798:. In it he alleges that 10% of his dreams appeared to include some element of future experience. He also persuaded some friends to try the experiment on themselves, with mixed results. He noted a strong cognitive bias in which subjects, including himself, were reluctant to ascribe their dream correspondences to precognition and determinedly sought alternative explanations. Dunne concluded that precognitive elements in dreams are common and that many people unknowingly have them. He suggested also that dream precognition did not reference future events of all kinds, but specifically the future experiences of the dreamer. He was led to this idea when he found that a dream of a volcanic eruption appeared to foresee not the disaster itself but his subsequent misreading of an inaccurate account in a newspaper.
664:
872:. J. B. Rhine used a method of forced-choice matching in which participants guessed the order of a deck of 25 cards, each five of which bore one of five geometrical symbols. Although his results were positive and gained some academic acceptance, his methods were later shown to be badly flawed and subsequent researchers using more rigorous procedures were unable to reproduce his results. His mathematics was sometimes flawed, the experiments were not double-blinded or even necessarily single-blinded and some of the cards to be guessed were so thin that the symbol could be seen through the backing.
3390:
878:, another leading member of the SPR, was described by Rhine as one of his harshest critics, running many similar experiments with wholly negative results. However, from around 1940 he ran forced-choice ESP experiments in which a subject attempted to identify which of five animal pictures a subject in another room was looking at. Their performance on this task was at chance, but when the scores were matched with the card that came
1097:'s vague predictions. For example, quatrain I:60 states "A ruler born near Italy...He's less a prince than a butcher." The phrase "near Italy" can be construed as covering a very broad range of geography, while no details are provided by Nostradamus regarding the era when this ruler will live. Because of this vagueness, and the flexibility of retrofitting, this quatrain has been interpreted by some as referring to
3402:
968:, used a questionnaire survey approach to investigate precognitive dreaming in college students during the 1980s. His survey of over 433 participants showed that 290 or 66.9 per cent reported some form of paranormal dream. He rejected many of these reports, but claimed that 8.8 per cent of the population was having actual precognitive dreams.
719:
Throughout history it has been believed that certain individuals have precognitive abilities, or that certain practices can induce such experiences, and these visions have sometimes been associated with important historical events. Despite the lack of scientific evidence, many people still believe in
824:
was widely read and "undoubtedly helped to form something of the imaginative climate of years", influencing many writers of both fact and fiction both then and since. According to
Flieger, "Dunne's theory was so current and popular a topic that not to understand it was a mark of singularity." Major
1120:, where the memory of a non-existent precognitive event is formed after the real event has occurred. Where subjects in a dream experiment have been asked to write down their dreams in a diary, this can prevent selective memory effects such that the dreams no longer seem accurate about the future.
882:
the target card, three of the thirteen subjects showed a very high hit rate; Rhine now described Soal's work as "a milestone in the field". However analyses of Soal's findings, conducted several years later, concluded that the positive results were more likely the result of deliberate fraud. The
643:
Precognition is sometimes treated as an example of the wider phenomenon of prescience or foreknowledge, to understand by any means what is likely to happen in the future. It is distinct from premonition, which is a vaguer feeling of some impending disaster. Related activities such as predictive
1055:
A great deal of evidence for precognition has been put forward, both as witnessed anecdotes and as experimental results, but none has been accepted as rigorous scientific proof of the phenomenon. Even the most prominent pieces of evidence have been repeatedly rejected due to errors in those
792:, a British soldier and aeronautics engineer, experienced several dreams which he regarded as precognitive. He developed techniques to record and analyse them, identifying any correspondences between his future experiences and his recorded dreams. He reported his findings in his 1927 book
852:
and D. R. Wheeler used the event to test for dream precognition, by inviting the public to report any dreams of the child. A total of 1,300 dreams were reported. Only five per cent envisioned the child dead and only 4 of the 1,300 envisioned the location of the grave as amongst trees.
1456:
The waking mind refuses point-blank to accept the association between the dream and the subsequent event. For it, this association is the wrong way round, and no sooner does it make itself perceived than it is instantly rejected. The intellectual revolt is automatic and extremely
1126:, where people experience a false feeling that an identical event has occurred previously. Some recent authors have suggested that déjà vu and identifying paramnesia are the same thing. This view is not universally held, with others instead treating them as distinct phenomena.
1087:, where people unconsciously infer, from data they have unconsciously learned, that a certain event will probably happen in a certain context. When the event occurs, the former knowledge appears to have been acquired without the aid of recognised channels of information.
891:
As more modern technology became available, more automated techniques of experimentation were developed that did not rely on hand-scoring of equivalence between targets and guesses, and in which the targets could be more reliably and readily tested at random. In 1969
883:
controversy continued for many years more. In 1978 the statistician and parapsychology researcher Betty
Markwick, while seeking to vindicate Soal, discovered that he had tampered with his data. The untainted experimental results showed no evidence of precognition.
1798:. Prometheus Books. pp. 222–232. Hansel found that in the experiments of Schmidt there was no presence of an observer or second-experimenter in any of the experiments, no counterchecking of the records and no separate machines used for high and low score attempts.
659:
are the most widely reported occurrences of precognition. Usually, a dream or vision can only be identified as precognitive after the putative event has taken place. When such an event occurs after a dream, it is said to have "broken the
1044:) would need to be carried by physical particles doing the same. Experimental evidence from high-energy physics suggests that this cannot happen. There is therefore no direct justification for precognition from a physics-based approach.
630:
Precognition has been widely believed in throughout history. Despite the lack of scientific evidence, many people believe it to be real; it is still widely reported and remains a topic of research and discussion within the
936:
for experiences which challenged our understanding of Time. He received hundreds of letters in reply and believed that many of them described genuine precognitive dreams. In 2014 the BBC Radio 4 broadcaster
994:
process. In 2012, an independent attempt to reproduce Bem's results was published, but it failed to do so. The widespread controversy led to calls for improvements in practice and for more research.
1134:
have conducted experiments which are claimed to show that people who feel loss of control in their lives will turn to belief in precognition, because it gives them a sense of regaining control.
765:
had suggested that emanations from future events could be sent back to the dreamer, Aristotle proposed that it was, rather, the dreamer's sense impressions which reached forward to the event.
1014:
There is no known scientific mechanism which would allow precognition. It breaks temporal causality, in that the precognised event causes an effect in the subject prior to the event itself.
1093:, which involves the false interpretation of a past record of a dream or vision, in order to match it to a recent event. Retrofitting provides an explanation for the supposed accuracy of
1224:
Science and the
Supernatural: An Investigation of Paranormal Phenomena Including Psychic Healing, Clairvoyance, Telepathy, and Precognition by a Distinguished Physicist and Mathematician
2163:
1047:
Precognition would also contradict "most of the neuroscience and psychology literature, from electrophysiology and neuroimaging to temporal effects found in psychophysical research."
711:
with dreams believed to be 'mind-created phenomena'. Those dreams which 'warn of impending danger or even prepare us for overwhelming good news" are considered the most important.
692:
it is believed that dreams are mostly insignificant while others "have the potential to contain prophetic messages". Others hold that dreams have meaning, and bad dreams require
944:
In 1965 G. W. Lambert, a former
Council member of the SPR, proposed five criteria that needed to be met before an account of a precognitive dream could be regarded as credible:
3134:
911:
believed that he had precognitive experiences and used the idea in some of his novels, especially as a central plot element in his 1956 science fiction short story "
306:
776:
An early investigation into claims of precognition was published by the missionary Fr. P. Boilat in 1883. He claimed to have put an unspoken question to an
African
1113:
757:. He accepted that "it is quite conceivable that some dreams may be tokens and causes " but also believed that "most dreams are, however, to be classed as mere
1002:
Claims of precognition are, like any other claims, open to scientific criticism. However, the nature of the criticism must adapt to the nature of the claim.
2241:
301:
2009:
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experiments as well as follow-on studies contradicting the original evidence. This suggests that the evidence was not valid in the first place.
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1988:
1143:
361:
296:
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986:
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remarked that, "The only theory known to me which seems worth consideration is that proposed by Mr. Dunne in his
Experiment with Time."
780:
whom he mistrusted. Contrary to his expectations, the witch-doctor gave him the correct answer without ever having heard the question.
2616:
2080:
3230:
2395:
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introduced the use of high-speed random event generators (REG) for precognition testing, and experiments were also conducted at the
3367:
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720:
precognition. A poll in 2005 showed 73% of
Americans believe in at least one type of paranormal experience, with 41% believing in
773:
The term "precognition" first appeared in the 17th century but did not come into common use among investigators until much later.
3129:
2810:
3144:
2748:
Hyman, Ray (2007). "Evaluating
Parapsychological Claims". In Robert J. Sternberg; Henry L. Roediger; Diane F. Halpern (eds.).
2794:
2757:
2738:
2582:
2510:
2287:
1687:
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1320:
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Various known psychological processes have been put forward to explain experiences of apparent precognition. These include:
577:
311:
2396:"Afterthoughts on precognition: No cogent evidence for anomalous influences of consequent events on preceding cognition"
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2331:
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1731:
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1231:
893:
990:. The paper was heavily criticised, and the criticism widened to include the journal itself and the validity of the
2310:"Precognition is the supposed ability to know something in advance of its occurrence or to predict a future event."
1102:
1389:
3428:
3405:
1285:
336:
2442:"Failing the Future: Three Unsuccessful Attempts to Replicate Bem's 'Retroactive Facilitation of Recall' Effect"
663:
3290:
3235:
3225:
3179:
3003:
805:
619:
There is no accepted scientific evidence that precognition is a real effect, and it is widely considered to be
1917:
3304:
3164:
3013:
2825:
2191:"Future dirctions in precognition research: more research can bridge the gap between skeptics and proponents"
1081:
and unconscious enactment, where people unconsciously bring about events which they have previously imagined.
3453:
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3149:
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825:
writers whose work was significantly influenced by his ideas on precognition in dreams and visions include
1017:
The large body of experimental work has produced no accepted scientific evidence that precognition exists.
812:. In 1932 he helped the SPR to conduct a more formal experiment, but he and the Society's lead researcher
2938:
2633:
Greenaway, Katharine H.; Louis, Winnifred R.; Hornsey, Matthew J. (7 August 2013). Krueger, Frank (ed.).
856:
The first ongoing and organised research program on precognition was instituted by husband-and-wife team
249:
129:
2028:
1918:"Feeling the future: experimental evidence for anomalous retroactive influences on cognition and affect"
1848:
3266:
3220:
3139:
2820:
2102:
1072:
744:, originally seen as sources of wisdom, became progressively associated with previsions of the future.
3311:
3261:
3169:
2879:
1906:
Ryback, David, PhD. "Dreams That Came True". New York: Bantam
Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, 1988.
1040:); that is, that an effect does not happen before its cause. Information passing backwards in time (
3360:
3048:
2923:
1078:
570:
219:
20:
2324:
Treatise on Basic
Philosophy: Volume 6: Epistemology & Methodology II: Understanding the World
1983:
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3283:
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2963:
2943:
2893:
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794:
721:
459:
401:
139:
1808:
LeGuin, Ursula K. (1984). "Science Fiction as Prophesy". In Stine, J.C.; Marowski, D.G. (eds.).
3443:
2988:
2933:
2635:"Loss of Control Increases Belief in Precognition and Belief in Precognition Increases Control"
753:
484:
426:
254:
124:
89:
1020:
The large body of anecdotal evidence can be explained by alternative psychological mechanisms.
3174:
2978:
1117:
869:
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states as well as waking premonitions, giving rise to acts of prophecy and fortune telling.
464:
396:
376:
194:
179:
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2646:
2453:
1756:
917:
479:
474:
421:
159:
2164:"Failure to Replicate Results of Bem Parapsychology Experiments Published by Same Journal"
957:
The description should be of an event destined literally, and not symbolically, to happen.
8:
2958:
2948:
912:
704:
precognition through prophetic dreams and the ability to interpret the dreams of others.
563:
529:
371:
32:
2787:
Quantum Leaps in the Wrong Direction: Where Real Science Ends...and Pseudoscience Begins
2650:
2457:
1760:
679:
precognition through prophetic dreams and the ability to interpret the dreams of others.
2918:
2677:
2634:
2476:
2441:
2415:
2371:
2344:
2217:
2190:
2061:
1996:
1948:
1612:
Murray, H. A.; Wheeler, D. R. (1937). "A Note on the Possible Clairvoyance of Dreams".
1084:
981:
857:
813:
693:
239:
189:
900:. Once again, flaws were found in all of Schmidt's experiments, when the psychologist
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2903:
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2419:
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1940:
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1201:
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109:
64:
54:
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2471:
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2212:
2202:
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2043:
1952:
1932:
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1638:
1621:
938:
838:
701:
676:
668:
469:
366:
356:
1625:
816:
failed to agree on the significance of the results. Nevertheless, the Philosopher
747:
Such claims of seeing the future have never been without their sceptical critics.
3078:
3043:
3038:
2928:
2776:
2659:
2498:
2466:
2242:"Psychologists confront impossible finding, triggering a revolution in the field"
1992:
1791:
901:
865:
861:
830:
801:
697:
672:
649:
411:
214:
149:
84:
119:
3184:
3103:
3088:
3068:
3063:
2870:
2715:
1219:
1159:
1154:
1130:
Psychological explanations have also been proposed for belief in precognition.
1041:
933:
834:
809:
632:
499:
494:
431:
389:
234:
229:
94:
2048:
3422:
3083:
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2411:
2361:
2207:
1025:
908:
620:
524:
436:
279:
224:
204:
154:
104:
1881:
848:'s infant son was kidnapped, murdered and buried among trees. Psychologists
3339:
3073:
2913:
2806:
2766:
2686:
2485:
2380:
2226:
2148:
2057:
1979:
1944:
1778:
1589:, Volume 17, Number 2, Autumn 2008, pp. 62–81, Manchester University Press.
1193:
1131:
1123:
1090:
984:, published findings showing statistical evidence for precognition in the
849:
777:
549:
539:
519:
514:
454:
331:
264:
79:
3113:
3093:
3053:
3018:
2704:
2319:
1716:
The establishment of data manipulation in the Soal-Shackleton experiments
1480:
1148:
1094:
1068:
991:
875:
826:
817:
789:
758:
544:
269:
1585:
Stewart, V.; "J. W. Dunne and literary culture in the 1930s and 1940s",
941:
revisited Priestley's work and its relation to the ideas of J.W. Dunne.
3108:
2998:
2973:
2908:
2189:
Franklin, Michael S; Baumgart, Stephen L; Schooler, Jonathon W (2014).
1719:
762:
504:
324:
259:
164:
114:
69:
40:
3098:
2626:
2140:
1936:
1165:
1037:
977:
748:
624:
274:
99:
59:
2545:
Nickell, Joe (2019). "Premonition! Foreseeing what cannot be seen".
1769:
1744:
948:
The dream should be reported to a credible witness before the event.
1956:
1098:
708:
645:
509:
416:
341:
144:
134:
1071:, where apparent instances of precognition in fact arise from the
951:
The time interval between the dream and the event should be short.
808:(SPR), regarded his theory as consistent with her own idea of the
3028:
2839:
2123:
Galak, J.; LeBoeuf, R. A.; Nelson, L. D.; Simmons, J. P. (2012).
965:
689:
616:, or otherwise becoming directly aware of, events in the future.
609:
489:
284:
209:
169:
1541:
C. D. Broad; "The Philosophical Implications of Foreknowledge",
2811:"Precognition Studies and the Curse of the Failed Replications"
1162:: Direct knowledge of past events at which one was not present.
1106:
741:
737:
406:
174:
74:
2575:
Parapsychology: Science or Magic?: a psychological perspective
2081:"Response to Alcock's "Back from the Future: Comments on Bem""
1543:
Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes
751:
carried out an inquiry into allegedly prophetic dreams in his
2953:
1645:. American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 43, No. 4. pp. 623–634.
1198:
Parapsychology-Science Or Magic?: A Psychological Perspective
1010:
Claims of precognition are criticised on three main grounds:
733:
656:
613:
594:
184:
3135:
Association for the Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena
1554:
Anon; "Obituary: Mr. J. W. Dunne, Philosopher and Airman",
346:
1545:, Vol. 16, Knowledge and Foreknowledge (1937), pp. 177–209
732:
Since ancient times precognition has been associated with
2122:
1036:
Precognition would violate the principle of antecedence (
925:
904:
found that several necessary precautions were not taken.
2188:
1378:, Arcturus, 2012, Chapter 10: "Dreams and precognition".
954:
The event should be unexpected at the time of the dream.
1985:
Back from the Future: Parapsychology and the Bem Affair
1825:
Magill's Survey of American Literature, Revised Edition
1313:
Joseph in Egypt: A Cultural Icon from Grotius to Goethe
1024:
Consequently, precognition is widely considered to be
2632:
1849:"The World Jones Made (195) A Novel by Philip K Dick"
2773:. Paladin (Grafton) 1986. (1st Edition Granada 1985)
2771:
The Paranormal: An Encyclopedia of Psychic Phenomena
1272:
The Wild Body: A Soldier of Humour and Other Stories
3241:
Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Laboratory
2617:
The deja vu experience: Remembrance of things past?
2280:
Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking
2302:. (2007). Prentice Hall Higher Education. p. 118.
3347:Old Souls: The Scientific Evidence for Past Lives
2785:Wynn, Charles M., and Wiggins, Arthur W. (2001).
2029:"A Bayes factor meta-analysis of Bem's ESP claim"
1489:, George Allen & Unwin Ltd. 1976, pp. 81–96.
1417:"How Come Some People Believe in the Paranormal?"
3420:
3155:International Association for Near-Death Studies
2752:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 219–223.
2720:A Question of Time: JRR Tolkien's Road to Faërie
2125:"Correcting the past: Failures to replicate psi"
1796:ESP and Parapsychology: A Critical Re-Evaluation
1441:Aristotle. (350 BC). On Prophesying by Dreams.
627:, that an effect cannot occur before its cause.
2645:(8). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e71327.
2538:
1390:"Three in Four Americans Believe in Paranormal"
1361:
1359:
3216:International Institute for Psychical Research
2725:
3246:Society for the Study of Supernormal Pictures
2855:
1611:
1144:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
571:
3354:Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind
2623:147(12):1587-95. DOI:10.1176/ajp.147.12.1587
2282:. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. p. 151.
2129:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1925:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1467:
1465:
1356:
987:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
960:The details of dream and event should tally.
898:Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Lab
2342:
2265:
2263:
2026:
2010:"Room for Debate: When Peer Review Falters"
1812:. Vol. 30. Detroit, MI: Gale Research.
1742:
1598:Vladimir Nabokov (ed. Gennady Barabtarlo);
1335:
1059:
603:
597:
2862:
2848:
2782:. Aldus 1964, 2nd Edition Bloomsbury 1989.
2503:Paranormality: Why We See What Isn't There
2155:
1414:
578:
564:
3231:National Laboratory of Psychical Research
2676:
2658:
2475:
2465:
2370:
2360:
2278:Zusne, Leonard; Jones, Warren H. (1989).
2216:
2206:
2047:
1768:
1680:Facts, Fallacies and Frauds in Psychology
1673:
1671:
1669:
1462:
1031:
638:
623:. Precognition violates the principle of
3368:Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation
2260:
1745:"The lab that asked the wrong questions"
1701:
1699:
1528:Dunne (1927), 3rd Edition, Faber, 1934,
1252:Inglis (1986), Chapter on "Precognition"
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1105:, and by others still as a reference to
662:
652:have been practised throughout history.
608:'acquiring knowledge') is the purported
3130:American Society for Psychical Research
2544:
2439:
2433:
2393:
2298:Ciccarelli, Saundra E; Meyer, Glenn E.
2161:
1822:
1600:Insomniac Dreams: Experiments with Time
1579:
997:
3421:
2572:
2100:
1807:
1724:A Skeptic’s Handbook of Parapsychology
1677:
1666:
768:
2843:
2747:
2703:
2557:
1696:
1643:Extra-Sensory Perception: What Is It?
1387:
1315:. Yale University Press. p. 23.
1270:Wyndham Lewis; "You Broke My Dream",
1237:
783:
362:Prizes for evidence of the paranormal
3401:
3145:Institut MĂ©tapsychique International
2722:, Kent State University Press, 1997.
1736:
1445:, MIT. (Retrieved 5 September 2018).
1310:
1283:
1215:
1213:
1189:
1187:
1101:, but by others as referring to the
886:
841:was also later influenced by Dunne.
2078:
1915:
1743:Odling-Smee, Lucy (March 1, 2007).
1602:, Princeton University Press, 2018.
1344:. Buddhist Study and Practice Group
1050:
13:
3206:British College of Psychic Science
2869:
2800:
1654:Wynn & Wiggins (2001), p. 156.
1274:, Chatto and Windus, London, 1927.
932:broadcast an appeal by the writer
352:James Randi Educational Foundation
14:
3465:
3375:Varieties of Anomalous Experience
3319:Journal of Scientific Exploration
2829:(2nd Edition). Prometheus Books.
2345:"We Should Have Seen This Coming"
2036:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
1726:. Prometheus Books. pp. 287–312.
1682:. Unwin Hyman. pp. 175–180.
1487:Philosophy and Psychical Research
1286:"Do our dreams have any meaning?"
1210:
1184:
3400:
3389:
3388:
2731:Pseudoscience and the Paranormal
2101:Alcock, James (6 January 2011).
1823:Kellman, Steven G., ed. (2006).
1530:Appendix III: The new experiment
1005:
964:David Ryback, a psychologist in
667:"Joseph's Dream", a painting by
2750:Critical Thinking in Psychology
2697:
2609:
2592:
2566:
2526:Irrationality: The Enemy Within
2515:
2492:
2387:
2349:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
2336:
2313:
2292:
2272:
2239:
2233:
2182:
2116:
2094:
2072:
2020:
2002:
1973:
1909:
1900:
1891:
1874:
1865:
1841:
1816:
1810:Contemporary Literary Criticism
1801:
1785:
1708:
1657:
1648:
1632:
1605:
1592:
1570:
1561:
1548:
1535:
1522:
1513:
1500:
1474:
1448:
1435:
1408:
1388:Moore, David W (16 June 2005).
1381:
1368:
1338:"Dreams and their Significance"
1103:Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II
971:
337:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
3236:Oxford Phasmatological Society
3226:Metropolitan Psychical Society
3180:Society for Psychical Research
3004:Parapsychology research at SRI
2621:American Journal of Psychiatry
2528:. pp. 312–313. Penguin Books.
2027:Rouder, J.; Morey, R. (2011).
1329:
1304:
1277:
1264:
1255:
806:Society for Psychical Research
804:, who became President of the
683:
16:Paranormal sight of the future
1:
3305:Journal of Near-Death Studies
3165:Parapsychological Association
3014:Plant perception (paranormal)
2826:The Psychology of the Psychic
2606:(retrieved 14 February 2022).
2079:Bem, Daryl (6 January 2011).
1626:10.1080/00223980.1937.9917500
1172:
291:Reportedly haunted locations:
3201:American Psychical Institute
3160:Koestler Parapsychology Unit
3150:Institute of Noetic Sciences
2660:10.1371/journal.pone.0071327
2600:paramnesia and confabulation
2467:10.1371/journal.pone.0033423
2343:Schwarzkopf, Samuel (2014).
2166:. csicop.org. Archived from
2103:"Response to Bem's Comments"
727:
671:, c. 1790. According to the
7:
2939:Electronic voice phenomenon
2201:. Frontiers Media SA: 907.
1888:, BBC Radio 3, 14 Sep 2014.
1483:; "The Sources of Serialism
1168:: Organ of mystical vision.
1137:
707:Precognition has a role in
130:Electronic voice phenomenon
10:
3470:
3267:Skeptics of parapsychology
3221:London Dialectical Society
3140:College of Psychic Studies
2577:. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
2505:. Macmillan. pp. 163-167.
2162:Frazier, Kendrick (2013).
1678:Colman, Andrew M. (1988).
1558:, August 27, 1949, Page 7.
1485:, in Shivesh Thakur (Ed).
1421:www.scientificamerican.com
1151:: Divination using dreams.
1073:law of truly large numbers
980:, a Professor Emeritus at
788:In the early 20th century
714:
18:
3384:
3312:Journal of Parapsychology
3275:
3262:List of parapsychologists
3254:
3193:
3170:Parapsychology Foundation
3122:
2886:
2877:
2573:Alcock, James E. (1981).
2440:Ritchie (14 March 2012).
2394:Fiedler (26 April 2013).
2326:. Springer. pp. 225–226.
2049:10.3758/s13423-011-0088-7
1284:Freedman, Rabi Dr Moshe.
1200:Pergamon Press. pp. 3–6.
976:In 2011 the psychologist
915:" and in his 1956 novel
870:Parapsychology Laboratory
3361:The Roots of Coincidence
2924:Dermo-optical perception
2412:10.1177/0959354313485504
2362:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00332
2208:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00907
1714:Betty Markwick. (1985).
1663:Hines (2003), pp. 78–81.
1454:Dunne (1927), pp.62-3. "
1415:van der Linden, Sander.
1177:
1112:False memories, such as
1079:Self-fulfilling prophecy
1060:Alternative explanations
402:Apparitional experiences
21:Precognition (Scots law)
3291:Extrasensory Perception
3284:An Experiment with Time
3211:Cambridge Ghost Society
2944:Extrasensory perception
2894:Apparitional experience
2709:An Experiment With Time
2615:Herman N. Sno (1991); "
2400:Theory & Psychology
2195:Frontiers in Psychology
1882:I Have Been Here Before
1508:Our Superconscious Mind
1311:Lang, Bernhard (2009).
1226:. Temple Smith. p. 83.
822:An Experiment with Time
795:An Experiment with Time
722:extrasensory perception
460:Argument from ignorance
427:Out-of-body experiences
140:Extrasensory perception
3429:Paranormal terminology
2989:Out-of-body experience
2789:. Joseph Henry Press.
2269:Hyman (2007), page217.
1916:Bem, DJ (March 2011).
1587:Literature and History
1292:. The Jewish Chronicle
1114:identifying paramnesia
1085:Unconscious perception
1032:Violation of causality
754:On Divination in Sleep
680:
639:Precognitive phenomena
604:
598:
485:Communal reinforcement
3194:Defunct organizations
3175:Rhine Research Center
2979:Near-death experience
1614:Journal of Psychology
1576:Flieger (1997) p.136.
1510:. Philip Allan. 1931.
1423:. Scientific American
1376:The Labyrinth of Time
928:television programme
666:
465:Argumentum ad populum
397:Anomalous experiences
377:Scientific skepticism
195:Paranormal television
3123:Active organizations
3009:Past life regression
2733:. Prometheus Books.
1853:fantasticfiction.com
1567:Flieger (1997) p.46.
1336:Sri Dhammananda, K.
998:Scientific reception
918:The World Jones Made
480:Cognitive dissonance
475:Begging the question
422:Ideomotor phenomenon
3454:Spiritual faculties
2959:Kirlian photography
2949:Ganzfeld experiment
2651:2013PLoSO...871327G
2458:2012PLoSO...733423R
2170:on 23 December 2017
1995:, March/April 2011
1897:Inglis (1986), p.85
1880:Francis Spufford, "
1871:Inglis (1986) p.90.
1761:2007Natur.446...10O
1519:Inglis (1986) p.92.
1261:Inglis (1985), p.89
913:The Minority Report
769:17th–19th centuries
696:. According to the
530:Scientific evidence
372:Scientific literacy
2919:Deathbed phenomena
2547:Skeptical Inquirer
2522:Sutherland, Stuart
2240:Kim, Alexander B.
2016:. January 7, 2011.
2014:The New York Times
1999:, January 6, 2011.
1997:Skeptical Inquirer
1991:2011-12-31 at the
1506:Lyttelton, Edith.
982:Cornell University
858:Joseph Banks Rhine
814:Theodore Besterman
784:Early 20th century
681:
240:Spirit photography
190:Paranormal fiction
110:Demonic possession
3416:
3415:
3034:Psychic detective
2994:Pam Reynolds case
2899:Astral projection
2795:978-0-309-07309-7
2759:978-0-521-60834-3
2740:978-1-57392-979-0
2589:via Hines (2003).
2584:978-0-08-025773-0
2511:978-0-230-75298-6
2288:978-0-805-80507-9
1689:978-0-04-445289-8
1443:Trans. J.I. Beare
1365:Priestley (1964).
1322:978-0-300-15156-5
887:Late 20th century
846:Charles Lindbergh
588:
587:
535:Scientific method
245:Spirit possession
55:Astral projection
19:For the law, see
3461:
3404:
3403:
3392:
3391:
3333:Life Before Life
3298:Irreducible Mind
2864:
2857:
2850:
2841:
2840:
2763:
2744:
2712:
2691:
2690:
2680:
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2590:
2588:
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2555:
2554:
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2519:
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2499:Wiseman, Richard
2496:
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2141:10.1037/a0029709
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2018:
2017:
2006:
2000:
1977:
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1968:
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1961:
1955:. Archived from
1937:10.1037/a0021524
1922:
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1374:Peake, Anthony;
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1250:
1235:
1217:
1208:
1191:
1051:Lack of evidence
939:Francis Spufford
864:in the 1930s at
839:Vladimir Nabokov
669:Gaetano Gandolfi
607:
601:
580:
573:
566:
470:Bandwagon effect
367:Pseudoskepticism
357:Magical thinking
28:
27:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3380:
3326:Life After Life
3271:
3250:
3189:
3118:
3079:Sensory leakage
3044:Psychic surgery
3039:Psychic reading
2969:Materialization
2929:Dream telepathy
2882:
2873:
2868:
2803:
2801:Further reading
2777:Priestley, J.B.
2760:
2741:
2716:Flieger, Verlyn
2700:
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1993:Wayback Machine
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1835:
1827:. Salem Press.
1821:
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1802:
1792:C. E. M. Hansel
1790:
1786:
1770:10.1038/446010a
1755:(7131): 10–12.
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1394:www.news.gallup
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1008:
1000:
974:
902:C. E. M. Hansel
889:
866:Duke University
862:Louisa E. Rhine
831:J. B. Priestley
802:Edith Lyttelton
786:
771:
730:
717:
698:Book of Genesis
686:
673:Book of Genesis
650:fortune telling
641:
584:
555:
554:
450:
442:
441:
412:False awakening
392:
382:
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327:
317:
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215:Psychic reading
150:Fortune-telling
85:Close encounter
50:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3467:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3449:Psychic powers
3446:
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3434:Parapsychology
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3187:
3185:The Ghost Club
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3106:
3104:Thoughtography
3101:
3096:
3091:
3089:Superconscious
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3069:Retrocognition
3066:
3064:Remote viewing
3061:
3056:
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2874:
2871:Parapsychology
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2838:
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2802:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2783:
2774:
2767:Inglis, Brian.
2764:
2758:
2745:
2739:
2727:Hines, Terence
2723:
2713:
2711:. A. C. Black.
2699:
2696:
2693:
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2514:
2491:
2432:
2406:(3): 323–333.
2386:
2335:
2332:978-9027716347
2312:
2308:978-0136030638
2291:
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2232:
2181:
2154:
2135:(6): 933–948.
2115:
2093:
2071:
2042:(4): 682–689.
2019:
2001:
1972:
1908:
1899:
1890:
1886:Sunday Feature
1873:
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1834:978-1587652851
1833:
1815:
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1620:(2): 309–313.
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1342:www.budsas.org
1328:
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1209:
1206:978-0080257730
1182:
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1169:
1163:
1160:Retrocognition
1157:
1155:Remote viewing
1152:
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1136:
1128:
1127:
1121:
1110:
1088:
1082:
1076:
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1049:
1042:retrocausality
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949:
934:J.B. Priestley
894:Helmut Schmidt
888:
885:
876:Samuel G. Soal
835:Olaf Stapledon
810:superconscious
785:
782:
770:
767:
729:
726:
716:
713:
700:, God granted
685:
682:
675:, God granted
640:
637:
633:parapsychology
612:phenomenon of
602:'before', and
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3444:Pseudoscience
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2015:
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1962:on 2012-01-03
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49:Main articles
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3296:
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3282:
3276:Publications
3074:Second sight
3024:Precognition
3023:
2914:Clairvoyance
2824:
2815:The Guardian
2814:
2807:Chris French
2786:
2780:Man and Time
2779:
2770:
2749:
2730:
2719:
2708:
2705:Dunne, J. W.
2698:Bibliography
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2559:
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2449:
2445:
2435:
2423:. Retrieved
2403:
2399:
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2338:
2323:
2320:Bunge, Mario
2315:
2299:
2294:
2279:
2274:
2250:. Retrieved
2245:
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2198:
2194:
2184:
2172:. Retrieved
2168:the original
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2128:
2118:
2106:. Retrieved
2096:
2084:. Retrieved
2074:
2039:
2035:
2022:
2013:
2004:
1984:
1980:James Alcock
1975:
1964:. Retrieved
1957:the original
1928:
1924:
1911:
1902:
1893:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1856:. Retrieved
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1484:
1481:Flew, Antony
1476:
1455:
1450:
1437:
1425:. Retrieved
1420:
1410:
1398:. Retrieved
1396:. Gallup Inc
1393:
1383:
1375:
1370:
1346:. Retrieved
1341:
1331:
1312:
1306:
1294:. Retrieved
1289:
1279:
1271:
1266:
1257:
1223:
1220:Taylor, John
1197:
1129:
1091:Retrofitting
1063:
1054:
1046:
1035:
1023:
1009:
1001:
985:
975:
972:21st century
963:
943:
929:
924:In 1963 the
923:
916:
906:
890:
879:
874:
855:
850:Henry Murray
843:
821:
800:
793:
787:
778:witch-doctor
775:
772:
761:...". Where
759:coincidences
752:
746:
731:
718:
706:
694:amelioration
687:
654:
642:
629:
618:
591:Precognition
590:
589:
550:Urban legend
540:Superstition
520:Protoscience
515:Junk science
455:Anomalistics
332:Cold reading
290:
289:
265:Supernatural
255:Spiritualism
250:Spirit world
200:Precognition
199:
120:Doppelgänger
80:Clairvoyance
25:
3114:Zener cards
3094:Telekinesis
3054:Pyrokinesis
3049:Psychometry
3019:Poltergeist
2821:David Marks
2553:(4): 17–20.
2252:20 February
1149:Oneiromancy
1095:Nostradamus
1069:Coincidence
992:peer-review
827:H. G. Wells
818:C. D. Broad
790:J. W. Dunne
684:In religion
635:community.
545:Uncertainty
270:Telekinesis
220:Psychometry
100:Conjuration
3423:Categories
3109:Xenoglossy
2999:Paranormal
2974:Mediumship
2964:Levitation
2909:Bilocation
2823:. (2000).
2809:. (2012).
2604:Britannica
2524:. (1994).
2501:. (2011).
2425:19 October
2322:. (1983).
2300:Psychology
2246:www.cbc.ca
2108:31 January
2086:31 January
1966:2013-09-10
1858:2019-12-05
1794:. (1980).
1720:Paul Kurtz
1641:. (1938).
1427:8 February
1400:8 February
1348:8 February
1296:25 January
1222:. (1980).
1196:. (1981).
1173:References
907:SF writer
763:Democritus
593:(from the
505:Groupthink
325:Skepticism
260:Stone Tape
165:Mediumship
115:Demonology
70:Bilocation
41:Paranormal
3099:Telepathy
2934:Ectoplasm
2669:1932-6203
2420:145690989
1556:The Times
1457:powerful.
1290:thejc.com
1166:Third eye
1038:causality
978:Daryl Bem
749:Aristotle
728:Antiquity
625:causality
342:Debunking
275:Telepathy
125:Ectoplasm
90:Cold spot
60:Astrology
3439:Prophecy
3395:Category
2769:(1986).
2729:(2003).
2707:(1927).
2687:23951136
2639:PLOS ONE
2486:22432019
2446:PLOS ONE
2381:24904372
2227:25202289
2174:7 August
2149:22924750
2066:12355543
2058:21573926
1989:Archived
1945:21280961
1779:17330012
1138:See also
1099:Napoleon
844:In 1932
709:Buddhism
646:prophecy
605:cognitio
510:Hypnosis
417:Hypnosis
145:Forteana
135:Exorcism
33:a series
31:Part of
3407:Commons
3029:Psychic
2880:Outline
2678:3737190
2647:Bibcode
2477:3303812
2454:Bibcode
2372:4034337
2355:: 332.
2218:4141237
1953:1961013
1757:Bibcode
1124:DĂ©jĂ vu
966:Atlanta
930:Monitor
742:Oracles
715:History
690:Judaism
660:dream".
610:psychic
490:Fallacy
449:Related
285:Ufology
210:Psychic
170:Miracle
3255:People
2954:Ghosts
2887:Topics
2833:
2793:
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1831:
1777:
1749:Nature
1730:
1686:
1493:
1319:
1230:
1204:
1107:Hitler
738:trance
734:dreams
702:Joseph
677:Joseph
657:dreams
614:seeing
407:Empath
175:Occult
35:on the
2904:Auras
2416:S2CID
2248:. CBC
2062:S2CID
2032:(PDF)
1960:(PDF)
1949:S2CID
1921:(PDF)
1718:. In
1178:Notes
880:after
599:prae-
595:Latin
312:World
297:India
185:Ouija
160:Magic
2831:ISBN
2791:ISBN
2754:ISBN
2735:ISBN
2683:PMID
2665:ISSN
2579:ISBN
2530:ISBN
2507:ISBN
2482:PMID
2427:2021
2377:PMID
2328:ISBN
2304:ISBN
2284:ISBN
2254:2022
2223:PMID
2176:2013
2145:PMID
2110:2012
2088:2012
2054:PMID
1941:PMID
1829:ISBN
1775:PMID
1728:ISBN
1684:ISBN
1491:ISBN
1429:2022
1402:2022
1350:2022
1317:ISBN
1298:2022
1228:ISBN
1202:ISBN
1116:and
860:and
833:and
736:and
648:and
347:Hoax
65:Aura
2984:Orb
2673:PMC
2655:doi
2619:",
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2472:PMC
2462:doi
2408:doi
2367:PMC
2357:doi
2213:PMC
2203:doi
2137:doi
2133:103
2044:doi
1933:doi
1929:100
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