126:
152:"(1) Reductive formation of organic compounds from CO or CO2 by Me-sulfur coordinative chemistry; (2) tapping of various redox energy sources and formation of primitive enzymes and templates; (3) elements of a transcription and translation apparatus and loose associations; (4) formation of pre-cells; (5) stabilized circular or linear genomes; (6) cytoplasmic membranes; (7) rigid murein cell walls; (8) various non-murein rigid cell walls; (9) glycoproteinaceous cell envelope or glycokalyx; (10) cytoskeleton; (11) complex chromosomes and nuclear membrane; (12) cell organelles via endosymbiosis".
155:
This scenario may explain the quasi-random distribution of evolutionarily important features among the three domains and, at the same time, the existence of the most basic biochemical features (genetic code, set of protein amino acids etc.) in all three domains (unity of life), as well as the close
141:
Thus, under this scenario there was no almost complete ancestral “first cell“ or cell stage. Instead, the three domains originated from a population of evolving pre-cells. The emergence of cells was a process of successive evolutionary improvements, for which
Kandler introduced the term
137:
From this pre-cell population the three founder groups A, B, C and then, from them, the precursor cells (here named proto-cells) of the three domains of life emerged successively, leading first to the domain
Bacteria, then to the domain Archea and finally to the domain Eucarya.
122:, defined by Kandler as metabolizing, replicating loose entities exhibiting many of the basic properties of a cell but no proper cytoplasmic membrane and no stable chromosome, thus allowing frequent mutual exchange of genetic information.
80:
in ancient times. This structure allowed the RNA to remain in close proximity with other RNA molecules, keeping them concentrated and allowing for an increased
41:. The meanings of these terms vary with the different hypotheses for the early evolution of life and, accordingly, with the corresponding publications.
149:
A scheme of the pre-cell scenario is presented in the adjacent figure, where essential evolutionary improvements are indicated by numbers:
65:(replication-first scenario), over a precellular and early-cellular phase, the earliest self-replicating biological systems were based on
76:
This ancestral cell (sometimes also called pre-cell or proto-cell), a hypothetical lipid-based structure, could have confined
521:
372:
340:
308:
115:(metabolism-first scenario), primordial metabolism led to the early diversification of life through the evolution of a
111:
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125:
53:
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592:
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160:
37:(protocell), etc. are frequently used to designate hypothetical ancestral entities precursing complete
331:
Madigan, Michael T.; Martinko, John M.; Bender, Kelly S.; Buckley, Daniel H.; Stahl, David A. (2015).
363:
Madigan, Michael T.; Aiyer, Jennifer; Buckley, Daniel H.; Sattley, Matthew; Stahl, David A. (2022).
92:, allowing only certain molecules to pass through. These enclosed structures may have facilitated
89:
69:
evolving stage by stage to a nearly complete ancestral cell, the last universal common ancestor (
237:"Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya"
397:
248:
61:
8:
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56:(LUCA). The nature of this ancestral entity remains a major subject of discussion.
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561:
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510:"The early diversification of life and the origin of the three domains: A proposal"
472:
425:
405:
266:
256:
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463:(1995). "Cell Wall Biochemistry in Archaea and its Phylogenetic Implications".
241:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
38:
171:
lipid molecules. As natural selection proceeded, pre-cells may have developed
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66:
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505:
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232:
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280:
388:
Black, S (May 23, 1970). "Pre-cell evolution and the origin of enzymes".
335:(14 ed.). Boston: Pearson Education Limited. pp. 29, 374, 381.
180:
476:
442:(1994). "The early diversification of life". In Stefan Bengtson (ed.).
228:
168:
49:
44:
There are different hypotheses attempting to explain the origin of the
514:
Thermophiles: The keys to molecular evolution and the origin of life?
409:
34:
20:
300:
In Search of Cell
History: The Evolution of Life's Building Blocks
184:
367:(16 ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. p. 431.
85:
129:
Early diversification of life with
Kandler's pre-cell theory (
190:
For more theories on the evolution of cells see main article
542:"Before enzymes and templates: theory of surface metabolism"
330:
70:
362:
77:
587:
585:
582:
227:
156:relationship between the Archaea and the Eucarya.
597:"From pre-cells to Eukarya – a tale of two lipids"
516:. London: Taylor and Francis Ltd. pp. 19–31.
642:
303:. Chicago, London: University of Chicago Press.
73:) from which the three domains of life emerged.
512:. In JĂĽrgen Wiegel; Michael W.W. Adams (eds.).
163:. According to Wächtershäuser, pre-cells had a
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194:(examples under chapter “Replication first”).
292:
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446:. New York: Columbia U.P. pp. 152–160.
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159:Kandler's pre-cell theory is supported by
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444:Early Life on Earth. Nobel Symposium 84
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16:Hypothetical life before complete cells
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13:
14:
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175:lipid membranes through frequent
614:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03267.x
365:Brock Biology of Microorganisms
333:Brock Biology of Microorganisms
204:First universal common ancestor
530:
381:
54:last universal common ancestor
1:
465:Journal of Biological Physics
209:
558:10.1128/mr.52.4.452-484.1988
297:Harold, Franklin M. (2014).
112:Iron-Sulfur world hypothesis
7:
197:
10:
667:
235:, Wheelis ML (June 1990).
18:
100:Under the pre-cell theory
90:semi-permeable membranes
19:Not to be confused with
546:Microbiological Reviews
262:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576
120:population of pre-cells
601:Molecular Microbiology
593:Wächtershäuser, Günter
538:Wächtershäuser, Günter
134:
128:
46:three domains of life
651:Biological evolution
88:. It would have had
62:RNA world hypothesis
52:et al. 1990) from a
402:1970Natur.226..754B
253:1990PNAS...87.4576W
477:10.1007/BF00700433
167:composed of mixed-
135:
96:in RNA molecules.
523:978-0-203-48420-3
374:978-1-292-40479-0
342:978-1-292-01831-7
310:978-0-226-17428-0
247:(12): 4576–4579.
117:multiphenotypical
94:natural selection
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471:(1–4): 165–169.
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192:History of life
144:cellularization
109:, based on the
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5:
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552:(4): 452–484.
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173:stereospecific
161:Wächtershäuser
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67:catalytic RNA
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607:(1): 13–22.
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133:1998, p. 22)
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98:
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59:
58:
43:
31:
27:
25:
187:pre-cells.
210:References
169:enantiomer
60:Under the
35:proto-cell
26:The terms
233:Kandler O
30:(precell)
21:Protocell
645:Category
631:37944519
623:12492850
595:(2003).
540:(1988).
508:(1998).
485:83906865
229:Woese CR
198:See also
165:membrane
28:pre-cell
576:3070320
426:4271189
418:5443250
398:Bibcode
281:2112744
249:Bibcode
185:racemic
177:fission
131:Kandler
106:1994ff)
104:Kandler
86:enzymes
629:
621:
574:
567:373159
564:
520:
483:
424:
416:
390:Nature
371:
339:
307:
279:
269:
181:fusion
627:S2CID
481:S2CID
422:S2CID
272:54159
50:Woese
39:cells
619:PMID
572:PMID
518:ISBN
414:PMID
369:ISBN
337:ISBN
305:ISBN
277:PMID
179:and
71:LUCA
609:doi
562:PMC
554:doi
473:doi
406:doi
394:226
267:PMC
257:doi
183:of
84:of
78:RNA
647::
625:.
617:.
605:47
603:.
599:.
584:^
570:.
560:.
550:52
548:.
544:.
493:^
479:.
469:20
467:.
452:^
420:.
412:.
404:.
392:.
351:^
319:^
289:^
275:.
265:.
255:.
245:87
243:.
239:.
231:,
218:^
146:.
633:.
611::
578:.
556::
526:.
487:.
475::
428:.
408::
400::
377:.
345:.
313:.
283:.
259::
251::
102:(
48:(
32:,
23:.
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