1351:
1524:
894:
1515:
1533:
1311:, and work towards a common agenda. When the National Assembly is controlled by their opponents, however, the president can find themselves marginalized with the opposition party prime minister exercising most of the power. Though the prime minister remains an appointee of the president, the president must obey the rules of parliament, and select a leader from the house's majority holding party. Thus, sometimes the president and prime minister can be allies, sometimes rivals; the latter situation is known in France as
399:
1667:
468:
6228:
1280:
1213:
6182:
5666:
5655:
1123:
2642:
the president. However, power can be transferred in special circumstances to the deputy or vice president. Normally vice presidents hold some power and special responsibilities below that of the president. The difference between vice/deputy presidents and assistant/associate vice presidents is the former are legally allowed to run an organisation, exercising the same powers (as well as being second in command) whereas the latter are not.
6194:
2641:
Below a president, there can be a number of or "vice presidents" (or occasionally "deputy presidents") and sometimes several "assistant presidents" or "assistant vice presidents", depending on the organisation and its size. These posts do not hold the same power but more of a subordinate position to
869:
A common style of address for presidents, "Mr/Mrs. President", is borrowed from
British Parliamentary tradition, in which the presiding Speaker of the House of Commons is referred to as "Mr/Mrs. Speaker". Coincidentally, this usage resembles the older French custom of referring to the president of a
1188:
made up of electors chosen by voters in the presidential election. In most states of the United States, each elector is committed to voting for a specified candidate determined by the popular vote in each state, so that the people, in voting for each elector, are in effect voting for the candidate.
1005:
president only, and was not to be used for former presidents, holding that it was not proper to use the title as a courtesy title when addressing a former president. According to the official website of the United States of
America, the correct way to address a letter is to use "The Honorable John
2004:
As the country's head of state, in most countries the president is entitled to certain perquisites, and may have a prestigious residence, often a lavish mansion or palace, sometimes more than one (e.g. summer and winter residences, or a country retreat) Customary symbols of office may include an
1409:
who automatically assumes the post as head of a majority party or coalition, but takes oath of office administered by the president. However, the president is head of the civil service, commander in chief of the armed forces and in some cases can dissolve parliament. Countries using this system
1083:
are usually elected for a specified period of time and in some cases may be re-elected by the same process by which they are appointed, i.e. in many nations, periodic popular elections. The powers vested in such presidents vary considerably. Some presidencies, such as that of
1298:
model. In this system, as in the parliamentary system, there are both a president and a prime minister; but unlike the parliamentary system, the president may have significant day-to-day power. For example, in France, when their party controls the majority of seats in the
927:'s motion of April 23, 1789. Lee's motion asked Congress to consider "what titles it will be proper to annex to the offices of President and Vice President of the United States – if any other than those given in the Constitution". Vice President
1251:
between the two candidates with most votes. Again, a candidate needs a majority of the vote to be elected. In Brazil, a president cannot be elected to more than two consecutive terms, but there is no limit on the number of terms a president can serve.
2189:
and transferred its functions to the president of the
Federal Executive Council. Despite this, foreign media sources continued to refer to individuals holding the office of President of the Federal Executive Council as being the "Prime Minister of
546:, a word of likely Persian origin, meaning "officials", "commissioners", "overseers" or "chiefs". As such, it originally designated the officer who presides over or "sits before" a gathering and ensures that debate is conducted according to the
997:
that the title be altered to "Mr. President". Nonetheless, later "The
Honorable" became the standard title of the President in formal address, and "His/Her Excellency" became the title of the President when addressed formally internationally.
923:." No title other than the name of the office of the executive was officially used at the inauguration. The question of a presidential title was being debated in Congress at the time, however, having become official legislative business with
483:" may apply to a person holding the title of president or presiding over certain other governmental bodies. "Mr. President" has subsequently been used by governments to refer to their heads of state. It is the conventional translation of non-
818:), but these were presiding officers in the older sense, with no executive authority. It has been suggested that the executive use of the term was borrowed from early American colleges and universities, which were usually headed by a
2844:, with the cover titled "Madam President". It was unusual that it was both published and distributed before the results were known, leading to accusations of bias; the cover was pulled from newsstands after it became clear that
970:. Adams and Richard Henry Lee both feared that cabals of powerful senators would unduly influence a weak executive, and saw an exalted title as a way of strengthening the presidency. On further consideration, Adams deemed even
2077:
Some countries with parliamentary systems use a term meaning/translating as "president" (in some languages indistinguishable from chairman) for the head of parliamentary government, often as
President of the Government,
1756:
958:, the latter of which was vociferously opposed by Adams, who contended that it was far beneath the presidential dignity, as the executives of the states, some of which were also titled "President" (e.g. the
696:
of the gown"), with considerable judicial as well as administrative authority. The name referred to his primary role of presiding over trials and other hearings. In the 17th and 18th centuries, seats in the
3479:
When addressing a former
President of the United States in a formal setting, the correct form is "Mr. LastName". ("President LastName" or "Mr. President" are terms reserved for the current head of state.)
2706:
is the most senior judge in France"). Similarly in
English legal practice the most senior judge in each division uses this title (e.g. President of the Family Division, President of the Court of Appeal).
1764:
3053:
2802:, was often called "Lady Washington". By the 1850s in the United States, the term "lady" had changed from a title of nobility to a term of address for a respected and well-mannered woman. The use of "
1236:
is directly elected for a six-year term by popular vote. The candidate who wins the most votes is elected president even without an absolute majority. The president is allowed to serve only one term.
2790:
Titles for a president's spouse, if female, have ranged from "Marquise" to "Lady" to simply "Mrs." (or "Ms."). If male the title of the president's spouse may be "Marquis", "Lord", or merely "Mr.".
1772:
1776:
1768:
5123:
2650:
In some countries the speaker of their unicameral legislatures, or of one or both houses of bicameral legislatures, the speakers have the title of president of "the body", as in the case of
3917:
1343:
countries which have emulated the French model. In
Finland, although the 2000 constitution moved towards a ceremonial presidency, the system is still formally semi-presidential, with the
858:, had been educated at Magdalene. Some have speculated that he borrowed the term out of a sense of humility, considering himself only a temporary place-holder. The presiding official of
460:, the president has some discretionary powers like over foreign affairs, appointment of the head of government and defence, but they are not themselves head of government. A leader of a
3546:
But presidential moral suasion is increasingly confirming that the "neutral powers", in this country, often find in the head of state the best defender from executive interference:
5555:
1189:
However, for various reasons the numbers of electors in favour of each candidate are unlikely to be proportional to the popular vote. Thus, in five close United States elections (
701:, including presidencies, became effectively hereditary, since the holder of the office could ensure that it would pass to an heir by paying the crown a special tax known as the
2702:. In general, a court comprises several chambers, each with its own president; thus the most senior of these is called the "first president" (as in: "the First President of the
1247:
is directly elected for a four-year term by popular vote. A candidate has to have more than 50% of the valid votes. If no candidates achieve a majority of the votes, there is a
2719:, the leader of a court of multiples judges is called President of the Court. The same happens with the different bodies of the Spanish judicial system, where we can find a
959:
3725:
1959:
1780:
890:. Other uses of the title include presidents of state and local legislatures, however only the president of the United States uses the title outside of formal sessions.
2698:
is the foremost judge; he chairs the meeting of the court and directs the debates (and is thus addressed as "Mrs
President", "Madame la Présidente", "Mr President", or
1068:
In the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, the powers of presidencies have varied from country to country. The spectrum of power has included presidents-for-life and
5116:
3922:
2202:
1150:, i.e. the president directs the executive branch of government. When a president is not only head of state, but also head of government, this is known in Europe as a
2464:
3266:
3462:
5042:
3812:
1173:
Presidents in this system are either directly elected by popular vote or indirectly elected by an electoral college or some other democratically elected body.
5109:
882:
and to chief judges. In the United States, the title "Mr. President" is used in a number of formal instances as well: for example anyone presiding over the
2763:
747:("Dangerous Liaisons"), the wife of a magistrate in a parlement is referred to as Madame la Présidente de Tourvel ("Madam President of Tourvel"). When the
2083:
776:
in which the magistrate sits, but rather, in imitation of an aristocratic title, to his private estate. This influenced parliamentary usage in France.
3977:
2051:
1904:
3076:
1912:
631:
2952:
966:; Adams said the president "would be leveled with colonial governors or with functionaries from German princedoms" if he were to use the style of
1830:
1744:
5289:
3699:
1892:
3326:
5560:
5550:
2747:
334:
2563:. Although the lord president is a member of the Cabinet, the position is largely a ceremonial one and is traditionally given to either the
3761:
1989:
1926:
Between 1982 and 2019, the
Chinese constitution stipulated that the president could not serve more than two consecutive terms. During the
1714:
2005:
official uniform, decorations, a presidential seal, coat of arms, flag and other visible accessories, as well as military honours such as
1032:
in the early 1810s and 1820s chose a US-style president as their chief executive. The first European president was the president of the
5659:
5570:
3805:
3748:
Mrs. Trump added that, "the scents of jasmine and roses fill the air as we give thanks for this great Nation and the glory of renewal."
2296:
2174:
2056:
1818:
1800:
561:), but today it most commonly refers to an executive official in any social organization. Early examples are from the universities of
5702:
5625:
4090:
1760:
661:
573:
496:
1958:, and is not considered to be head of state. Since 1998, however, presidential officeholders in Laos often occupy their position as
1088:, are largely ceremonial, whereas other systems vest the president with substantive powers such as the appointment and dismissal of
5186:
4987:
2831:
2210:
2170:
1860:
1814:
5919:
3659:
3549:
2720:
2633:
among others. They are elected by their respective regional assemblies and have similar powers to a state president or governor.
1752:
17:
3239:
5565:
5506:
5176:
3296:
2178:
994:
919:
on April 30, 1789, however, the administering of the oath of office ended with the proclamation: "Long live George Washington,
3970:
3881:
3798:
3709:
3336:
3306:
3276:
3086:
2872:
2655:
2282:
2159:
2137:
2079:
811:
138:
1562:, the title of president is frequently taken by self-appointed or military-backed leaders. Such is the case in many states:
1009:
Once the United States adopted the title of "president" for its republican head of state, many other nations followed suit.
5600:
5585:
3845:
2556:
2046:
1851:
1702:
978:
to prevent the "great danger" of an executive with insufficient dignity. Adams' efforts were met with widespread derision;
974:
insufficient and instead proposed that the executive, both the president and the vice president (i.e., himself), be styled
3404:
2093:. These officials are called "president" using an older sense of the word, to denote the fact that the official heads the
5580:
5516:
3030:
2759:
2593:
2548:
2060:
593:
367:
4318:
3466:
3353:
5635:
5284:
2728:
1911:
with limited power. However, since 1993, as a matter of convention, the presidency has been held simultaneously by the
1792:
1350:
1057:
292:
5615:
5610:
5590:
5415:
3735:
3534:
3513:
3249:
3103:
2857:
1649:
908:
815:
657:. However, the lord president alone was not head of state, because that office was vested in the council as a whole.
495:. It also has a long history of usage as the title of the presiding officers of legislative and judicial bodies. The
167:
76:
6198:
5669:
5605:
5137:
4574:
3963:
3886:
3008:
Shugart, MS (2008). "Comparative Executive–Legislative Relations". In Binder, SA; Rhodes, RAW; Rockman, BA (eds.).
2732:
2486:
Over the course of the 2010s the presidents of Russian republics would progressively change their title to that of
2206:
2163:
1870:
1796:
1489:, is elected by and accountable to a parliament, and referred to as president. Countries using this system include
1170:
the president has always been both Head of State and Head of Government and has always had the title of President.
879:
492:
183:
6258:
5640:
2659:
2575:
2248:
2182:
1854:
contains a member from each of the country's largest ethnic groups and serves as the collective head of state of
1788:
1706:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
916:
577:
108:
5575:
5332:
5020:
4823:
2867:
2564:
1181:
920:
901:
838:) did not resemble a full-sized university so much as one of its constituent colleges. A number of colleges at
807:
785:
570:
2110:, and to avoid confusion are often described simply as 'prime minister' when being mentioned internationally.
947:) for the president. Adams and Lee were among the most outspoken proponents of an exalted presidential title.
440:, they are usually, but not always, limited to those of the head of state and are thus largely ceremonial. In
5979:
5833:
5695:
5486:
4954:
3855:
3681:
2743:
2552:
2536:
1808:
1033:
650:
634:
in 1376, used the title, "Mr. Speaker", a precedent followed by subsequent speakers of the House of Commons.
581:
1969:, the president may not serve more than 2 consecutive terms, and elections are to take place every 5 years.
5595:
5076:
5009:
4828:
3122:
2568:
2186:
1981:
1938:, the term limits of the presidency were abolished, but its powers and ceremonial role remained unchanged.
1602:
are some examples. Other presidents in authoritarian states have wielded only symbolic or no power such as
843:
751:
was established in 1848, "Monsieur le Président" became the title of the president of the French Republic.
464:
may also hold the position of president for ceremonial purposes or to maintain an official state position.
329:
2559:
is technically a committee of the Council, and all decisions of the Cabinet are formally approved through
2450:). This likely reflects the origin of Russian republics as homelands for various ethnic groups: while all
2299:, acting in such a capacity, is known as a president of the Executive Council. Usually this person is the
664:, established in 1867, is also addressed as "Monsieur le Président" or "Madame la Présidente" in French.
6062:
5620:
5501:
5382:
5262:
5081:
4976:
4085:
3891:
2703:
627:
143:
2822:
as "truly our First Lady for a half a century". First ladies are usually referred to simply as "Mrs. ".
1690:
Only a tiny minority of modern republics do not have a single head of state. Some examples of this are:
6218:
5534:
5496:
5327:
5086:
4965:
2451:
2034:
1300:
803:
755:
738:
5101:
2953:"Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 5: The President and National Executive"
2483:
than with ordinary administrative divisions, at least in spirit, and would choose titles accordingly.
6087:
6039:
5629:
5053:
4245:
4034:
2311:
2263:
2240:
1955:
1747:
that consisted of four and later seven chairmen representing the central executive committees of all
1733:
1312:
1117:
306:
287:
2420:) is the executive authority of the municipality elected in direct elections, the equivalent of the
2205:. At the same time, the Irish Free State was a constitutional monarchy with a reigning monarch, the
6186:
6082:
5891:
5838:
5688:
5481:
5031:
4464:
4270:
2806:" to refer to the wife of the president of the United States was popularized about the time of the
2779:
2447:
2278:
1826:
1308:
1291:
936:
760:
743:
638:
457:
301:
6253:
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5372:
5312:
5237:
4529:
4054:
2476:
2391:
2217:
2133:
2118:
2103:
generally exists in their country who instead serves as the president or monarch of the country.
887:
839:
653:; its successor the Council of State was also headed by a lord president, the first of which was
616:
566:
360:
251:
6273:
5818:
4323:
4260:
4255:
3927:
2622:
2540:
2330:
2155:
2010:
1855:
1844:
1784:
1478:
1382:
1376:
1185:
1163:
1069:
823:
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642:
437:
263:
44:
3022:
1962:
concurrently, and thus exercise political power via that role. In accordance with the current
5931:
5874:
5768:
5753:
5377:
5337:
5201:
5166:
5133:
4936:
4434:
4170:
3726:"President Donald J. Trump and First Lady Melania Trump Welcome Governors to the White House"
3009:
2904:
2679:
2499:
2468:
2256:
2151:
1984:. They also possess the authority (with the consent of the national assembly) to appoint the
1847:
composed of seven leaders of parliamentary factions and served as a collective head of state.
1834:
1698:
1671:
1316:
1159:
654:
190:
3527:
China and the Great War: China's Pursuit of a New National Identity and Internationalization
2442:
used to have the title of President, occasionally alongside other, secondary titles such as
1028:
assumed the title in 1807. Almost all the Pan-American nations that became independent from
6268:
5914:
5432:
5367:
5267:
4569:
4230:
3633:
3608:
2604:
2506:
2460:
2244:
2095:
1963:
1402:
1392:
1372:
1344:
1093:
1085:
1049:
932:
883:
562:
452:) republics the role of the president is more prominent, encompassing the functions of the
275:
163:
158:
2350:
can also be the title of the chief executive at a lower administrative level, such as the
1641:
893:
8:
6248:
6167:
5936:
5924:
5881:
5491:
5449:
5403:
5317:
5257:
4998:
4614:
4439:
4313:
4250:
4235:
2862:
2375:
2230:
1993:
1523:
1486:
1482:
1451:
1304:
1244:
1233:
1139:
441:
313:
2980:"Government social advertising and ethno-politics in a small, ethnically diverse nation"
2162:" (of ministers – a prime minister) was the head of government, with the
1629:
1611:
6132:
5471:
5459:
5454:
5410:
5360:
5217:
5196:
5191:
4725:
4544:
4469:
4240:
4029:
4019:
3866:
3822:
3205:
3127:
2926:
2771:
2724:
2439:
2383:
1977:
1675:
1661:
1621:
1615:
1147:
1105:
1041:
831:
597:
558:
484:
453:
392:
353:
280:
270:
195:
123:
96:
3790:
3557:
2840:
magazine showed the magazine celebrating the expected win of the Democratic candidate
1743:
from 1922 until 1938 there existed an office of collective head of state known as the
1545:
1514:
1385:, is a parliamentary system in which the presidency is largely ceremonial with either
866:" (after the usage of continental European universities), became "president" in 1745.
6034:
6014:
5959:
5511:
5466:
5442:
5425:
5322:
5307:
5277:
5272:
5222:
4890:
4853:
4784:
4735:
4609:
4338:
4049:
3769:
3705:
3675:
3579:
3530:
3509:
3332:
3322:
3302:
3272:
3245:
3197:
3082:
3026:
2979:
2799:
2731:
and in the Provincial Courts. The body that rules over the Judiciary in Spain is the
2716:
2518:
2435:
2387:
2326:
2267:
2014:
1973:
1718:
1320:
1315:. Variants of the French semi-presidential system, developed at the beginning of the
983:
924:
912:
897:
863:
826:" (typically a ceremonial position) while the chief administrator held the title of "
720:
673:
409:
171:
36:
2735:, and its president is the president of the Supreme Court, which is normally called
1628:
to try to ensure their authority or legitimacy is never questioned. Presidents like
6094:
5941:
5909:
5886:
5722:
5476:
5437:
5398:
4900:
4755:
4444:
4424:
4358:
4328:
4303:
4265:
4044:
3506:
Back to Africa: Benjamin Coates and the Colonization Movement in America: 1848–1880
3435:
3189:
3018:
2894:
2775:
2560:
2510:
2491:
2351:
2198:
2142:
2125:, and informally known as the "president". Spain is also a kingdom with a reigning
1992:, as well as other roles. The current President of Laos, elected in March 2021, is
1916:
1579:
1571:
1025:
979:
688:
531:
6263:
6232:
6157:
6147:
6104:
6054:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5864:
5859:
5803:
5793:
5732:
5727:
5420:
5355:
5227:
4740:
4494:
4474:
4429:
4215:
2841:
2413:
2287:
1951:
1920:
1822:
1748:
1725:
1637:
1283:
1260:
1248:
1217:
1108:
of the nation's armed forces, though this varies significantly around the world.
1037:
886:
is addressed as "Mr./Madam President", especially the vice president, who is the
835:
827:
461:
343:
2479:). Thus, the ASSRs and their eventual successors would have more in common with
2424:. The Office of the President (Mayor) is also found in Germany and Switzerland.
1532:
6142:
6111:
6099:
6067:
6009:
5974:
5969:
5901:
5763:
5758:
5711:
5232:
5171:
5161:
5156:
4910:
4905:
4789:
4559:
4484:
4388:
4353:
4004:
3896:
3861:
3850:
3730:
3440:
Honor & Respect – The Official Guide to Names, Titles, and Forms of Address
3412:
2932:
2914:
2877:
2819:
2811:
2544:
2502:
2194:
2039:
1985:
1633:
1603:
1595:
1549:
1427:
1406:
1355:
1221:
1131:
1089:
712:
703:
585:
547:
535:
472:
417:
133:
118:
113:
66:
3580:"China's Xi Allowed to Remain 'President for Life' as Term Limits Are Removed"
2766:. The lady/lord president of the Court of Session is head of the judiciary in
645:
government of the Commonwealth. The Council of State was the successor of the
398:
6242:
6152:
6077:
6029:
5854:
5813:
5808:
5788:
5778:
4931:
4539:
4398:
4190:
4120:
4024:
3773:
3379:"Presidents, Vice Presidents, and First Ladies of the United States | USAGov"
3201:
2899:
2815:
2675:
2395:
2318:(1920–1934) often translated as "presidents") were elected by the parliament.
2126:
2100:
2018:
1896:
1679:
1666:
1359:
1340:
1256:
1177:
1167:
1143:
990:
982:
called them "the most superlatively ridiculous thing I ever heard of", while
855:
795:
646:
604:
600:
religious services, too, is sometimes called the "president" in this sense.
589:
384:
51:
1485:
in which the president is the head of state and the government but unlike a
6137:
6072:
6024:
6019:
5951:
5828:
5823:
4941:
4750:
4655:
4519:
4348:
4333:
4059:
2845:
2807:
2480:
1804:
1740:
1559:
1552:(right) are examples of dictatorial leaders who used the title "President".
1498:
1127:
859:
475:
of the State of Eritrea giving a press briefing in the capital Asmara, 2002
449:
425:
421:
413:
3955:
5989:
5964:
5798:
5748:
4915:
4848:
4665:
4584:
4368:
4343:
4293:
4205:
4165:
4160:
4140:
4135:
4125:
4110:
4105:
2778:, as well as being Lady/Lord Justice General of Scotland and head of the
2600:
2315:
1931:
1697:, where the headship of state is collectively vested in the seven-member
1694:
1683:
1645:
1583:
723:. In modern France the chief judge of a court is known as its president (
467:
403:
6227:
1279:
1212:
1079:
Presidents in the countries with a democratic or representative form of
842:
featured an official called the "president". The head, for instance, of
6162:
6044:
5984:
5773:
5131:
4670:
4599:
4489:
4408:
4393:
4373:
4185:
4155:
4145:
4115:
3990:
3840:
3695:
2882:
2803:
2625:(regions) are called presidents. In each community, they can be called
2367:
2359:
2006:
1935:
1908:
1729:
1710:
1423:
1122:
1080:
1073:
928:
810:. Previous American governments had included "presidents" (such as the
683:
433:
237:
225:
103:
86:
3209:
1209:), the candidate with the most popular votes still lost the election.
4874:
4794:
4713:
4688:
4650:
4579:
4454:
4363:
4298:
4223:
4210:
4195:
4180:
4150:
4130:
3901:
2671:
2517:
resisted the move, before 2023, where it was switched to the Head or
2514:
2363:
1874:
1591:
1471:
1336:
1021:
1002:
734:
678:
432:
The functions exercised by a president vary according to the form of
395:, a ceremonial figurehead, or something between these two extremes.
3492:"Presidents, Vice Presidents, and First Ladies of the United States"
576:
in 1660. This usage survives today in the title of such offices as "
4838:
4594:
4449:
4383:
4308:
4275:
4175:
4064:
3986:
3193:
2836:
2767:
2694:
legal terminology, the president of a court consisting of multiple
2589:
2371:
2300:
2225:
1625:
1607:
1563:
1490:
1467:
1387:
1328:
799:
693:
608:
554:
445:
388:
258:
246:
215:
5680:
6127:
5181:
4880:
4645:
4604:
4549:
4524:
4378:
4200:
4100:
3871:
3491:
3378:
2909:
2848:
had secured a majority of electoral votes, winning the election.
2456:
2307:
2236:
2107:
2089:
However, such an official is explicitly not the president of the
1927:
1864:
1840:
1587:
1541:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1397:
1332:
641:, whose members were elected by the House of Commons, became the
539:
128:
61:
2121:
is officially referred to as the president of the Government of
2013:, and a presidential guard. A common presidential symbol is the
1779:. From 1927 until 1989 however, real power was exercised by the
830:". But America's first institutions of higher learning (such as
768:("Madam President of Tourvel") is the wife of a magistrate in a
4885:
4720:
4675:
4014:
4009:
2691:
2379:
2355:
2255:) and then the president of the Council of Ministers, with the
2221:
2022:
1567:
1455:
1435:
1324:
1295:
1264:
1240:
1229:
1045:
878:", a form of address that in modern France applies to both the
731:
3155:
3153:
2042:
member countries in columns, other entities at the beginning:
911:
did not specify the manner of address for the president. When
822:. British universities were headed by an official called the "
615:
to denote the highest official in a government was during the
3942:
3180:
Hutson, James H. (March 1968). "John Adams' Title Campaign".
2834:
in the United States, images of leaked pre-printed copies of
2746:
is not part of the Judiciary, but the leader of it is called
2695:
2651:
2618:
2472:
2421:
2122:
1900:
1575:
1494:
1463:
1459:
1447:
1029:
1017:
520:
220:
3003:
3001:
5869:
3508:. State College PA: Pennsylvania State Press, 2010. 57–59.
3150:
2522:
2487:
2366:, the presiding member of city council for villages in the
2322:
2266:
is President of the Government of the Republic of Croatia (
1947:
1599:
1268:
1101:
1053:
3762:"Madam President: how Newsweek reported a Clinton victory"
3603:
3601:
2203:
President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State
1954:
similar to that of China, the president is elected by the
1104:
on legislation. In many nations the president is also the
4681:
2998:
2386:. Perhaps the best known sub-national presidents are the
1960:
General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party
1097:
3504:
Emma J. Lapsansky-Werner and Margaret Hope Bacon, eds.,
2113:
There are several examples for this kind of presidency:
1705:, who is a member of the Federal Council elected by the
1142:
of government, the president exercises the functions of
939:. There Adams agitated for the adoption of the style of
3820:
3598:
2295:
In British constitutional practice, the chairman of an
3436:"Is a Former President Addressed as President (name)?"
2818:, was remembered after her death in 1849 by President
1347:
retaining e.g. foreign policy and appointment powers.
6216:
3463:"Addressing a Former President of the United States"
2169:
From 1963 until 1992, the head of government of the
530:"to sit". The word "presidents" is also used in the
3634:"Lao People's Democratic Republic 1991 (rev. 2015)"
3537:
books.google.com/books?id=erOGMb8c4XEC&pg=PA319
1391:or no significant executive authority (such as the
592:(one of the roles constitutionally assigned to the
3516:books.google.com/books?id=9X0rc6E9EGkC&pg=PA57
2247:, the head of government was the president of the
603:The most common modern usage is as the title of a
5192:Cabinet department / Office of the prime minister
2052:List of presidents of European Union institutions
391:. Depending on the country, a president could be
27:Title of the head of state in various governments
6240:
3550:"Autorità indipendenti e sistema costituzionale"
3222:
3159:
3141:
2067:
1913:General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party
637:After the abolition of the monarchy the English
3662:. Archived from the original on 23 January 2017
3227:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 57.
3164:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 86.
3146:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 89.
2592:, the elected head of government is called the
1745:Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union
772:. The fictional name Tourvel refers not to the
3175:
3173:
3171:
2513:in 2010. Despite this, however, presidents of
1020:became the first presidential republic in the
1006:Doe" and the correct salutation is "Mr. Doe".
588:, as well as "President of the Senate" in the
5696:
5117:
5043:Autonomous types of first-tier administration
3971:
3806:
3017:. Oxford University Press. pp. 344–365.
3011:The Oxford handbook of political institutions
2737:President of the Supreme Court and of the GCJ
2228:, the president of the Council of Ministers (
2025:as a symbol of the continuity of the office.
1930:, as well as since March 2018, there were no
1001:Historically, the title was reserved for the
737:was addressed as "Monsieur le Président". In
361:
2782:, the offices having been combined in 1784.
2337:
2028:
1401:no significant executive power (such as the
1307:can operate closely with the parliament and
1274:
3985:
3168:
3007:
2920:
2770:, and presiding judge (and Senator) of the
2654:, where the Speaker of the Congress is the
2471:than the ordinary krais and oblasts of the
1405:), and the executive powers rests with the
962:), at that time often enjoyed the style of
5703:
5689:
5238:Assistant minister/Parliamentary secretary
5124:
5110:
3978:
3964:
3813:
3799:
3759:
3465:. The Emily Post Institute. Archived from
2213:carrying out many head of state functions.
1366:
1040:of revolutionary France, in the person of
649:, which had previously been headed by the
368:
354:
3529:. Cambridge University Press, 2005. 319.
3331:. Oxford University Press US. p. 4.
3290:
3288:
1934:attached to this office. Under President
1807:, though a singular head of state named "
662:speaker of the House of Commons of Canada
497:speaker of the House of Commons of Canada
3701:The Smithsonian Book of the First Ladies
3074:
2670:The term 'President' is usually used in
2171:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
2072:
1665:
1655:
1349:
1278:
1211:
1121:
892:
794:to designate a single person who is the
730:By the 18th century, the president of a
466:
397:
3547:
3104:"On Language; Manhandling the Handlers"
3023:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199548460.003.0018
2581:
2475:(such as greater representation in the
2333:, to whom the president is subordinate.
2235:) was the head of government, with the
1999:
1271:nations follow the presidential model.
1158:), used 1871–1940 and 1944–1958 in the
1111:
989:Washington consented to the demands of
632:speaker of the English House of Commons
14:
6241:
3657:
3460:
3402:
3351:
3321:
3285:
3264:
3179:
3101:
2977:
2762:, the most senior judge is called the
2547:who presides over meetings of British
2057:List of presidents of the Soviet Union
995:United States House of Representatives
711:), however, could be held by only the
5684:
5105:
3959:
3946:
3882:President of the Council of Ministers
3794:
2873:Requirements for becoming a president
2830:On 8 November 2016, the night of the
2748:President of the Constitutional Court
2658:and the Speaker of the Senate is the
2656:president of the Congress of Deputies
2283:President of the Council of Ministers
2145:Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri
2138:President of the Council of Ministers
2080:President of the Council of Ministers
1717:mandates that the post rotates every
812:president of the Continental Congress
806:of 1787, which created the office of
764:of 1782, the character identified as
596:). The officiating priest at certain
139:President of the Council of Ministers
6193:
3760:Greenslade, Roy (10 November 2016).
3694:
3294:
3271:. W.W. Norton & Co. p. 67.
3258:
3237:
3120:
3102:Safire, William (24 November 1991).
2929:(a head of government, not of state)
2798:President George Washington's wife,
2523:translated from Tatar as "President"
2329:". The Iranian head of state is the
2310:had no separate head of state. Both
2272:Predsjednik Vlade Republike Hrvatske
1852:Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
1803:was often called "president" in the
917:first president of the United States
902:first president of the United States
501:président de la Chambre des communes
5710:
5197:Speaker / President of the assembly
3223:Bartoloni-Tuazon, Kathleen (2014).
3160:Bartoloni-Tuazon, Kathleen (2014).
3142:Bartoloni-Tuazon, Kathleen (2014).
2760:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
2753:
2594:president of the States of Alderney
2253:Portuguese Presidente do Ministério
2239:being the head of State. Under the
2233:Presidente do Conselho de Ministros
1881:
24:
5285:International development minister
3923:President of the Executive Council
3433:
3403:Martin, Judith (21 October 1992).
3352:Martin, Judith (21 January 2009).
2793:
2498:), a proposition suggested by the
2084:President of the Executive Council
1058:president of the Republic of China
1012:
931:, in his role as President of the
854:. The first president of Harvard,
25:
6285:
5660:Government ministers by portfolio
5416:Ministry of Education and Culture
3736:Executive Office of the President
3461:Keller, Kerrie (5 January 2013).
3241:Formation of the Union, 1750–1829
2858:Eternal President of the Republic
2785:
2528:
2017:worn most often by presidents in
1650:Eternal President of the Republic
909:Constitution of the United States
816:Massachusetts Provincial Congress
707:. The post of "first president" (
444:and selected parliamentary (e.g.
168:Cabinet collective responsibility
77:President of the council of state
6226:
6192:
6181:
6180:
5665:
5664:
5654:
5653:
2888:
2733:General Council of the Judiciary
2106:Thus, such officials are really
1871:Junta of National Reconstruction
1829:consisting of members from each
1811:" was later established in 1990.
1614:under the "Trujillo Era" of the
1531:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1224:(right) of Kyrgyzstan and Russia
1130:(left) of the United States and
986:considered it "absolutely mad".
779:
493:president of the French Republic
402:Five American Presidents in the
4988:Social and political philosophy
3887:President of the Executive Yuan
3858:(collective head of government)
3753:
3718:
3688:
3651:
3626:
3609:"Political Relations with Laos"
3572:
3540:
3519:
3498:
3484:
3454:
3442:. Protocol School of Washington
3427:
3405:"Addressing a Former President"
3396:
3371:
3354:"Miss Manners by Judith Martin"
3345:
3315:
3231:
3216:
3081:. Chronicle Books. p. 56.
3054:"The President, Our Government"
2825:
2729:Regional High Courts of Justice
2725:president of the National Court
2645:
2621:, the executive leaders of the
2576:president of the Board of Trade
2521:, the latter of which could be
2342:
766:Madame la Présidente de Tourvel
622:
578:President of the Board of Trade
5333:Ministry of trade and industry
4824:Political history of the world
3947:
3238:Hart, Albert Bushnell (1897).
3135:
3114:
3095:
3068:
3046:
2971:
2945:
2764:president of the Supreme Court
2721:president of the Supreme Court
2565:leader of the House of Commons
2303:and it always stays like that.
2166:a largely symbolic figurehead.
1907:, the presidency is a largely
1861:National Council of Government
1703:president of the Confederation
1063:
950:Others favored the variant of
921:President of the United States
808:President of the United States
802:can be traced directly to the
786:President of the United States
611:. The first usage of the word
571:president of the Royal Society
13:
1:
5980:Needle and syringe programmes
5834:Universal access to education
5487:Ministry of religious affairs
3301:. Penguin Press. p. 54.
3075:Williams, Stephen P. (2004).
2938:
2537:lord president of the Council
2201:from 1922 to 1937 was titled
2068:Titles for non-heads of state
1843:, in 1918–1920 there existed
1184:is indirectly elected by the
945:Protector of Their Liberties
790:The modern usage of the term
582:Lord President of the Council
569:(from 1464) and the founding
335:Heads of state and government
4829:History of political thought
3225:For Fear of an Elective King
3162:For Fear of an Elective King
3144:For Fear of an Elective King
2758:In the recently established
2665:
2569:leader of the House of Lords
2187:Prime Minister of Yugoslavia
1833:ruled the country until its
1138:In almost all states with a
876:Monsieur/Madame le Président
844:Magdalene College, Cambridge
686:, a member of the so-called
7:
6063:Publicly funded health care
5502:Ministry of social security
5383:Ministry of water resources
5263:Ministry of foreign affairs
5132:Common types of government
3892:President of the government
3548:Buonomo, Giampiero (2014).
3121:Wood, Lewis (13 May 1945).
2851:
2685:
2636:
1701:, although there is also a
1624:is a title assumed by some
458:semi-presidential republics
144:President of the government
10:
6290:
5535:Minister without portfolio
5497:Ministry of social affairs
5328:Ministry of infrastructure
3123:"Mr. President Is correct"
2832:2016 presidential election
2710:
2627:Presidente de la Comunidad
2505:and later made law by the
2463:, their predecessors, the
2452:federal subjects of Russia
2444:Chairman of the Government
2321:The head of government of
2277:The official title of the
2262:The official title of the
2132:The official title of the
2035:List of current presidents
2032:
1901:People's Republic of China
1659:
1370:
1115:
804:United States Constitution
783:
756:Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
739:Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
510:
383:is a common title for the
6176:
6120:
6088:National health insurance
6053:
6040:Supervised injection site
5950:
5900:
5847:
5741:
5718:
5649:
5586:Communications ministries
5543:
5527:
5391:
5346:
5298:
5246:
5210:
5144:
5072:
5065:
4924:
4866:
4814:
4807:
4775:
4768:
4708:
4701:
4636:
4627:
4510:
4503:
4417:
4286:
4073:
4035:National unity government
3997:
3953:
3910:
3833:
3829:
3680:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3244:. Longmans. p. 143.
3182:The New England Quarterly
2495:
2427:
2401:
2338:Other executive positions
2257:president of the Republic
2218:constitutional monarchies
2179:Federal Executive Council
2164:president of the Republic
2029:Presidential chronologies
1982:Lao People's Armed Forces
1956:Laotian National Assembly
1734:Grand and General Council
1715:constitutional convention
1275:Semi-presidential systems
1118:President of the Republic
1074:ceremonial heads of state
960:president of Pennsylvania
943:(as well as the title of
880:president of the Republic
667:
6083:Single-payer health care
5892:Universal basic services
5839:Universal basic services
5581:Climate change ministers
5482:Ministry of home affairs
4465:Environmental regulation
4271:Representative democracy
3298:Revolutionary Characters
3295:Wood, Gordon S. (2006).
2921:Other head of government
2814:, the wife of President
2780:High Court of Justiciary
2610:
2448:Prime Minister of Russia
2209:, as well as a resident
2185:abolished the office of
2160:President of the Council
1886:
1797:collective head of state
1292:semi-presidential system
1152:President of the Council
1052:(1848), while the first
1034:Italian Republic of 1802
814:or the president of the
761:Les Liaisons Dangereuses
744:Les Liaisons Dangereuses
682:evolved into a powerful
5784:Public good (economics)
5670:Ministries by portfolio
5641:Public works ministries
5373:Ministry of electricity
5313:Ministry of the economy
5187:Office of the president
4530:Uncodified constitution
4055:Administrative division
3704:. H. Holt. p. 33.
3265:Martin, Judith (2003).
2660:president of the Senate
2541:Great Officers of State
2477:Soviet of Nationalities
2306:Between 1918 and 1934,
2264:Croatian prime minister
2119:Prime Minister of Spain
1941:
1367:Parliamentary republics
1290:A second system is the
1164:Fourth French Republics
1096:, the power to declare
1070:hereditary presidencies
937:congressional committee
888:president of the Senate
630:, who became the first
617:Commonwealth of England
438:parliamentary republics
18:President (legislature)
6259:Positions of authority
5606:Environment ministries
5576:Agriculture ministries
5571:Presidents of assembly
5566:Deputy prime ministers
2727:and presidents in the
2631:Presidente del Consejo
2623:autonomous communities
2578:was a cabinet member.
2417:
2271:
2134:Italian Prime Minister
2011:ruffles and flourishes
1905:country's constitution
1856:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1785:Soviet Communist Party
1687:
1479:parliamentary republic
1383:parliamentary republic
1377:Parliamentary republic
1363:
1362:(right) of South Korea
1287:
1225:
1135:
904:
749:Second French Republic
719:were abolished by the
476:
429:
5932:Public infrastructure
5769:Public administration
5754:Free-culture movement
5601:Environment ministers
5507:Minister for Veterans
5378:Ministry of Petroleum
5338:Ministry of transport
5177:Deputy First Minister
5167:Deputy prime minister
5021:aspects of capitalism
4937:History of philosophy
4435:Unemployment benefits
4171:Military dictatorship
3660:"Presidential Sashes"
3638:constituteproject.org
3268:Star-spangled Manners
2905:List of state leaders
2700:Monsieur le Président
2680:constitutional courts
2500:president of Chechnya
2469:enjoy more privileges
2410:president of the city
2290:Prezes Rady Ministrów
2279:Polish prime minister
2259:as the head of State.
2073:As head of government
1795:executed powers of a
1699:Swiss Federal Council
1674:serves as collective
1672:Swiss Federal Council
1669:
1660:Further information:
1656:Collective presidency
1353:
1286:, President of France
1282:
1215:
1125:
896:
784:Further information:
676:, the president of a
672:In pre-revolutionary
538:6:2 to translate the
489:Monsieur le Président
470:
401:
5596:Education ministries
5433:Information minister
5368:Environment minister
5268:Immigration minister
4955:Political ideologies
4231:Parliamentary system
3469:on 24 September 2015
2744:Constitutional Court
2605:president of Tynwald
2583:British Dependencies
2507:Parliament of Russia
2376:municipal presidents
2000:Presidential symbols
1964:Laotian Constitution
1877:from 1979 until 1985
1867:from 1952 until 1967
1481:is a system with an
1403:president of Ireland
1393:president of Austria
1373:Parliamentary system
1358:(left) of India and
1345:president of Finland
1294:, also known as the
1156:Président du Conseil
1112:Presidential systems
1050:president of Liberia
933:United States Senate
915:was sworn in as the
884:United States Senate
840:Cambridge University
725:président de la cour
519:is derived from the
330:National governments
164:Government formation
45:Executive government
6168:Public viewing area
5937:Public water system
5925:Municipal broadband
5882:Public broadcasting
5492:Ministry of science
5450:Ministry of justice
5443:Ministry of housing
5404:Ministry of culture
5318:Ministry of finance
5258:Ministry of defence
5077:Forms of government
5010:Conservatism navbox
4615:Legislative council
4440:National healthcare
4314:Christian democracy
4236:Presidential system
4091:Countries by system
3823:heads of government
3613:bangkok.embassy.gov
3409:The Washington Post
3358:The Washington Post
3078:How to Be President
2863:Presidential system
2047:European Commission
1994:Thongloun Sisoulith
1921:single-party system
1487:presidential system
1483:executive president
1477:A variation of the
1140:presidential system
850:and his second the
37:the Politics series
6133:Government auction
5819:Public procurement
5636:Interior ministers
5517:Minister for women
5472:Ministry of sports
5460:Ministry of labour
5455:Minister of labour
5426:Ministry of health
5411:Education minister
5361:Ministry of energy
5218:Secretary of state
5082:Types of democracy
4977:Political spectrum
4590:Legislative bodies
4545:Head of government
4470:Banking regulation
4030:Federal government
4020:Central government
3867:Minister-president
3738:. 26 February 2017
3658:McCullough, J. J.
3323:Caroli, Betty Boyd
3128:The New York Times
3108:The New York Times
2978:Allard, P (2016).
2927:Minister-President
2772:College of Justice
2704:Court of Cassation
2440:Russian Federation
2388:borough presidents
2325:is styled as the "
1978:commander-in-chief
1893:president of China
1787:. After 1938, the
1688:
1676:head of government
1662:Directorial system
1622:President for Life
1616:Dominican Republic
1364:
1288:
1226:
1148:head of government
1136:
1106:commander-in-chief
1056:president was the
1048:president was the
1042:Napoleon Bonaparte
952:Electoral Highness
905:
832:Harvard University
477:
454:head of government
430:
393:head of government
288:Semi-parliamentary
124:Minister-president
97:Head of government
6214:
6213:
6208:
6207:
6035:Public university
6015:Public open space
5960:Drinking fountain
5920:Telecommunication
5678:
5677:
5626:Health ministries
5621:Forest ministries
5616:Foreign ministers
5611:Finance ministers
5591:Defence ministers
5512:Ministry of women
5467:Regional minister
5349:natural resources
5323:Industry minister
5308:Commerce minister
5278:Interior ministry
5273:Interior minister
5249:foreign affairs /
5223:Minister of state
5099:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5087:Political parties
4966:Political culture
4891:International law
4862:
4861:
4854:U.S. Constitution
4803:
4802:
4785:Political science
4764:
4763:
4736:Political parties
4697:
4696:
4623:
4622:
4339:Constitutionalism
4050:County government
3940:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3711:978-0-8050-1751-9
3338:978-0-19-516676-7
3308:978-1-59420-093-9
3278:978-0-393-04861-2
3088:978-0-8118-4316-4
3056:. The White House
2800:Martha Washington
2717:Spanish Judiciary
2574:Historically the
2561:Orders in Council
2352:parish presidents
2297:Executive Council
2183:1963 Constitution
2150:Under the French
2015:presidential sash
1974:President of Laos
1909:ceremonial office
1850:The three-member
1781:General Secretary
1670:The seven-member
1652:after his death.
1642:François Duvalier
1321:Charles de Gaulle
1301:National Assembly
1186:Electoral College
1154:(from the French
1134:(right) of Brazil
984:Benjamin Franklin
925:Richard Henry Lee
913:George Washington
898:George Washington
721:French Revolution
715:'s nominees. The
709:premier président
628:Thomas Hungerford
574:William Brouncker
503:in French and as
410:George H. W. Bush
378:
377:
302:Semi-presidential
16:(Redirected from
6281:
6231:
6230:
6222:
6196:
6195:
6184:
6183:
6095:Social insurance
5942:Waste management
5910:Electric utility
5887:Public transport
5804:Public ownership
5723:Municipalization
5705:
5698:
5691:
5682:
5681:
5668:
5667:
5657:
5656:
5477:Tourism minister
5438:Housing minister
5399:Culture minister
5126:
5119:
5112:
5103:
5102:
5070:
5069:
5058:
5054:World government
5052:
5047:
5041:
5036:
5030:
5025:
5019:
5014:
5008:
5003:
4997:
4992:
4986:
4981:
4975:
4970:
4964:
4959:
4953:
4901:World government
4812:
4811:
4773:
4772:
4756:Environmentalism
4706:
4705:
4634:
4633:
4508:
4507:
4445:Public education
4425:Social insurance
4359:Environmentalism
4329:Communitarianism
4304:Authoritarianism
4266:Direct democracy
4045:Local government
3980:
3973:
3966:
3957:
3956:
3944:
3943:
3831:
3830:
3821:Titles used for
3815:
3808:
3801:
3792:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3743:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3679:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3605:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3560:on 24 March 2016
3556:. Archived from
3544:
3538:
3523:
3517:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3474:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3434:Hickey, Robert.
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3411:. Archived from
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3292:
3283:
3282:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3177:
3166:
3165:
3157:
3148:
3147:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3016:
3005:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2949:
2895:Governor-General
2776:Court of Session
2511:Dmitriy Medvedev
2497:
2436:ethnic republics
2418:Prezydent miasta
2314:(1918–1920) and
2245:Second Republics
2241:Portuguese First
2211:Governor-General
2199:Irish Free State
2156:Fourth Republics
1882:One-party states
1765:Trans-Caucasusia
1707:Federal Assembly
1644:died in office.
1630:Alexandre Pétion
1612:Joaquín Balaguer
1580:Ferdinand Marcos
1572:Mobutu Sese Seko
1535:
1526:
1517:
1261:Central American
1100:, and powers of
1026:Henri Christophe
980:Thomas Jefferson
862:, originally a "
689:noblesse de robe
639:Council of State
532:King James Bible
499:is addressed as
408:(Left to right:
370:
363:
356:
310:
298:
284:
267:
255:
32:
31:
21:
6289:
6288:
6284:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6279:
6278:
6239:
6238:
6237:
6225:
6217:
6215:
6210:
6209:
6204:
6172:
6158:Public security
6148:Public offering
6116:
6105:Social security
6055:Social services
6049:
6005:Public hospital
6000:Public computer
5995:Public bookcase
5946:
5896:
5865:Law enforcement
5860:Fire department
5843:
5794:Public interest
5737:
5733:Progressive tax
5728:Nationalization
5714:
5712:Public services
5709:
5679:
5674:
5645:
5561:Prime ministers
5556:Vice presidents
5539:
5523:
5421:Health minister
5387:
5356:Energy minister
5348:
5342:
5300:
5294:
5250:
5248:
5242:
5228:Deputy minister
5206:
5140:
5130:
5100:
5091:
5061:
5056:
5050:
5045:
5039:
5034:
5032:Western culture
5028:
5023:
5017:
5012:
5006:
5001:
4995:
4990:
4984:
4979:
4973:
4968:
4962:
4957:
4951:
4920:
4858:
4799:
4780:Fields of study
4760:
4741:Advocacy groups
4693:
4629:
4619:
4499:
4495:Street cleaning
4475:Food inspection
4430:Law enforcement
4413:
4282:
4216:Totalitarianism
4069:
3993:
3984:
3949:
3941:
3932:
3906:
3856:Federal Council
3846:Chief executive
3825:
3819:
3789:
3788:
3778:
3776:
3758:
3754:
3741:
3739:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3712:
3693:
3689:
3673:
3672:
3665:
3663:
3656:
3652:
3642:
3640:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3617:
3615:
3607:
3606:
3599:
3589:
3587:
3586:. 11 March 2018
3578:
3577:
3573:
3563:
3561:
3554:L'Ago e Il Filo
3545:
3541:
3524:
3520:
3503:
3499:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3472:
3470:
3459:
3455:
3445:
3443:
3432:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3415:on 10 June 2014
3401:
3397:
3387:
3385:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3362:
3360:
3350:
3346:
3339:
3320:
3316:
3309:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3263:
3259:
3252:
3236:
3232:
3221:
3217:
3178:
3169:
3158:
3151:
3140:
3136:
3119:
3115:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3073:
3069:
3059:
3057:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3032:978-0-199548460
3014:
3006:
2999:
2989:
2987:
2976:
2972:
2962:
2960:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2923:
2891:
2854:
2842:Hillary Clinton
2828:
2796:
2788:
2756:
2713:
2688:
2668:
2648:
2639:
2615:
2586:
2533:
2432:
2408:In Poland, the
2406:
2345:
2340:
2312:prime ministers
2207:King of Ireland
2075:
2070:
2037:
2031:
2002:
1952:one-party state
1944:
1889:
1884:
1823:Josip Broz Tito
1749:union republics
1732:elected by the
1726:Captains Regent
1664:
1658:
1638:Josip Broz Tito
1556:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1546:Konstantin Päts
1538:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1527:
1519:
1518:
1507:
1379:
1369:
1284:Emmanuel Macron
1277:
1249:runoff election
1120:
1114:
1090:prime ministers
1066:
1015:
1013:Other countries
846:was called the
836:Yale University
828:Vice-Chancellor
788:
782:
670:
625:
542:term סָרְכִ֣ין
513:
487:titles such as
462:one-party state
407:
374:
344:Politics portal
304:
290:
278:
261:
249:
230:
200:
170:
166:
162:
148:
109:Chief executive
81:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6287:
6277:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6254:Heads of state
6251:
6236:
6235:
6212:
6211:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6202:
6190:
6177:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6143:Public holiday
6140:
6135:
6130:
6124:
6122:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6114:
6112:Youth services
6109:
6108:
6107:
6102:
6100:Social pension
6092:
6091:
6090:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6068:Public housing
6065:
6059:
6057:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6010:Public library
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5975:Infrastructure
5972:
5970:Free education
5967:
5962:
5956:
5954:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5928:
5927:
5917:
5912:
5906:
5904:
5902:Public utility
5898:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5878:
5877:
5875:Savings system
5870:Postal service
5867:
5862:
5857:
5851:
5849:
5848:Basic services
5845:
5844:
5842:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5764:Product sample
5761:
5759:Free newspaper
5756:
5751:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5708:
5707:
5700:
5693:
5685:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5672:
5662:
5650:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5547:
5545:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5537:
5531:
5529:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5452:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5435:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5364:
5363:
5352:
5350:
5347:Environment /
5344:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5304:
5302:
5301:infrastructure
5296:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5254:
5252:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5233:Undersecretary
5230:
5225:
5220:
5214:
5212:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5172:First minister
5169:
5164:
5162:Prime minister
5159:
5157:Vice president
5154:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5141:
5129:
5128:
5121:
5114:
5106:
5097:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5073:
5067:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5048:
5037:
5026:
5015:
5004:
4993:
4982:
4971:
4960:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4911:European Union
4908:
4906:United Nations
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4815:
4809:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4790:Urban planning
4787:
4782:
4776:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4709:
4703:
4699:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4686:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4637:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4560:Prime minister
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4511:
4505:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4485:Traffic lights
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4404:Theoreticians:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4389:Fundamentalism
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4354:Egalitarianism
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4233:
4228:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3983:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3960:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3897:Prime minister
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3862:First minister
3859:
3853:
3851:Chief minister
3848:
3843:
3837:
3835:
3827:
3826:
3818:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3795:
3787:
3786:
3752:
3731:whitehouse.gov
3717:
3710:
3687:
3650:
3625:
3597:
3571:
3539:
3518:
3497:
3483:
3453:
3426:
3395:
3370:
3344:
3337:
3314:
3307:
3284:
3277:
3257:
3250:
3230:
3215:
3194:10.2307/363331
3167:
3149:
3134:
3113:
3094:
3087:
3067:
3045:
3031:
2997:
2970:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2933:Prime minister
2930:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2915:Supreme Leader
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2878:Vice president
2875:
2870:
2868:Presidents Day
2865:
2860:
2853:
2850:
2827:
2824:
2820:Zachary Taylor
2812:Dolley Madison
2795:
2792:
2787:
2786:Spousal titles
2784:
2755:
2754:United Kingdom
2752:
2712:
2709:
2687:
2684:
2667:
2664:
2647:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2614:
2609:
2585:
2580:
2557:prime minister
2555:headed by the
2545:United Kingdom
2539:is one of the
2532:
2530:United Kingdom
2527:
2509:and President
2503:Ramzan Kadyrov
2454:are currently
2446:(also used by
2431:
2426:
2405:
2400:
2384:municipalities
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2331:Supreme Leader
2319:
2304:
2293:
2275:
2260:
2214:
2195:Prime minister
2191:
2167:
2148:
2130:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2054:
2049:
2040:United Nations
2033:Main article:
2030:
2027:
2001:
1998:
1990:vice president
1986:prime minister
1967:(rev. in 2015)
1943:
1940:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1868:
1858:
1848:
1838:
1812:
1793:Supreme Soviet
1767:and from 1925
1739:In the former
1737:
1722:
1719:New Year's Day
1713:) for a year (
1657:
1654:
1634:Rafael Carrera
1604:Craveiro Lopes
1596:Saddam Hussein
1550:Saddam Hussein
1540:
1539:
1530:
1529:
1521:
1520:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1428:Czech Republic
1407:prime minister
1368:
1365:
1356:Pratibha Patil
1323:, are used in
1317:Fifth Republic
1309:prime minister
1276:
1273:
1257:South American
1132:Dilma Rousseff
1116:Main article:
1113:
1110:
1065:
1062:
1014:
1011:
954:or the lesser
935:, organized a
781:
778:
741:'s 1782 novel
669:
666:
651:lord president
624:
621:
594:vice president
586:United Kingdom
548:rules of order
512:
509:
473:Isaias Afwerki
418:George W. Bush
376:
375:
373:
372:
365:
358:
350:
347:
346:
340:
339:
338:
337:
332:
324:
323:
319:
318:
317:
316:
311:
307:cohabitational
299:
285:
273:
268:
256:
252:Constitutional
241:
240:
234:
233:
232:
231:
229:
228:
223:
218:
212:
204:
203:
202:
201:
199:
198:
193:
187:
177:
176:
175:
174:
152:
151:
150:
149:
147:
146:
141:
136:
134:Prime minister
131:
126:
121:
119:First minister
116:
114:Chief minister
111:
106:
100:
90:
89:
83:
82:
80:
79:
74:
69:
67:Supreme leader
64:
58:
55:
54:
48:
47:
41:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6286:
6275:
6274:English words
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6223:
6220:
6201:
6200:
6191:
6189:
6188:
6179:
6178:
6175:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6153:Public sector
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6125:
6123:
6119:
6113:
6110:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6097:
6096:
6093:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6078:Job guarantee
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6056:
6052:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6030:Public toilet
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6020:Public school
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5953:
5949:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5915:Oil & gas
5913:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5903:
5899:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5855:Civil service
5853:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5814:Public rights
5812:
5810:
5809:Public policy
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5789:Public health
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5779:Public domain
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5740:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5717:
5713:
5706:
5701:
5699:
5694:
5692:
5687:
5686:
5683:
5671:
5663:
5661:
5652:
5651:
5648:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5631:
5630:mental health
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5542:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5526:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5345:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5297:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5251:public safety
5245:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5127:
5122:
5120:
5115:
5113:
5108:
5107:
5104:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5071:
5068:
5064:
5055:
5049:
5044:
5038:
5033:
5027:
5022:
5016:
5011:
5005:
5000:
4994:
4989:
4983:
4978:
4972:
4967:
4961:
4956:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4932:Human history
4930:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4867:International
4865:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4806:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4767:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4700:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4626:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4540:Head of state
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4502:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4399:Progressivism
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4246:Collaborative
4244:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4191:Republicanism
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4121:Confederation
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4025:Unitary state
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3981:
3976:
3974:
3969:
3967:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3952:
3945:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3816:
3811:
3809:
3804:
3802:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3721:
3713:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3691:
3683:
3677:
3661:
3654:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3602:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3543:
3536:
3535:9780521842129
3532:
3528:
3522:
3515:
3514:9780271045719
3511:
3507:
3501:
3493:
3487:
3480:
3468:
3464:
3457:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3399:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3340:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3310:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3291:
3289:
3280:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3261:
3253:
3251:1-4069-2845-3
3247:
3243:
3242:
3234:
3226:
3219:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3163:
3156:
3154:
3145:
3138:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3117:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3090:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3071:
3055:
3049:
3034:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3012:
3004:
3002:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2944:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2900:Head of state
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2889:Head of state
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2816:James Madison
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2794:United States
2791:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2676:chief justice
2673:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2643:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2603:, there is a
2602:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2579:
2577:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2549:Privy Council
2546:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2481:nation-states
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2434:Governors of
2430:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2396:New York City
2393:
2392:five boroughs
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2101:head of state
2099:. A separate
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2019:Latin America
2016:
2012:
2008:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1950:, which is a
1949:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1897:head of state
1894:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1560:dictatorships
1551:
1548:(middle) and
1547:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1505:Dictatorships
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1361:
1360:Lee Myung-bak
1357:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1341:post-colonial
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:United States
1174:
1171:
1169:
1168:United States
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1144:head of state
1141:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1010:
1007:
1004:
999:
996:
992:
991:James Madison
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
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2808:US Civil War
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4666:Legislation
4628:Governance
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4369:Familialism
4344:Corporatism
4324:Communalism
4294:Agrarianism
4206:Technocracy
4166:Meritocracy
4161:Kleptocracy
4141:Ergatocracy
4136:Electocracy
4126:Colonialism
4111:Bureaucracy
4106:Aristocracy
3928:State Elder
3779:17 November
3696:Mayo, Edith
3666:19 February
3525:Xu Guoqui,
3383:www.usa.gov
2601:Isle of Man
2007:gun salutes
1932:term limits
1845:Directorate
1709:(the Swiss
1695:Switzerland
1684:Switzerland
1646:Kim Il Sung
1584:Philippines
1354:Presidents
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1216:Presidents
1126:Presidents
1064:Description
544:(sā·rə·ḵîn)
526:"before" +
505:Mr. Speaker
479:The title "
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5247:Defence /
5145:Leadership
5138:ministries
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4999:liberalism
4947:Templates:
4844:Documents:
4819:Overviews:
4671:Regulation
4600:Parliament
4504:Components
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4480:Municipal:
4409:John Locke
4394:Liberalism
4374:Fanaticism
4186:Plutocracy
4156:Geniocracy
4146:Federalism
4116:Capitalism
3991:government
3948:Government
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2957:www.gov.za
2939:References
2883:First Lady
2804:First Lady
2467:, used to
2368:U.S. state
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1917:top leader
1827:presidency
1825:, where a
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1711:parliament
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1371:See also:
1218:Otunbayeva
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471:President
434:government
226:Presidency
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5134:ministers
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4661:Outcomes:
4651:Committee
4630:processes
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4555:President
4515:Documents
4455:Espionage
4418:Functions
4364:Extremism
4299:Anarchism
4251:Consensus
4241:Cellular
4224:Democracy
4211:Theocracy
4196:Socialism
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4131:Communism
3998:Overviews
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1789:Presidium
1626:dictators
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679:Parlement
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567:Cambridge
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3584:bbc.com
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580:" and "
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