2615:
2299:
3036:
1536:"ʿIgl son of Hafʿam constructed for his brother Rabibil son of Hafʿam the tomb: both for him and for his child and his wife, and his children and their children's children and womenfolk, free members of the folk Ghalwan. And he has placed it under the protection of (the gods) Kahl and Lah and ʿAthtar al-Shariq from anyone strong or weak, and anyone who would attempt to sell or pledge it, for all time without any derogation, so long as the sky produces rain or the earth herbage."
2291:, scribes realized that working out which of the ambiguous letters a particular letter was from context was laborious and not always possible, so a proper remedy was required. Writings in the Nabataean and Syriac alphabets already had sporadic examples of dots being used to distinguish letters which had become identical, for example as in the table on the right. By analogy with this, a system of dots was added to the Arabic alphabet to make enough different letters for
6137:
1030:
901:
557:
686:
514:
428:
1701:"This is the funerary monument of Imru' al-Qays, son of 'Amr, king of the Arabs, and (?) his title of honour was Master of Asad and Madhhij. And he subdued the Asadis and they were overwhelmed together with their kings, and he put to flight Madhhij thereafter, and came driving them to the gates of Najran, the city of Shammar, and he subdued Ma'add, and he dealt gently with the nobles of the tribes, and appointed them viceroys, and they became
342:
1156:
1199:
1070:
858:
815:
772:
729:
471:
35:
1328:
1285:
1242:
987:
944:
643:
1113:
600:
3095:
447:
533:
1006:
963:
1304:
705:
1175:
920:
877:
834:
662:
490:
1218:
1089:
1049:
791:
576:
748:
619:
1347:
1132:
1261:
1616:"This is the memorial of Julianos, weighed down by long sleep, for whom his father Agathos built it while shedding a tear beside the boundary of the communal cemetery of the people of Christ, in order that a better people might always sing of him openly, being formerly the beloved faithful of Agathos the presbyter, aged twelve. In the year 239 ." (Trombley)
2345:). In this numerical order, the new letters were put at the end of the alphabet. This produced this order: alif (1), b (2), j (3), d (4), h (5), w (6), z (7), H (8), T (9), y (10), k (20), l (30), m (40), n (50), s (60), ayn (70), f (80), S (90), q (100), r (200), sh (300), t (400), th (500), dh (600), kh (700), D (800), Z (900), gh (1000).
286:. The table below shows changes undergone by the shapes of the letters from the Aramaic original to the Nabataean and Syriac forms. The Arabic script shown is that of post-Classical and Modern Arabic—notably different from 6th century Arabic script. (Arabic is placed in the middle for clarity and not to mark a time order of evolution.)
1662:"This is a grave K b. H has taken care of for his mother, Raqush bint ʿA. She died in al-Hijr in the year 162 in the month of Tammuz. May the Lord of the world curse anyone who desecrates this grave and opens it up, except his offspring! May he curse anyone who buries and removes from it! May who buries.... be cursed!"
316:
In the 2nd or 1st centuries BCE, the first known records of the
Nabataean alphabet were written in the Aramaic language (which was the language of communication and trade), but included some Arabic language features: the Nabataeans did not write the language which they spoke. They wrote in a form of
2595:
Less than a century later, Arab grammarians reorganized the alphabet, for reasons of teaching, putting letters next to other letters which were nearly the same shape. This produced a new order which was not the same as the numeric order, which became less important over time because it was being
1975:
Cursive
Nabataean writing changed into Arabic writing, likeliest between the dates of the an-Namāra inscription and the Jabal Ramm inscription. Most writing would have been on perishable materials, such as papyrus. As it was cursive, it was liable to change. The
2113:
Here the Arabic letters are listed in the traditional
Levantine order but are written in their current forms, for simplicity. The letters which are the same shape have coloured backgrounds. The second value of the letters that represent more than one
1475:
A large funerary stone is inscribed in the
Hasaean dialect using a variety of South Arabian monumental script, with three inscribed lines for the man Matmat, that records both patrilineal and matriarchal descent:
3831:
alphabet, and local adaptations of the Arabic alphabet were abandoned. In many cases, the writing of a language in Arabic script has become restricted to classical texts and traditional purposes (as in the
331:
has demonstrated the transition of scripts from the
Nabataean Aramaic to the recognisably Arabic form that appears to have occurred between the third and fifth centuries CE, replacing the indigenous Arabic
2097:
As cursive
Nabataean writing evolved into Arabic writing, the writing became largely joined-up. Some of the letters became the same shape as other letters, producing more ambiguities, as in the table:
1619:
In the 5th century barracks were built. In their southeast tower, which stands to a height of six stories, the names of the archangels—"Michael, Uriel, Gabriel and
Raphael"—are inscribed. (Micah Key)
1570:"For (Obodas -the god-) works without reward or favour, and he, when death tried to claim us, did not let it claim (us), for when a wound (of ours) festered, he did not let us perish." (Bellamy)
1414:
are very few, with only 5 known for certain. They mostly use no dots, making them sometimes difficult to interpret, as many letters are the same shape as other letters (they are written with
2405:. However, this was cumbersome and easily confusable with the letter-distinguishing dots, so about 100 years later, the modern system was adopted. The system was finalized around 786 by
2237:
3708:
When the Arabic alphabet spread to countries which used other languages, extra letters had to be invented to spell non-Arabic sounds. Usually the alteration was three dots above like
2225:
1705:
for the Romans. And no king has equalled his achievements. Thereafter he died in the year 223 on the 7th day of Kaslul. Oh the good fortune of those who were his friends!" (Bellamy)
2102:
1744:"I rose and made all sorts of money, which no world-weary man has collected. I have collected gold and silver; I announce it to those who are fed up and unwilling." (Bellamy)
3751:
sounds: as the corresponding dentals but with a small letter ط above. (This problem in adapting a
Semitic alphabet to write Indian languages also arose long before this: see
1422:
Below are descriptions of inscriptions found in the Arabic alphabet, and the inscriptions found in the
Nabataean alphabet that show the beginnings of Arabic-like features.
1613:"(is is the tomb which SHYMW … built … (2) … N, hisson, through (the help of) the god of their father … (3) … king Rabel, king of the Nabataeans …" (Butts and Hardy)
2334:; this practice, which survives even today, probably arose partly to avoid the great ambiguity of the script, and partly due to the scarcity of books in times when
4385:
2579:
or nothing, lengthening an adjacent vowel, or, intervocalically, dropping the glottal stop and contracting the vowels. Thus, Arabic grammarians invented the
1836:"This was set up by colleagues of ʿUlayh son of ʿUbaydah, secretary of the cohort Augusta Secunda Philadelphiana; may he go mad who effaces it." (Bellamy)
3071:
1816:
2260:
204:
52:
17:
2295:'s 28 phonemes. Sometimes the resulting new letters were put in alphabetical order after their un-dotted originals, and sometimes at the end.
3794:
There are broadly two standards for Pashto orthography, the Afghan orthography in
Afghanistan and the Peshawar orthography in Pakistan where
99:
4232:
2427:
When new signs were added to the Arabic alphabet, they took the alphabetical order value of the letter which they were an alternative for:
71:
4288:
2607:
The Arabic grammarians of North Africa changed the new letters, which explains the differences between the alphabets of the East and the
1996:, but Arabic has 28 consonant phonemes; thus, when used to write the Arabic language, 6 of its letters must each represent two phonemes:
2424:, but many of the initial orthographic alterations to the Arabic alphabet might have been proposed and implemented by the same scribes.
2371:
were added, beginning some time in the last half of the 6th century, at about the same time as the first invention of Syriac and Hebrew
78:
4542:
4451:
2341:
The alphabet then had 28 letters, and so could be used to write the numbers 1 to 10, then 20 to 100, then 200 to 900, then 1000 (see
2141:
When a letter was at the end of a word, it often developed an end loop, and as a result most Arabic letters have two or more shapes.
1881:"With the help of God! Sergius, son of Amat Manaf, and Tobi, son of Imru'l-qais and Sergius, son of Sa‘d, and Sitr, and Shouraih." (
4668:
85:
4593:
2514:
dropped out between vowels was in some dialects pronounced at the ends of words with the tongue further forward than for other
3598:
4675:
4434:
4360:
1926:"This is Ruqaym, son of Mughayr the Awsite. Al-Ḥārith the king, sent me to 'Usays, upon his military posts in the year 423 "
321:(known as "monumental Nabataean") and the other, more cursive and hurriedly written and with joined letters, for writing on
67:
4453:
Kitab Wafayat Ala'yan. Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary Transl. by (Guillaume) B(aro)n Mac-Guckin de Slane. Vol 1-3
380:. The version of the Arabic alphabet used includes only 21 letters, of which only 15 are different, being used to note 28
4355:. Muḥammad Maghrāwī, مغراوي، محمد. (al-Ṭabʻah 1 ed.). al-Dār al-Bayḍāʼ: Wizārat al-Awqāf wa-al-Shuʼūn al-Islāmīyah.
231:
197:
5136:
3210:
4500:
4424:
4215:
4119:
4090:
3138:
118:
3120:
4515:
3274:
4082:
The Development of the Arabic Scripts: From the Nabatean Era to the First Islamic Century According to Dated Texts
2208:
After all this, there were only 17 letters that were different in shape. One letter-shape represented 5 phonemes (
5783:
4680:
4516:
A brief history of the Arabic script with emphasis on diacritical points, vowel markers and alphabet arrangements
1981:
4289:"New Nabataean Funerary Inscriptions from Umm al-Jimal - Graf and Said 51 (2): 267 - Journal of Semitic Studies"
3027:
This order is much the oldest. The first written records of the Arabic alphabet show why the order was changed.
325:. This cursive form influenced the monumental form more and more and gradually changed into the Arabic alphabet.
5310:
4146:
3105:
190:
56:
5758:
4535:
3295:
2441:. In the same way, the many diacritics do not have any value: for example, a doubled consonant indicated by
1968:" Sharaḥīl, son of Talimu built this martyrium in the year 463 after the destruction of Khaybar by a year."
92:
5075:
4626:
3421:
6171:
310:
3112:
2481:. This pronunciation eventually became standard, and so to avoid altering Quranic spelling, the dots of
5719:
5198:
3319:
3013:(Note: here "numeric order" means the traditional values when these letters were used as numbers. See
293:
In the 6th and 5th centuries BCE, northern Arab tribes emigrated and founded a kingdom centred around
5472:
5462:
5439:
3795:
3634:
3567:
3483:
3419:
3358:
3317:
3293:
3272:
3260:
3250:
3230:
2307:
2265:
4328:
4187:
1908:
Record of a military expedition by Ibrahim ibn Mughirah on behalf of the king al-Harith, presumably
282:
The Arabic alphabet evolved either from the Nabataean, or (less widely believed) directly from the
6140:
6048:
5530:
4528:
4017:
3923:
3890:
3215:
2326:), dated April, 643. The dots did not become obligatory until much later. Important texts like the
1959:
1516:
1469:
1371:
2134:
in fairly late pre-Islamic times, but this seems not to have happened in those tribes who invaded
5295:
5238:
4641:
4492:
3928:
3220:
3116:
1891:
227:
221:
173:
45:
5597:
2318:
The first surviving document that definitely uses these dots is also the first surviving Arabic
6161:
5403:
5363:
5288:
5283:
5047:
4583:
3918:
3636:
3225:
3160:
317:
the Aramaic alphabet, which continued to evolve; it separated into two forms: one intended for
156:
4300:
4205:
4136:
4080:
6166:
6129:
5962:
5914:
5724:
5706:
5699:
5689:
5684:
5676:
5496:
5231:
5203:
5193:
4997:
4621:
4315:
1977:
1909:
1375:
1370:
Many thousands of pre-Classical Arabic inscriptions are attested, in alphabets borrowed from
4107:
1767:
Includes diacritical points associated with Arabic letters ب, ت, and ن . (Winnett and Reed)
5865:
5625:
5545:
5025:
3797:
3569:
3360:
3175:
1882:
4666:
3069:
had the most influence on the standardization of Arabic script. They were associated with
8:
5924:
5734:
5607:
5430:
4981:
4895:
4832:
3165:
2470:
2429:
2375:. Initially, this was done using a system of red dots, said to have been commissioned by
1955:
1913:
390:
252:
4823:
3823:
collapsed and European influence increased, many non-Arab Islamic areas began using the
6092:
5778:
5694:
5491:
5416:
5155:
5141:
4468:"في يوم اللغة العربية، الخط العربي حضارة تركت معالمها على أطراف الصين وحتى غرب أفريقيا"
4031:
3752:
3485:
3235:
3185:
2629:. If the letters are arranged by their numeric order, the Levantine order is restored:
1962:. It records Sharahil ibn Zalim building the martyrium a year after the destruction of
1932:
1671:
1405:
400:
244:
5161:
4958:
4940:
4733:
5839:
5512:
5452:
5215:
5107:
5018:
4661:
4496:
4430:
4366:
4356:
4211:
4142:
4115:
4086:
3965:
3180:
3058:
2372:
1841:
1573:"فيفعﻞُﻻفِ ًداوﻻاثرافكاﻦ هُنايَبْ ِغنا الموﺖُﻻأبْ ُغاﻪ فكاﻦ هُنا أدادَ ُجرﺢٌﻻيرْ ِد"
361:
161:
5592:
5122:
4949:
2614:
2348:
The lack of vowel signs in Arabic writing created more ambiguities: for example, in
2298:
2244:
The Arabic alphabet is first attested in its classical form in the 7th century. See
2220:), and 5 each represented 2 phonemes. Compare the Hebrew alphabet, as in the table:
5860:
5658:
5639:
5602:
5481:
5411:
5354:
5266:
5112:
5097:
5042:
5004:
4708:
4651:
4611:
4292:
4022:
3886:
3833:
3265:
3245:
3170:
2453:
2376:
2349:
2338:
was unheard-of in the area and every copy of every book had to be written by hand.
2292:
1921:
1631:
1401:
1397:
1029:
900:
556:
395:
328:
306:
248:
6002:
5339:
4399:
2621:
The old alphabetical order, as in the other alphabets shown here, is known as the
1496:
6043:
5972:
5909:
5903:
5772:
5647:
5587:
5447:
5391:
5376:
5371:
5344:
5334:
5278:
5251:
5226:
5127:
5084:
5066:
4656:
4636:
4571:
4054:
3848:), while in others, the Arabic alphabet is used alongside the Latin one (as with
3763:
3255:
3022:
3014:
2597:
1696:
1501:
1411:
685:
513:
427:
408:
373:
369:
283:
256:
240:
134:
4426:
Windows on the House of Islam: Muslim Sources on Spirituality and Religious Life
4162:
1394:
Preclassical Arabic inscriptions dating to the 1st century BC from Qaryat Al-Faw
1155:
6123:
6053:
5987:
5892:
5666:
5555:
5550:
5535:
5520:
5486:
5271:
4646:
4588:
4467:
4035:
4001:
3993:
3980:
3841:
3820:
3018:
2601:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2342:
1198:
1069:
857:
814:
771:
728:
470:
365:
264:
260:
178:
3035:
2456:
that was phonemically and orthographically standardized later. These include:
6155:
6085:
6080:
6066:
6012:
5947:
5929:
5815:
5800:
5794:
5763:
5582:
5577:
5562:
5525:
5386:
5381:
5305:
5261:
5117:
5091:
4616:
4603:
4370:
3240:
3195:
3062:
3057:
Arabic script reached a climax in aesthetics and geographic spread under the
2311:
2256:
1448:
1327:
1284:
1241:
986:
943:
642:
142:
6058:
6017:
5957:
5937:
5897:
5810:
5805:
5572:
5567:
5457:
5180:
5166:
4870:
4780:
4753:
3997:
3975:
3910:
3880:
3837:
3200:
2626:
2568:
2331:
2271:
1952:
1635:
1579:
1112:
599:
5883:
4968:
4959:
4950:
4941:
4932:
4923:
4922:
4914:
4905:
4896:
4887:
4878:
4868:
4860:
4850:
4842:
4833:
4824:
4815:
4806:
4796:
4788:
4778:
4770:
4761:
4751:
4743:
4734:
4725:
4724:
4350:
2448:
Some features of the Arabic alphabet arose because of differences between
5952:
5882:
5844:
5788:
5540:
4701:
4296:
4005:
3984:
3971:
3952:
3849:
3845:
3524:
2406:
318:
4841:
4787:
4760:
1876:
5102:
5011:
4877:
2276:
1711:
345:
302:
4967:
4913:
4904:
4859:
4852:
4805:
4798:
4769:
2557:= "this"), it may be that some dialects pronounced those vowels short.
1374:
alphabets (however, Safaitic and Hismaic are not strictly Arabic, but
289:
It seems that the Nabataean alphabet became the Arabic alphabet thus:
6007:
3944:
3777:
3748:
3066:
3050:
3040:
2583:
2449:
2327:
2288:
2236:
2075:
1917:
1545:
360:
The first known recorded text in the Arabic alphabet is known as the
341:
4931:
4742:
4450:
Hallikan, 'Abu-l-'Abbas Sams-al-din 'Ahmad ibn Muhammad Ibn (1843).
3123:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
2571:. But Meccans did not pronounce the glottal stop, replacing it with
2224:
34:
5992:
5982:
4685:
4491:
p.93, "The Koran, A Very Short Introduction" by Michael Cook, publ
4233:"Episode 82: What Writing Can Tell Us About the Arabs before Islam"
3961:
3956:
3948:
3896:
3824:
3084:
2335:
2323:
2303:
2245:
1938:
1730:
1702:
1677:
1644:
1382:
349:
271:
268:
5875:
4520:
6027:
4691:
4059:
3902:
3045:
2608:
2380:
2319:
2115:
1993:
1963:
1794:
1772:
1750:
1692:
1653:
1457:
1388:
381:
322:
1568:
A prayer of thanks to the god Obodas for saving someone's life:
5942:
5870:
4566:
4551:
4012:
3940:
3853:
3788:
2622:
2507:
2442:
2401:
1851:
1822:
1721:
1585:
1554:
353:
298:
6022:
5977:
5967:
4886:
4814:
4696:
4049:
3828:
3784:
3780:
3504:
3389:
3000:
2955:
2910:
2865:
2820:
2775:
2730:
2685:
2580:
2564:
2542:
2537:
2530:
2368:
2284:
2252:
2135:
2101:
1847:
1739:
1717:
1657:
1550:
377:
294:
166:
1742:. Boast or thanks of an energetic man who made his fortune:
5997:
4270:
3744:
3205:
2384:
2108:
1505:
1453:
1415:
532:
446:
3694:
3681:
3671:
3661:
3648:
3621:
3611:
3588:
3578:
3557:
3544:
3534:
3514:
3494:
3473:
3460:
3450:
3440:
3430:
3399:
3348:
3338:
3328:
3307:
3283:
1649:
Nabataean, some letter-joining. Has a few diacritic dots.
1303:
1005:
962:
704:
3409:
3379:
3369:
2445:
does not count as a letter separate from the single one.
2255:
script at first, which was then developed along with the
2240:
Table comparing Nabataean and Syriac forms of /d/ and /r/
1866:
1217:
1174:
1088:
1048:
919:
876:
833:
790:
661:
575:
489:
2518:
vowels, and as a result in the Qu'ran it was written as
1378:
dialects, and written Nabataean is an Aramaic dialect):
1346:
1260:
1131:
747:
618:
4256:
An Outline of the Grammar of the Safaitic Inscriptions
3814:
2990:
2945:
2900:
2855:
2810:
2765:
2720:
2675:
4231:
Rose, Christopher; al-Jallad, Ahmad (27 April 2016).
2412:
All administrative texts were previously recorded by
1980:
record is extremely sparse, with only five certainly
2473:) was lenited over time and was often pronounced as
364:, composed in 512. It is a trilingual dedication in
4352:
al-Khaṭṭ al-Maghribī : tārīkh wa-wāqiʻ wa-āfāq
2387:, according to traditional accounts: a dot above =
2283:In the 7th century, probably in the early years of
1811:"B-`-s-w son of `Abd-Imru'-al-Qais son of Mal(i)k"
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2126:as in English "June". In the Arabic language, the
1984:surviving, though some others may be pre-Islamic.
1643:Mixture of Arabic and Aramaic, 1 vertical line in
336:
305:from the name of one of the tribes, Nabatu) spoke
3152:Non-Standard Arabic Consonant Phonemes/Graphemes
2590:
6153:
3085:Adapting the Arabic alphabet for other languages
2248:for the first surviving Islamic Arabic writing.
1992:The Nabataean alphabet was designed to write 22
263:, the latter one being in turn the base for the
4344:
4342:
4340:
4338:
1987:
376:found at the village of Zabad in northwestern
4536:
4230:
4106:Healey, John F.; Smith, G. Rex (2012-02-13).
3974:(still widely used in Brunei and Patani) and
3734:
3726:
3710:
1869:'s help" & 6 names. "God" is written as
1688:Nabataean, more letter-joining than previous
198:
4348:
4335:
4207:Petra and the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans
4188:"Nabatean Language, Script and Inscriptions"
3076:
2980:
2970:
2935:
2925:
2890:
2880:
2845:
2835:
2800:
2790:
2755:
2745:
2710:
2700:
2665:
2655:
2465:: This arose because, in many dialects, the
2433:(see also below) took the value of ordinary
1870:
1764:Arabic, some Nabataean features, & dots
4112:A Brief Introduction to The Arabic Alphabet
4105:
3030:
2541:was decided before the Arabs started using
255:, which among others also gave rise to the
4543:
4529:
4384:Yūsofī, Ḡolām-Ḥosayn (December 15, 1990).
2586:sign and used it to mark the glottal stop.
205:
191:
4253:
4078:
3139:Learn how and when to remove this message
1590:roughly end of 3rd century - 5th century
1358:
1315:
1272:
1229:
1186:
1143:
1100:
1057:
1017:
974:
931:
888:
845:
802:
759:
716:
673:
630:
587:
544:
501:
458:
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
4449:
4108:"II - The Origin of the Arabic Alphabet"
3034:
2549:. In other cases (for example the first
2297:
2235:
2231:
1695:for the famous Arab poet and war-leader
1652:Last inscription in Nabataean language.
340:
1865:Christian dedicatory. The Arabic says "
1565:Nabataean with a little letter-joining
1410:Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions in the
1391:in the southern parts of central Arabia
232:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
6154:
4422:
4383:
4203:
4134:
1484:3. "nas, her of the father of Sa'ad-"
4524:
4247:
3819:Since the early 20th century, as the
1562:3 lines Aramaic, then 3 lines Arabic
4141:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 100.
3088:
2991:
2946:
2901:
2856:
2811:
2766:
2721:
2676:
1481:2. "son of Zurubbat, those of 'Ah-"
1478:1. "Tombstone and grave of Matmat,"
57:adding citations to reliable sources
28:
4550:
4400:"Ibn Muqlah | Islamic calligrapher"
3815:Decline in use by non-Arabic states
3735:
3727:
3711:
3077:
2981:
2971:
2936:
2926:
2891:
2881:
2846:
2836:
2801:
2791:
2756:
2746:
2711:
2701:
2666:
2656:
2118:is after a comma. In these tables,
1871:
1599:More than 50 fragments discovered:
386:
24:
6128:Languages between parentheses are
4429:. University of California Press.
3879:Some constituent republics in the
3043:featuring marble lettering in the
2613:
1729:3 lines in Arabic, 1 bent line in
1522:A tomb dedicatory and a prayer to
1385:(over 13,000; almost all graffiti)
25:
6183:
4509:
4185:
4034:government after the fall of the
2367:="books". Later, vowel signs and
2130:sound seems to have changed into
1735:Arabic. Has some diacritic dots.
1726:3rd or likelier late 4th century
6136:
6135:
4025:(Latin system with alterations)
3093:
2223:
2100:
1593:Aramaic-Nabataean, Greek, Latin
1345:
1326:
1302:
1283:
1259:
1240:
1216:
1197:
1173:
1154:
1130:
1111:
1087:
1068:
1047:
1028:
1004:
985:
961:
942:
918:
899:
875:
856:
832:
813:
789:
770:
746:
727:
703:
684:
660:
641:
617:
598:
574:
555:
531:
512:
488:
469:
445:
426:
68:"History of the Arabic alphabet"
33:
4485:
4460:
4443:
4416:
4392:
4377:
4281:
3806: instead of the Afghani
2496:(alif maksura ى) used to spell
2216:), one represented 3 phonemes (
2074:, the choice was influenced by
1982:pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions
1596:Nabataean, much letter-joining
337:Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions
44:needs additional citations for
18:Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions
6132:of the language on their left.
4349:Afā, ʻUmar; افا، عمر. (2007).
4263:
4224:
4197:
4179:
4155:
4128:
4099:
4072:
3889:-based spelling system, later
3758:This book shows an example of
3049:script, a style attributed to
2591:Reorganization of the alphabet
2302:Facsimile of a letter sent by
1604:2. "aynū daughter of MuΉārib"
13:
1:
4235:. University of Texas, Austin
4085:. Scholars Press. p. 1.
4065:
3081:), or "proportioned script."
2251:The Quran was transcribed in
4627:Ancient South Arabian script
4594:Influence on other languages
4079:Gruendler, Beatrice (1993).
2174:except at the ends of words.
1988:Phonemes / letters inventory
1937:in Leija district, south of
1699:, describing his war deeds:
7:
5884:
4969:
4960:
4951:
4942:
4933:
4924:
4915:
4906:
4897:
4888:
4879:
4869:
4861:
4851:
4843:
4834:
4825:
4816:
4807:
4797:
4789:
4779:
4771:
4762:
4752:
4744:
4735:
4726:
4667:
4423:Renard, John (1998-06-18).
4210:. I.B.Tauris. p. 152.
4043:
3883:, especially Muslim States
3119:the claims made and adding
251:, which descended from the
10:
6188:
3406:
3345:
3304:
3280:
3001:
2956:
2911:
2866:
2821:
2776:
2731:
2686:
2469:ending of feminine nouns (
2399:, and doubled dots giving
2106:
1627:(this is not a place-name)
301:. These people (now named
277:
6115:
6108:Islam and Arabic language
6101:
6036:
5923:
5853:
5832:
5757:
5675:
5657:
5618:
5511:
5471:
5438:
5429:
5402:
5362:
5353:
5327:
5214:
5074:
5065:
5056:
5035:
4989:
4980:
4717:
4602:
4559:
4254:Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2015).
4135:Senner, Wayne M. (1991).
3807:
3803:
3771:
3721:
3717:
3701:
3693:
3688:
3680:
3670:
3660:
3655:
3647:
3642:
3628:
3620:
3618:
3610:
3605:
3597:
3587:
3577:
3556:
3551:
3543:
3541:
3533:
3523:
3521:
3513:
3503:
3493:
3491:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3459:
3457:
3449:
3447:
3439:
3437:
3429:
3427:
3408:
3398:
3388:
3378:
3368:
3347:
3337:
3327:
3325:
3306:
3301:
3282:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3159:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2535:: The Arabic spelling of
2500:at the ends of some words
2452:spelling and the form of
2308:Munzir Bin Sawa Al Tamimi
1859:Arabic, Greek and Syriac
1660:against grave-violaters:
1656:to one Raqush, including
1601:1. "Zabūd son of Māsik "
1352:
1339:
1333:
1309:
1296:
1290:
1266:
1253:
1247:
1223:
1210:
1204:
1180:
1167:
1161:
1137:
1124:
1118:
1094:
1081:
1075:
1041:
1035:
1011:
998:
992:
968:
955:
949:
925:
912:
906:
882:
869:
863:
839:
826:
820:
796:
783:
777:
753:
740:
734:
710:
697:
691:
667:
654:
648:
624:
611:
605:
581:
568:
562:
538:
525:
519:
495:
482:
476:
452:
439:
433:
412:
407:
404:
399:
394:
389:
6049:Arabic script in Unicode
5784:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin
5144:(North-Eastern Tunisian)
4018:Ottoman Turkish alphabet
4006:colonial administrations
3924:Ottoman Turkish alphabet
3891:Ottoman Turkish alphabet
3031:Abbasid standardizations
1517:Epigraphic South Arabian
1470:Epigraphic South Arabian
1372:Epigraphic South Arabian
5311:Western Egyptian Bedawi
4493:Oxford University Press
4474:(in Arabic). 2020-12-17
4404:Encyclopedia Britannica
3865:Arabic spelling system
2287:while writing down the
1916:in Greek), king of the
243:is a derivative of the
239:It is thought that the
4323:Cite journal requires
4138:The Origins of Writing
3919:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3724: or below like
3054:
2618:
2567:was used to spell the
2485:were written over the
2395:, a dot on the line =
2363:= "it was written" or
2315:
2270:scripts, according to
2241:
1559:between AD 88 and 150
357:
220:This article contains
5915:Quranic Arabic Corpus
4622:Ancient North Arabian
4204:Taylor, Jane (2001).
3038:
2617:
2600:and sometimes by the
2596:competed with by the
2502:: This arose because
2301:
2239:
2232:Early Islamic changes
1910:Al-Harith ibn Jabalah
1534:to protect the tomb:
1376:Ancient North Arabian
344:
5866:Sun and moon letters
5026:Pre-classical Arabic
3929:Gaj's Latin alphabet
3907:1930s (to Cyrillic)
3868:New spelling system
3776:in an Arabic-Polish
2078:, as common Semitic
2070:In the cases marked
1610:(Said and al-Hadad)
53:improve this article
5720:Judeo-Tripolitanian
5199:Judeo-Tripolitanian
4472:أخبار الأمم المتحدة
3769:) being written as
3153:
2162:became the same as
2138:and settled there.
1827:4th or 5th century
1789:"Hama son of Garm"
1780:3rd or 4th century
1716:50 km east of
1665:(Healey and Smith)
1607:3. "Kawza' peace!"
1513:10 lines in Arabic
253:Phoenician alphabet
6172:History of writing
6093:MacArabic encoding
4456:. Benjamin Duprat.
4297:10.1093/jss/fgl003
4032:Republic of Turkey
3802:is represented by
3151:
3104:possibly contains
3072:al-khatt al-mansūb
3061:. In this period,
3055:
3025:for more details)
2619:
2316:
2242:
1833:similar to Arabic
1676:100 km SE of
1466:3 lines in Hasean
1406:Nabataean alphabet
358:
222:special characters
6149:
6148:
6124:extinct languages
6063:MS-DOS codepages
5828:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5507:
5506:
5425:
5424:
5323:
5322:
5019:Old Hijazi Arabic
4436:978-0-520-21086-8
4362:978-9981-59-129-5
4271:"CuratorsEye.com"
4163:"Nabataean abjad"
4041:
4040:
3893:with alterations
3706:
3705:
3149:
3148:
3141:
3106:original research
3059:Abbasid Caliphate
3011:
3010:
2062:also represented
2049:also represented
2036:also represented
2026:also represented
2013:also represented
2003:also represented
1973:
1972:
1443:Text & notes
1404:, written in the
1368:
1367:
362:Zabad inscription
311:Northwest Semitic
247:variation of the
228:rendering support
215:
214:
129:
128:
121:
103:
16:(Redirected from
6179:
6139:
6138:
5887:
5436:
5435:
5360:
5359:
5296:Western Algerian
5243:Eastern Algerian
5239:Algerian Saharan
5169:(Lesser Kabylia)
5072:
5071:
5063:
5062:
5005:Nabataean Arabic
4987:
4986:
4972:
4963:
4954:
4945:
4936:
4927:
4918:
4909:
4900:
4891:
4882:
4874:
4864:
4856:
4846:
4837:
4828:
4819:
4810:
4802:
4792:
4784:
4774:
4765:
4757:
4747:
4738:
4729:
4709:Maltese alphabet
4672:
4652:Algerian Braille
4642:Eastern numerals
4612:Nabataean script
4545:
4538:
4531:
4522:
4521:
4503:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4346:
4333:
4332:
4326:
4321:
4319:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4299:. Archived from
4285:
4279:
4278:
4267:
4261:
4259:
4258:. Leiden: Brill.
4251:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4167:www.omniglot.com
4159:
4153:
4152:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4076:
4023:Turkish alphabet
3859:
3858:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3773:
3738:
3737:
3730:
3729:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3713:
3697:
3684:
3674:
3664:
3651:
3640:
3624:
3614:
3601:
3591:
3581:
3573:
3560:
3547:
3537:
3527:
3517:
3507:
3497:
3489:
3476:
3463:
3453:
3443:
3433:
3425:
3412:
3402:
3392:
3382:
3372:
3364:
3351:
3341:
3331:
3323:
3310:
3299:
3286:
3278:
3192:Language/script
3157:Language family
3154:
3150:
3144:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3124:
3121:inline citations
3097:
3096:
3089:
3080:
3079:
3039:An image of the
3004:
3003:
2994:
2993:
2984:
2983:
2974:
2973:
2959:
2958:
2949:
2948:
2939:
2938:
2929:
2928:
2914:
2913:
2904:
2903:
2894:
2893:
2884:
2883:
2869:
2868:
2859:
2858:
2849:
2848:
2839:
2838:
2824:
2823:
2814:
2813:
2804:
2803:
2794:
2793:
2779:
2778:
2769:
2768:
2759:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2734:
2733:
2724:
2723:
2714:
2713:
2704:
2703:
2689:
2688:
2679:
2678:
2669:
2668:
2659:
2658:
2632:
2631:
2454:Classical Arabic
2391:, a dot below =
2377:Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
2350:Classical Arabic
2330:were frequently
2293:Classical Arabic
2269:
2227:
2204:became the same.
2194:became the same.
2184:became the same.
2156:became the same.
2104:
1877:Allah#Typography
1874:
1873:
1799:in Saudi Arabia
1777:in Saudi Arabia
1755:in Saudi Arabia
1425:
1424:
1400:inscriptions in
1360:
1354:
1349:
1341:
1335:
1330:
1317:
1311:
1306:
1298:
1292:
1287:
1274:
1268:
1263:
1255:
1249:
1244:
1231:
1225:
1220:
1212:
1206:
1201:
1188:
1182:
1177:
1169:
1163:
1158:
1145:
1139:
1134:
1126:
1120:
1115:
1102:
1096:
1091:
1083:
1077:
1072:
1059:
1051:
1043:
1037:
1032:
1019:
1013:
1008:
1000:
994:
989:
976:
970:
965:
957:
951:
946:
933:
927:
922:
914:
908:
903:
890:
884:
879:
871:
865:
860:
847:
841:
836:
828:
822:
817:
804:
798:
793:
785:
779:
774:
761:
755:
750:
742:
736:
731:
718:
712:
707:
699:
693:
688:
675:
669:
664:
656:
650:
645:
632:
626:
621:
613:
607:
602:
589:
583:
578:
570:
564:
559:
546:
540:
535:
527:
521:
516:
503:
497:
492:
484:
478:
473:
460:
454:
449:
441:
435:
430:
387:
307:Nabataean Arabic
249:Aramaic alphabet
207:
200:
193:
131:
130:
124:
117:
113:
110:
104:
102:
61:
37:
29:
21:
6187:
6186:
6182:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6176:
6152:
6151:
6150:
6145:
6111:
6097:
6044:Arabic keyboard
6032:
5927:
5919:
5904:Mater lectionis
5898:Triliteral root
5849:
5820:
5761:
5753:
5671:
5653:
5614:
5503:
5467:
5421:
5398:
5349:
5319:
5210:
5190:Judeo-Maghrebi
5058:
5052:
5048:Modern Standard
5031:
4976:
4713:
4657:Maltese Braille
4637:Arabic numerals
4598:
4555:
4549:
4512:
4507:
4506:
4490:
4486:
4477:
4475:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4448:
4444:
4437:
4421:
4417:
4408:
4406:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4382:
4378:
4363:
4347:
4336:
4324:
4322:
4313:
4312:
4306:
4304:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4275:curatorseye.com
4269:
4268:
4264:
4252:
4248:
4238:
4236:
4229:
4225:
4218:
4202:
4198:
4190:
4186:Naveh, Joseph.
4184:
4180:
4171:
4169:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4149:
4133:
4129:
4122:
4104:
4100:
4093:
4077:
4073:
4068:
4055:Levantine order
4046:
3960:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3906:
3817:
3775:
3739:
3731:
3715:
3699:
3686:
3676:
3666:
3653:
3626:
3616:
3603:
3593:
3583:
3562:
3549:
3539:
3529:
3519:
3509:
3499:
3478:
3465:
3455:
3445:
3435:
3414:
3404:
3394:
3384:
3374:
3353:
3343:
3333:
3312:
3288:
3145:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3110:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3033:
3026:
3023:Hebrew numerals
3015:Arabic numerals
2598:Indian numerals
2593:
2529:not written as
2477:and written as
2263:
2234:
2111:
1990:
1920:vassals of the
1738:In a temple of
1510:1st century BC
1502:Wadi ad-Dawasir
1490:(Dr. A. Jamme)
1463:4th century BC
1412:Arabic alphabet
339:
280:
257:Hebrew alphabet
241:Arabic alphabet
237:
236:
235:
226:Without proper
211:
157:Transliteration
141:
135:Arabic alphabet
125:
114:
108:
105:
62:
60:
50:
38:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6185:
6175:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6143:
6133:
6126:
6116:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6105:
6103:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6095:
6090:
6089:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6069:
6061:
6056:
6054:ISO/IEC 8859-6
6051:
6046:
6040:
6038:
6034:
6033:
6031:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5988:Naskh (script)
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5934:
5932:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5880:
5879:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5857:
5855:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5847:
5842:
5836:
5834:
5830:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5768:
5766:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5746:
5743:
5740:
5732:
5731:
5730:
5725:Judeo-Tunisian
5722:
5717:
5716:
5715:
5712:
5707:Judeo-Moroccan
5704:
5703:
5702:
5692:
5690:Judeo-Egyptian
5687:
5685:Judeo-Algerian
5681:
5679:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5667:Bedouin Arabic
5663:
5661:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5651:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5637:
5634:
5631:
5622:
5620:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5559:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5517:
5515:
5509:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5489:
5484:
5478:
5476:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5444:
5442:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5414:
5408:
5406:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5379:
5374:
5368:
5366:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5293:
5292:
5291:
5286:
5279:Moroccan koiné
5276:
5275:
5274:
5264:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5252:Tunisian koiné
5248:Eastern Hilal
5246:
5245:
5244:
5241:
5236:
5235:
5234:
5232:Judeo-Algerian
5227:Algerian koiné
5223:Central Hilal
5220:
5218:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5204:Judeo-Tunisian
5201:
5196:
5194:Judeo-Moroccan
5188:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5164:
5159:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5088:
5080:
5078:
5069:
5060:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5045:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5022:
5015:
5008:
5001:
4993:
4991:
4984:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4965:
4956:
4947:
4938:
4929:
4920:
4911:
4902:
4893:
4884:
4875:
4866:
4857:
4848:
4839:
4830:
4821:
4812:
4803:
4794:
4785:
4776:
4767:
4758:
4749:
4740:
4731:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4647:Arabic Braille
4644:
4639:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4608:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4569:
4563:
4561:
4557:
4556:
4548:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4511:
4510:External links
4508:
4505:
4504:
4484:
4459:
4442:
4435:
4415:
4391:
4376:
4361:
4334:
4325:|journal=
4280:
4262:
4246:
4223:
4216:
4196:
4178:
4154:
4147:
4127:
4120:
4098:
4091:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:Ottoman Empire
4029:
4026:
4020:
4015:
4009:
4008:
3990:
3987:
3981:Latin alphabet
3978:
3969:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3908:
3899:
3894:
3884:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3844:and others in
3821:Ottoman Empire
3816:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3792:
3770:
3756:
3733:
3725:
3709:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3679:
3677:
3669:
3667:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3619:
3617:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3596:
3594:
3586:
3584:
3576:
3574:
3564:
3563:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3542:
3540:
3532:
3530:
3522:
3520:
3512:
3510:
3502:
3500:
3492:
3490:
3480:
3479:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3458:
3456:
3448:
3446:
3438:
3436:
3428:
3426:
3416:
3415:
3407:
3405:
3397:
3395:
3387:
3385:
3377:
3375:
3367:
3365:
3355:
3354:
3346:
3344:
3336:
3334:
3326:
3324:
3314:
3313:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3290:
3289:
3281:
3279:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3147:
3146:
3101:
3099:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3032:
3029:
3019:Greek numerals
3009:
3008:
3005:
2998:
2995:
2988:
2985:
2978:
2975:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2953:
2950:
2943:
2940:
2933:
2930:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2908:
2905:
2898:
2895:
2888:
2885:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2863:
2860:
2853:
2850:
2843:
2840:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2818:
2815:
2808:
2805:
2798:
2795:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2773:
2770:
2763:
2760:
2753:
2750:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2728:
2725:
2718:
2715:
2708:
2705:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2683:
2680:
2673:
2670:
2663:
2660:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2602:Greek numerals
2592:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2558:
2523:
2490:
2422:Pahlavi script
2418:Middle Persian
2359:= "he wrote",
2343:Abjad numerals
2233:
2230:
2212:and sometimes
2206:
2205:
2195:
2185:
2175:
2157:
2094:respectively.
2086:became Hebrew
2068:
2067:
2057:
2044:
2031:
2021:
2008:
1989:
1986:
1971:
1970:
1950:
1947:
1946:Arabic, Greek
1944:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1736:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1650:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1629:
1622:
1621:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1420:
1419:
1408:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1002:
996:
990:
982:
981:
978:
972:
966:
959:
953:
947:
939:
938:
935:
929:
923:
916:
910:
904:
896:
895:
892:
886:
880:
873:
867:
861:
853:
852:
849:
843:
837:
830:
824:
818:
810:
809:
806:
800:
794:
787:
781:
775:
767:
766:
763:
757:
751:
744:
738:
732:
724:
723:
720:
714:
708:
701:
695:
689:
681:
680:
677:
671:
665:
658:
652:
646:
638:
637:
634:
628:
622:
615:
609:
603:
595:
594:
591:
585:
579:
572:
566:
560:
552:
551:
548:
542:
536:
529:
523:
517:
509:
508:
505:
499:
493:
486:
480:
474:
466:
465:
462:
456:
450:
443:
437:
431:
423:
422:
419:
415:
414:
411:
406:
403:
398:
393:
338:
335:
334:
333:
326:
314:
279:
276:
261:Greek alphabet
230:, you may see
218:
217:
216:
213:
212:
210:
209:
202:
195:
187:
184:
183:
182:
181:
176:
171:
170:
169:
159:
154:
146:
145:
138:
137:
127:
126:
41:
39:
32:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6184:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6162:Arabic script
6160:
6159:
6157:
6142:
6134:
6131:
6127:
6125:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6114:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6100:
6094:
6091:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6076:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6035:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6013:Sini (script)
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6003:Ruqʿah script
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5948:Hijazi script
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5931:
5926:
5922:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5905:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5881:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5852:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5796:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5774:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5765:
5760:
5756:
5747:
5744:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5733:
5728:
5727:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5705:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5678:
5674:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5656:
5650:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5638:
5635:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5627:
5626:Central Asian
5624:
5623:
5621:
5617:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5598:Taʽizzi-Adeni
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5514:
5510:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5470:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5428:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5365:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5326:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5277:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5213:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5182:
5179:
5177:Traras-Msirda
5176:
5175:
5173:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5135:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5061:
5055:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4973:
4971:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4948:
4946:
4944:
4939:
4937:
4935:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4710:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4617:Arabic script
4615:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4553:
4546:
4541:
4539:
4534:
4532:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4502:
4501:0-19-285344-9
4498:
4494:
4488:
4473:
4469:
4463:
4455:
4454:
4446:
4438:
4432:
4428:
4427:
4419:
4405:
4401:
4395:
4387:
4386:"CALLIGRAPHY"
4380:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4358:
4354:
4353:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4330:
4317:
4303:on 2006-09-27
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4284:
4276:
4272:
4266:
4257:
4250:
4234:
4227:
4219:
4217:9781860645082
4213:
4209:
4208:
4200:
4189:
4182:
4168:
4164:
4158:
4150:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4131:
4123:
4121:9780863568817
4117:
4113:
4109:
4102:
4094:
4092:9781555407100
4088:
4084:
4083:
4075:
4071:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3989:19th century
3988:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3958:
3954:
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3321:
3316:
3315:
3309:
3297:
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3285:
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3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
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3254:
3252:
3249:
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3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3143:
3140:
3132:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3102:This article
3100:
3091:
3090:
3082:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3063:Ibn al-Bawwab
3060:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3006:
2999:
2996:
2989:
2986:
2979:
2976:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2951:
2944:
2941:
2934:
2931:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2906:
2899:
2896:
2889:
2886:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2861:
2854:
2851:
2844:
2841:
2834:
2831:
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2819:
2816:
2809:
2806:
2799:
2796:
2789:
2786:
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2774:
2771:
2764:
2761:
2754:
2751:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2726:
2719:
2716:
2709:
2706:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2681:
2674:
2671:
2664:
2661:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2563:: Originally
2562:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2533:in some words
2532:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2510:where single
2509:
2506:arising from
2505:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2437:, and not of
2436:
2432:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2346:
2344:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2312:Hijazi script
2309:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2238:
2229:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1878:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:northeast of
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1632:Mada'in Saleh
1630:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:northeast of
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1497:Qaryat al-Fāw
1495:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:, Historical
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1003:
997:
991:
988:
984:
983:
979:
973:
967:
964:
960:
954:
948:
945:
941:
940:
936:
930:
924:
921:
917:
911:
905:
902:
898:
897:
893:
887:
881:
878:
874:
868:
862:
859:
855:
854:
850:
844:
838:
835:
831:
825:
819:
816:
812:
811:
807:
801:
795:
792:
788:
782:
776:
773:
769:
768:
764:
758:
752:
749:
745:
739:
733:
730:
726:
725:
721:
715:
709:
706:
702:
696:
690:
687:
683:
682:
678:
672:
666:
663:
659:
653:
647:
644:
640:
639:
635:
629:
623:
620:
616:
610:
604:
601:
597:
596:
592:
586:
580:
577:
573:
567:
561:
558:
554:
553:
549:
543:
537:
534:
530:
524:
518:
515:
511:
510:
506:
500:
494:
491:
487:
481:
475:
472:
468:
467:
463:
457:
451:
448:
444:
438:
432:
429:
425:
424:
420:
417:
416:
410:
402:
397:
392:
388:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
355:
351:
347:
343:
330:
327:
324:
320:
315:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
291:
290:
287:
285:
275:
273:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
233:
229:
225:
223:
208:
203:
201:
196:
194:
189:
188:
186:
185:
180:
177:
175:
172:
168:
165:
164:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
149:
148:
147:
144:
143:Arabic script
140:
139:
136:
133:
132:
123:
120:
112:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70: –
69:
65:
64:Find sources:
58:
54:
48:
47:
42:This article
40:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
6167:Palaeography
6119:
6059:Windows-1256
6018:Taliq script
5958:Jeli Thuluth
5938:Ajami script
5902:
5806:Pidgin madam
5793:
5771:
5735:Judeo-Yemeni
5677:Judeo-Arabic
5659:Sociological
5646:
5608:Judeo-Yemeni
5431:Mesopotamian
5306:Libyan koiné
5090:
5083:
5076:Pre-Hilalian
5024:
5017:
5010:
5003:
4998:Proto-Arabic
4996:
4631:Zabūr script
4584:Romanization
4576:
4487:
4476:. Retrieved
4471:
4462:
4452:
4445:
4425:
4418:
4407:. Retrieved
4403:
4394:
4379:
4351:
4316:cite journal
4305:. Retrieved
4301:the original
4283:
4274:
4265:
4255:
4249:
4237:. Retrieved
4226:
4206:
4199:
4181:
4170:. Retrieved
4166:
4157:
4137:
4130:
4111:
4101:
4081:
4074:
3976:Pegon script
3881:Soviet Union
3838:Central Asia
3818:
3766:
3759:
3720: and
3707:
3135:
3129:January 2021
3126:
3103:
3078:الخط المنسوب
3070:
3056:
3044:
3012:
2627:Abjadi order
2620:
2606:
2594:
2576:
2572:
2569:glottal stop
2560:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2526:
2525:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2503:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2447:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2411:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2383:governor of
2373:vocalization
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2340:
2317:
2282:
2275:
2272:Ibn an-Nadim
2250:
2243:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2207:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2099:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2000:
1991:
1974:
1967:
1925:
1880:
1817:Umm al-Jimāl
1802:4th century
1743:
1700:
1697:Imru'ul-Qays
1663:
1661:
1636:Saudi Arabia
1626:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1580:Umm el-Jimal
1572:
1569:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1431:Whereabouts
1421:
1369:
359:
319:inscriptions
288:
281:
238:
219:
151:
115:
106:
96:
89:
82:
75:
63:
51:Please help
46:verification
43:
26:
5953:Jawi script
5925:Calligraphy
5854:Linguistics
5779:Gulf Pidgin
5695:Judeo-Iraqi
5636:Kashkadarya
5492:Judeo-Iraqi
5417:Palestinian
5328:Nile Valley
4990:Pre-Islamic
4702:Dagger alif
4495:, 2000 AD,
3985:Thai script
3953:Philippines
3933:1870s-1918
3913:government
3874:Ordered by
3846:West Africa
3783:for Muslim
2508:contraction
2471:tā' marbūta
2462:tā' marbūta
2430:tā' marbūta
2416:scribes in
2407:al-Farahidi
2264: [
1892:Jabal Usays
1850:, south of
346:Petroglyphs
329:Laïla Nehmé
109:August 2010
6156:Categories
5840:Literature
5513:Peninsular
5453:Khuzestani
5183:(Mountain)
5103:Australian
5012:Old Arabic
4662:Diacritics
4589:Numerology
4478:2021-04-12
4409:2021-04-12
4307:2022-04-22
4172:2017-03-08
4148:0803291671
4066:References
3992:European (
3901:1920s (to
3862:Area used
3836:States of
3787:living in
3113:improve it
3053:(886-940).
2277:Al-Fihrist
2107:See also:
1978:epigraphic
1956:dedicatory
1922:Byzantines
1712:Jabal Ramm
1539:(Beeston)
1519:alphabets
1472:alphabets
391:Phoenician
303:Nabataeans
179:Numeration
162:Diacritics
79:newspapers
6130:varieties
6122:indicate
6037:Technical
6008:Shahmukhi
5963:Kairouani
5861:Phonology
5640:Khorasani
5630:Bakhtiari
5482:Anatolian
5412:Jordanian
5392:Damascene
5355:Levantine
5267:Hassaniya
5108:Cottenera
5043:Classical
4982:Varieties
4560:Overviews
4371:191880956
3945:Indonesia
3778:bilingual
3749:retroflex
3266:Afrikaans
3117:verifying
3067:Ibn Muqla
3051:Ibn Muqla
3041:Taj Mahal
2623:Levantine
2584:diacritic
2545:to spell
2355:could be
2332:memorized
2076:etymology
1960:martyrium
1953:Christian
1918:Ghassanid
1896:in Syria
1703:phylarchs
1672:an-Namāra
1546:Ein Avdat
1487:4. "ab.."
1440:Alphabet
1437:Language
1398:Nabataean
401:Nabataean
332:alphabet.
313:language.
272:alphabets
245:Nabataean
6141:Category
5993:Nastaliq
5983:Muhaqqaq
5973:Maghrebi
5833:Academic
5773:Bimbashi
5729:Tunisene
5700:Baghdadi
5648:Shirvani
5588:Hadhrami
5546:Bahraini
5497:Baghdadi
5448:Baghdadi
5387:Aleppine
5377:Lebanese
5372:Cilician
5345:Sudanese
5335:Egyptian
5216:Hilalian
5174:Western
5152:Eastern
5149:Village
5128:Żurrieqi
5092:Sicilian
5085:Andalusi
5067:Maghrebi
5036:Literary
4688:(tanwin)
4686:Nunation
4572:Alphabet
4567:Language
4554:language
4114:. Saqi.
4044:See also
3962:Thailand
3957:Mindanao
3949:Malaysia
3897:Cyrillic
3825:Cyrillic
3810:.
3186:Germanic
3161:Austron.
2862:epsilon
2450:Qur'anic
2336:printing
2324:PERF 558
2304:Muhammad
2246:PERF 558
2210:b t th n
1994:phonemes
1939:Damascus
1883:C. Rabin
1758:undated
1731:Thamudic
1682:328–329
1678:Damascus
1645:Thamudic
1383:Safaitic
1361:
1355:
1342:
1336:
1318:
1312:
1299:
1293:
1275:
1269:
1256:
1250:
1232:
1226:
1213:
1207:
1192:—
1189:
1183:
1170:
1164:
1146:
1140:
1127:
1121:
1103:
1097:
1084:
1078:
1063:—
1060:
1054:—
1044:
1038:
1020:
1014:
1001:
995:
977:
971:
958:
952:
934:
928:
915:
909:
891:
885:
872:
866:
848:
842:
829:
823:
808:—
805:
799:
786:
780:
762:
756:
743:
737:
719:
713:
700:
694:
676:
670:
657:
651:
633:
627:
614:
608:
590:
584:
571:
565:
547:
541:
528:
522:
504:
498:
485:
479:
461:
455:
442:
436:
382:phonemes
350:Wadi Rum
269:Cyrillic
259:and the
174:Numerals
6120:Italics
6028:Thuluth
5893:Grammar
5764:pidgins
5759:Creoles
5748:Sanʽani
5633:Bukhara
5593:Sanʽani
5556:Kuwaiti
5551:Emirati
5536:Dhofari
5521:Bahrani
5487:Cypriot
5475:(Qeltu)
5302:Sulaym
5289:Western
5284:Eastern
5162:Sfaxian
5158:(Sahel)
5113:Gozitan
5098:Maltese
4718:Letters
4692:Shaddah
4681:Harakat
4676:Tashkil
4604:Scripts
4577:History
4260:, 11-14
4060:Writing
4002:Spanish
3994:British
3966:Pattani
3903:Janalif
3887:Persian
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3111:Please
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2672:ʾālap̄
2662:ʾālep̄
2641:Syriac
2638:Hebrew
2635:Arabic
2609:Maghreb
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2381:Umayyad
2320:papyrus
2116:phoneme
1964:Khaybar
1958:, in a
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1902:Arabic
1862:Arabic
1830:Arabic
1808:Arabic
1805:Arabic
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1783:Arabic
1773:Sakakah
1761:Arabic
1751:Sakakah
1693:epitaph
1691:A long
1685:Arabic
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1460:region
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1389:Hismaic
405:Arabic
396:Aramaic
323:papyrus
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152:History
93:scholar
5943:Diwani
5930:Script
5888:(case)
5885:ʾIʿrāb
5871:Tajwid
5816:Bongor
5795:Maridi
5745:Habban
5619:Others
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5583:Yemeni
5578:Shihhi
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3226:Uyghur
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5404:South
5364:North
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