Pre-eclampsia - Knowledge

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is impaired trophoblast invasion that results in inadequate alterations to the uterine spiral arteries. It is hypothesized that the developing embryo releases biochemical signals that result in the woman developing hypertension and pre-eclampsia so that the fetus can benefit from a greater amount of maternal circulation of nutrients due to increased blood flow to the impaired placenta. This results in a conflict between maternal and fetal fitness and survival because the fetus is invested in only its survival and fitness while the mother is invested in this and subsequent pregnancies.

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intrauterine Doppler and PlGF measurement, the study has shown a capacity to identify more than 75% of the women that will develop pre-eclampsia, allowing early intervention to prevent development of later symptoms. This approach is now officially recommended by the International Federation of Gynecologists & Obstetricians (FIGO), However this model particularly predict pre-eclampsia with onset before 34 weeks' of gestation, while prediction of pre-eclampsia with later onset remains challenging.

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The reason for this discrepancy is not definitively known; research supports speculation that the underlying pathology increases the risk of pre-eclampsia to such a degree that any measurable reduction of risk due to smoking is masked. However, the damaging effects of smoking on overall health and pregnancy outcomes outweighs the benefits in decreasing the incidence of pre-eclampsia. It is recommended that smoking be stopped prior to, during and after pregnancy.

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exchange of water, gases, and solutes, including nutrients and wastes, between maternal and fetal circulations. Abnormal development of the placenta leads to poor placental perfusion. The placenta of women with pre-eclampsia is abnormal and characterized by poor trophoblastic invasion. It is thought that this results in oxidative stress, hypoxia, and the release of factors that promote endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and other possible reactions.

1459:), and advanced maternal age. Women who live at high altitude are also more likely to experience pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia is also more common in some ethnic groups (e.g. African-Americans, Sub-Saharan Africans, Latin Americans, African Caribbeans, and Filipinos). Change of paternity in a subsequent pregnancy has been implicated as affecting risk, except in those with a family history of hypertensive pregnancy. 8505: 863:

unavailable father, as determined by repeated semen exposure of the father to the mother. Various studies have shown that women who frequently had exposure to partners' semen before conception had a reduced risk of pre-eclampsia. Also, subsequent pregnancies by the same father had a reduced risk of pre-eclampsia while subsequent pregnancies by a different father had a higher risk of developing pre-eclampsia.

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Extravillous trophoblast cells are an invasive cell type which remodel the maternal spiral arteries by replacing the maternal epithelium and smooth muscle lining the spiral arteries, thus causing and maintaining spiral artery dilation. This prevents maternal vasoconstriction in the spiral arteries and allows for continued blood and nutrient supply to the growing fetus with low resistance and high blood flow.

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first pregnancies, the protective effect of multiparity is lost with change of partner". The study also concluded that although women with changing partners are strongly advised to use condoms to prevent sexually transmitted diseases, "a certain period of sperm exposure within a stable relation, when pregnancy is aimed for, is associated with protection against pre-eclampsia".

494:. Endothelial dysfunction results in hypertension and many of the other symptoms and complications associated with pre-eclampsia. When pre-eclampsia develops in the last weeks of pregnancy or in a multiple pregnancy, the causation may in some cases, partly be due to a large placenta outgrowing the capacity of the uterus, eventually leading to the symptoms of pre-eclampsia. 304:, then known as postpartum pre-eclampsia. Rarely, pre-eclampsia may begin in the period after delivery. While historically both high blood pressure and protein in the urine were required to make the diagnosis, some definitions also include those with hypertension and any associated organ dysfunction. Blood pressure is defined as high when it is greater than 140 mmHg 411:

pre-eclampsia. In general, none of the signs of pre-eclampsia are specific, and even convulsions in pregnancy are more likely to have causes other than eclampsia in modern practice. Diagnosis depends on finding a coincidence of several pre-eclamptic features, the final proof being their regression within the days and weeks after delivery.

354:(which include pre-eclampsia) are one of the most common causes of death due to pregnancy. They resulted in 46,900 deaths in 2015. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after 32 weeks; however, if it occurs earlier it is associated with worse outcomes. Women who have had pre-eclampsia are at increased risk of high blood pressure, 585:, or Trisomy 13, is also associated with the upregulation of sFLT1 due to the extra copy of the 13th chromosome. Because of this upregulation of an antiangiogenic factor, women with trisomy 13 pregnancies often experience reduced placental vascularization and are at higher risk for developing pre-eclampsia. 1555:). This condition may occur in 10–20% of patients with severe pre-eclampsia and eclampsia and is associated with increased maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. In 50% of instances, HELLP syndrome develops preterm, while 20% of cases develop in late gestation and 30% during the post-partum period. 1315:. The team has found that certain men, dubbed "dangerous males", are several times more likely to father pregnancies that would end in either pre-eclampsia or miscarriage. Among other things, most of the "dangerous males" seemed to lack sufficient levels of the seminal immune factors necessary to induce 631:, are noncoding mRNAs that down-regulate posttranscriptional gene expression through RNA-induced silencing complexes. In the placenta, miRNAs are crucial for regulating cell growth, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and metabolism. These placental-specific miRNAs are clustered in large groups, mainly on 1527:

in a pre-eclamptic patient that may not be attributed to other causes. It is a sign that the underlying pre-eclamptic condition is severe and is associated with high rates of perinatal and maternal morbidity and mortality. Warning symptoms for eclampsia in an individual with current pre-eclampsia may

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additional treatments including corticosteroid injection to accelerate fetal pulmonary maturation and magnesium sulfate for prevention of cerebral palsy should be considered. Important in management is the assessment of the mother's organ systems, management of severe hypertension, and prevention and

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Having already noted the importance of a woman's immunological tolerance to her baby's paternal genes, several Dutch reproductive biologists decided to take their research a step further. Consistent with the fact that human immune systems tolerate things better when they enter the body via the mouth,

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nature of the disease. Maternal, paternal, and fetal genotypes all play a role as well as complex epigenetic factors such as whether the parents smoke, maternal age, sexual cohabitation, and obesity. Currently, there is very little understanding behind the mechanisms of these interactions. Due to the

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The definitive treatment for pre-eclampsia is the delivery of the baby and placenta, but danger to the mother persists after delivery, and full recovery can take days or weeks. The timing of delivery should balance the desire for optimal outcomes for the baby while reducing risks for the mother. The

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The study ASPRE, besides its efficacy in identifying women suspected to develop pre-eclampsia, has also been able to demonstrate a strong drop in the rate of early pre-eclampsia (-82%) and preterm pre-eclampsia (-62%). The efficacy of aspirin is due to screening to identify high risk women, adjusted

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One hypothesis for vulnerability to pre-eclampsia is the maternal-fetal conflict between the maternal organism and fetus. After the first trimester trophoblasts enter the spiral arteries of the mother to alter the spiral arteries and thereby gain more access to maternal nutrients. Occasionally there

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involves the growth of new blood vessels from existing vessels, and an imbalance during pregnancy can affect the vascularization, growth, and biological function of the fetus. The irregular expression of these factors is thought to be controlled by multiple loci on different chromosomes. Research on

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during pregnancy should receive treatment with anti-hypertensive agents. Severe hypertension is generally considered systolic BP of at least 160 or diastolic BP of at least 110. Evidence does not support the use of one anti-hypertensive over another. The choice of which agent to use should be based

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and a reduced risk of pre-eclampsia has been consistent and reproducible across epidemiologic studies. High-risk pregnancies (those with pregestational diabetes, chronic hypertension, history of pre-eclampsia in a previous pregnancy, or multifetal gestation) showed no significant protective effect.

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Pre-eclampsia is a progressive disorder and these signs of organ dysfunction are indicative of severe pre-eclampsia. A systolic blood pressure ≥160 or diastolic blood pressure ≥110 and/or proteinuria >5g in a 24-hour period is also indicative of severe pre-eclampsia. Clinically, individuals with

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Suspicion for pre-eclampsia should be maintained in any pregnancy complicated by elevated blood pressure, even in the absence of proteinuria. Ten percent of individuals with other signs and symptoms of pre-eclampsia and 20% of individuals diagnosed with eclampsia show no evidence of proteinuria. In

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of postpartum preeclampsia is the same as during pregnancy, including using anti-hypertensive medications to lower blood pressure and magnesium sulfate to prevent eclampsia. The same blood pressure medications that are used during pregnancy can be used in the postpartum period. There may be other

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The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends blood pressure evaluation for patients who have any hypertensive disorder of pregnancy within 7-10 days after delivery. Home blood pressure monitoring may increase the likelihood of measuring blood pressure during these recommended

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A recent study, ASPRE, known to be the largest multi-country prospective trial, has reported a significant performance in identifying pregnant women at high risk of pre-eclampsia yet during the first trimester of pregnancy. Utilizing a combination of maternal history, mean arterial blood pressure,

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are increased in the maternal circulation in women who develop pre-eclampsia. These findings have given rise to the hypothesis that pre-eclampsia is a disease process by which a placental lesion such as hypoxia allows increased fetal material into the maternal circulation, that in turn leads to an

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In pre-eclampsia, abnormal expression of chromosome 19 microRNA cluster (C19MC) in placental cell lines reduces extravillus trophoblast migration. Specific microRNAs in this cluster which might cause abnormal spiral artery invasion include miR-520h, miR-520b, and 520c-3p. This impairs extravillus

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Because pre-eclampsia leads to a mismatch between the maternal energy supply and fetal energy demands, pre-eclampsia can lead to IUGR in the developing fetus. Infants with IUGR are prone to have poor neuronal development and in increased risk for adult disease according to the Barker hypothesis.

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to her baby's father, as the baby and father share genetics. There is tentative evidence that ongoing exposure either by vaginal or oral sex to the same semen that resulted in the pregnancy decreases the risk of pre-eclampsia. As one early study described, "although pre-eclampsia is a disease of

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Although much research into mechanism of pre-eclampsia has taken place, its exact pathogenesis remains uncertain. Pre-eclampsia is thought to result from an abnormal placenta, the removal of which ends the disease in most cases. During normal pregnancy, the placenta vascularizes to allow for the

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Preeclampsia can also occur in the postpartum period or after delivery. There are currently no clear definitions or guidelines for postpartum preeclampsia, but experts have proposed a definition of new-onset preeclampsia that occurs between 48 hours after delivery up to 6 weeks after delivery.

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are the same, except that not having been pregnant previously does not seem to be a risk factor for postpartum preeclampsia. There are other risk factors related to the labor and/or delivery that are associated with postpartum preeclampsia like cesarean delivery and higher rates of intravenous

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Pre-eclampsia is one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Nearly one-tenth of all maternal deaths in Africa and Asia and one-quarter in Latin America are associated with hypertensive diseases in pregnancy, a category that encompasses pre-eclampsia.

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Another evolutionary hypothesis for vulnerability to pre-eclampsia is the idea of ensuring pair-bonding between the mother and father and paternal investment in the fetus. Researchers posit that pre-eclampsia is an adaptation for the mother to terminate investment in a fetus that might have an

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Despite a lack of knowledge on specific causal mechanisms of pre-eclampsia, there is strong evidence to suggest it results from both environmental and heritable factors. A 2005 study showed that women with a first-degree relative who had a pre-eclamptic birth are twice as likely to develop it

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While the exact cause of pre-eclampsia remains unclear, there is strong evidence that a major cause predisposing a susceptible woman to pre-eclampsia is an abnormally implanted placenta. This abnormally implanted placenta may result in poor uterine and placental perfusion, yielding a state of

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the Dutch researchers conducted a series of studies that confirmed a surprisingly strong correlation between a diminished incidence of pre-eclampsia and a woman's practice of oral sex, and noted that the protective effects were strongest if she swallowed her partner's semen. A team from the

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In normal early embryonic development, the outer epithelial layer contains cytotrophoblast cells, a stem cell type found in the trophoblast that later differentiates into the fetal placenta. These cells differentiate into many placental cells types, including extravillous trophoblast cells.

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Further, a symptom such as epigastric pain may be misinterpreted as heartburn. Common features of pre-eclampsia which are screened for during pre-natal visits include elevated blood pressure and excess protein in the urine. Additionally, some women may develop severe headache as a sign of

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There have been many assessments of tests aimed at predicting pre-eclampsia, though no single biomarker is likely to be sufficiently predictive of the disorder. Predictive tests that have been assessed include those related to placental perfusion, vascular resistance, kidney dysfunction,

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Pre-eclampsia is much more common in women who are pregnant for the first time. Women who have previously been diagnosed with pre-eclampsia are also more likely to experience pre-eclampsia in subsequent pregnancies. Pre-eclampsia is also more common in women who have pre-existing

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Both sFlt-1 and sEng are upregulated in all pregnant women to some extent, supporting the idea that hypertensive disease in pregnancy is a normal pregnancy adaptation gone awry. As natural killer cells are intimately involved in placentation and placentation involves a degree of

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themselves. Furthermore, men related to someone with affected birth have an increased risk of fathering a pre-eclamptic pregnancy. Fetuses affected by pre-eclampsia have a higher chance of later pregnancy complications including growth restriction, prematurity, and stillbirth.

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Several other studies have since investigated the decreased incidence of pre-eclampsia in women who had received blood transfusions from their partner, those with long preceding histories of sex without barrier contraceptives, and in women who had been regularly performing

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in the q21 region, DLX5 serves as a transcription factor often linked with the developmental growth of organs. When paternally inherited, DLX5 and its SNP rs73708843 are shown to play a role in trophoblast proliferation, affecting vascular growth and nutrient delivery.

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for a foreign placenta, it is not surprising that the maternal immune system might respond more negatively to the arrival of some placentae under certain circumstances, such as a placenta which is more invasive than normal. Initial maternal rejection of the placental

608:(zinc finger protein 831) and its loci on chromosome 20q13 were identified as another significant factor in pre-eclampsia. The risk allele rs259983 is also associated with both pre-eclampsia and hypertension, further evidence that the two traits are possibly linked. 1414:

Pre-eclampsia affects approximately 2–8% of all pregnancies worldwide. The incidence of pre-eclampsia has risen in the U.S. since the 1990s, possibly as a result of increased prevalence of predisposing disorders, such as chronic hypertension, diabetes, and obesity.

807:(XO) and this enzyme mainly occurs in the liver. One hypothesis is that the increased purine catabolism from placental hypoxia results in increased ROS production in the maternal liver and release into the maternal circulation that causes endothelial cell damage. 566:

is sFLT1, which works as an antiangiogenic factor, reducing vascular growth in the placenta. A healthy, normotensive pregnancy is characterized by a balance between these factors. However, upregulation of this variant and overexpression of sFL1 can contribute to

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severity of disease and the maturity of the baby are primary considerations. These considerations are situation specific, and management will vary with situation, location, and institution. Treatment can range from expectant management to expedited delivery by

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The goal of treatment of severe hypertension in pregnancy is to prevent cardiovascular, kidney, and cerebrovascular complications. The target blood pressure has been proposed to be 140–160 mmHg systolic and 90–105 mmHg diastolic, although values are variable.

1509:. Furthermore, an elevation in blood pressure can occur in some individuals in the first week postpartum attributable to volume expansion and fluid mobilization. Fetal complications include fetal growth restriction and potential fetal or perinatal death. 995:≥ 0.3 grams (300 mg) or more of protein in a 24-hour urine sample or a SPOT urinary protein to creatinine ratio ≥0.3 or a urine dipstick reading of 1+ or greater (dipstick reading should only be used if other quantitative methods are not available). 528:

The onset of pre-eclampsia is thought to be caused by several complex interactions between genetics and environmental factors. Our current understanding of the specifically heritable cause involves an imbalance of angiogenic factors in the placenta.

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failures could potentially be administered key immune factors such as TGF-beta along with the father's foreign proteins, possibly either orally, as a sublingual spray, or as a vaginal gel to be applied onto the vaginal wall before intercourse.

403:(especially in the hands and face) was originally considered an important sign for a diagnosis of pre-eclampsia. However, because edema is a common occurrence in pregnancy, its utility as a distinguishing factor in pre-eclampsia is not high. 2016:

Henderson JT, Whitlock EP, O'Connor E, Senger CA, Thompson JH, Rowland MG (May 2014). "Low-dose aspirin for prevention of morbidity and mortality from preeclampsia: a systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force".

1122:(specialized cells of the kidney) in the urine has the potential to aid in the prediction of pre-eclampsia. Studies have demonstrated that finding podocytes in the urine may serve as an early marker of and diagnostic test for pre-eclampsia. 1612:

The risk of pre-eclampsia and development of placental dysfunction has also been shown to be recurrent cross-generationally on the maternal side and most likely on the paternal side. Fetuses born to mothers who were born small for

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In a woman with essential hypertension beginning before 20 weeks' gestational age, the diagnostic criteria are an increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) of ≥30 mmHg or an increase in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of ≥15

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Preventive measures against pre-eclampsia have been heavily studied. Because the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia is not completely understood, prevention remains a complex issue. Some currently accepted recommendations are:

579:(SNPs) have been observed to impact the overexpression of sFL1. Specifically, SNPs rs12050029 and rs4769613's risk alleles are linked with low red blood cell counts and carry an increased risk of late-onset pre-eclampsia. 1528:

include headaches, visual disturbances, and right upper quadrant or epigastric abdominal pain, with a headache being the most consistent symptom. During pregnancy brisk or hyperactive reflexes are common, however, ankle

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trophoblast cells invasion to the maternal spiral arteries, causing high resistance and low blood flow and low nutrient supply to the fetus. There is tentative evidence that vitamin supplementation can decrease the risk.

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all appear to be safe in lactating patients. There is no data showing that any one medication is most effective for postpartum blood pressure management. In addition, there is evidence that the use of a diuretic,

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Roberge S, Nicolaides K, Demers S, Hyett J, Chaillet N, Bujold E (February 2017). "The role of aspirin dose on the prevention of preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction: systematic review and meta-analysis".

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is a major complication of pre-eclampsia. Eclampsia affects 0.56 per 1,000 pregnant women in developed countries and almost 10 to 30 times as many women in low-income countries as in developed countries.

2129:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 985:

Blood pressure ≥140 mmHg systolic or ≥90 mmHg diastolic on two separate readings taken at least four to six hours apart after 20 weeks' gestation in an individual with previously normal blood pressure.

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in pregnancy. Aberrant immune responses promoting pre-eclampsia may also be due to an altered fetal allorecognition or to inflammatory triggers. It has been documented that fetal cells such as fetal

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is an effective treatment but full recovery can take days or weeks. The point at which delivery becomes recommended depends on how severe the pre-eclampsia and how far along in pregnancy a woman is.

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McMaster-Fay RA (2008). "Pre-eclampsia: a disease of oxidative stress resulting from the catabolism of DNA (primarily fetal) to uric acid by xanthine oxidase in the maternal liver; a hypothesis".

277:, or visual disturbances. Pre-eclampsia increases the risk of undesirable as well as lethal outcomes for both the mother and the fetus including preterm labor. If left untreated, it may result in 2528:

Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Barry MJ, Davidson KW, Doubeni CA, et al. (April 2017). "Screening for Preeclampsia: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement".

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of the uterine arteries to investigate for signs of inadequate placental perfusion. This test has a high negative predictive value among those individuals with a history of prior pre-eclampsia.

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Physiologically, research has linked pre-eclampsia to the following physiologic changes: alterations in the interaction between the maternal immune response and the placenta, placental injury,

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The death of Lauren Bloomstein, a neonatal nurse, in the hospital where she worked illustrates a profound disparity: The health care system focuses on babies but often ignores their mothers.

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on the prescribing clinician's experience with a particular agent, its cost, and its availability. Diuretics are not recommended for prevention of pre-eclampsia and its complications.

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in those cases of pre-eclampsia associated with shallow implantation, leading to downstream hypoxia and the appearance of maternal symptoms in response to upregulated sFlt-1 and sEng.

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supplementation of at least 1 gram per day is recommended during pregnancy as it prevents pre-eclampsia where dietary calcium intake is low, especially for those at high risk. Higher

407:(unusual swelling, particularly of the hands, feet, or face, notable by leaving an indentation when pressed on) can be significant, and should be reported to a health care provider. 1589:(IUGR) and low birth weight. The fetal origins hypothesis states that fetal undernutrition is linked with coronary heart disease later in adult life due to disproportionate growth. 1563:

Preeclampsia predisposes for future cardiovascular disease and a history of preeclampsia/eclampsia doubles the risk for cardiovascular mortality later in life. Other risks include

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treatment of eclamptic seizures. Separate interventions directed at the baby may also be necessary. Bed rest has not been found to be useful and is thus not routinely recommended.

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amongst other factors. Most cases are diagnosed before delivery, and may be categorized depending on the gestational week at delivery. Commonly, pre-eclampsia continues into the

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While the current understanding suggests that maternal alleles are the main hereditary cause of pre-eclampsia, paternal loci have also been implicated. In one study, paternal

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may also present with elevated blood pressure and protein in the urine, but differ by the extent of liver damage. Other disorders that can cause high blood pressure include

2777:"The classification and diagnosis of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: statement from the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy (ISSHP)" 2620:

Brown MC, Best KE, Pearce MS, Waugh J, Robson SC, Bell R (January 2013). "Cardiovascular disease risk in women with pre-eclampsia: systematic review and meta-analysis".

1147:. It must be considered a possibility in any pregnant woman beyond 20 weeks of gestation. It is particularly difficult to diagnose when pre-existing conditions such as 1617:(SGA) were 50% more likely to develop pre-eclampsia while fetuses born to both SGA parents were three-fold more likely to develop pre-eclampsia in future pregnancies. 5965:

McDonald SD, Malinowski A, Zhou Q, Yusuf S, Devereaux PJ (November 2008). "Cardiovascular sequelae of preeclampsia/eclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analyses".

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Pre-eclampsia can mimic and be confused with many other diseases, including chronic hypertension, chronic renal disease, primary seizure disorders, gallbladder and

8352: 2415: 1109:(sFlt-1) have shown promise for potential clinical use in diagnosing pre-eclampsia, though evidence is insufficient to recommend a clinical use for these markers. 5870:

Hjartardottir S, Leifsson BG, Geirsson RT, Steinthorsdottir V (2004). "Paternity change and the recurrence risk in familial hypertensive disorder in pregnancy".

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Davis JA, Gallup GG (2006). "Preeclampsia and other pregnancy complications as an adaptive response to unfamiliar semen)". In Platek SM, Shackelford TK (eds.).

4392:"The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) initiative on pre-eclampsia: A pragmatic guide for first-trimester screening and prevention" 596:

in the q12 region is also associated with pre-eclampsia. Specifically, allele rs1421085 heightens the risk of not just pre-eclampsia but also an increase in

575:, and seizures. However, these factors can also lead to inadequate oxygen, nutrient, or blood supply to the fetus. Furthermore, in this loci region, several 347:

may be used to prevent eclampsia in those with severe disease. Bed rest and salt intake have not been found to be useful for either treatment or prevention.

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Berlac JF, Hartwell D, Skovlund CW, Langhoff-Roos J, Lidegaard Ø (June 2017). "Endometriosis increases the risk of obstetrical and neonatal complications".

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has recommended low-dose aspirin therapy as standard preventive treatment for pre-eclampsia. There is a reported problem of its efficacy when combined with

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has no effect on pre-eclampsia incidence; therefore, supplementation with vitamins C, E, and D is not recommended for reducing the risk of pre-eclampsia.

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Dekker GA, Robillard PY, Hulsey TC (June 1998). "Immune maladaptation in the etiology of preeclampsia: a review of corroborative epidemiologic studies".

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Supplementation with a balanced protein and energy diet does not appear to reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia. Further, there is no evidence that changing

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From the Mayo Clinic to Harvard, sources don't always get the facts right about preeclampsia. Reached by ProPublica, some are making needed corrections.

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Rumbold AR, Crowther CA, Haslam RR, Dekker GA, Robinson JS (April 2006). "Vitamins C and E and the risks of preeclampsia and perinatal complications".

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Oxidative stress may also play an important part in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. The main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the enzyme

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recommends low-dose aspirin for the prevention of pre-eclampsia in women at high risk and recommends it be started before 20 weeks of pregnancy. The

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Ota E, Hori H, Mori R, Tobe-Gai R, Farrar D (June 2015). "Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake".

1402:. Further, magnesium sulfate is recommended for the treatment of eclampsia over other anticonvulsants. Magnesium sulfate acts by interacting with 296:. It is also more frequent in a woman's first pregnancy and if she is carrying twins. The underlying mechanisms are complex and involve abnormal 3612: 1052:/right upper quadrant abdominal pain, headaches, and vomiting. Severe pre-eclampsia is a significant risk factor for intrauterine fetal death. 5047: 1996: 2223: 1241:

recommends a low-dose regimen for women at high risk beginning in the 12th week. Benefits are less if started after 16 weeks. Since 2018 the

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Dietary factors, e.g. calcium supplementation in areas where dietary calcium intake is low has been shown to reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia

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Beardmore KS, Morris JM, Gallery ED (January 2002). "Excretion of antihypertensive medication into human breast milk: a systematic review".

2851:"Association between local traffic-generated air pollution and preeclampsia and preterm delivery in the south coast air basin of California" 1087:) is used by some to "define" pre-eclampsia, though it has been found to be a poor predictor of the disorder. Elevated levels in the blood ( 1575:. Preeclampsia and cardiovascular disease share many risk factors such as age, elevated BMI, family history and certain chronic diseases. 1238: 771:(sFlt-1) are higher in women with pre-eclampsia than in women with normal pregnancy. sFlt-1 is an anti-angiogenic protein that antagonizes 755:

The clinical manifestations of pre-eclampsia are associated with general endothelial dysfunction, including vasoconstriction and end-organ

3910:"Significance of (sub)clinical thyroid dysfunction and thyroid autoimmunity before conception and in early pregnancy: a systematic review" 7327: 5846: 4922: 1322:

As the theory of immune intolerance as a cause of pre-eclampsia has become accepted, women with repeated pre-eclampsia, miscarriages, or

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systolic or 15 mmHg diastolic, while not meeting the absolute criteria of 140/90, is important to note but is not considered diagnostic.

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at two separate times, more than four hours apart in a woman after twenty weeks of pregnancy. Pre-eclampsia is routinely screened during

6523: 2732: 639:, and irregular expression of either is associated with an increased risk of an affected pregnancy. For instance, miR-16 and miR-29 are 433:

Prior or existing maternal pathology – pre-eclampsia is seen more at a higher incidence in individuals with pre-existing

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Beckmann CR, Ling FW, Smith RP, Barzansky BM, Herbert WN, Laube DW, American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, eds. (2010).

2850: 1869:"Hypertension in pregnancy. Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy" 327:

in areas with low intake, and treatment of prior hypertension with medications. In those with pre-eclampsia, delivery of the baby and

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Robertson SA, Bromfield JJ, Tremellen KP (August 2003). "Seminal 'priming' for protection from pre-eclampsia-a unifying hypothesis".

589: 3777:"Clinical risk factors for pre-eclampsia determined in early pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis of large cohort studies" 8462: 627:

Besides specific loci, several important genetic regulatory factors contribute to the development of pre-eclampsia. Micro RNAs, or

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proteins along with inflammatory mediators into the maternal plasma. A major consequence of this sequence of events is generalized

8509: 8385: 783:(sEng) has also been shown to be elevated in women with pre-eclampsia and has anti-angiogenic properties, much like sFlt-1 does. 6503: 1398:

The intrapartum and postpartum administration of magnesium sulfate is recommended in severe pre-eclampsia for the prevention of

8423: 3632:"Disturbed Placental Imprinting in Preeclampsia Leads to Altered Expression of DLX5, a Human-Specific Early Trophoblast Marker" 1233:

is associated with a 1 to 5% reduction in pre-eclampsia and a 1 to 5% reduction in premature births in women at high risk. The

467: 4892:"Low selenium status is associated with the occurrence of the pregnancy disease preeclampsia in women from the United Kingdom" 3258:"Recurrence of pre-eclampsia across generations: exploring fetal and maternal genetic components in a population based cohort" 2425: 1004:(elevated blood pressure) and the new onset of one or more of the following is suggestive of the diagnosis of pre-eclampsia: 6781: 6748: 5582: 4825: 4312: 4274: 4186: 4005: 3748: 2726: 2217: 1990: 1512:

Long-term, an individual with pre-eclampsia is at increased risk for recurrence of pre-eclampsia in subsequent pregnancies.

643:(VEGFs) and play a role in upregulating sFLT-1. In particular, the overexpression of miRNA miR-210 has been shown to induce 2824: 491: 6382: 6381:

Steele DW, Adam GP, Saldanha IJ, Kanaan G, Zahradnik ML, Danilack VA, Stuebe AM, Peahl AF, Chen KK, Balk EM (2023-05-31).

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polygenic nature of pre-eclampsia, a majority of the studies that have been conducted thus far on the topic have utilized

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Mostello D, Catlin TK, Roman L, Holcomb WL, Leet T (August 2002). "Preeclampsia in the parous woman: who is at risk?".

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McCall CA, Grimes DA, Lyerly AD (June 2013). "'Therapeutic' bed rest in pregnancy: unethical and unsupported by data".

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There is insufficient evidence to recommend either exercise or strict bedrest as preventive measures of pre-eclampsia.

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World Health Organization (WHO). World health report 2005: make every mother and child count. Geneva: WHO; 2005, p. 63

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Steinthorsdottir V, McGinnis R, Williams NO, Stefansdottir L, Thorleifsson G, Shooter S, et al. (November 2020).

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Complications of pre-eclampsia can affect both the mother and the fetus. Acutely, pre-eclampsia can be complicated by

8362: 7510: 7199: 7054: 6981: 6676: 1375: 571:. Reduced vascular growth and endothelial dysfunction manifest primarily in maternal symptoms such as renal failure, 3416:

McGinnis R, Steinthorsdottir V, Williams NO, Thorleifsson G, Shooter S, Hjartardottir S, et al. (August 2017).

7695: 7226: 1532:

is a sign of neuromuscular irritability that usually reflects severe pre-eclampsia and also can precede eclampsia.

4441:"Competing risks model in screening for preeclampsia by maternal factors and biomarkers at 19-24 weeks' gestation" 8064: 7887: 7661: 7320: 6847: 6585: 1586: 1383: 1312: 1257:

prophylaxis dosage (150 mg/day), timing of the intake (bedtime) and must start before week 16 of pregnancy.

540: 6005:"Pre-eclampsia and risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer in later life: systematic review and meta-analysis" 818:

seem to play major roles in pre-eclampsia. One of the main differences found in pre-eclampsia is a shift toward

7350: 6728: 5788:"Disparities in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia among immigrant women giving birth in six industrialised countries" 1152: 576: 370:

The word "eclampsia" is from the Greek term for lightning. The first known description of the condition was by

5224:"Rest during pregnancy for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications in women with normal blood pressure" 8445: 8413: 8311: 6930: 3949:

Vissenberg R, van den Boogaard E, van Wely M, van der Post JA, Fliers E, Bisschop PH, Goddijn M (July 2012).

1287: 788: 3481:"Genetic predisposition to hypertension is associated with preeclampsia in European and Central Asian women" 8536: 8390: 8306: 7644: 7214: 6997: 6842: 1614: 815: 258: 130: 6329:"Clinical Course, Associated Factors, and Blood Pressure Profile of Delayed-Onset Postpartum Preeclampsia" 5786:

Urquia ML, Glazier RH, Gagnon AJ, Mortensen LH, Nybo Andersen AM, Janevic T, et al. (November 2014).

1633:

otherwise are essentially the same as for preeclampsia diagnosed during pregnancy. Similarly, many of the

562:. Angiogenic factors are crucial for vascular growth in the placenta. An FLT1 soluble isoform caused by a 7919: 7862: 7426: 7010: 6528: 1585:

Lowered blood supply to the fetus in pre-eclampsia causes lowered nutrient supply, which could result in

8546: 4523:"Podocyturia predates proteinuria and clinical features of preeclampsia: longitudinal prospective study" 4331:

Rolnik DL, Wright D, Poon LC, Syngelaki A, O'Gorman N, de Paco Matallana C, et al. (October 2017).

4253:

Matthiesen L, Berg G, Ernerudh J, Ekerfelt C, Jonsson Y, Sharma S (2005). "Immunology of preeclampsia".

2746: 734:, and, like other processes, each risk factor plays a role in the likelihood of increased consequences ( 253:

or by the new onset of high blood pressure along with significant end-organ damage, with or without the

8485: 8450: 8440: 7480: 7362: 7313: 7121: 6920: 6894: 6630: 6576: 5683:"Intrauterine growth restriction, preeclampsia, and intrauterine mortality at high altitude in Bolivia" 3908:

van den Boogaard E, Vissenberg R, Land JA, van Wely M, van der Post JA, Goddijn M, Bisschop PH (2011).

901: 8243: 8113: 8071: 7932: 7158: 7148: 7066: 6966: 4843:"Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems" 1650:

medications that can be used, when there is no longer concern for the developing fetus. In general,

1234: 1144: 1140: 332: 5495:

Mattar R, Soares RV, Daher S (February 2005). "Sexual behavior and recurrent spontaneous abortion".

4521:

Craici IM, Wagner SJ, Bailey KR, Fitz-Gibbon PD, Wood-Wentz CM, Turner ST, et al. (June 2013).

4165:

Female Infidelity and Paternal Uncertainty. Evolutionary Perspectives on Male Anti-Cuckoldry Tactics

3532:"Soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and endothelial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia" 8455: 7979: 7795: 7762: 7654: 7277: 6684: 5051: 942: 905: 843: 309: 167: 58: 647:, which affects spiral artery remodeling, an important part of the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. 8408: 8262: 8054: 7747: 7083: 7005: 6763: 5124:"The Road to Low-Dose Aspirin Therapy for the Prevention of Preeclampsia Began with the Placenta" 1679: 1659: 1594: 1316: 1102: 838:, alterations in synthesis of or response to regulatory molecules, or changes in the function of 776: 568: 324: 305: 182: 163: 98: 4480:

Zeisler H, Llurba E, Chantraine F, Vatish M, Staff AC, Sennström M, et al. (January 2016).

3997: 3991: 2247:

Lambert G, Brichant JF, Hartstein G, Bonhomme V, Dewandre PY (2014). "Preeclampsia: an update".

588:

Beyond fetal loci, there have been some maternal loci identified as effectors of pre-eclampsia.

8541: 8321: 8189: 8179: 8044: 7767: 7700: 7675: 7611: 7485: 7204: 7178: 6956: 6776: 6771: 6743: 6720: 6620: 4170: 1323: 1304: 705: 659: 4891: 4563: 3951:"Treatment of thyroid disorders before conception and in early pregnancy: a systematic review" 2716: 41: 8551: 8301: 8103: 7907: 7582: 7168: 7163: 6615: 2089:

Arulkumaran N, Lightstone L (December 2013). "Severe pre-eclampsia and hypertensive crises".

1448: 1056: 893: 381:

of pregnancy, a term that originated in the mistaken belief that the condition was caused by

6515: 4648: 4162: 3674: 3359: 3357: 2891: 8316: 8267: 7587: 7577: 7505: 7500: 7475: 7460: 7455: 7173: 7042: 6937: 6758: 6733: 4112: 2127:

Wang H, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016).

1020: 5730:

Moore LG, Shriver M, Bemis L, Hickler B, Wilson M, Brutsaert T, et al. (April 2004).

419:

The cause of preeclampsia is not fully understood. It is likely related factors such as:

8: 7820: 7777: 7742: 7649: 7629: 7209: 7153: 7047: 6976: 6961: 6942: 6791: 6605: 5858:

Not education. Not income. Not even being an expert on racial disparities in health care.

3859:

Garg AX, Nevis IF, McArthur E, Sontrop JM, Koval JJ, Lam NN, et al. (January 2015).

3354: 1506: 1487: 1440: 847: 831: 502: 362:

later in life. Further, those with pre-eclampsia may have a lower risk of breast cancer.

87: 5175:"Exercise or other physical activity for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications" 4734: 4709: 4116: 3204:

Xie L, Mouillet JF, Chu T, Parks WT, Sadovsky E, Knöfler M, Sadovsky Y (December 2014).

2177: 961: 604:

is one of the reasons why these traits are considered to be a risk factor. Furthermore,

8418: 8147: 8001: 7772: 7757: 7183: 7138: 7113: 7078: 6925: 6915: 6610: 6353: 6328: 6304: 6279: 6211: 6186: 6162: 6137: 6113: 6088: 6029: 6004: 5939: 5914: 5895: 5812: 5787: 5712: 5699: 5682: 5623: 5520: 5472: 5447: 5342: 5321: 5297: 5272: 5248: 5223: 5199: 5174: 5150: 5123: 5099: 5024: 4999: 4975: 4951:"Trace Minerals, Heavy Metals, and Preeclampsia: Findings from the Boston Birth Cohort" 4950: 4867: 4842: 4747: 4625: 4600: 4547: 4522: 4416: 4391: 4372: 4136: 3885: 3860: 3801: 3776: 3709: 3682: 3658: 3631: 3548: 3531: 3507: 3480: 3474: 3472: 3458: 3390: 3365: 3338: 3311: 3284: 3257: 3230: 3205: 3178: 3153: 3126: 3101: 3073: 3042:

Staff AC (September 2019). "The two-stage placental model of preeclampsia: An update".

3019: 2992: 2941: 2916: 2878: 2806: 2686: 2645: 2597: 2572: 2553: 2507: 2482:

Steegers EA, von Dadelszen P, Duvekot JJ, Pijnenborg R (August 2010). "Pre-eclampsia".

2349: 2324: 2302: 2153: 2128: 2042: 1896: 1887: 1820: 1795: 1742: 1715: 1345: 1132: 699: 616: 82: 5650:

at Nederlandse Vereniging voor Obstetrie en Gynaecologie. Date of approval: 20-05-2005

5551: 5383: 5048:"Low-Dose Aspirin Use for the Prevention of Morbidity and Mortality From Preeclampsia" 4910: 4538: 3648: 3630:

Zadora J, Singh M, Herse F, Przybyl L, Haase N, Golic M, et al. (November 2017).

3589: 3572: 3328: 2495: 2323:

Laule CF, Odean EJ, Wing CR, Root KM, Towner KJ, Hamm CM, et al. (October 2019).

2144: 1311:

or pre-eclampsia had low seminal levels of critical immune modulating factors such as

1307:

has also investigated to see if men who have fathered pregnancies which have ended in

1091:) are likely due to reduced uric acid clearance secondary to impaired kidney function. 8238: 8157: 8081: 8059: 7572: 7490: 7341: 7088: 7060: 7020: 7015: 6950: 6824: 6625: 6600: 6568: 6421: 6358: 6309: 6257: 6216: 6167: 6118: 6069: 6034: 5982: 5944: 5887: 5817: 5754: 5704: 5615: 5578: 5555: 5512: 5477: 5425: 5421: 5387: 5347: 5302: 5253: 5204: 5155: 5091: 5029: 4980: 4914: 4872: 4821: 4792: 4739: 4690: 4630: 4552: 4503: 4462: 4421: 4364: 4308: 4280: 4270: 4235: 4182: 4163: 4128: 4076: 4001: 3972: 3931: 3890: 3841: 3806: 3744: 3714: 3663: 3594: 3553: 3512: 3462: 3450: 3395: 3343: 3289: 3235: 3183: 3154:"Review: placenta-specific microRNAs in exosomes - good things come in nano-packages" 3131: 3077: 3065: 3024: 2946: 2883: 2798: 2722: 2694: 2681: 2664: 2637: 2602: 2557: 2545: 2511: 2499: 2354: 2306: 2294: 2277:

Magee LA, Nicolaides KH, von Dadelszen P (May 2022). Longo DL (ed.). "Preeclampsia".

2256: 2213: 2158: 2106: 2034: 1986: 1901: 1825: 1747: 1683: 1667:, may shorten the duration of hypertension in patients with postpartum preeclampsia. 1572: 1533: 1498: 1341: 839: 664: 644: 475: 393: 344: 293: 214: 157: 150: 70: 6478: 5732:"Maternal adaptation to high-altitude pregnancy: an experiment of nature – a review" 5716: 5524: 4751: 4376: 4140: 4103:

Redman CW, Sargent IL (June 2005). "Latest advances in understanding preeclampsia".

3469: 2915:

Bramham K, Parnell B, Nelson-Piercy C, Seed PT, Poston L, Chappell LC (April 2014).

2810: 2649: 2046: 1593:

Associated adult diseases of the fetus due to IUGR include, but are not limited to,

855:

and endothelial damage, and that ultimately results in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia.

7800: 7567: 7562: 6971: 6910: 6642: 6452: 6413: 6386: 6348: 6340: 6299: 6291: 6247: 6206: 6198: 6157: 6149: 6108: 6100: 6061: 6024: 6016: 5974: 5934: 5926: 5899: 5879: 5807: 5799: 5750: 5746: 5694: 5627: 5607: 5547: 5504: 5467: 5459: 5417: 5379: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5292: 5284: 5243: 5235: 5194: 5186: 5145: 5135: 5103: 5083: 5019: 5015: 5011: 4970: 4962: 4906: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4782: 4774: 4729: 4721: 4686: 4682: 4620: 4612: 4542: 4534: 4493: 4452: 4411: 4403: 4390:

Poon LC, Shennan A, Hyett JA, Kapur A, Hadar E, Divakar H, et al. (May 2019).

4354: 4344: 4262: 4225: 4215: 4174: 4120: 4066: 4030: 3962: 3921: 3880: 3872: 3833: 3796: 3788: 3704: 3694: 3653: 3643: 3584: 3543: 3502: 3492: 3440: 3432: 3385: 3377: 3333: 3323: 3279: 3269: 3225: 3217: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3121: 3113: 3055: 3047: 3014: 3004: 2936: 2928: 2873: 2865: 2788: 2676: 2629: 2592: 2584: 2537: 2491: 2344: 2336: 2286: 2189: 2148: 2140: 2098: 2026: 1978: 1891: 1883: 1815: 1807: 1737: 1727: 1552: 1551:(microangiopathic), elevated liver enzymes (liver dysfunction), and low platelets ( 1160: 1037: 1026: 827: 804: 506: 266: 107: 3117: 2917:"Chronic hypertension and pregnancy outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis" 2102: 887: 8296: 8152: 8016: 7974: 7835: 7810: 7734: 7624: 7606: 7552: 7436: 7282: 7126: 7093: 6882: 6867: 6647: 6344: 6202: 5647: 5611: 5271:

Jeyabalan A, Powers RW, Durica AR, Harger GF, Roberts JM, Ness RB (August 2008).

4178: 3418:"Variants in the fetal genome near FLT1 are associated with risk of preeclampsia" 3417: 2573:"Pre-eclampsia rates in the United States, 1980–2010: age-period-cohort analysis" 1598: 1444: 1337: 1164: 1156: 1077: 1032: 948: 922: 852: 797: 793: 764: 597: 555: 516:, causing high resistance, low blood flow, and low nutrient supply to the fetus. 513: 274: 115: 7305: 6020: 4482:"Predictive Value of the sFlt-1:PlGF Ratio in Women with Suspected Preeclampsia" 3274: 3256:

Skjaerven R, Vatten LJ, Wilcox AJ, Rønning T, Irgens LM, Lie RT (October 2005).

2340: 8339: 8166: 8142: 8086: 7964: 7959: 7949: 7937: 7815: 7599: 7470: 7416: 7221: 7131: 7027: 6887: 6876: 6816: 6694: 6295: 6252: 6235: 5508: 5273:"Cigarette smoke exposure and angiogenic factors in pregnancy and preeclampsia" 5087: 4818:

WHO recommendations for prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia

4457: 4440: 4220: 4203: 4034: 3497: 2775:

Brown MA, Lindheimer MD, de Swiet M, Van Assche A, Moutquin JM (January 2001).

1974:

WHO recommendations for prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia

1972: 1868: 1544: 1479: 1456: 835: 727: 711: 680: 582: 563: 8348:

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

6456: 5978: 5463: 5239: 5190: 5050:. United States Preventive Services Task Force. September 2014. Archived from 4725: 4616: 3948: 3381: 3051: 2793: 2776: 2633: 2193: 759:. Implicit in this generalized endothelial dysfunction may be an imbalance of 8525: 8377: 8291: 8252: 8228: 8137: 8021: 7954: 7825: 7729: 7690: 7547: 7382: 7103: 7073: 6806: 6104: 5869: 4949:

Liu T, Zhang M, Guallar E, Wang G, Hong X, Wang X, Mueller NT (August 2019).

4570: 3478: 1651: 1502: 1403: 1379: 1088: 1084: 819: 811: 669: 636: 632: 593: 551: 535: 498: 487: 404: 355: 313: 6065: 5803: 5681:

Keyes LE, Armaza JF, Niermeyer S, Vargas E, Young DA, Moore LG (July 2003).

4966: 4124: 4071: 4054: 3967: 3950: 3926: 3909: 3699: 3415: 462:

cell injury, altered vascular reactivity, oxidative stress, imbalance among

8206: 8201: 7942: 7842: 7787: 7515: 7394: 7389: 7098: 7032: 6425: 6390: 6362: 6313: 6261: 6220: 6171: 6073: 6038: 5986: 5948: 5891: 5821: 5758: 5708: 5619: 5559: 5516: 5481: 5391: 5351: 5306: 5257: 5208: 5159: 5095: 5033: 4984: 4918: 4876: 4796: 4743: 4694: 4634: 4556: 4507: 4466: 4425: 4368: 4284: 4239: 4132: 4080: 3976: 3935: 3894: 3845: 3810: 3718: 3667: 3598: 3557: 3523: 3516: 3454: 3399: 3347: 3293: 3239: 3187: 3135: 3069: 3028: 2950: 2887: 2802: 2698: 2641: 2606: 2549: 2541: 2503: 2358: 2298: 2260: 2162: 2110: 2038: 1905: 1829: 1751: 1655: 1606: 1568: 1424: 1358: 1148: 1001: 731: 620: 559: 530: 452: 434: 424: 297: 246: 146: 62: 6558: 6417: 6327:

Redman EK, Hauspurg A, Hubel CA, Roberts JM, Jeyabalan A (November 2019).

6122: 5930: 5883: 5429: 4710:"Altered dietary salt for preventing pre-eclampsia, and its complications" 4498: 4481: 3876: 3009: 2325:"Role of B1 and B2 lymphocytes in placental ischemia-induced hypertension" 2290: 1732: 378: 8196: 8132: 7969: 7912: 7852: 7847: 7685: 7634: 7495: 7037: 6786: 6738: 6671: 6652: 6637: 6520: 6512: 6153: 5322:"Routine pre-pregnancy health promotion for improving pregnancy outcomes" 5288: 5140: 4778: 3221: 2381:"Trusted Health Sites Spread Myths About a Deadly Pregnancy Complication" 1367: 1308: 1246: 1192: 1069: 1049: 992: 509: 483: 459: 371: 254: 250: 137: 91: 7337: 5000:"Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications" 3681:

Bounds KR, Chiasson VL, Pan LJ, Gupta S, Chatterjee P (September 2017).

2869: 7594: 7534: 7465: 6657: 6564: 5915:"Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: what the physician needs to know" 5841: 5538:

Dekker G (2002). "The partner's role in the etiology of preeclampsia".

4439:

Gallo DM, Wright D, Casanova C, Campanero M, Nicolaides KH (May 2016).

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dysfunction, and oxidative stress. Examples of notable tests include:

7984: 7857: 7717: 7707: 7542: 7520: 7447: 7288: 6701: 6560: 5837:"Nothing Protects Black Women From Dying in Pregnancy and Childbirth" 2849:

Wu J, Ren C, Delfino RJ, Chung J, Wilhelm M, Ritz B (November 2009).

2030: 1794:

Al-Jameil N, Aziz Khan F, Fareed Khan M, Tabassum H (February 2014).

1793: 1548: 1520: 1475: 1462: 1399: 1363: 1204: 1200: 1196: 970: 909: 897: 834:

of the uterus, the placental dendritic cells modulating responses of

735: 336: 282: 262: 242: 206: 119: 103: 7269: 3573:"Placental abnormalities and preeclampsia in trisomy 13 pregnancies" 3436: 3312:"Genes for Preeclampsia: An Opportunity for Blood Pressure Genomics" 892:

Shorthand for laboratory values commonly used in pre-eclampsia. LDH=

8367: 8184: 8098: 8076: 7996: 7897: 7805: 7712: 7639: 7557: 7377: 6595: 5955: 4052: 3861:"Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia in living kidney donors" 3823: 3623: 3529: 3194: 2313: 2091:

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology

2015: 1432: 1296: 1214: 1119: 1009: 780: 756: 722: 328: 7293: 6236:"Recurrence of placental dysfunction disorders across generations" 6234:

Wikström AK, Svensson T, Kieler H, Cnattingius S (November 2011).

6138:"Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Antenatal and Postnatal Aspects" 5577:(6th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 4998:

Duley L, Meher S, Hunter KE, Seidler AL, Askie LM (October 2019).

1217:

level is associated with lower incidence of pre-eclampsia. Higher

486:

dysfunction. The abnormal implantation may stem from the maternal

8286: 8257: 8233: 8215: 8011: 7991: 6900: 6233: 4333:"ASPRE trial: performance of screening for preterm pre-eclampsia" 2774: 2527: 1675: 1536:

is used to prevent convulsions in cases of severe pre-eclampsia.

1428: 1274: 1230: 1218: 1210: 830:. The origin of IFN-γ is not clearly identified and could be the 715: 343:, may be used to improve the mother's condition before delivery. 320: 289: 278: 178: 142: 6003:

Bellamy L, Casas JP, Hingorani AD, Williams DJ (November 2007).

3530:

Maynard SE, Venkatesha S, Thadhani R, Karumanchi SA (May 2005).

2329:

American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology

2246: 1357:

The World Health Organization recommends that women with severe

490:'s response to the placenta, specifically a lack of established 8124: 8006: 7830: 7752: 7411: 7406: 7401: 6904: 6507: 3363: 2914: 1602: 1579: 1564: 1529: 1483: 628: 605: 382: 359: 4841:

Hofmeyr GJ, Lawrie TA, Atallah ÁN, Torloni MR (October 2018).

4252: 3366:"Pre-eclampsia: pathogenesis, novel diagnostics and therapies" 3206:"C19MC microRNAs regulate the migration of human trophoblasts" 2178:"Pre-eclampsia: pathogenesis, novel diagnostics and therapies" 738:) to, and the complexity of care for, the hospitalized patient 7886: 7421: 7372: 6863: 6834: 6667: 6385:(Report). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). 6002: 4601:"Mechanisms and management of hypertension in pregnant women" 4520: 4479: 4053:

Laresgoiti-Servitje E, Gómez-López N, Olson DM (April 2010).

3738: 3152:

Ouyang Y, Mouillet JF, Coyne CB, Sadovsky Y (February 2014).

3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 1497:

Pre-eclampsia is also associated with increased frequency of

956: 572: 400: 270: 111: 6802:

Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)

6383:

Management of Postpartum Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy

5785: 5072: 4438: 4204:"Vitamins supplementation affects the onset of preeclampsia" 4055:"An immunological insight into the origins of pre-eclampsia" 3739:

Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom S, Gilstrap L, eds. (2010).

3683:"MicroRNAs: New Players in the Pathobiology of Preeclampsia" 3364:

Phipps EA, Thadhani R, Benzing T, Karumanchi SA (May 2019).

3255: 2276: 1678:

can also rarely experience pre-eclampsia. In 2024, a female

1221:

level is associated with higher incidence of pre-eclampsia.

8091: 6273: 6271: 5964: 5369: 5270: 5166: 4840: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4764: 4208:

Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan Yi Zhi

3151: 1452: 1273:

In low-risk pregnancies, the association between cigarette

1185: 981:

Pre-eclampsia is diagnosed when a pregnant woman develops:

612: 547: 6326: 6051: 5680: 5572: 4326: 4324: 3084: 1578:

It seems that pre-eclampsia does not increase the risk of

7902: 4707: 4330: 779:(PIGF), both of which are proangiogenic factors. Soluble 8353:

Declaration on the elimination of violence against women

6380: 6268: 6191:

Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care

5729: 4803: 3858: 1286:

Some studies have suggested the importance of a woman's

6479:"Texas zoo delivers baby gorilla via caesarean section" 5215: 4997: 4653:

Diagnosis and management of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia

4321: 3629: 2990: 478:

and increased oxidative stress and the release of anti-

6403: 5488: 4048: 4046: 4044: 3680: 2126: 1682:

was diagnosed with pre-eclampsia and had a successful

1386:

are contraindicated as they affect fetal development.

1000:

the absence of proteinuria, the presence of new-onset

546:

One known effector of pre-eclampsia is the fetal loci

8043: 5912: 5407: 4571:"Pre-eclampsia predicted using test during pregnancy" 4389: 4202:

Fu ZM, Ma ZZ, Liu GJ, Wang LL, Guo Y (January 2018).

3775:

Bartsch E, Medcalf KE, Park AL, Ray JG (April 2016).

3774: 3251: 3249: 2993:"A comprehensive review of hypertension in pregnancy" 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2718:

Advanced Therapy in Hypertension and Vascular Disease

2088: 350:

Pre-eclampsia affects 2–8% of pregnancies worldwide.

7259: 6376: 6374: 6372: 4708:

Duley L, Henderson-Smart D, Meher S (October 2005).

3411: 3409: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2619: 2242: 2240: 1713: 969:

Testing for pre-eclampsia is recommended throughout

455:

have a 7 to 8 times higher risk than those without.

6135: 5531: 5497:

International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics

4948: 4672: 4396:

International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics

4041: 3203: 3147: 3145: 2416:"The Last Person You'd Expect to Die in Childbirth" 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 1243:

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

5597: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3605: 3246: 2322: 2272: 2270: 767:factors. Both circulating and placental levels of 7335: 7144:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder 6369: 6277: 5641:Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy. Version 2.0. 5494: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5319: 4298: 4296: 4294: 3901: 3406: 3305: 3303: 2957: 2848: 2570: 2237: 232:46,900 hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (2015) 8523: 6441:"Animal models of pre-eclampsia: do they exist?" 5828: 4944: 4942: 4889: 4758: 3817: 3743:(23rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. 3577:Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 3142: 2571:Ananth CV, Keyes KM, Wapner RJ (November 2013). 2407: 2365: 466:substances, decreased intravascular volume, and 257:. When it arises, the condition begins after 20 6184: 5998: 5996: 5448:"Preeclampsia: a view through the danger model" 3725: 2991:Mustafa R, Ahmed S, Gupta A, Venuto RC (2012). 2267: 796:may be the cause of the inadequately remodeled 655:Known risk factors for pre-eclampsia include: 269:, impaired liver function, kidney dysfunction, 5913:Anthony J, Damasceno A, Ojjii D (2016-05-18). 5834: 5441: 5439: 5403: 5401: 5358: 5222:Meher S, Duley L (April 2006). Meher S (ed.). 5173:Meher S, Duley L (April 2006). Meher S (ed.). 4890:Rayman MP, Bode P, Redman CW (November 2003). 4291: 3942: 3564: 3300: 2747:"Toxemia of pregnancy | medical disorder" 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2413: 1374:are commonly used antihypertensive agents for 615:(Distal-Less Homeobox 5) was identified as an 377:An outdated medical term for pre-eclampsia is 261:. In severe cases of the disease there may be 7321: 6544: 6284:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 6240:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 6054:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 5076:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 4939: 4899:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 4445:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 4102: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4090: 3852: 3826:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2523: 2521: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 1055:A rise in baseline blood pressure (BP) of 30 730:play a large role in the prevalence of these 275:shortness of breath due to fluid in the lungs 116:shortness of breath due to fluid in the lungs 5993: 5264: 5121: 4883: 4598: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4020: 3989: 3983: 3102:"Human placental microRNAs and preeclampsia" 1239:United States Preventive Services Task Force 1105:(PIGF) and anti-angiogenic proteins such as 110:, impaired liver function, kidney problems, 5436: 5398: 5326:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5228:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5179:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5128:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 5004:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4847:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4714:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4675:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4201: 4160: 2122: 2120: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1443:, various inherited thrombophilias such as 1118:Recent studies have shown that looking for 558:1, an angiogenic factor expressed in fetal 554:in the q12 region, FLT1 codes for Fms-like 427:(formation and development of the placenta) 8404:International Center for Research on Women 7328: 7314: 6551: 6537: 5221: 5172: 4592: 4305:Harrison's principles of internal medicine 4087: 3996:. Edinburgh, New York: Saunders. pp. 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 2662: 2518: 2442: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2011: 2009: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1620: 1393: 886: 721:Placental abnormalities such as placental 534:the topic has been limited because of the 298:formation of blood vessels in the placenta 40: 6516:entry on high blood pressure in pregnancy 6352: 6303: 6278:Hauspurg A, Jeyabalan A (February 2022). 6251: 6210: 6161: 6112: 6089:"Fetal origins of coronary heart disease" 6028: 5938: 5811: 5698: 5471: 5341: 5296: 5247: 5198: 5149: 5139: 5023: 4974: 4955:Journal of the American Heart Association 4866: 4786: 4733: 4624: 4546: 4497: 4456: 4415: 4358: 4348: 4337:Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 4307:. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 55–61. 4229: 4219: 4147: 4070: 3966: 3925: 3884: 3800: 3708: 3698: 3657: 3647: 3588: 3547: 3506: 3496: 3444: 3389: 3337: 3327: 3283: 3273: 3229: 3177: 3125: 3059: 3018: 3008: 2940: 2877: 2792: 2710: 2708: 2680: 2596: 2348: 2152: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1895: 1819: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1741: 1731: 1126: 590:Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylase 447:Environmental factors, e.g. air pollution 5320:Whitworth M, Dowswell T (October 2009). 5117: 5115: 5113: 3099: 2117: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1630: 973:via measuring a woman's blood pressure. 441:or those with a history of pre-eclampsia 392: 319:Recommendations for prevention include: 4169:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3757: 2006: 1836: 1714:Eiland E, Nzerue C, Faulkner M (2012). 1029:(platelet count <100,000/microliter) 288:Risk factors for pre-eclampsia include 241:is a multi-system disorder specific to 16:Hypertension occurring during pregnancy 8524: 6476: 6438: 6142:Clinical Medicine Insights. Pediatrics 6136:Sharma D, Shastri S, Sharma P (2016). 6086: 5670:Pathological Basis of Disease, 7th ed. 5537: 5445: 5410:Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 2714: 2705: 2378: 2175: 2053: 1926: 1048:severe pre-eclampsia may also present 976: 468:disseminated intravascular coagulation 8123: 7309: 6782:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy 6749:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy 6532: 5110: 4599:Brown CM, Garovic VD (October 2011). 4302: 3309: 3041: 2665:"Preeclampsia and breast cancer risk" 1800:Journal of Clinical Medicine Research 1758: 1696: 1609:, and various psychiatric illnesses. 870:Immune factors may also play a role. 388: 292:, prior hypertension, older age, and 8492: 8386:Office of Research on Women's Health 6848:Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability 6185:Calkins K, Devaskar SU (July 2011). 4641: 3687:Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine 3570: 2663:Innes KE, Byers TE (November 1999). 1281: 1268: 1260: 677:Advanced maternal age (>35 years) 492:immunological tolerance in pregnancy 245:, characterized by the new onset of 8504: 8424:Society for Women's Health Research 8358:International Day of the Girl Child 5835:Martin N, Montagne R (2017-12-07). 4767:The New England Journal of Medicine 4486:The New England Journal of Medicine 3865:The New England Journal of Medicine 2842: 2414:Martin N, Montagne R (2017-05-12). 2279:The New England Journal of Medicine 1977:. World Health Organization. 2011. 1492:acute respiratory distress syndrome 1288:gestational immunological tolerance 1137:thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura 1062: 660:Having never previously given birth 641:vascular endothelial growth factors 352:Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 13: 8468:Birth control in the United States 6797:Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy 6445:Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review 5700:10.1203/01.PDR.0000069846.64389.DC 5540:Journal of Reproductive Immunology 5452:Journal of Reproductive Immunology 5372:Journal of Reproductive Immunology 5122:Walsh SW, Strauss JF (June 2021). 3993:Clinical obstetrics and gynecology 3549:10.1203/01.PDR.0000159567.85157.B7 3044:Journal of Reproductive Immunology 1888:10.1097/01.AOG.0000437382.03963.88 1796:"A brief overview of preeclampsia" 1249:. Supplementation of aspirin with 1107:soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 1099:vascular endothelial growth factor 1019:Impaired liver function (noted by 773:vascular endothelial growth factor 769:soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 695:Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome 519: 439:antiphospholipid antibody syndrome 249:and often a significant amount of 55:hypertrophic decidual vasculopathy 14: 8563: 8363:Commission on the Status of Women 7373:External female genitalia (vulva) 7055:Pain management during childbirth 6982:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome 6497: 4539:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01115 3649:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.028110 3329:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.10840 2858:Environmental Health Perspectives 1634: 1539: 1352: 185:, treatment of prior hypertension 8503: 8491: 8480: 8479: 7696:Assisted reproductive technology 7336: 7241: 7240: 7227:Sexual activity during pregnancy 6470: 6432: 6397: 6320: 6227: 6187:"Fetal origins of adult disease" 5919:Cardiovascular Journal of Africa 5422:10.1097/00006254-199806000-00023 5277:American Journal of Hypertension 4655:. Armenian Medical Network. 2003 2735:from the original on 2015-10-05. 2682:10.1097/00001648-199911000-00013 2622:European Journal of Epidemiology 2002:from the original on 2015-05-13. 1670: 1486:, liver damage and dysfunction, 1469: 1008:Evidence of kidney dysfunction ( 7662:Breastfeeding and mental health 6178: 6129: 6080: 6045: 5906: 5863: 5779: 5723: 5674: 5662: 5653: 5634: 5591: 5566: 5313: 5066: 5040: 4991: 4928:from the original on 2018-07-20 4834: 4701: 4666: 4581:from the original on 2011-11-18 4514: 4473: 4432: 4383: 4255:Chemical Immunology and Allergy 4246: 4195: 4014: 3035: 2908: 2817: 2768: 2757:from the original on 2014-03-28 2739: 2656: 2613: 2564: 1915:from the original on 2016-01-06 1882:(5): 1122–1131. November 2013. 1587:intrauterine growth restriction 1409: 1083:Elevations in serum uric acid ( 1043:Cerebral or visual disturbances 881:Pre-eclampsia laboratory values 742: 691:Family history of pre-eclampsia 650: 577:single-nucleotide polymorphisms 541:genome-wide association studies 6729:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy 5845:. Lost Mothers. Archived from 5751:10.1016/j.placenta.2004.01.008 5334:10.1002/14651858.CD007536.pub2 5016:10.1002/14651858.CD004659.pub3 4859:10.1002/14651858.CD001059.pub5 4687:10.1002/14651858.CD000032.pub3 3170:10.1016/j.placenta.2013.11.002 2721:. PMPH-USA. pp. 407–408. 2424:. Lost Mothers. Archived from 2389:. Lost Mothers. Archived from 2249:Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2200: 2169: 1646: 1253:has shown favourable results. 1153:acute fatty liver of pregnancy 810:Abnormalities in the maternal 688:Prior history of pre-eclampsia 281:at which point it is known as 1: 8312:Social determinants of health 6931:Prelabor rupture of membranes 6477:Yousef N (17 February 2024). 5552:10.1016/S0165-0378(02)00039-6 5384:10.1016/S0165-0378(03)00052-4 4911:10.1067/S0002-9378(03)00723-3 3590:10.1016/S1028-4559(09)60028-0 3118:10.1095/biolreprod.113.107805 2496:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60279-6 2145:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 2103:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.07.003 1689: 1384:angiotensin receptor blockers 1170: 8307:Gender disparities in health 7645:Mother-to-child transmission 7210:Systemic lupus erythematosus 6861:Maternal care related to the 6843:Gestational thrombocytopenia 6345:10.1097/AOG.0000000000003508 6203:10.1016/j.cppeds.2011.01.001 5612:10.1097/aog.0b013e318293f12f 4605:Current Hypertension Reports 4179:10.1017/CBO9780511617812.010 3990:Drife JO, Magowan B (2004). 3100:Chen DB, Wang W (May 2013). 1558: 1515: 1330: 873: 816:gestational immune tolerance 365: 7: 7920:Pelvic inflammatory disease 7863:Hormone replacement therapy 7427:Reproductive system disease 7011:Cephalopelvic disproportion 6524:fact sheet on pre-eclampsia 6021:10.1136/bmj.39335.385301.BE 5446:Bonney EA (December 2007). 3275:10.1136/bmj.38555.462685.8F 2341:10.1152/ajpheart.00132.2019 2019:Annals of Internal Medicine 35:Preeclampsia toxaemia (PET) 10: 8568: 8532:Health issues in pregnancy 8414:Black Women's Health Study 7481:Complications of pregnancy 7122:Breastfeeding difficulties 6921:Constriction ring syndrome 6895:Braxton Hicks contractions 6296:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.10.027 6253:10.1016/j.ajog.2011.05.009 5509:10.1016/j.ijgo.2004.11.006 5088:10.1016/j.ajog.2016.09.076 4458:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.11.016 4221:10.1016/j.jfma.2017.08.005 4035:10.1016/j.bihy.2008.01.002 3498:10.1038/s41467-020-19733-6 3370:Nature Reviews. Nephrology 1523:is the development of new 1482:, hemorrhagic or ischemic 1224: 902:Aspartate aminotransferase 8475: 8432: 8391:Women's Health Initiative 8376: 8338: 8329: 8278: 8244:Major depressive disorder 8112: 8072:Intimate partner violence 8034: 7933:Female genital mutilation 7928: 7877: 7786: 7728: 7674: 7620: 7533: 7446: 7435: 7361: 7348: 7263: 7235: 7192: 7159:Peripartum cardiomyopathy 7149:Pubic symphysis diastasis 7112: 6996: 6860: 6833: 6815: 6757: 6719: 6710: 6666: 6584: 6575: 6457:10.1017/S0965539500000267 6406:Hypertension in Pregnancy 6333:Obstetrics and Gynecology 5979:10.1016/j.ahj.2008.06.042 5872:Hypertension in Pregnancy 5600:Obstetrics and Gynecology 5575:Obstetrics and gynecology 5464:10.1016/j.jri.2007.03.006 5240:10.1002/14651858.CD005939 5191:10.1002/14651858.CD005942 4726:10.1002/14651858.CD005548 4649:"Pre-eclampsia-Eclampsia" 4617:10.1007/s11906-011-0214-y 4059:Human Reproduction Update 3955:Human Reproduction Update 3914:Human Reproduction Update 3382:10.1038/s41581-019-0119-6 3052:10.1016/j.jri.2019.07.004 2794:10.3109/10641950109152635 2781:Hypertension in Pregnancy 2634:10.1007/s10654-013-9762-6 2212:. ACOG. 2013. p. 2. 2209:Hypertension in pregnancy 2194:10.1038/s41581-019-0119-6 2182:Nature Reviews Nephrology 1876:Obstetrics and Gynecology 1376:hypertension in pregnancy 1235:World Health Organization 1145:hemolytic-uremic syndrome 1141:antiphospholipid syndrome 955: 941: 921: 885: 880: 789:maternal immune tolerance 414: 333:Blood pressure medication 228: 220: 200: 189: 174: 156: 136: 125: 97: 81: 69: 48: 39: 31: 26: 7980:Gynaecological disorders 7796:Culture and menstruation 7763:Contraceptive prevalence 7655:Compulsory sterilization 6685:Gestational hypertension 6105:10.1136/bmj.311.6998.171 2176:Phipps EA (1 May 2019). 1660:calcium channel blockers 1599:type 2 diabetes mellitus 1151:are present. Women with 929:Uric Acid: 2.4–6.0 mg/dL 906:Alanine aminotransferase 267:low blood platelet count 263:red blood cell breakdown 108:low blood platelet count 104:Red blood cell breakdown 59:gestational hypertension 8263:Urinary tract infection 8055:Abuse during childbirth 7084:Umbilical cord prolapse 7006:Amniotic fluid embolism 6764:dermatoses of pregnancy 6087:Barker DJ (July 1995). 6066:10.1067/mob.2002.123608 5804:10.1111/1471-0528.12758 4967:10.1161/JAHA.119.012436 4125:10.1126/science.1111726 3700:10.3389/fcvm.2017.00060 3310:Ehret G (August 2018). 3106:Biology of Reproduction 2751:Encyclopedia Britannica 2379:Martin N (2018-08-14). 1680:western lowland gorilla 1621:Postpartum preeclampsia 1595:coronary artery disease 1394:Prevention of eclampsia 1317:immunological tolerance 1179: 1103:placental growth factor 962:Codes for pre-eclampsia 777:placental growth factor 600:and hypertension. This 569:endothelial dysfunction 374:in the 5th century BC. 325:calcium supplementation 323:in those at high risk, 183:calcium supplementation 8180:Cardiovascular disease 7768:Contraceptive security 7701:In vitro fertilization 7612:Postpartum confinement 7486:Hyperemesis gravidarum 7200:Concomitant conditions 7179:Postpartum thyroiditis 6957:Circumvallate placenta 6777:Impetigo herpetiformis 6772:Gestational pemphigoid 6744:Hyperemesis gravidarum 6677:hypertensive disorders 6391:10.23970/ahrqepccer263 5967:American Heart Journal 3571:Chen CP (March 2009). 2542:10.1001/jama.2017.3439 1573:venous thromboembolism 1451:, multiple gestation ( 1324:in vitro fertilization 1305:University of Adelaide 1188:intake has an effect. 1127:Differential diagnosis 826:and the production of 685:Untreated hypertension 397: 162:BP > 140 mmHg 8302:Healthcare inequality 8104:Gender discrimination 7908:Human papilloma virus 7583:Vesicovaginal fistula 7169:Postpartum infections 7164:Postpartum depression 6418:10.1081/PRG-120002912 5931:10.5830/CVJA-2016-051 5884:10.1081/PRG-120037889 4499:10.1056/NEJMoa1414838 4451:(5): 619.e1–619.e17. 4072:10.1093/humupd/dmq007 4023:Bioscience Hypotheses 3968:10.1093/humupd/dms007 3927:10.1093/humupd/dmr024 3877:10.1056/NEJMoa1408932 3485:Nature Communications 2291:10.1056/NEJMra2109523 1571:, kidney disease and 1478:, the development of 1191:Supplementation with 894:Lactate dehydrogenase 814:and insufficiency of 512:cell invasion to the 451:Those with long-term 396: 302:period after delivery 170:at two separate times 8409:Nurses' Health Study 8317:Reproductive justice 8268:Urinary incontinence 7888:Sexually transmitted 7743:Intrauterine devices 7588:Rectovaginal fistula 7578:Obstetrical fistulae 7506:Gestational diabetes 7501:Obstetrical bleeding 7476:Adolescent pregnancy 7461:Gravidity and parity 7456:Unintended pregnancy 7174:Postpartum psychosis 7043:Obstetrical bleeding 6938:Obstetrical bleeding 6759:Integumentary system 6734:Gestational diabetes 6713:related to pregnancy 6711:Other, predominantly 6246:(5): 454.e1–454.e8. 6154:10.4137/CMPed.S40070 5745:(Suppl A): S60–S71. 5668:Robbins and Cotran, 5289:10.1038/ajh.2008.219 5141:10.3390/ijms22136985 5054:on 17 September 2014 4779:10.1056/NEJMoa054186 3222:10.1210/en.2014-1501 2997:Journal of Pregnancy 2139:(10053): 1459–1544. 1720:Journal of Pregnancy 1569:chronic hypertension 1021:liver function tests 832:natural killer cells 710:Having sub-clinical 251:protein in the urine 92:protein in the urine 57:, a finding seen in 8537:Medical emergencies 8322:Women's empowerment 8190:Alzheimer's disease 7821:Cloth menstrual pad 7778:Fertility awareness 7748:Oral contraceptives 7630:Perinatal mortality 7154:Postpartum bleeding 6977:Placental abruption 6962:Monochorionic twins 6792:Prurigo gestationis 6290:(2S): S1211–S1221. 4117:2005Sci...308.1592R 4111:(5728): 1592–1594. 3741:Williams obstetrics 3010:10.1155/2012/105918 2870:10.1289/ehp.0800334 2583:(nov07 15): f6564. 2196:– via PubMed. 1733:10.1155/2012/586578 1716:"Preeclampsia 2012" 1631:diagnostic criteria 1507:placental abruption 1488:acute kidney injury 1319:in their partners. 977:Diagnostic criteria 935:Plt: 140–450 x 10/L 848:cell-free fetal DNA 453:high blood pressure 430:Immunologic factors 247:high blood pressure 224:2–8% of pregnancies 88:High blood pressure 61:and pre-eclampsia. 8419:Cartwright Inquiry 8330:Politics, research 8148:Endometrial cancer 8002:Sexual intercourse 7773:Planned parenthood 7758:Male contraceptive 7184:Puerperal mastitis 7139:Breast engorgement 6926:Monoamniotic twins 6916:Chorionic hematoma 5687:Pediatric Research 5646:2016-03-06 at the 4408:10.1002/ijgo.12802 3838:10.1111/aogs.13111 3617:Ensembl release 89 3536:Pediatric Research 3164:(Suppl): S69–S73. 2715:Mohler ER (2006). 1812:10.4021/jocmr1682w 1344:. In the case of 1338:induction of labor 1133:pancreatic disease 840:regulatory T cells 700:Multiple gestation 501:microRNA cluster ( 398: 389:Signs and symptoms 259:weeks of pregnancy 131:weeks of pregnancy 8519: 8518: 8399: 8398: 8224: 8223: 8175: 8174: 8158:Papanicolaou test 8114:Non-communicable 8082:Sexual harassment 8060:Domestic violence 8030: 8029: 7873: 7872: 7670: 7669: 7573:Retained placenta 7491:Ectopic pregnancy 7303: 7302: 7257: 7256: 7215:Thyroid disorders 7205:Diabetes mellitus 7089:Uterine inversion 7021:Shoulder dystocia 7016:Obstructed labour 6992: 6991: 6856: 6855: 6825:Chorea gravidarum 6601:Ectopic pregnancy 6439:Conrad K (2008). 6099:(6998): 171–174. 5798:(12): 1492–1500. 5584:978-0-7817-8807-6 5082:(2): 110–120.e6. 4827:978-92-4-154833-5 4773:(17): 1796–1806. 4402:(Suppl 1): 1–33. 4350:10.1002/uog.18816 4314:978-0-07-174889-6 4303:Longo DL (2012). 4276:978-3-8055-7970-4 4267:10.1159/000087912 4188:978-0-511-61781-2 4007:978-0-7020-1775-9 3793:10.1136/bmj.i1753 3750:978-0-07-149701-5 3642:(19): 1824–1839. 3542:(5 Pt 2): 1R–7R. 3216:(12): 4975–4985. 3046:. 134–135: 1–10. 2933:10.1136/bmj.g2301 2864:(11): 1773–1779. 2728:978-1-55009-318-6 2589:10.1136/bmj.f6564 2536:(16): 1661–1667. 2490:(9741): 631–644. 2285:(19): 1817–1832. 2219:978-1-934984-28-4 1992:978-92-4-154833-5 1684:caesarean section 1534:Magnesium sulfate 1499:caesarean section 1439:diseases such as 1342:caesarean section 1282:Immune modulation 1269:Smoking cessation 1261:Physical activity 1097:proteins such as 967: 966: 937:Cr: 0.6–1.2 mg/dL 927:LDH: 105–333 IU/L 665:Diabetes mellitus 345:Magnesium sulfate 294:diabetes mellitus 236: 235: 215:magnesium sulfate 158:Diagnostic method 151:diabetes mellitus 21:Medical condition 8559: 8507: 8506: 8495: 8494: 8483: 8482: 8336: 8335: 8121: 8120: 8041: 8040: 8035:Non-reproductive 7884: 7883: 7801:Feminine hygiene 7568:Cesarian section 7563:Obstructed labor 7444: 7443: 7359: 7358: 7340: 7330: 7323: 7316: 7307: 7306: 7261: 7260: 7244: 7243: 7079:Postmature birth 7067:Placenta accreta 6972:Placenta praevia 6967:Placenta accreta 6911:Chorioamnionitis 6721:Digestive system 6717: 6716: 6643:Fetal resorption 6631:Rudimentary horn 6588:abortive outcome 6582: 6581: 6553: 6546: 6539: 6530: 6529: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6474: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6436: 6430: 6429: 6401: 6395: 6394: 6378: 6367: 6366: 6356: 6324: 6318: 6317: 6307: 6275: 6266: 6265: 6255: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6214: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6165: 6133: 6127: 6126: 6116: 6084: 6078: 6077: 6049: 6043: 6042: 6032: 6000: 5991: 5990: 5962: 5953: 5952: 5942: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5867: 5861: 5860: 5855: 5854: 5832: 5826: 5825: 5815: 5783: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5773: 5767: 5761:. Archived from 5736: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5702: 5678: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5657: 5651: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5606:(6): 1305–1308. 5595: 5589: 5588: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5546:(1–2): 203–215. 5535: 5529: 5528: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5475: 5443: 5434: 5433: 5405: 5396: 5395: 5367: 5356: 5355: 5345: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5300: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5251: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5202: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5153: 5143: 5119: 5108: 5107: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5027: 4995: 4989: 4988: 4978: 4946: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4933: 4927: 4905:(5): 1343–1349. 4896: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4870: 4853:(10): CD001059. 4838: 4832: 4831: 4814: 4801: 4800: 4790: 4762: 4756: 4755: 4737: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4660: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4628: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4586: 4567: 4561: 4560: 4550: 4533:(6): 1289–1296. 4518: 4512: 4511: 4501: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4460: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4419: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4362: 4352: 4328: 4319: 4318: 4300: 4289: 4288: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4233: 4223: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4168: 4158: 4145: 4144: 4100: 4085: 4084: 4074: 4050: 4039: 4038: 4018: 4012: 4011: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3970: 3946: 3940: 3939: 3929: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3888: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3804: 3772: 3755: 3754: 3736: 3723: 3722: 3712: 3702: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3661: 3651: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3592: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3551: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3510: 3500: 3476: 3467: 3466: 3448: 3431:(8): 1255–1260. 3422: 3413: 3404: 3403: 3393: 3361: 3352: 3351: 3341: 3331: 3307: 3298: 3297: 3287: 3277: 3253: 3244: 3243: 3233: 3201: 3192: 3191: 3181: 3149: 3140: 3139: 3129: 3097: 3082: 3081: 3063: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3022: 3012: 2988: 2955: 2954: 2944: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2903: 2902: 2896: 2890:. Archived from 2881: 2855: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2796: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2763: 2762: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2712: 2703: 2702: 2684: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2600: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2525: 2516: 2515: 2479: 2440: 2439: 2434: 2433: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2399: 2398: 2376: 2363: 2362: 2352: 2335:(4): H732–H742. 2320: 2311: 2310: 2274: 2265: 2264: 2244: 2235: 2234: 2232: 2231: 2222:. Archived from 2204: 2198: 2197: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2156: 2124: 2115: 2114: 2086: 2051: 2050: 2031:10.7326/M13-2844 2013: 2004: 2003: 2001: 1969: 1924: 1923: 1921: 1920: 1914: 1899: 1873: 1865: 1834: 1833: 1823: 1791: 1756: 1755: 1745: 1735: 1711: 1645:In general, the 1553:thrombocytopenia 1503:preterm delivery 1346:preterm delivery 1161:pheochromocytoma 1063:Predictive tests 1027:Thrombocytopenia 951: 890: 878: 877: 805:xanthine oxidase 794:cytotrophoblasts 706:donated a kidney 308:or 90 mmHg 166:or 90 mmHg 44: 24: 23: 8567: 8566: 8562: 8561: 8560: 8558: 8557: 8556: 8522: 8521: 8520: 8515: 8471: 8456:Family planning 8434: 8428: 8395: 8372: 8331: 8325: 8297:Gender equality 8280: 8274: 8220: 8171: 8153:Cervical cancer 8115: 8108: 8046: 8036: 8026: 8017:Sex differences 7975:Forced marriage 7924: 7889: 7879: 7869: 7811:Menstrual cycle 7782: 7735:Family planning 7733: 7724: 7677: 7666: 7625:Maternal deaths 7616: 7607:Postpartum care 7553:Multiple births 7529: 7438: 7431: 7364: 7355: 7352: 7344: 7334: 7304: 7299: 7298: 7272: 7258: 7253: 7231: 7188: 7132:Cracked nipples 7127:Low milk supply 7108: 7094:Uterine rupture 6988: 6883:Oligohydramnios 6868:amniotic cavity 6862: 6852: 6829: 6811: 6762: 6753: 6712: 6706: 6675: 6662: 6648:Molar pregnancy 6587: 6571: 6557: 6500: 6495: 6494: 6484: 6482: 6475: 6471: 6461: 6459: 6437: 6433: 6402: 6398: 6379: 6370: 6339:(5): 995–1001. 6325: 6321: 6276: 6269: 6232: 6228: 6183: 6179: 6134: 6130: 6085: 6081: 6050: 6046: 6001: 5994: 5963: 5956: 5911: 5907: 5868: 5864: 5852: 5850: 5833: 5829: 5784: 5780: 5771: 5769: 5765: 5734: 5728: 5724: 5679: 5675: 5667: 5663: 5658: 5654: 5648:Wayback Machine 5639: 5635: 5596: 5592: 5585: 5571: 5567: 5536: 5532: 5493: 5489: 5444: 5437: 5406: 5399: 5368: 5359: 5328:(4): CD007536. 5318: 5314: 5269: 5265: 5234:(2): CD005939. 5220: 5216: 5185:(2): CD005942. 5171: 5167: 5120: 5111: 5071: 5067: 5057: 5055: 5046: 5045: 5041: 4996: 4992: 4961:(16): e012436. 4947: 4940: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4894: 4888: 4884: 4839: 4835: 4828: 4816: 4815: 4804: 4763: 4759: 4720:(4): CD005548. 4706: 4702: 4681:(6): CD000032. 4671: 4667: 4658: 4656: 4647: 4646: 4642: 4597: 4593: 4584: 4582: 4569: 4568: 4564: 4519: 4515: 4478: 4474: 4437: 4433: 4388: 4384: 4329: 4322: 4315: 4301: 4292: 4277: 4251: 4247: 4200: 4196: 4189: 4159: 4148: 4101: 4088: 4051: 4042: 4019: 4015: 4008: 3988: 3984: 3947: 3943: 3906: 3902: 3857: 3853: 3822: 3818: 3773: 3758: 3751: 3737: 3726: 3679: 3675: 3628: 3624: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3569: 3565: 3528: 3524: 3477: 3470: 3437:10.1038/ng.3895 3425:Nature Genetics 3420: 3414: 3407: 3362: 3355: 3308: 3301: 3254: 3247: 3202: 3195: 3150: 3143: 3098: 3085: 3040: 3036: 2989: 2958: 2913: 2909: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2853: 2847: 2843: 2833: 2831: 2825:"Pre-eclampsia" 2823: 2822: 2818: 2773: 2769: 2760: 2758: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2729: 2713: 2706: 2661: 2657: 2618: 2614: 2569: 2565: 2526: 2519: 2480: 2443: 2431: 2429: 2412: 2408: 2396: 2394: 2377: 2366: 2321: 2314: 2275: 2268: 2245: 2238: 2229: 2227: 2220: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2174: 2170: 2125: 2118: 2087: 2054: 2025:(10): 695–703. 2014: 2007: 1999: 1993: 1971: 1970: 1927: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1871: 1867: 1866: 1837: 1792: 1759: 1712: 1697: 1692: 1673: 1623: 1615:gestational age 1561: 1542: 1518: 1472: 1445:Factor V Leiden 1412: 1396: 1355: 1333: 1284: 1271: 1263: 1227: 1182: 1173: 1129: 1078:ultrasonography 1065: 1033:Pulmonary edema 979: 947: 936: 934: 932: 930: 928: 923:Reference range 917: 876: 853:immune response 823: 798:spiral arteries 765:anti-angiogenic 745: 653: 556:tyrosine kinase 522: 520:Genetic factors 514:spiral arteries 417: 391: 368: 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8565: 8555: 8554: 8549: 8547:Women's health 8544: 8539: 8534: 8517: 8516: 8514: 8513: 8501: 8489: 8476: 8473: 8472: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8459: 8458: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8436: 8433:Women's health 8430: 8429: 8427: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8400: 8397: 8396: 8394: 8393: 8388: 8382: 8380: 8374: 8373: 8371: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8344: 8342: 8340:United Nations 8333: 8332:& advocacy 8327: 8326: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8282: 8279:Sociocultural 8276: 8275: 8273: 8272: 8271: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8250: 8249: 8248: 8247: 8246: 8236: 8225: 8222: 8221: 8219: 8218: 8213: 8212: 8211: 8210: 8209: 8194: 8193: 8192: 8182: 8176: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8169: 8167:Ovarian cancer 8164: 8163: 8162: 8161: 8160: 8150: 8143:Uterine cancer 8140: 8135: 8129: 8127: 8118: 8110: 8109: 8107: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8095: 8094: 8087:Sexual assault 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8068: 8067: 8057: 8051: 8049: 8038: 8032: 8031: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7988: 7987: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7965:Child marriage 7962: 7960:Breast ironing 7957: 7952: 7950:Breast binding 7947: 7946: 7945: 7940: 7938:Clitoridectomy 7929: 7926: 7925: 7923: 7922: 7917: 7916: 7915: 7905: 7900: 7894: 7892: 7881: 7875: 7874: 7871: 7870: 7868: 7867: 7866: 7865: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7839: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7816:Menstrual aids 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7792: 7790: 7784: 7783: 7781: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7739: 7737: 7726: 7725: 7723: 7722: 7721: 7720: 7715: 7705: 7704: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7682: 7680: 7672: 7671: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7664: 7659: 7658: 7657: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7621: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7603: 7602: 7600:Husband stitch 7592: 7591: 7590: 7585: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7539: 7537: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7527: 7526: 7525: 7524: 7523: 7518: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7478: 7473: 7471:Antenatal care 7468: 7463: 7458: 7452: 7450: 7441: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7417:Fallopian tube 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7398: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7386: 7385: 7369: 7367: 7363:Reproductive 7356: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7342:Women's health 7333: 7332: 7325: 7318: 7310: 7301: 7300: 7297: 7296: 7285: 7273: 7268: 7267: 7265: 7264:Classification 7255: 7254: 7252: 7251: 7236: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7229: 7224: 7222:Maternal death 7219: 7218: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7196: 7194: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7129: 7118: 7116: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7070: 7069: 7057: 7052: 7051: 7050: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7028:Fetal distress 7025: 7024: 7023: 7013: 7008: 7002: 7000: 6994: 6993: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6986: 6985: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6947: 6946: 6945: 6935: 6934: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6897: 6892: 6891: 6890: 6888:Polyhydramnios 6885: 6877:amniotic fluid 6872: 6870: 6858: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6850: 6845: 6839: 6837: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6827: 6821: 6819: 6817:Nervous system 6813: 6812: 6810: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6768: 6766: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6725: 6723: 6714: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6699: 6698: 6697: 6695:HELLP syndrome 6687: 6681: 6679: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6634: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6598: 6592: 6590: 6586:Pregnancy with 6579: 6573: 6572: 6556: 6555: 6548: 6541: 6533: 6527: 6526: 6518: 6510: 6499: 6498:External links 6496: 6493: 6492: 6469: 6431: 6396: 6368: 6319: 6267: 6226: 6197:(6): 158–176. 6177: 6128: 6079: 6060:(2): 425–429. 6044: 5992: 5973:(5): 918–930. 5954: 5925:(2): 104–110. 5905: 5878:(2): 219–225. 5862: 5827: 5778: 5722: 5673: 5661: 5652: 5633: 5590: 5583: 5565: 5530: 5503:(2): 154–155. 5487: 5458:(1–2): 68–74. 5435: 5416:(6): 377–382. 5397: 5378:(2): 253–265. 5357: 5312: 5283:(8): 943–947. 5263: 5214: 5165: 5109: 5065: 5039: 4990: 4938: 4882: 4833: 4826: 4802: 4757: 4700: 4665: 4640: 4611:(5): 338–346. 4591: 4577:. 2011-11-12. 4562: 4513: 4472: 4431: 4382: 4343:(4): 492–495. 4320: 4313: 4290: 4275: 4245: 4194: 4187: 4146: 4086: 4065:(5): 510–524. 4040: 4013: 4006: 3982: 3961:(4): 360–373. 3941: 3920:(5): 605–619. 3900: 3871:(2): 124–133. 3851: 3832:(6): 751–760. 3816: 3756: 3749: 3724: 3673: 3622: 3604: 3563: 3522: 3468: 3405: 3376:(5): 275–289. 3353: 3322:(2): 285–286. 3299: 3245: 3193: 3141: 3083: 3034: 2956: 2907: 2841: 2816: 2767: 2738: 2727: 2704: 2675:(6): 722–732. 2655: 2612: 2563: 2517: 2441: 2406: 2364: 2312: 2266: 2255:(4): 137–149. 2236: 2218: 2199: 2168: 2116: 2097:(6): 877–884. 2052: 2005: 1991: 1925: 1835: 1757: 1694: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1672: 1669: 1652:ACE inhibitors 1642:time periods. 1622: 1619: 1560: 1557: 1547:is defined as 1545:HELLP syndrome 1541: 1540:HELLP Syndrome 1538: 1517: 1514: 1480:HELLP syndrome 1471: 1468: 1457:multiple birth 1411: 1408: 1404:NMDA receptors 1395: 1392: 1380:ACE inhibitors 1354: 1353:Blood pressure 1351: 1332: 1329: 1283: 1280: 1270: 1267: 1262: 1259: 1226: 1223: 1181: 1178: 1172: 1169: 1157:thyrotoxicosis 1128: 1125: 1124: 1123: 1111: 1110: 1092: 1081: 1064: 1061: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1040:(pitting type) 1035: 1030: 1024: 1017: 997: 996: 990: 986: 978: 975: 965: 964: 959: 953: 952: 945: 939: 938: 925: 919: 918: 891: 883: 882: 875: 872: 836:T helper cells 821: 744: 741: 740: 739: 728:Socioeconomics 725: 719: 712:hypothyroidism 708: 702: 697: 692: 689: 686: 683: 681:Kidney disease 678: 675: 672: 667: 662: 652: 649: 633:chromosomes 14 617:imprinted gene 592:expression on 583:Patau syndrome 564:splice variant 521: 518: 449: 448: 445: 442: 437:, obesity, or 431: 428: 416: 413: 390: 387: 367: 364: 234: 233: 230: 226: 225: 222: 218: 217: 204: 198: 197: 191: 187: 186: 176: 172: 171: 160: 154: 153: 140: 134: 133: 127: 123: 122: 101: 95: 94: 85: 79: 78: 73: 67: 66: 46: 45: 37: 36: 33: 29: 28: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8564: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8542:Rare diseases 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8529: 8527: 8512: 8511: 8502: 8500: 8499: 8490: 8488: 8487: 8478: 8477: 8474: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8457: 8454: 8453: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8431: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8401: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8383: 8381: 8379: 8378:United States 8375: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8343: 8341: 8337: 8334: 8328: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8292:Disadvantaged 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8277: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8255: 8254: 8253:Urinary tract 8251: 8245: 8242: 8241: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8231: 8230: 8229:Mental health 8227: 8226: 8217: 8214: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8203: 8200: 8199: 8198: 8195: 8191: 8188: 8187: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8177: 8168: 8165: 8159: 8156: 8155: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8145: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8138:Breast cancer 8136: 8134: 8131: 8130: 8128: 8126: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8111: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8093: 8090: 8089: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8066: 8063: 8062: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8052: 8050: 8048: 8047:against women 8042: 8039: 8033: 8023: 8022:Sex education 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7986: 7983: 7982: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7955:Breast health 7953: 7951: 7948: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7935: 7934: 7931: 7930: 7927: 7921: 7918: 7914: 7911: 7910: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7891: 7885: 7882: 7876: 7864: 7861: 7860: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7826:Menstrual cup 7824: 7822: 7819: 7818: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7789: 7785: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7736: 7731: 7730:Contraception 7727: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7710: 7709: 7706: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7691:Childlessness 7689: 7688: 7687: 7684: 7683: 7681: 7679: 7676:Reproductive 7673: 7663: 7660: 7656: 7653: 7652: 7651: 7650:Sterilization 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7622: 7619: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7601: 7598: 7597: 7596: 7593: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7580: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7548:Preterm birth 7546: 7544: 7541: 7540: 7538: 7536: 7532: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7513: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7434: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7384: 7383:Clitoral hood 7381: 7380: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7374: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7360: 7357: 7354: 7351:Reproductive 7347: 7343: 7339: 7331: 7326: 7324: 7319: 7317: 7312: 7311: 7308: 7295: 7291: 7290: 7286: 7284: 7280: 7279: 7275: 7274: 7271: 7266: 7262: 7250: 7249: 7245: 7238: 7237: 7234: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7202: 7201: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7191: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7124: 7123: 7120: 7119: 7117: 7115: 7111: 7105: 7104:Uterine atony 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7074:Preterm birth 7072: 7068: 7065: 7064: 7063: 7062: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7003: 7001: 6999: 6995: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6953: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6939: 6936: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6908: 6907: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6880: 6879: 6878: 6874: 6873: 6871: 6869: 6865: 6859: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6832: 6826: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6814: 6808: 6807:Stretch marks 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6760: 6756: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6722: 6718: 6715: 6709: 6703: 6700: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6691: 6690:Pre-eclampsia 6688: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6603: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6589: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6559:Pathology of 6554: 6549: 6547: 6542: 6540: 6535: 6534: 6531: 6525: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6505: 6504:Pre-eclampsia 6502: 6501: 6480: 6473: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6435: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6400: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6364: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6323: 6315: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6274: 6272: 6263: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6230: 6222: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6181: 6173: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6132: 6124: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6083: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6048: 6040: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6015:(7627): 974. 6014: 6010: 6006: 5999: 5997: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5961: 5959: 5950: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5909: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5866: 5859: 5849:on 2021-05-05 5848: 5844: 5843: 5838: 5831: 5823: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5782: 5768:on 2016-08-17 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5733: 5726: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5677: 5671: 5665: 5656: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5637: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5594: 5586: 5580: 5576: 5569: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5534: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5491: 5483: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5442: 5440: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5404: 5402: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5353: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5316: 5308: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5267: 5259: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5218: 5210: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5169: 5161: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5069: 5053: 5049: 5043: 5035: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4994: 4986: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4945: 4943: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4893: 4886: 4878: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4837: 4829: 4823: 4819: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4761: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4704: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4669: 4654: 4650: 4644: 4636: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4595: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4566: 4558: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4509: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4476: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4435: 4427: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4327: 4325: 4316: 4310: 4306: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4198: 4190: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4166: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4082: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4017: 4009: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3994: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3945: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3904: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3752: 3746: 3742: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3518: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3475: 3473: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3419: 3412: 3410: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3358: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3306: 3304: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3268:(7521): 877. 3267: 3263: 3259: 3252: 3250: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3210:Endocrinology 3207: 3200: 3198: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3148: 3146: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2911: 2897:on 2009-07-19 2893: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2852: 2845: 2830: 2826: 2820: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2787:(1): IX–XIV. 2786: 2782: 2778: 2771: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2742: 2734: 2730: 2724: 2720: 2719: 2711: 2709: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2659: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2616: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2524: 2522: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2438: 2428:on 2019-06-21 2427: 2423: 2422: 2417: 2410: 2403: 2393:on 2021-05-15 2392: 2388: 2387: 2382: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2319: 2317: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2273: 2271: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2243: 2241: 2226:on 2016-11-18 2225: 2221: 2215: 2211: 2210: 2203: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2172: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2123: 2121: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2012: 2010: 1998: 1994: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1975: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1870: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1695: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1671:Other animals 1668: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1656:beta-blockers 1653: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1618: 1616: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1590: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1470:Complications 1467: 1464: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1449:renal disease 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1420: 1416: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1391: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1350: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1328: 1325: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1300: 1298: 1292: 1289: 1279: 1276: 1266: 1258: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1177: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1121: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1089:hyperuricemia 1086: 1085:hyperuricemia 1082: 1079: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1071: 1060: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1006: 1005: 1003: 994: 991: 987: 984: 983: 982: 974: 972: 963: 960: 958: 954: 950: 946: 944: 940: 933:ALT: 7–56 U/L 931:AST: 5–40 U/L 926: 924: 920: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 889: 884: 879: 871: 868: 864: 860: 856: 854: 849: 845: 844:erythroblasts 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 817: 813: 812:immune system 808: 806: 801: 799: 795: 790: 784: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 753: 749: 737: 733: 729: 726: 724: 720: 717: 713: 709: 707: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 690: 687: 684: 682: 679: 676: 673: 671: 670:Endometriosis 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 657: 656: 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 625: 622: 619:. Located on 618: 614: 609: 607: 603: 599: 595: 594:chromosome 16 591: 586: 584: 580: 578: 574: 570: 565: 561: 557: 553: 552:chromosome 13 550:. Located on 549: 544: 542: 537: 536:heterogeneous 532: 526: 517: 515: 511: 508: 504: 500: 499:chromosome 19 495: 493: 489: 488:immune system 485: 481: 477: 471: 469: 465: 461: 456: 454: 446: 443: 440: 436: 432: 429: 426: 422: 421: 420: 412: 408: 406: 405:Pitting edema 402: 395: 386: 384: 380: 375: 373: 363: 361: 357: 356:heart disease 353: 348: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 317: 315: 314:prenatal care 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 286: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 239:Pre-eclampsia 231: 227: 223: 219: 216: 212: 208: 205: 203: 199: 196:, medications 195: 192: 188: 184: 180: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 159: 155: 152: 149:, older age, 148: 144: 141: 139: 135: 132: 128: 124: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 102: 100: 99:Complications 96: 93: 89: 86: 84: 80: 77: 74: 72: 68: 64: 63:H&E stain 60: 56: 52: 47: 43: 38: 34: 30: 27:Pre-eclampsia 25: 19: 8552:Hypertension 8508: 8496: 8484: 8207:Hip fracture 8202:Osteoporosis 7943:Infibulation 7843:Dysmenorrhea 7836:Sanitary pad 7788:Menstruation 7516:Preeclampsia 7511:Hypertension 7395:Labia majora 7390:Labia minora 7287: 7276: 7246: 7239: 7099:Vasa praevia 7059: 7033:Locked twins 6949: 6899: 6875: 6689: 6621:Interstitial 6483:. Retrieved 6472: 6460:. Retrieved 6448: 6444: 6434: 6412:(1): 85–95. 6409: 6405: 6399: 6336: 6332: 6322: 6287: 6283: 6243: 6239: 6229: 6194: 6190: 6180: 6145: 6141: 6131: 6096: 6092: 6082: 6057: 6053: 6047: 6012: 6008: 5970: 5966: 5922: 5918: 5908: 5875: 5871: 5865: 5857: 5851:. Retrieved 5847:the original 5840: 5830: 5795: 5791: 5781: 5770:. Retrieved 5763:the original 5742: 5738: 5725: 5693:(1): 20–25. 5690: 5686: 5676: 5669: 5664: 5655: 5636: 5603: 5599: 5593: 5574: 5568: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5455: 5451: 5413: 5409: 5375: 5371: 5325: 5315: 5280: 5276: 5266: 5231: 5227: 5217: 5182: 5178: 5168: 5134:(13): 6985. 5131: 5127: 5079: 5075: 5068: 5058:17 September 5056:. Retrieved 5052:the original 5042: 5007: 5003: 4993: 4958: 4954: 4930:. Retrieved 4902: 4898: 4885: 4850: 4846: 4836: 4817: 4770: 4766: 4760: 4717: 4713: 4703: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4657:. Retrieved 4652: 4643: 4608: 4604: 4594: 4583:. 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