have been found ceremonial structures related to Mesoamerican religion, similar to the
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on the southern Texas border. Numerous words from the Nahuatl language have been borrowed both by standard Spanish and Mexican Spanish.
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766:. Teotihuacan established a new economic and political order never before seen in Mexico. Its influence stretched across Mexico into
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was also in contact with the Toltec civilization were powerfully influenced by central Mexicans as noted by the use of the
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1001:. At their peak, 300,000 Aztecs presided over a wealthy tribute-empire comprising 4 to 7 million people and extended into
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The Spanish retained the original layout of the city of Tenochtitlan, reflected today in the various city districts (
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1064:. Also, many of the kingdoms conquered by the Aztecs provided soldiers for further imperial campaigns such as:
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2077:"Mexico archaeology: Pre-Hispanic ruins found on mountaintop - AmpGoo Entertainment and news from the worlds!"
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1005:. The westward expansion of the empire was stopped cold by a devastating military defeat at the hands of the
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The majority of Mexico's cuisine are of indigenous origins and are based on the ingredients listed above:
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due to similarities to Japanese architecture, Chinese decoration, Malaysian language, and Cambodian dress.
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2021:"Hallazgos en la obra del nuevo Aeropuerto Felipe Ăngeles reconstruyen el devenir de la Cuenca de MĂ©xico"
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While different standards and flags were used during the pre-Hispanic period, the viceroyalty, and the
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1183:. Today, Mexico City incorporates almost 9 million people, whereas, in 1519, that number was 300,000.
482:, settlers and clergymen as well as the indigenous chroniclers of the immediate post-conquest period.
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Paul R. Renne; et al. (2005). "Geochronology: Age of Mexican ash with alleged 'footprints'".
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Archaic inscriptions on rocks and rock walls all over northern Mexico (especially in the state of
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sites, and turquoise from Oasisamerica found in precontact Mesoamerican artwork. For example, in
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975:. What the Aztecs lacked in political power, they made up for with ambition and military skill.
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covered part of the present-day Mexican states of Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California, while
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581:(measuring the length of the solar year to a high degree of accuracy), medicine, and theology.
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948:, and into this new game of political contenders for the Toltec throne stepped outsiders: the
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The decline of the Olmec resulted in a power vacuum in Mexico. Emerging from that vacuum was
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1802:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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1611:"RURAL TERRITORY DISPUTES: PRE-HISPANIC CHOLULA IN FACE OF THE EXPANSION OF COLONIAL PUEBLA"
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The pre-Columbian (or prehispanic) history of the territory now making up the country of
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1913:"Archaeologists found the bones of about 60 mammoths at an airport construction site"
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would attempt its own power grab in 1519 by using the Spanish as mercenary-allies).
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Between 1800 and 300 BC, complex cultures began to form. Many matured into advanced
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In 1428, the Aztecs led a war of liberation against their rulers from the city of
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490:, it appears this is untrue. It is currently unclear whether 21,000-year-old
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1104:(included male, female, young mammoths) and 15 people were uncovered by the
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758:, first settled in 300 BC. By AD 150, it had grown to become the first true
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1874:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 329.
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1821:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 947.
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Map of Pre-Columbian states of Mexico just before the Spanish conquest.
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empire, the Aztecs established several ally states. Among them were
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Just as Teotihuacan had emerged from a power vacuum, so too did the
26:
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2288:[Flag of Mexico: meaning, origins, and other curiosities].
2207:[The origin of the names of the Departments in Guatemala],
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Ancient Mexico and Central America: Archaeology and Culture History
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The flag has undergone several changes since 1821; the last was in
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These foods continue to make up the core of Mexican cuisine today.
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Contemporary with Teotihuacan's greatness was the greatness of the
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The coat of arms represents the legendary founding of the city of
1013:(of goods and services) which were collected through an elaborate
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1971:"Bones of about 60 mammoths found near ancient lake in Mexico"
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2286:"Bandera de MĂ©xico; significado, origen y otras curiosidades"
2051:"Mexico archaeology: Pre-Hispanic ruins found on mountaintop"
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becoming modern Santa Cruz de Quiché; "Guatemala" comes from
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1938:"'There are too many': bones of 60 mammoths found in Mexico"
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1996:"A mammoth discovery: Giant remains found near Mexico City"
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HernĂĄndez-Flores, JosĂ© Alvaro; MartĂnez-Corona, Beatriz,
2205:"El origen del nombre de los departamentos de Guatemala"
1563:. London and New York: Thames & Hudson. p. 545.
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At some different points in time, three Mexican cities (
1416:, in what was to become the main plaza of Mexico City.
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and clothes from the plant, and they were the employed
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An image of one of the pyramids in the upper level of
1400:, the modern flag has its origins in the flag of the
2102:"The world's largest cities and urban areas in 2020"
1140:
Origin and history of the name "Mexico-Tenochtitlan"
1100:
In May 2020, discovery of remains of at least sixty
750:
View of Avenue of the Dead from Pyramid of the Moon
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
989:This Alliance was composed of the city-states of
944:civilization came political fragmentation in the
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622:
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1858:Tylor, Edward Burnett; Lehmann, Walter (1911).
1108:headed by archaeologist SĂĄnchez Nava under the
1720:[Archaeological Zone of Teotihuacan].
1122:National Institute of Anthropology and History
1106:National Institute of Anthropology and History
882:trade route with the northern civilization of
3435:
2352:
1475:
1146:
439:
2258:"Nahuatl, an Uto-Aztecan language of Mexico"
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1132:The Aztecs left a durable stamp upon modern
922:theorized Toltec migrations originated from
3972:North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
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498:are the earliest human remains in Mexico.
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2867:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
1884:
1377:) and SuchitlĂĄn in the northern state of
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1807:
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1028:Founded around 1325, the Aztec capital,
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2156:INEGI Informacion de Mexico para niños
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878:. The Toltec established a prosperous
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596:systems, fine arts, and architecture.
478:, and through the accounts of Spanish
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1170:) and in the central precinct of the
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2203:PL, Hemeroteca (September 9, 2017),
1204:. Examples of such ingredients are:
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49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
3449:
3338:Norse colonization of North America
2179:"The Traditional Cuisine of Mexico"
1887:"Largest Cities Throughout History"
1532:Sharpe, Graeme (October 11, 2012),
1356:
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13:
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1944:. Associated Press. May 22, 2020.
1718:"Zona ArqueolĂłgica de Teotihuacan"
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16:Mexico before Spanish colonization
14:
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3593:Institutional Revolutionary Party
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1885:Rosenberg, Matt (July 12, 2018).
1665:"Ancient Civilizations of Mexico"
1391:
1349:add a spicy flavor to many dishes
874:corn culture in the Southwestern
4316:Pre-Columbian cultures of Mexico
1795:
1332:is the basis of several drinks:
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147:
25:
3358:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
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2013:
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1308:is the principal ingredient of
1110:Mexico City Santa-Lucia airport
971:did with respect to the fallen
959:Aztec warriors as shown in the
36:needs additional citations for
2292:(in Spanish). January 17, 2018
1683:
1657:
1630:
1602:
1550:
1525:
1504:
1469:
662:
1:
3513:Centralist Republic of Mexico
1813:Charnay, Claude Joseph Désiré
1724:(in Spanish). January 9, 2018
1586:[Population number].
1457:Economy of Prehispanic Mexico
1279:enters in the composition of
1192:Foods originating from Mexico
623:Aridoamerica and Oasisamerica
470:is known through the work of
3942:Institutional stock exchange
3578:Second American intervention
3323:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
3273:Eastern Agricultural Complex
2262:Endangered Language Alliance
2211:(in Spanish), Guatemala City
1402:Army of the Three Guarantees
1159:survives in modern times as
500:Indigenous peoples of Mexico
7:
4321:Prehistory of North America
4143:Water supply and sanitation
3508:Spanish reconquest attempts
2707:Bandelier National Monument
2581:List of Mississippian sites
2368:Pre-Columbian North America
1669:Ancient Civilizations World
1450:
1398:Mexican War of Independence
1260:, many varieties of modern
513:civilizations such as the:
502:began to selectively breed
10:
4337:
3543:Second French intervention
3491:Control of Central America
3127:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
2732:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
2441:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
1772:[Toltec Culture].
1696:World History Encyclopedia
1147:Mexico City as the capital
933:
870:, and as far north as the
851:Toltec warrior columns at
840:
834:
801:
739:
702:
4267:
4156:
4051:
4042:
3900:
3891:
3778:
3769:
3742:Tropical cyclone rainfall
3640:
3631:
3461:
3396:
3368:Three Sisters agriculture
3223:
3155:
2687:
2416:
2374:
1746:[Mayan Culture].
1557:Susan Toby Evans (2013).
1361:Because the Mexica spoke
343:Petroleum nationalization
3783:Administrative divisions
2907:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
2466:Buttermilk Creek complex
1534:"Pre-Columbian Urbanism"
1462:
1044:In the formation of the
940:With the decline of the
736:Teotihuacan civilization
358:Mexican Movement of 1968
178:Viceroyalty of New Spain
4198:Handcrafts and folk art
3967:National stock exchange
3705:Protected natural areas
3533:Second Mexican Republic
3498:Supreme Executive Power
3107:Town Creek Indian Mound
3077:Sierra de San Francisco
2932:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
1871:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1818:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1643:Arqueologia Mexicana.mx
236:Second Federal Republic
4010:States by unemployment
4000:Science and technology
3503:First Mexican Republic
2762:Coso Rock Art District
2649:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
2552:List of Hopewell sites
2152:"NĂșmero de habitantes"
2106:City Mayors Statistics
964:
859:
816:
812:Mayan architecture at
762:of what is now called
751:
717:
573:
463:
310:Occupation of Veracruz
60:"Pre-Columbian Mexico"
4238:Our Lady of Guadalupe
3732:Territorial evolution
3548:Second Mexican Empire
3170:Arlington Springs Man
3012:Portsmouth Earthworks
2127:"Mexico City history"
1584:"NĂșmero de poblaciĂłn"
958:
850:
811:
749:
712:
568:
494:remains found in the
461:
273:Second Mexican Empire
4255:World Heritage Sites
3670:Environmental issues
3528:MexicanâAmerican War
3486:First Mexican Empire
3378:Transoceanic contact
3268:Container Revolution
2842:Gila Cliff Dwellings
2807:Etowah Indian Mounds
1691:"Olmec Civilization"
1511:"Native Americans",
1128:Legacy of the Aztecs
1040:Allies of the Aztecs
890:. The Mayan city of
395:Coronavirus pandemic
370:1982 economic crisis
223:MexicanâAmerican War
45:improve this article
3910:Automotive industry
3798:Chamber of Deputies
3481:War of Independence
3298:Green Corn Ceremony
3112:Turkey River Mounds
2902:Lake Jackson Mounds
2722:Blue Spring Shelter
1490:10.1038/nature04425
1373:the capital of the
1198:Megadiverse country
1157:Mexico-Tenochtitlan
1151:Today, the Aztec's
1030:Mexico-Tenochtitlan
831:Toltec civilization
714:Olmec colossal head
380:Mexican peso crisis
255:French intervention
208:Centralist Republic
183:War of Independence
4111:Indigenous peoples
4015:Telecommunications
3874:State legislatures
3815:Federal government
3695:Metropolitan areas
3573:Mexican Revolution
3383:Underwater panther
3057:Rosenstock Village
2927:Marmes Rockshelter
2912:L'Anse aux Meadows
2315:"The Mexican Flag"
2290:Mexico Desconocido
1839:. October 27, 2009
1774:Historia de Mexico
1748:Historia de Mexico
1671:. January 12, 2017
1519:2009-06-14 at the
1096:Recent discoveries
965:
930:Aztec civilization
910:and produced both
904:feathered serpents
860:
821:Mayan civilization
817:
776:Cerro de las Mesas
752:
728:on the Isthmus of
718:
699:Olmec civilization
574:
488:radioactive dating
464:
4303:
4302:
4263:
4262:
4038:
4037:
3887:
3886:
3857:Political parties
3820:Foreign relations
3765:
3764:
3553:Restored Republic
3471:Pre-Columbian era
3417:
3416:
3409:Pre-Columbian era
3210:Spirit Cave mummy
3007:Plum Bayou Mounds
2917:Lynch Quarry Site
2436:Ancient Beringian
2131:Aztec-History.com
2031:on April 12, 2021
2000:www.aljazeera.com
1770:"Cultura Tolteca"
1445:tourism to Mexico
900:Atlantean figures
804:Maya civilization
798:Maya civilization
456:
455:
422:Mexico portal
364:La DĂ©cada Perdida
353:Mexican Dirty War
337:(1928–1934)
300:Plan of Guadalupe
294:La decena trĂĄgica
278:Restored Republic
173:Spanish-Aztec War
121:
120:
113:
95:
4328:
4283:
4276:
4223:National symbols
4049:
4048:
3990:
3935:Renewable energy
3925:Economic history
3898:
3897:
3776:
3775:
3638:
3637:
3618:Chiapas conflict
3518:Texas Revolution
3444:
3437:
3430:
3421:
3420:
3353:Projectile point
3190:Leanderthal Lady
3117:Upward Sun River
3092:Stallings Island
3082:Shell ring sites
3032:Recapture Canyon
2947:Moorehead Circle
2792:El Fin del Mundo
2777:Cueva de la Olla
2583:
2570:Maritime Archaic
2554:
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2234:Visit Mexico.com
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2036:
2027:. Archived from
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1934:
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1911:David Williams.
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1529:
1523:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1473:
1357:Nahuatl language
1187:Food and cuisine
961:Florentine Codex
946:Valley of Mexico
886:, in modern-day
649:Ancestral Pueblo
496:Valley of Mexico
448:
441:
434:
420:
419:
418:
390:Mexican drug war
375:Chiapas conflict
338:
213:Texas Revolution
151:
141:
123:
122:
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
4336:
4335:
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4304:
4299:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4259:
4152:
4128:Public holidays
4101:Nationality law
4096:Life expectancy
4034:
3988:
3883:
3847:Law enforcement
3761:
3752:Water resources
3627:
3603:Mexican miracle
3457:
3448:
3418:
3413:
3404:Genetic history
3392:
3246:Ceremonial pipe
3219:
3200:Minnesota Woman
3157:
3151:
2972:Ocmulgee Mounds
2952:Morrison Mounds
2897:Kolomoki Mounds
2887:Kimball Village
2747:Candelaria Cave
2689:
2683:
2664:Suwannee Valley
2599:Old Cordilleran
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2070:
2060:
2058:
2057:. July 22, 2020
2049:
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2032:
2025:www.inah.gob.mx
2019:
2018:
2014:
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1994:
1993:
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1975:www.cbsnews.com
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1526:
1521:Wayback Machine
1509:
1505:
1484:(7068): E7âE8.
1474:
1470:
1465:
1453:
1441:Day of the Dead
1437:Four Directions
1429:
1427:Art and symbols
1394:
1359:
1270:
1268:Mexican cuisine
1194:
1189:
1149:
1134:Mexican culture
1130:
1098:
1046:Triple Alliance
1042:
1003:Central America
984:Triple Alliance
938:
932:
868:Central America
845:
839:
833:
806:
800:
768:Central America
744:
738:
707:
701:
665:
657:juego de pelota
627:At its height,
625:
563:
561:Accomplishments
452:
416:
414:
400:
399:
348:Mexican miracle
336:
328:
320:
319:
268:
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30:
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5:
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4033:
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4030:Water scarcity
4027:
4025:Transportation
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
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3982:Pension system
3979:
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3720:Municipalities
3712:
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3687:
3682:
3677:
3675:Extreme points
3672:
3667:
3662:
3659:Climate change
3652:
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3328:Mound Builders
3325:
3320:
3315:
3313:Medicine wheel
3310:
3305:
3303:Horned Serpent
3300:
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2977:Old Stone Fort
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2942:Moaning Cavern
2939:
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2899:
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2892:Kincaid Mounds
2889:
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2772:Cuarenta Casas
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2729:
2727:Bluefish Caves
2724:
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2688:Archaeological
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2486:Caloosahatchee
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2471:Caborn-Welborn
2468:
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2417:Archaeological
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2177:Dwyer, Helen.
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2143:
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2093:
2081:www.ampgoo.com
2068:
2042:
2012:
1987:
1962:
1929:
1903:
1877:
1866:Chisholm, Hugh
1861:"Mexico"
1850:
1824:
1809:Chisholm, Hugh
1787:
1761:
1744:"Cultura Maya"
1735:
1709:
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1639:"OASISAMĂRICA"
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1038:
934:Main article:
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920:Désiré Charnay
841:Main article:
835:Main article:
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740:Main article:
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472:archaeologists
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4246:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4133:States by HDI
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4005:States by GDP
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3962:Manufacturing
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3880:
3879:Supreme Court
3877:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3440:
3438:
3433:
3431:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3288:Falcon dancer
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:Miscellaneous
3222:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3195:Melbourne Man
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3185:La Brea Woman
3183:
3181:
3180:Kennewick Man
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3072:Serpent Mound
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3022:Pueblo Bonito
3020:
3018:
3017:Poverty Point
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3002:Pinson Mounds
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2992:Painted Bluff
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2872:Horr's Island
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2802:Effigy Mounds
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2767:Crystal River
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2679:Weeden Island
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2644:Safety Harbor
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2634:Poverty Point
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2614:Paleo-Indians
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2575:Mississippian
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2350:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2320:
2319:Inside Mexico
2316:
2310:
2308:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2251:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1854:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1804:public domain
1791:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1686:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1562:
1561:
1553:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1424:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1348:
1347:chili peppers
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1184:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
985:
981:
976:
974:
970:
962:
957:
953:
951:
947:
943:
937:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
884:Pueblo Bonito
881:
877:
876:United States
873:
869:
865:
858:
854:
853:Tollan (Tula)
849:
844:
843:Toltec Empire
838:
828:
826:
822:
815:
810:
805:
795:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
764:North America
761:
757:
748:
743:
733:
731:
727:
723:
716:1, at Jalapa.
715:
711:
706:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
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658:
654:
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572:
567:
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323:
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306:
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284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
270:
264:
263:
256:
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248:
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245:
241:
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224:
221:
219:
216:
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211:
209:
206:
205:
202:
197:
196:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
170:
167:The New Spain
164:
163:
159:
158:Pre-Columbian
155:
154:
150:
146:
145:
142:
136:
135:
130:
125:
124:
115:
112:
104:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62: â
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
4166:Architecture
4071:Demographics
3915:Central bank
3825:Human rights
3805:Constitution
3623:War on drugs
3598:World War II
3583:Cristero War
3476:Colonial era
3470:
3388:Water glyphs
3343:Oasisamerica
3333:N.A.G.P.R.A.
3293:Folsom point
3283:Effigy mound
3263:Clovis point
3231:Aridoamerica
3132:Wickiup Hill
3087:Spiro Mounds
3067:Salmon Ruins
3062:Russell Cave
2857:Helen Blazes
2852:Grimes Point
2832:Fort Juelson
2822:Fort Ancient
2797:El Vallecito
2757:Chaco Canyon
2697:Angel Mounds
2659:Steed-Kisker
2609:Paleo-Arctic
2531:Glacial Kame
2516:Fort Ancient
2408:Post-Classic
2379:
2323:. Retrieved
2318:
2294:. Retrieved
2289:
2265:. Retrieved
2261:
2237:. Retrieved
2233:
2224:
2213:, retrieved
2209:Prensa Libre
2208:
2198:
2186:. Retrieved
2182:
2172:
2160:. Retrieved
2155:
2146:
2134:. Retrieved
2130:
2121:
2109:. Retrieved
2105:
2096:
2084:. Retrieved
2080:
2071:
2059:. Retrieved
2054:
2045:
2035:September 8,
2033:. Retrieved
2029:the original
2024:
2015:
2005:September 8,
2003:. Retrieved
1999:
1990:
1980:September 8,
1978:. Retrieved
1974:
1965:
1955:September 8,
1953:. Retrieved
1942:The Guardian
1941:
1932:
1922:September 8,
1920:. Retrieved
1916:
1906:
1894:. Retrieved
1890:
1880:
1869:
1853:
1841:. Retrieved
1836:
1827:
1816:
1790:
1778:. Retrieved
1776:(in Spanish)
1773:
1764:
1752:. Retrieved
1750:(in Spanish)
1747:
1738:
1726:. Retrieved
1721:
1712:
1700:. Retrieved
1694:
1685:
1673:. Retrieved
1668:
1659:
1647:. Retrieved
1645:(in Spanish)
1642:
1632:
1621:, retrieved
1617:
1604:
1592:. Retrieved
1590:(in Spanish)
1587:
1559:
1552:
1541:, retrieved
1537:
1527:
1512:
1506:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1430:
1418:
1414:Lake Texcoco
1410:Tenochtitlan
1407:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1374:
1370:
1367:Qâumarkaâaj,
1366:
1360:
1352:
1327:
1271:
1196:Mexico is a
1195:
1176:urban sprawl
1167:
1165:
1153:capital city
1150:
1137:
1131:
1115:
1099:
1086:Cuetlachtlan
1043:
1027:
1019:
991:Tenochtitlan
988:
980:Azcapotzalco
977:
973:Roman Empire
966:
939:
892:Chichen Itza
861:
818:
792:
753:
719:
666:
633:Oasisamerica
629:Aridoamerica
626:
613:Tenochtitlan
606:
598:
594:
590:urbanization
583:
575:
511:Mesoamerican
508:
484:
465:
405:
385:PRI downfall
362:
333:
315:Cristero War
292:
242:
188:First Empire
157:
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
4091:Immigration
3957:Land reform
3905:Agriculture
3727:Territories
3665:Earthquakes
3613:Peso crisis
3608:Lost Decade
3373:Thunderbird
3241:Black drink
3205:Peñon woman
3142:Winterville
3122:Velda Mound
3102:Taos Pueblo
2997:Parkin Park
2982:Orwell site
2967:Nodena site
2862:Holly Bluff
2837:Four Mounds
2827:Fort Center
2752:Casa Grande
2702:Anzick site
2594:Monongahela
2521:Fort Walton
2496:Coles Creek
2461:Belle Glade
2446:Anishinaabe
2086:February 1,
2061:February 1,
1837:History.com
1722:INAH.gob.mx
1702:November 7,
1618:Sci Elo.org
1317:is used in
1297:chilaquiles
1161:Mexico City
1090:Ahuilizipan
1034:Mexico City
1015:bureaucracy
969:Charlemagne
916:cocoa beans
788:KaminaljuyĂș
772:Monte AlbĂĄn
756:Teotihuacan
742:Teotihuacan
730:Tehuantepec
673:Teotihuacan
663:Mesoamerica
609:Teotihuacan
523:Teotihuacan
476:epigraphers
138:History of
101:August 2011
4310:Categories
4250:Television
4208:Literature
4086:Healthcare
4061:Censorship
4056:Corruption
3989:(currency)
3947:Irrigation
3568:Porfiriato
3563:Yaqui Wars
3538:La Reforma
3523:Pastry War
3318:Metallurgy
3278:Eden point
3175:Buhl Woman
3047:Rock Eagle
3037:River Styx
2962:Mummy Cave
2957:Moundville
2937:Mesa Verde
2922:Marksville
2669:Tchefuncte
2629:Plaquemine
2565:Las Palmas
2481:Calf Creek
2476:Cades Pond
2230:"Coahuila"
2183:Chimu Blog
1891:Thought Co
1538:Urban Indy
1293:enchiladas
1181:Xochimilco
1070:Xochimilco
888:New Mexico
770:, such as
760:metropolis
691:, and the
586:Nuevo LeĂłn
288:Revolution
250:Reform War
244:La Reforma
218:Pastry War
71:newspapers
4213:Monuments
4203:Languages
4076:Education
3995:Petroleum
3952:Labor law
3920:Companies
3862:President
3810:Elections
3700:Mountains
3633:Geography
3558:Caste War
3363:Stickball
3052:Rock Hawk
2882:Key Marco
2674:Troyville
2654:St. Johns
2639:Red Ocher
2398:Formative
1950:0261-3077
1375:kaqchiles
1315:chocolate
1310:guacamole
1281:tortillas
1206:Chocolate
1138:See also
1078:Amecameca
1066:Culhuacan
1007:Purépecha
896:Chac Mool
880:turquoise
825:astronomy
780:Matacapan
579:astronomy
571:YaxchilĂĄn
543:Purépecha
267:1864â1928
4290:Category
4233:Religion
4193:Folklore
3852:Military
3830:Intersex
3788:Congress
3771:Politics
3757:Wildlife
3747:Volcanos
3588:Maximato
3455:articles
3251:Chanunpa
3236:Ballgame
3215:Vero man
3165:Anzick-1
3137:Windover
3097:SunWatch
3027:Rassawek
2847:Glenwood
2737:Brewster
2589:Mogollon
2560:La Jolla
2546:Hopewell
2506:Deptford
2419:cultures
2325:July 12,
2296:July 12,
2267:July 12,
2239:July 12,
2215:July 12,
2188:July 12,
2162:July 12,
2136:July 12,
2111:July 12,
2055:BBC News
1896:July 12,
1843:July 12,
1833:"Aztecs"
1780:July 12,
1754:July 12,
1728:July 12,
1675:July 12,
1649:July 12,
1623:July 12,
1594:July 12,
1543:July 12,
1517:Archived
1498:16319838
1451:See also
1405:center.
1379:Coahuila
1371:Iximché,
1301:tostadas
1258:Chipotle
1246:Tejocote
1102:mammoths
1074:Tepeacac
1062:Matatlan
1058:Tlacopan
1023:Tlaxcala
1011:taxation
999:Tlacopan
722:Veracruz
637:Mogollon
492:campfire
407:Timeline
334:Maximato
129:a series
127:Part of
4274:Outline
4181:Cuisine
4158:Culture
4148:Welfare
4138:Smoking
4123:Poverty
4044:Society
4020:Tourism
3893:Economy
3867:Cabinet
3685:Islands
3680:Forests
3655:Climate
3645:Borders
3463:History
3400:Related
3258:Chunkey
3158:remains
3147:Wupatki
2987:Paquime
2877:HuĂĄpoca
2742:Cahokia
2712:Bastian
2619:Patayan
2541:Hohokam
2526:Fremont
2501:ComondĂș
2456:Baytown
2451:Avonlea
2431:Alachua
2403:Classic
2393:Archaic
2381:Periods
1868:(ed.).
1806::
1513:Encarta
1363:Nahuatl
1334:tequila
1306:avocado
1285:tamales
1234:Epazote
1230:Chayote
1222:Avocado
1218:Vanilla
1202:Nahuatl
1168:barrios
1120:state.
1054:Texcoco
1050:Cholula
995:Texcoco
872:Anasazi
857:Hidalgo
726:Tabasco
685:Zapotec
653:Paquimé
645:Hohokam
641:Patayan
617:Cholula
547:Totonac
539:Huastec
531:Zapotec
85:scholar
4295:Portal
4245:Sports
4176:Cinema
4106:People
3930:Energy
3793:Senate
3715:States
3710:Rivers
3650:Cities
3453:
3451:Mexico
2817:Folsom
2782:Cutler
2717:Benson
2604:Oneota
2536:Glades
2511:Folsom
2491:Clovis
2388:Lithic
2321:. 2017
2158:. 2015
1948:
1800:
1496:
1478:Nature
1342:pulque
1338:mezcal
1289:pozole
1254:Zapote
1242:JĂcama
1238:Camote
1210:Tomato
1172:ZĂłcalo
1118:Puebla
1060:, and
997:, and
942:Toltec
912:pulque
908:maguey
864:Toltec
837:Toltec
786:, and
689:Mixtec
679:, the
677:Toltec
675:, the
643:, and
615:, and
601:Cities
553:, and
551:Toltec
535:Mixtec
468:Mexico
327:Modern
140:Mexico
131:on the
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
4281:Index
4228:Radio
4218:Music
4116:Women
4081:Flags
4066:Crime
3987:Peso
3690:Lakes
3348:Piasa
3156:Human
2787:Eaker
2690:sites
2624:Plano
2426:Adena
1864:. In
1614:(PDF)
1588:UC CL
1463:Notes
1329:agave
1323:atole
1262:Beans
1250:Nopal
1226:Guava
1214:Maize
950:Aztec
936:Aztec
814:Uxmal
784:Tikal
705:Olmec
681:Aztec
669:Olmec
555:Aztec
519:Izapa
515:Olmec
504:maize
92:JSTOR
78:books
4186:Wine
3835:LGBT
3737:Time
3308:Kiva
2327:2019
2298:2019
2269:2019
2241:2019
2217:2019
2190:2019
2164:2019
2138:2019
2113:2019
2088:2021
2063:2021
2037:2020
2007:2020
1982:2020
1957:2020
1946:ISSN
1924:2020
1898:2019
1845:2019
1782:2019
1756:2019
1730:2019
1704:2018
1677:2019
1651:2019
1625:2019
1596:2019
1545:2019
1494:PMID
1421:1968
1321:and
1319:mole
1277:corn
924:Asia
724:and
693:Maya
527:Maya
474:and
64:news
4171:Art
3977:Oil
3842:Law
2812:Eva
1917:CNN
1815:".
1486:doi
1482:438
1155:of
1143:).
47:by
4312::
2317:.
2306:^
2277:^
2260:.
2249:^
2232:.
2181:.
2154:.
2129:.
2104:.
2079:.
2053:.
2023:.
1998:.
1973:.
1940:.
1915:.
1889:.
1835:.
1693:.
1667:.
1641:.
1616:,
1569:^
1536:,
1492:.
1480:.
1447:.
1423:.
1340:,
1336:,
1299:,
1295:,
1291:,
1287:,
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1264:.
1256:,
1252:,
1248:,
1244:,
1240:,
1236:,
1232:,
1228:,
1224:,
1220:,
1216:,
1212:,
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1088:,
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1080:,
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1056:,
1052:,
1036:.
993:,
986:.
902:,
898:,
855:,
782:,
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683:,
671:,
659:.
639:,
611:,
592:.
549:,
545:,
541:,
537:,
533:,
529:,
525:,
521:,
517:,
3661:)
3657:(
3443:e
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2360:e
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2300:.
2271:.
2243:.
2192:.
2166:.
2140:.
2115:.
2090:.
2065:.
2039:.
2009:.
1984:.
1959:.
1926:.
1900:.
1847:.
1784:.
1758:.
1732:.
1706:.
1679:.
1653:.
1598:.
1500:.
1488::
963:.
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99:(
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82:·
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41:.
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