1621:, and was among the first prefects to exploit his position to pursue his own ambitions. He concentrated under his command all the Praetorian cohorts in the new camp. Sejanus held the title of prefect jointly with his father, under Augustus, but became sole prefect in AD 15, and used the position to render himself essential to the new emperor Tiberius, who was unable to persuade the Senate to share the responsibility of governing the Empire. Sejanus, however, alienated Drusus, son of Tiberius, and when Germanicus, the heir to the throne, died in AD 19 he was worried that Drusus would become the new emperor. Accordingly, he poisoned Drusus with the help of the latter's wife, and immediately launched a ruthless elimination program against all competitors, persuading Tiberius to make him his heir apparent. He almost succeeded, but his plot was discovered and revealed in AD 31, and Tiberius had him killed by the
38:
1600:
654:
2733:
86:
2966:
3067:
1094:
1371:, granted by each new emperor. This additional pay was the equivalent of several years of pay and was often repeated at important events of the empire or events that touched the imperial family: birthdays, births and marriages. Major monetary distributions or food subsidies renewed and compensated the fidelity of the Praetorians following each failed particular attempted plot (such as that of
2168:(imperial gift) promised by Tiberius, the Praetorians became exceptionally ambitious in their influence upon the politics of the Roman Empire. Either by volition or for a price, the Praetorian Guard would assassinate an emperor, bully the Praetorian prefects, or attack the Roman populace. In AD 41, conspirators from the senatorial class and from the Guard killed Emperor
1659:, hidden behind a curtain. Needing an emperor to justify their own existence, they brought him forth to the Praetorian camp and proclaimed him emperor, the first emperor proclaimed by the Praetorian Guard. He compensated the guard with a prime bonus worth five years their salary. The Praetorians accompanied Emperor Claudius to Britain in 43 AD.
2084:. Ultimately Constantine's army achieved a decisive victory against the Praetorians, whose emperor was killed during the fighting. With the death of Maxentius, Constantine definitively disbanded the remnants of the Praetorian Guard. The remaining soldiers were sent out to various corners of the empire, and the
1871:, who took part in the conspiracy, paid the Praetorians a premium of 3,000 denarii; however he was assassinated three months later, on 28 March 193, by a group of Guards due to his refusal to further increase the premium which had already been paid. The Praetorians then put the empire up to auction and
1440:
were either civic or military leaders. The praetorians were initially elite guards for military praetors, under the republic. The early
Praetorian Guard was very different from what it became later, as a vital force in the power politics of Rome. While Augustus understood the need to have a protector
2436:
In order not to alienate the population of Rome, while conserving
Republican civilian traditions, the Praetorians did not wear their armor while in the heart of the city. Instead they often wore a formal toga, which distinguished them from civilians but remained in a respectable civilian attire, the
1333:
known as the
Praetorian Guard were first hand-picked veterans of the Roman army who served as bodyguards to the emperor. First established by Augustus, members of the Guard accompanied him on active campaign, protecting the civic administrations and rule of law imposed by the Senate and the emperor.
2678:
was placed under the protection of Trajan, to counter possible revenge attempts and mutinies. Trajan was commander of the most important army of the time, that of the Army of
Germania, and he nominated him as his heir. Accordingly, and following such an act, Trajan, aiming to reinforce his security
1302:
in 31 BC; in the aftermath of Roman civil war, the victorious
Octavian then merged his forces with the forces of Antony as symbolic of their political reunification. Later, as Augustus, the first Roman emperor (27 BC–AD 14), Octavian retained the Praetorians as his imperial bodyguard. In the longer
3017:
and the
Praetorian Guard were probably the only unit to include additional insignia on their shields. Each cohort had their own version of Praetorian insignia. Praetorian Guard units could wear lion skin capes and their colours were so decorated with awards, that the men had difficulty in carrying
2802:
At that time, the
Praetorians represented the best soldiers from the legions (principally from Illyria). They were a group of elite of soldiers starting from the 3rd century, and not a category of socially privileged soldiers (such as the Italians at the time of Augustus). The Italians formed the
1186:, designated the Praetorians as his personal security escort. For three centuries, the guards of the Roman emperor were also known for their palace intrigues, by whose influence upon imperial politics the Praetorians could overthrow an emperor and then proclaim his successor as the new
1543:. According to Tacitus, there were only nine cohorts in 23 AD. The three urban cohorts, which were numbered consecutively after the Praetorian cohorts, were removed near the end of the reign of Augustus; it seemed probable that the last three Praetorian cohorts were simply renamed as
1539:, the number of cohorts increased to 12 during a brief period. This inscription referred to one man who was the tribune of two successive cohorts: the eleventh cohort, apparently at the end of the reign of Augustus, and the fourth at the beginning of the reign of
1294:, the religious and legal boundary of Rome; this was the first occasion when troops were permanently garrisoned in Rome proper. In the Orient, Antony commanded three cohorts; in 32 BC, Antony issued coins honouring his Praetorian Guard. According to the historian
1735:, son of emperor Vespasian, became the prefect. Vespasian returned the effective strength of each unit to five hundred men. He also cancelled the guard service of the Praetorians at the entry to the emperor's palace, but retained guards within the palace itself.
2816:, and come from a respectable family. In addition, he had to make use of all sorts of patronages available to him in order to obtain letters of recommendations from important leading figures in society. Once past the recruitment procedure he was designated as
1454:) of 30 men each were also organized. While they patrolled inconspicuously in the palace and major buildings, the others were stationed in the towns surrounding Rome. This system was not radically changed with the appointment by Augustus in 2 BC of two
1445:
of his regime. Thus, he allowed only nine cohorts to be formed, each originally consisting of 500 men. He then increased them to 1,000 men each, allowing three units to be on duty at any given time in the capital. A small number of detached cavalry units
1342:
which provided close personal protection for the early Roman emperors. They benefited from several advantages via their close proximity with the emperor: the
Praetorians were the only ones admitted while bearing arms in the center of sacred Rome, the
1670:, who exercised a beneficial influence on the new emperor during the first eight years of his reign (Burrus died in 62 AD). Officers of the Guard, including one of the two successors of Burrus as the Praetorian prefect, participated in
1516:
would receive the password from the emperor personally. The command of this cohort was assumed directly by the emperor and not by the
Praetorian prefect. After the construction of the Praetorian camp in 23 BC, another similar serving
1610:, oil on canvas, 1867. According to one version of the story of Claudius' accession, members of the Praetorian Guard found him hiding behind a curtain in the aftermath of the assassination of Caligula in AD 41, and proclaimed him emperor.
1719:, the Praetorians were restrained following defeat and their centurions executed. They were replaced by 16 cohorts recruited from the legionnaires and auxiliaries loyal to Vitellius, almost 16,000 men. These ex-Praetorians then aided
2906:. In contrast to many superior cadres of the Army, who originated from the Equestrian Order, these tribunes started their career in the ranks of the Guard and were promoted from the ranks in the hierarchy. Next after becoming
2495:
At the beginning of the 2nd century, Italians made up 89% of the
Praetorian Guard. Under Septimius Severus, recruitment evolved to authorize the inclusion of legionaries of the Roman army, as well as of the battle hardened
2475:
For the 2nd century, calculations from lists of significant demobilisations suggest an increase in size to nearly 1,500 men per cohort (perhaps a doubling of 800 (since Vespasian), probably organized in 20 centuries) under
1354:
Their mandatory service was shorter in duration, for instance: 12 years with the Praetorians instead of 16 years in the legions starting year 13 BC, then carried to, respectively, 16 to 20 years in year 5 BC according to
2795:. This recent method and manner of recruitment at the corps of the legions became the normal procedure to recruit in the 3rd century after Septimius Severus dealt with the undisciplined Praetorians who assassinated
2933:
before departing to Rome. Nevertheless, all tribunes were combat veterans with extensive military experience. Each tribune served in Rome for one year, following which, a certain number of the men would retire.
2329:
From the year 2 BC, the cohorts were under the control of two prefectures; however cohorts continued to be organized independently, each commanded by a tribune. Tribunes had as immediate subordinates ordinary
1466:, although organization and command were enhanced. Tacitus reports that the number of cohorts was increased to twelve from nine in AD 47. In AD 69 it was briefly increased to sixteen cohorts by
3012:
with elaborate detail worked into the metal. Shields were ovoid and more robust compared with the regular rectangular shape sometimes used by the legions. Each legion had its own emblem displayed on its
2215:
relied upon the disgruntled cohorts dismissed by Emperor Vitellius, and, as Emperor Vespasian, he reduced the Praetorian Guard to nine cohorts and ensured their political loyalty by appointing his son,
1254:
and of propraetor each had six lictors. In the absence of an assigned, permanent personal bodyguard, senior field officers safeguarded themselves with temporary bodyguard units of selected soldiers. In
1521:
was placed in the Praetorian camp. The guards' functions included, among many, escorting the emperor and the members of the imperial family and, if necessary, to act as a sort of riot police. Certain
2266:
included field units that used a selection process and command structure modeled after the old Praetorian cohorts, but it was not of uniform composition and was much larger than a Praetorian cohort.
1781:, commander of the Army of the Rhine, as new emperor. He executed the remaining Praetorian prefect and his partisans. Trajan returned to Rome from the Rhine, probably accompanied by the new unit of
1528:
According to Tacitus, in the year 23 BC, there were nine Praetorian cohorts (4,500 men, the equivalent of a legion) to maintain peace in Italy; three were stationed in Rome, and the others nearby.
5548:
2223:
Despite their political power, the Praetorian Guard had no formal role in governing the Roman Empire. Often after an outrageous act of violence, revenge by the new ruler was forthcoming. In 193,
2098:
While campaigning, the Praetorians were the equal of any formation in the Roman army. On the death of Augustus in 14 AD, his successor, Tiberius, was faced with mutinies among both the Rhine and
2879:
by the emperor. This designation allowed them to be promoted to technical administrative posts, or instructors in Rome, or to a century in a legion, and accordingly extend their career. Certain
1912:, son of Septimius Severus, lost favour with his troops by assassinating his own brother and co-emperor, Geta, immediately after his succession. Finally, in 217, while on campaign in the
1636:, Sejanus' successor as prefect of the Praetorian Guard. Under Caligula, whose reign lasted until AD 41, the overall strength of the Guard increased from 9 to 12 Praetorian cohorts.
2235:
marched into Rome, disbanded the Guard and started a new formation from his own Pannonian legions. Unruly mobs in Rome often fought with the Praetorians in vicious street battles during
1962:, the bulk of the Praetorian Guard was employed on active service. Defended by only a small residual garrison, the Praetorian camp was attacked by a civilian crowd acting in support of
2950:
with an elevated seniority, classifying right behind the prefect of Egypt. Starting from Vespasian, whose son, Titus was himself a Praetorian prefect, they were ranked first.
3028:
For escorts, the oval shields and lances replaced the scuta and pila. Missions in Rome at the heart of the city in principle were forbidden to soldiers, so they wore a toga.
1708:
of the Praetorian Guard to proclaim him emperor. Despite the opposition of the cohorts in service in the palace, Galba and his designated successor, the young Piso, were
1700:. Nymphidius Sabinus had promised 7,500 denarii per man, but Galba refused to pay, saying "It is my habit to recruit soldiers and not buy them". This permitted his rival
5553:
5543:
1883:, who besieged Rome and tricked the Praetorians when they came out unarmed. The Praetorian Guard was dissolved and replaced by men transferred from Septimius's army.
2250:, Syria, with a force of legionary detachments, Praetorian cohorts, and other cavalry units, and easily defeated the Palmyrenes. This led to the orthodox view that
2437:
mark of a Roman citizen. Augustus, conscious of risking the only military force present in the city, often avoided concentrating them and imposed this dress code.
1651:
sacked all in a search to apprehend the murderers, the Senate proclaimed the restoration of a Republic. The Praetorians, who were pillaging the Palace, discovered
2828:(soldier) to one of the centuries of a cohort. After two years, if he attracted the attention of his superiors by influence or merit, he could attain the post of
3351:
Q(uintus) Pomponius Potentinus / Ser(gia) h(ic) s(itus) e(st) / C(aius) Pomponius Potentinus / mil(es) c(o)hor(tis) IIII praet(oriae) / test(amento) fieri iussit
2946:
The majority of the prefects, however, were ordinary men of the equestrian rank by birth. The men who attained the command of the Guard following year 2 BC were
1379:
in AD 48 or Piso against Nero in AD 65). The Praetorians received substantially higher pay than other Roman soldiers in any of the legions, on a system known as
1122:
2033:, associated with the senior and junior emperor), replaced the Praetorians as the personal protectors of the emperors, a practice that remained intact with the
3706:
2118:, his intended heir, who then led the legions and detachments of the Guard in an invasion of Germany over the next two years. The Guard saw much action in the
1463:
3346:
3236:
2203:
of Rome. To ensure the loyalty of the Praetorian Guard, Emperor Otho granted the Praetorians the right to appoint their own prefects. After defeating Otho,
2352:
2840:(junior chief) at general headquarters or as a technician. This promotion exempted him from daily chores. After another two years he could be promoted to
3228:
3198:
636:
3480:
2962:
to execute different missions. More particularly as bodyguard, escort or reserve military force, they housed adaptable equipment for each function.
3527:
1842:
which had come to complain about his interference in the affairs of the province. Cleander abused his influence to nominate and dismiss prefects.
2543:
2359:
From the second century the Praetorian prefect oversaw not only the Praetorian Cohorts but also the rest of the garrison of Rome, including the
3463:
3332:
2480:
in year (187–188) or under Septimius Severus (193–211), which matches the probable numbers of effectives for Urban Cohorts during the time of
1993:
After 238, literary and epigraphic sources dry up, and information on the Praetorian Guard becomes rare. In 249, the Praetorians assassinated
3593:
2620:
2337:
4135:
4177:
4165:
1835:
1115:
900:
796:
4224:
1499:
712:
2156:, which was a political decision that the unarmed Senate accepted, ratified, and proclaimed to the people of Rome. After the death of
1986:, recalled the Praetorian Guard to Rome, only to find themselves under attack by the Praetorians. Both were killed on 29 July 238 and
1845:
In 188, Cleander obtained the joint command of the Guard with the two prefects. He ordered a massacre of civilians carried out by the
1588:, who later led legions and detachments of the Guard in a two-year campaign in Germania, and succeeded in recovering two of the three
2922:, they occupied successively the positions of Tribunes of the Vigiles, Tribune of the Urban Cohort and finally Tribune of the Guard.
2756:). Recruits were between 15 and 32 years of age, compared to legionary recruits who ranged from 18 to 23 years of age. According to
1572:, who were protesting about their conditions of service being worse than the Praetorians. The forces of Pannonia were dealt with by
4140:
688:
2009:. In 284, Diocletian reduced the status of the Praetorians; they were no longer to be part of palace life, as Diocletian lived in
5512:
4150:
1482:
In Rome, the guards' principal duty was to mount the Guard at the house of Augustus on the Palatine, where the centuries and the
854:
3031:
The Praetorian Guard, like all legionaries, shared similar insignia, mainly on their shields. Praetorian Guard shields included
5457:
4145:
3879:
2925:
Other leading paths towards the tribunate were possible, including service entirely made in the legions, attaining the rank of
2889:
in the Guard; this would be the peak of his career. Anyone ambitious for further promotion would need to transfer to a legion.
1108:
774:
629:
233:
609:
5427:
4252:
3779:
3454:
3273:
2910:, they had to serve for a period of one year as superior centurions in one or several legions before achieving the status of
2632:
One of their roles was to accompany the emperor on his foreign campaign journeys (a role which would later be handled by the
1942:, who occupied the post from 203 until his elimination and execution at the ascent of Caracalla. Under Severus Alexander the
1805:
1522:
1486:
of the cohort in service mounted the guard outside the emperor's palace (the interior guard of the palace was mounted by the
223:
3540:
3522:
1647:
teased without mercy due to his squeaky voice – led to the assassination of the emperor by officers of the guard. While the
5517:
5392:
4545:
1938:
in Italy came increasingly to resemble a general administrative post, and there was a tendency to appoint jurists such as
4098:
1671:
394:
3145:
5558:
3769:
2718:) and they received special honorific diplomas in bronze at demobilization. They had their own Equestrian instructors (
216:
199:
1978:
led to his death at the hands of his own troops, including the Praetorians. The senatorial candidates for the throne,
5437:
4197:
3764:
3759:
3735:
3586:
3316:
2959:
2607:
2293:
was the commanding officer of the Praetorian Guard (previously each cohort was independent and under the orders of a
1564:. On the death of Augustus in AD 14, his successor Tiberius was confronted by mutinies in the two armies of the
662:
622:
194:
3171:
3120:
2864:) at the corps of the century; or, if literate and numerate, he could join the administrative staff of the prefect.
5452:
4125:
3774:
3701:
1222:. The first historical record of the praetorians is as bodyguards for the Scipio family, ca. 275 BC. Generals with
1000:
678:
211:
3718:
3651:
2387:
in 312, the role of the Praetorian prefect in the Empire became purely administrative, ruling large territories (
1304:
756:
204:
2072:, the son of the retired emperor Maximian, and proclaimed him their emperor on 28 October 306. By 312, however,
1678:, headed the suppression of the conspiracy, and the members of the Guard were paid a bonus of 500 denarii each.
4472:
4397:
4155:
3413:
3388:
2090:
was dismantled in a grand gesture, inaugurating a new age in Roman history and ending that of the Praetorians.
1593:
870:
831:
782:
2943:
and advance towards the superior echelons of the equestrian career, possibly becoming the Praetorian prefect.
2500:. Severus stationed his supporters with him in Rome, and the Praetorian Guards remained loyal to his choices.
4968:
3210:
2383:
Following the dissolution of the Praetorian Cohorts by the emperor Constantine after he defeated them at the
1794:
986:
919:
707:
4808:
4412:
3864:
3579:
2384:
2081:
1812:
in his northern campaigns between 169–175 and 178–180. Two prefects were killed during these expeditions.
1363:, the pay of a Praetorian was three and a half times that of a legionary, augmented by prime additions of
5507:
5432:
5191:
4247:
4130:
3676:
31:
3564:
3433:
5467:
5131:
5023:
4793:
4565:
4387:
4295:
4160:
4103:
2765:
1784:
1550:
The Praetorians first intervened on a battlefield since the wars of the end of the Republic during the
805:
407:
2484:. These figures suggest an overall size for the Guard of 4,500–6,000 men under Augustus, 12,800 under
2301:
rank). This role (chief of all troops stationed in Rome), was in practice a key position of the Roman
37:
5538:
5487:
4580:
4535:
4462:
4382:
4330:
4320:
4272:
3619:
2664:
2180:
2119:
1687:
1648:
1581:
1487:
1175:
472:
174:
17:
5088:
4998:
4507:
4487:
4482:
4467:
4420:
4360:
4315:
4117:
2322:
were traditionally that class of citizens who could equip themselves to serve in the Roman Army on
2061:
1827:
1767:
1766:
Following assassination of Domitian in 96 the Praetorians demanded the execution of their prefect,
1459:
1015:
670:
76:
2227:
purchased the Empire from the Guard for a vast sum, when the Guard auctioned it off after killing
1966:
and Gordian emperors in revolt against Maximinus Thrax. The failure of Maximinus Thrax to win the
1742:, the number of cohorts was increased to 10, and the Praetorian Guard participated in fighting in
5497:
5477:
5417:
5407:
5397:
4803:
4492:
4392:
4372:
4287:
4277:
3982:
3922:
3902:
3614:
3442:
1864:
1790:
510:
5502:
5492:
5442:
5422:
5236:
5211:
5176:
5058:
4783:
4430:
4192:
3723:
3368:
2974:
2685:
who had remained loyal to Domitian, replaced them as close protection security detail with the
2626:
2208:
2176:
upon the imperial throne of Rome, and challenged the Senate to oppose the Praetorian decision.
2022:
1667:
1633:
1492:
1219:
882:
731:
54:
2342:, the first and prime of all centurions of the Praetorian Cohorts, who commanded also the 300
5472:
5402:
5226:
4978:
4778:
4773:
4570:
4477:
4402:
4365:
4350:
4325:
4305:
4207:
2284:
2073:
1943:
1875:
bought the title of emperor. However, the armies of the Danube chose instead the governor of
1335:
1193:
1156:
981:
717:
2937:
A few of them, ranking placement at the top of the hierarchy, could obtain a second term as
1535:
in 1994, an inscription recently discovered suggested that, towards the end of the reign of
1508:
which were found in the general staff headquarters of the Roman Army). Every afternoon, the
5482:
5447:
5136:
5003:
4903:
4828:
4693:
4656:
4032:
3696:
3022:
2813:
2107:
2077:
1607:
1580:, brother of Tiberius), accompanied by two Praetorian cohorts, the Praetorian Cavalry, and
1577:
1573:
971:
913:
152:
59:
5126:
3380:
2150:
The Praetorian Guard influenced and intervened in the imperial succession to name the new
2142:. Throughout the 3rd century, the Praetorians assisted the emperors in various campaigns.
8:
5412:
5261:
5063:
4933:
4883:
4202:
3799:
3072:
3040:
2127:
2026:
1148:
1098:
822:
287:
65:
1950:
until his assassination by the Praetorian Guard in the presence of the emperor himself.
1182:. In 27 BC, after Rome's transition from republic to empire, the first emperor of Rome,
5462:
5186:
4993:
4848:
4788:
4708:
4651:
4515:
3751:
3730:
3518:
3485:
3477:(Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome, 146), Paris, De Boccard, 1938
3326:
2290:
2280:
2172:, his wife, and their daughter. Afterwards, the Praetorians installed Caligula's uncle
1935:
1891:
1693:
1455:
1275:
1067:
545:
184:
42:
5101:
2740:
Originally, the Praetorian Guard was recruited from the populations of central Italy (
2736:
Funeral inscription of Quintus Pomponius Poeninus, soldier of the IV Praetorian Cohort
2613:
About 300 in total (30 per cohort), they formed a unit under the orders of the senior
1927:, priest of the oriental cult of Elagabal, and replaced him by his 13-year-old cousin
1584:. The mutiny in Germania was repressed by the nephew and designated heir of Tiberius,
1307:, the personal bodyguard unit was the norm for a commander in the field. At camp, the
5096:
4948:
4703:
4663:
4641:
3849:
3450:
3384:
3312:
3269:
3095:
2978:
2761:
2232:
2076:
marched on Rome with an army in order to eliminate Maxentius and gain control of the
1928:
1880:
1876:
1831:
1820:
1511:
1394:
1339:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1074:
940:
929:
464:
457:
260:
2532:. These Praetorians remained listed in their Centuries of origin, but operated in a
5161:
5121:
5053:
4988:
4913:
4908:
4680:
4603:
4550:
4345:
4340:
4229:
4088:
4037:
3997:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3947:
3869:
3816:
3809:
3794:
3789:
3713:
3641:
2893:
2788:
2467:
2453:
2362:
2139:
2138:, while with Marcus Aurelius, years were spent on the Danubian frontier during the
2111:
1852:
1755:
1624:
1544:
1299:
1231:
1203:
1051:
1040:
955:
674:
586:
580:
573:
559:
388:
367:
312:
297:
292:
277:
161:
5256:
5068:
5048:
5008:
4943:
4893:
4888:
4763:
4713:
4621:
4455:
4435:
4355:
3804:
3629:
3559:
3468:
3425:
3222:
3100:
3014:
3002:
2990:
2986:
2784:
2522:
who appeared under the emperor Trajan. The Praetorian could become a cavalryman (
2236:
2224:
1998:
1959:
1887:
1872:
1809:
1640:
1505:
1419:
1045:
1023:
966:
302:
2812:
To be admitted to the Guard, a man had to be in good physical condition, have a
2110:, accompanied by two Praetorian cohorts, the Praetorian cavalry and some of the
1403:(payment) to 1,500 denarii per year, distributed in January, May and September.
5311:
4953:
4688:
4636:
4608:
4555:
4540:
4520:
4335:
4310:
4267:
4257:
4083:
4057:
3987:
3972:
3937:
3897:
3658:
3032:
3009:
2057:
1599:
1589:
1410:, the Praetorians received no sympathy from the Roman people. A famous poem by
1215:
1188:
1167:
1140:
1060:
1030:
991:
591:
538:
382:
357:
266:
114:
46:
2873:; however those that did, during the course of their service, were designated
1696:, managed to have the Praetorian Guard abandon Nero in favor of the contender
751:
5532:
4843:
4813:
4728:
4262:
4239:
4052:
3907:
3892:
3839:
3646:
3149:
3085:
2998:
2982:
2903:
2764:, the Praetorians were exclusively limited to Italy, Spain (Roman province),
2610:(messengers in charge of transmitting intelligence, and clandestine agents).
1923:
After the elimination of the latter, the Praetorians opposed the new emperor
1839:
1235:
1160:
1035:
1007:
935:
487:
337:
105:
3409:
The Praetorian Guard in the Political and Social Life of Julio-Claudian Rome
2625:. Selected for their impressive physique, they were used by the Emperor for
2567:, five per cohort in 100 CE–200 CE, and ten per cohort after 200 CE, with a
5321:
5181:
4626:
4575:
4530:
4525:
4377:
4187:
4073:
4017:
4012:
3784:
3668:
3602:
3508:
2928:
2913:
2792:
2700:
2658:
2601:
2592:
2509:
2461:
2426:
2398:
2345:
1994:
1963:
1801:
1705:
1532:
1431:
1407:
1243:
1179:
1171:
1170:, the Praetorian Guards were escorts for high-ranking political officials (
400:
352:
322:
248:
123:
2312:
onwards the Praetorian prefecture was always held by an equestrian of the
2207:
disbanded the Praetorians and established a new Guard composed of sixteen
5116:
4738:
4560:
4450:
3844:
3408:
3036:
2757:
2481:
2135:
1987:
1283:
945:
836:
443:
50:
1267:
safeguarded himself with a troop of 500 soldiers against the sorties of
1242:
to protect the person of the office-holder. In practice, the offices of
5341:
5281:
5246:
5038:
4973:
4963:
4858:
4743:
4631:
4214:
4182:
3927:
3854:
3686:
3681:
3090:
2969:
A Praetorian soldier armed with standard Roman weapon in 2nd century AD
2708:
They were distinguished by a special (but unknown) style of boots, the
2251:
2115:
2018:
1975:
1924:
1675:
1585:
1442:
1418:
of a Praetorian rushing by him. "Praetorian" has a pejorative sense in
1316:
1286:, had Praetorian Guards. Octavian installed his praetorians within the
976:
741:
697:
524:
254:
134:
3571:
2732:
1723:, the fourth Emperor, leading the attack against the Praetorian camp.
1662:
When Claudius was poisoned, the Guard transferred their allegiance to
1313:, a cohort of praetorians guarding the commander, was posted near the
5371:
5366:
5326:
5251:
5221:
5201:
5078:
5018:
4928:
4878:
4873:
4798:
4758:
4646:
4616:
4425:
4300:
4093:
3977:
3952:
3831:
3080:
2907:
2886:
2783:, and starting from Septimius Severus, men were transferred from the
2780:
2715:
2614:
2485:
2331:
2309:
2212:
2204:
2163:
2114:. The German mutiny was put down by Tiberius' nephew and adopted son
2069:
2034:
2014:
2010:
1971:
1967:
1909:
1899:
1886:
The new Guard of Septimius Severus made their mark against his rival
1863:
Commodus fell victim to a conspiracy aided by his Praetorian prefect
1720:
1716:
1471:
1467:
1422:, recalling the often troubling role of the Praetorian of antiquity.
1372:
1366:
1330:
1247:
1152:
961:
596:
566:
432:
414:
377:
2655:
and the dynastic line of the Flavians appear to have been formed of
1230:(command authority of an army) also held public office, either as a
85:
5331:
5316:
5306:
5291:
5206:
5196:
5166:
5156:
5151:
5141:
5043:
4958:
4838:
4823:
4753:
4733:
4723:
4718:
4698:
4497:
4078:
4042:
3932:
3859:
3691:
3052:
3044:
2965:
2796:
2639:
2570:
2529:
2489:
2477:
2449:
2441:
2430:
2243:
2228:
2173:
2169:
2099:
2065:
2038:
2030:
2002:
1983:
1979:
1939:
1917:
1868:
1830:(AD 186–190) exercised considerable influence on the emperor.
1824:
1816:
1743:
1739:
1731:
Under the Flavians, the Praetorians formed 9 new cohorts, of which
1709:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1618:
1560:
1553:
1540:
1536:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1346:
1289:
1279:
1225:
1183:
531:
421:
332:
243:
141:
5351:
5346:
5336:
5301:
5296:
5286:
5231:
5216:
5033:
5028:
5013:
4983:
4938:
4918:
4898:
4853:
4585:
4440:
4219:
4027:
4022:
3912:
2989:
specially in the 2nd and 3rd centuries), heavy colorful shields (
2958:
The Praetorian Guard, like all legionnaires, disposed of various
2947:
2773:
2769:
2753:
2741:
2513:
2445:
2416:
2394:
2374:
2323:
2298:
2294:
2247:
2157:
2103:
2006:
1751:
1639:
In year 41, disgust and hostility of a praetorian tribune, named
1614:
1518:
1436:
1415:
1411:
1356:
1295:
1251:
726:
517:
496:
347:
327:
2799:
in 193, and replaced them with men from his own Danube legions.
2456:
with nine Praetorian Cohorts, dispersed at that time throughout
5549:
Military units and formations established in the 1st century BC
5361:
5241:
5171:
5111:
5106:
5073:
4833:
4818:
4768:
4748:
4170:
4047:
3942:
2749:
2745:
2697:
of a provincial governor, a post held by Trajan). The some 300
2674:
Following the assassination of emperor Domitian, his successor
2302:
1947:
1913:
1895:
1793:(101–102 and 105–106). The Praetorian Guard served in the last
1778:
1747:
1239:
816:
552:
342:
3421:
The Praetorian Guard: A History of Rome's Elite Special Forces
2705:
were reassigned by Trajan to the corps of Praetorian cohorts.
2130:. Under Domitian and Trajan, the guard took part in wars from
1218:(509–27 BC) the Praetorian Guard originated as bodyguards for
5146:
4868:
4595:
3887:
2994:
2760:, during the first two centuries AD and before the reform of
2675:
2668:
2535:
2457:
2421:
2217:
2184:
2131:
1774:
1732:
1697:
1483:
1449:
1274:
At the end of 40 BC, two of the three co-rulers who were the
1268:
5356:
4923:
4863:
4445:
3821:
3221:
was formed of five principal centuries which commanded the
3048:
2919:
2918:(the highest ranked Centurion in a legion). Upon return to
2652:
2440:
From the reign of Tiberius, their camp was situated on the
2194:
2123:
2064:
attempted to disband the Praetorian Guard on the orders of
1903:
1701:
1663:
1385:, or by pay-and-a-half. So if the legionaries received 250
1360:
3447:
Praetorian: The Rise and Fall of Rome's Imperial Bodyguard
2846:, with a double salary, in charge of delivering messages (
1632:
In AD 37 Caligula became emperor with the support of
3917:
3539:(Stuttgart 1992), 385–389 – a revised English version of
2629:
and tasks such as arrests, imprisonment, and executions.
1800:
During the 2nd century, the Praetorian Guard accompanied
1754:. It was in the course of these actions that the prefect
1334:
The Praetorian Guard was ultimately dissolved by Emperor
503:
450:
2106:, the Pannonian forces were dealt with by Tiberius' son
1916:, he was assassinated at the instigation of his prefect
2557:
of cavalry for two centuries of infantry. Hence, three
1441:
in the maelstrom of Rome, he was careful to uphold the
1359:. Their pay was higher than that of a legionary. Under
3172:"8 Things You May Not Know About the Praetorian Guard"
3121:"8 Things You May Not Know About the Praetorian Guard"
1338:
in the early 4th century. They were distinct from the
2041:. By the time Diocletian retired on 1 May 305, their
1674:
conspiracy in year 65. The other Praetorian prefect,
1178:) and were bodyguards for the senior officers of the
3062:
2997:), and later even long spears and lighter javelins (
2047:
seems to have housed only a minor garrison of Rome.
3197:In Rome, near the Emperor, they were designated as
2488:, 7,200 under Vespasian, 8,000 from Domitian until
1477:
2727:
2651:The close security protection detail of Galba, of
2598:were cavalrymen assigned to the same tasks as the
2448:, Praetorian prefect, and the favorite of emperor
1525:exclusively commanded their own Praetorian Guard.
30:"Praetorians" redirects here. For other uses, see
5554:Military units and formations of the Roman Empire
5544:4th-century disestablishments in the Roman Empire
3498:(Stuttgart 2000), 99–122 & addenda at 319–320
3400:
3021:The Praetorian Guard colours included the winged
2516:detachment; this should not be confused with the
1819:, in 180, the Praetorian Guard returned to Rome.
1715:After supporting Otho against a third contender,
1271:warfare aimed at killing Roman field commanders.
5530:
2885:could at the end of their career be promoted to
1692:In AD 68, the new colleague of Tigellinus,
1666:through the influence of his Praetorian prefect
1406:Feared and dreaded by the population and by the
2809:, a new legion created and stationed in Italy.
1250:each had twelve lictors, whilst the offices of
3441:
3207:starting from the 3rd century); they formed a
1777:, at the beginning of 98, the Guard supported
3587:
3560:Praetorian Guard – World History Encyclopedia
2867:Only a few soldiers could attain the rank of
2642:was in the habit of surrounding himself with
1116:
630:
3234:
3226:
3216:
3208:
3202:
2350:, and with the exception of his second, the
1846:
1782:
1681:
1622:
1509:
1497:
1447:
1364:
1344:
1314:
1308:
1287:
1223:
1197:
57:
3363:
3361:
3359:
2953:
2938:
2926:
2911:
2897:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2804:
2719:
2709:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2656:
2643:
2633:
2618:
2599:
2590:
2576:
2568:
2558:
2552:
2541:
2533:
2523:
2517:
2492:or Septimius Severus, and 15,000 later on.
2465:
2410:
2388:
2368:
2360:
2343:
2335:
2313:
2261:
2255:
2198:
2193:, the Praetorians gave their allegiance to
2188:
2161:
2151:
2085:
2042:
1894:in 197, and accompanied the emperor to the
1851:, which led to an arranged battle with the
1789:. The Praetorian Guard had participated in
1398:
1380:
3594:
3580:
3535:M.P. Speidel, "Maxentius' Praetorians" in
3331:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2409:The Praetorian Cohorts were designated as
2005:, they took part in an expedition against
1770:, who had been implicated in the murder.
1123:
1109:
637:
623:
3490:, "The Praetorian Guard Before Sejanus",
3298:
3296:
3294:
3215:assigned by the Praetorian prefect. This
2528:) after almost five years service in the
2508:Initially each cohort included, as for a
2068:. In response, the Praetorians turned to
1414:recalls the nail left in his foot by the
1298:, Octavian commanded five cohorts at the
3356:
3302:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3146:"Roman Economy – Prices in Ancient Rome"
2973:For heavy packed combat infantry lines (
2964:
2731:
2460:, in one large camp situated beyond the
2260:(the field escort of the emperors). The
2093:
1806:Oriental War Campaign of 161–166 AD
1795:campaign of Trajan against the Parthians
1629:, who were not under Sejanus's control.
1598:
1209:
36:
3601:
3118:
3008:Praetorian Guard helmets included tall
2584:
2404:
53:through its claws, in reference to the
14:
5531:
3291:
3263:
2001:. In 272, in the reign of the emperor
3575:
3528:Mélanges de l'École française de Rome
3367:
3244:
2688:Singulares/equites singulares Augusti
2635:Singulares/equites singulares Augusti
2503:
1389:, the guards received 375 per annum.
3373:Histoire générale de l'Empire romain
2834:(similar to corporal), perhaps as a
2246:sailed east to destroy the power of
1834:was killed by a delegation of 1,500
1202:and destroyed their barracks at the
3377:General history of the Roman Empire
2334:, all of equal rank except for the
2013:, some 60 miles (100 km) from
1761:
1324:
24:
3148:. Ancientcoins.bis. Archived from
2902:) at the head of the cohorts were
2397:(geographical subdivisions of the
2187:, because he did not offer them a
2183:, after assassinating the Emperor
2037:. In 297 they were in Africa with
1858:
1726:
1474:quickly reduced it again to nine.
25:
5570:
3553:
2220:, as prefect of the Praetorians.
2145:
1576:, son of Tiberius (distinct from
3065:
2977:), they mounted helmets, armor (
2852:) or as an assistant centurion (
2211:. In his war against Vitellius,
1808:, and accompanied Roman emperor
1478:Under the Julio-Claudian dynasty
1092:
652:
84:
27:Bodyguards of the Roman emperors
3449:. Yale: Yale University Press.
2803:base of the recruitment of the
2728:Service in the Praetorian Guard
2540:of 30 men each commanded by an
2289:Starting in the year 2 BC, the
2269:
2254:and his colleagues evolved the
2025:(named after the gods Jove, or
1934:In this period the position of
1758:was defeated and killed in 86.
1305:Roman army of the late Republic
3435:Roman Guardsman 62 BC – AD 324
3414:University of British Columbia
3401:References and further reading
3339:
3282:
3191:
3182:
3164:
3138:
3112:
2444:Hill, outside Rome. In 26 AD,
2401:) in the name of the Emperor.
2055:During the early 4th century,
2050:
1953:
1738:Under Vespasian's second son,
1594:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
13:
1:
3225:. At their head, there was a
3119:Andrews, Evan (8 July 2014).
3043:, and also uniquely included
2464:, on the Esquiline Hill, the
2433:, initially of 500 men each.
2274:
2197:, whom they named as the new
2160:, who was sacrificed for the
1321:, the tent of the commander.
987:Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes
4166:Frontiers and fortifications
2385:Battle of the Milvian Bridge
2082:Battle of the Milvian Bridge
1958:In the spring of 238, under
1902:from 208 until his death at
1604:Proclaiming Claudius Emperor
1490:, often also referred to as
901:Frontiers and fortifications
7:
4225:Decorations and punishments
3311:] (in French). Picard.
3058:
1592:which had been lost at the
1147:) was an elite unit of the
713:Decorations and punishments
32:Praetorian (disambiguation)
10:
5575:
5132:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
3707:historiography of the fall
3412:, unpublished PhD thesis,
3288:Bingham 1997, pp. 118–122.
3188:Bingham 1997, pp. 121–122.
2679:detail in relation to the
2575:(flag) as emblem for each
2519:equites singulares Augusti
2370:equites singulares Augusti
2367:("urban cohorts") and the
2278:
1848:equites singulares Augusti
1785:equites singulares Augusti
1685:
1582:Imperial German Bodyguards
1425:
29:
5559:Protective security units
5513:External wars and battles
5380:
5274:
5087:
4679:
4672:
4594:
4506:
4411:
4286:
4238:
4116:
4066:
4005:
3996:
3878:
3830:
3750:
3667:
3637:
3628:
3610:
3523:Les prétoriens de Maxence
3475:Les cohortes prétoriennes
2665:Imperial German Bodyguard
2181:Year of the Four Emperors
2122:in 69, fighting well for
2120:Year of the Four Emperors
1898:from 197 to 202, then to
1688:Year of the Four Emperors
1682:Year of the Four Emperors
1649:Imperial German Bodyguard
1488:Imperial German Bodyguard
1340:Imperial German Bodyguard
1238:; each was provided with
473:Senatus consultum ultimum
368:Extraordinary magistrates
3106:
2954:Equipment and traditions
2648:when attending dinners.
2062:Flavius Valerius Severus
1867:in 192. The new emperor
1828:Marcus Aurelius Cleander
1791:Trajan's two Dacian Wars
1768:Titus Petronius Secundus
1460:Quintus Ostorius Scapula
1151:that served as personal
1016:Claustra Alpium Iuliarum
1001:Danube–Iller–Rhine Limes
671:Military of ancient Rome
77:Politics of ancient Rome
5508:Roman–Iranian relations
3983:Optimates and populares
3549:(Cambridge, Mass. 1994)
3204:Statores Praetorianorum
2606:of the legions and the
2551:There was probably one
1970:against the contenders
1946:was held by the lawyer
1865:Quintus Aemilius Laetus
1099:Ancient Rome portal
5518:Civil wars and revolts
4784:Sextus Pompeius Festus
4431:Conflict of the Orders
3790:Legislative assemblies
3423:(Waco 2012). Reviewed
3264:Rankov, Boris (1994).
3235:
3227:
3217:
3209:
3203:
3018:them on long marches.
2970:
2939:
2927:
2912:
2898:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2860:
2858:) or standard bearer (
2854:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2805:
2737:
2720:
2710:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2657:
2644:
2634:
2627:clandestine operations
2619:
2600:
2591:
2577:
2569:
2559:
2553:
2542:
2534:
2524:
2518:
2466:
2411:
2389:
2369:
2361:
2344:
2336:
2314:
2262:
2256:
2199:
2189:
2162:
2152:
2102:legions. According to
2086:
2043:
2023:Ioviani and Herculiani
1847:
1823:(AD 182–185) and
1815:With the accession of
1783:
1668:Sextus Afranius Burrus
1634:Naevius Sutorius Macro
1623:
1611:
1510:
1498:
1448:
1399:
1381:
1365:
1345:
1315:
1309:
1288:
1263:(134–133 BC), General
1224:
1198:
234:Political institutions
69:
58:
5227:Simplicius of Cilicia
4979:Quintus Curtius Rufus
4208:Siege in Ancient Rome
3817:Executive magistrates
3537:Roman Army Studies II
3303:Le Bohec, Y. (1989).
3268:. Osprey Publishing.
2968:
2735:
2285:Praetorian prefecture
2094:Participation in wars
2074:Constantine the Great
2021:. Two new corps, the
1997:, son of the emperor
1944:Praetorian prefecture
1838:of the 3 legions of
1602:
1214:In the period of the
1210:In the Roman Republic
1194:Constantine the Great
982:Neckar-Odenwald Limes
797:Technological history
40:
5237:Stephanus Byzantinus
5142:Eusebius of Caesaria
5004:Sidonius Apollinaris
4694:Ammianus Marcellinus
4033:Tribune of the plebs
3513:The Praetorian Guard
3496:Legions and Veterans
3494:84 (1996), 101–124,
3266:The Praetorian Guard
2975:Triplex Acies System
2822:, and assigned as a
2814:good moral character
2585:Speculatores Augusti
2405:Size and composition
2078:Western Roman Empire
1617:rose in power under
1608:Lawrence Alma-Tadema
1578:Nero Claudius Drusus
1574:Drusus Julius Caesar
1464:Publius Salvius Aper
1382:sesquiplex stipendum
1192:of Rome. In AD 312,
972:Lower Germanic Limes
871:Strategy and tactics
806:Military engineering
708:Unit types and ranks
313:Ordinary magistrates
60:interpretatio graeca
5413:Distinguished women
5064:Velleius Paterculus
4904:Nicolaus Damascenus
4884:Marcellus Empiricus
4273:Republican currency
3532:100 (1988), 183–188
3443:de la Bédoyère, Guy
3419:Sandra J. Bingham,
3406:Sandra J. Bingham,
3379:] (in French).
3237:Praefectus Statorum
3073:Ancient Rome portal
2993:), heavy javelins (
2779:Under the reign of
2711:Speculatoria Caliga
2563:per cohorts of the
2393:) comprising Roman
2128:battle of Bedriacum
1504:Augusti, a sort of
1456:Praetorian prefects
1199:cohortes praetoriae
1157:intelligence agents
1149:Imperial Roman army
1145:cohortes praetoriae
967:Lauter Valley Limes
5187:Phlegon of Tralles
4994:Seneca the Younger
4468:Naming conventions
4198:Personal equipment
3731:Later Roman Empire
3503:Le Coorti Pretorie
3152:on 13 January 2007
3023:goddess of victory
2971:
2791:, and the various
2738:
2663:(who replaced the
2504:Praetorian Cavalry
2498:Army of the Danube
2353:princeps castrorum
2291:Praetorian prefect
2281:Praetorian prefect
2231:. Later that year
1936:Praetorian prefect
1694:Nymphidius Sabinus
1612:
1276:Second Triumvirate
1068:Limes Tripolitanus
689:Structural history
546:Triumvir monetalis
480:Titles and honours
70:
43:Praetorians Relief
5526:
5525:
5488:Pontifices maximi
5270:
5269:
5127:Diogenes Laërtius
4949:Pliny the Younger
4704:Asconius Pedianus
4664:Romance languages
4536:Civil engineering
4278:Imperial currency
4151:Political control
4112:
4111:
3746:
3745:
3547:Riding for Caesar
3456:978-0-300-21895-4
3381:Éditions du Seuil
3275:978-1-85532-361-2
3178:. 29 August 2018.
3096:Scholae Palatinae
2979:Lorica segmentata
2894:Military tribunes
2806:Legio II Parthica
2762:Septimius Severus
2691:(modelled on the
2233:Septimius Severus
2080:, leading to the
1929:Severus Alexander
1881:Septimius Severus
1877:Pannonia Superior
1821:Tigidius Perennis
1512:tribunus cohortis
1443:Republican veneer
1395:Septimius Severus
1303:campaigns of the
1265:Scipio Aemilianus
1261:Siege of Numantia
1257:Hispania Citerior
1133:
1132:
1084:
1083:
1075:Limes Mauretaniae
930:Limes Britannicus
891:
890:
855:Political history
845:
844:
765:
764:
647:
646:
465:Quaestio perpetua
458:Senatus consultum
261:Roman citizenship
16:(Redirected from
5566:
5539:Praetorian Guard
5478:Magistri equitum
5393:Cities and towns
5386:
5312:Constantinopolis
5122:Diodorus Siculus
5054:Valerius Maximus
4989:Seneca the Elder
4909:Nonius Marcellus
4677:
4676:
4230:Hippika gymnasia
4193:Infantry tactics
4099:Consular tribune
4089:Magister equitum
4038:Military tribune
4003:
4002:
3963:Pontifex maximus
3958:Princeps senatus
3948:Magister militum
3714:Byzantine Empire
3635:
3634:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3573:
3572:
3489:
3472:
3460:
3395:
3394:
3365:
3354:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3330:
3322:
3300:
3289:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3261:
3242:
3240:
3232:
3229:Curator Statorum
3220:
3214:
3206:
3199:Statores Augusti
3195:
3189:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3116:
3075:
3070:
3069:
3068:
2942:
2932:
2917:
2904:Roman cavalrymen
2901:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2808:
2723:
2713:
2704:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2662:
2647:
2637:
2624:
2605:
2597:
2580:
2574:
2562:
2556:
2547:
2539:
2527:
2521:
2471:
2468:Castra Praetoria
2414:
2392:
2372:
2366:
2363:Cohortes urbanae
2349:
2341:
2317:
2265:
2259:
2202:
2192:
2167:
2155:
2140:Marcomannic Wars
2112:German bodyguard
2089:
2087:Castra Praetoria
2046:
2044:Castra Praetoria
1850:
1788:
1773:At the death of
1762:Antonine dynasty
1756:Cornelius Fuscus
1628:
1625:Cohortes urbanae
1590:legionary eagles
1515:
1503:
1453:
1402:
1384:
1370:
1350:
1325:Under the empire
1320:
1312:
1310:cohors praetoria
1300:Battle of Actium
1293:
1229:
1204:Castra Praetoria
1201:
1137:Praetorian Guard
1125:
1118:
1111:
1097:
1096:
1095:
956:Limes Germanicus
906:
905:
883:Infantry tactics
876:
875:
832:Triumphal arches
802:
801:
783:Wars and battles
775:Campaign history
694:
693:
656:
655:
649:
648:
639:
632:
625:
581:Pontifex maximus
574:Princeps senatus
560:Magister militum
395:Consular tribune
389:Magister equitum
217:Augustan reforms
88:
72:
71:
63:
21:
5574:
5573:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5529:
5528:
5527:
5522:
5384:
5382:
5376:
5266:
5102:AĂ«tius of Amida
5083:
5069:Verrius Flaccus
5049:Valerius Antias
5009:Silius Italicus
4944:Pliny the Elder
4889:Marcus Aurelius
4764:Cornelius Nepos
4714:Aurelius Victor
4668:
4590:
4502:
4436:Secessio plebis
4407:
4282:
4234:
4108:
4062:
3992:
3874:
3826:
3742:
3663:
3624:
3606:
3600:
3566:Roman Guardsman
3556:
3483:
3481:Lawrence Keppie
3466:
3457:
3403:
3398:
3391:
3383:. p. 180.
3366:
3357:
3344:
3340:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3305:L'Armée Romaine
3301:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3262:
3245:
3223:military police
3196:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3155:
3153:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3129:
3127:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3101:Varangian Guard
3071:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3039:, referring to
3015:Scutum (shield)
2987:Lorica squamata
2956:
2899:Tribuni Militum
2876:Evocati Augusti
2730:
2608:auxiliary units
2587:
2565:Augustan period
2506:
2407:
2287:
2279:Main articles:
2277:
2272:
2263:sacer comitatus
2257:sacer comitatus
2237:Maximinus Thrax
2225:Didius Julianus
2148:
2096:
2053:
1999:Philip the Arab
1960:Maximinus Thrax
1956:
1888:Clodius Albinus
1873:Didius Julianus
1861:
1859:Severan dynasty
1810:Marcus Aurelius
1764:
1729:
1727:Flavian dynasty
1712:on 15 January.
1690:
1684:
1641:Cassius Chaerea
1506:military police
1480:
1428:
1327:
1212:
1129:
1093:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1052:Limes Sarmatiae
1046:Anastasian Wall
1024:Pannonian Limes
903:
893:
892:
887:
873:
863:
862:
861:
857:
847:
846:
841:
827:
799:
789:
788:
787:
777:
767:
766:
761:
736:
722:
691:
681:
653:
643:
614:
610:Other countries
601:
470:
427:
362:
307:
272:
228:
205:Sullan republic
170:
166:
157:
148:
144:
137:
127:
118:
109:
79:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5572:
5562:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
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5521:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
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5480:
5475:
5470:
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5455:
5450:
5445:
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5425:
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5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5389:
5387:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5278:
5276:
5272:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5093:
5091:
5085:
5084:
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5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
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5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4954:Pomponius Mela
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
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4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4689:Aelius Donatus
4685:
4683:
4674:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4657:Ecclesiastical
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4611:
4606:
4600:
4598:
4592:
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4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
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4533:
4528:
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4504:
4503:
4501:
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4495:
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4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4417:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4398:Toys and games
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4292:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4244:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4180:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4009:
4007:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3938:Vigintisexviri
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3898:Cursus honorum
3895:
3890:
3884:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3836:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3787:
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3772:
3767:
3762:
3756:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3697:Western Empire
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3673:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3599:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3554:External links
3552:
3551:
3550:
3545:M.P. Speidel,
3543:
3533:
3516:
3506:
3501:L. Passerini,
3499:
3478:
3461:
3455:
3439:
3430:
3417:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3389:
3355:
3338:
3317:
3309:The Roman Army
3290:
3281:
3274:
3243:
3190:
3181:
3163:
3137:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3060:
3057:
2955:
2952:
2729:
2726:
2714:(according to
2586:
2583:
2505:
2502:
2425:(troops) with
2406:
2403:
2373:, but not the
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2179:In AD 69, the
2147:
2146:Political role
2144:
2095:
2092:
2052:
2049:
1955:
1952:
1892:Battle of Lyon
1860:
1857:
1763:
1760:
1728:
1725:
1686:Main article:
1683:
1680:
1479:
1476:
1427:
1424:
1397:increased the
1326:
1323:
1220:Roman generals
1216:Roman Republic
1211:
1208:
1196:disbanded the
1168:Roman Republic
1161:Roman emperors
1131:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1061:Limes Arabicus
1056:
1055:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1031:Limes Alutanus
1027:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1011:
1010:
1004:
1003:
997:
996:
995:
994:
992:Wetterau Limes
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
951:
950:
949:
948:
943:
941:Hadrian's Wall
938:
925:
924:
923:
922:
909:
904:
899:
898:
895:
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556:
549:
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539:Vigintisexviri
535:
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491:
490:
482:
481:
477:
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468:
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308:
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281:
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274:
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267:Cursus honorum
263:
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159:
149:
147:
146:
139:
138:27 BC – AD 284
131:
130:
129:
128:27 BC – AD 395
120:
115:Roman Republic
111:
99:
98:
94:
93:
90:
89:
81:
80:
75:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
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5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
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5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
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5409:
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5404:
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5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5379:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5273:
5263:
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5258:
5255:
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5017:
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4990:
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4907:
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4902:
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4897:
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4885:
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4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4844:Julius Paulus
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
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4817:
4815:
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4800:
4797:
4795:
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4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4779:Fabius Pictor
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4678:
4675:
4671:
4665:
4662:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4593:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4516:Amphitheatres
4514:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4253:Deforestation
4251:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4203:Siege engines
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4136:Establishment
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:Extraordinary
4065:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4053:Promagistrate
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3840:Twelve Tables
3838:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3604:
3597:
3592:
3590:
3585:
3583:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3548:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3515:(London 1994)
3514:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3470:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3438:(Oxford 2014)
3437:
3436:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3392:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3334:
3328:
3320:
3318:2-7084-0744-9
3314:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3285:
3277:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3239:
3238:
3231:
3230:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3185:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3126:
3122:
3115:
3111:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3086:Praetorianism
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3063:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2983:Lorica hamata
2980:
2976:
2967:
2963:
2961:
2951:
2949:
2944:
2941:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2923:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2807:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2789:Urban cohorts
2786:
2785:Urban Vigiles
2782:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2752:according to
2751:
2747:
2743:
2734:
2725:
2722:
2721:Exercitatores
2717:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2672:
2670:
2667:disbanded by
2666:
2661:
2660:
2654:
2649:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2616:
2611:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2596:
2594:
2582:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:Optio equitum
2538:
2537:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2454:Urban Cohorts
2452:, united the
2451:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2340:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2282:
2267:
2264:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2159:
2154:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2126:at the first
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2048:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1853:Urban Cohorts
1849:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1548:
1546:
1545:urban cohorts
1542:
1538:
1534:
1531:According to
1529:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1337:
1336:Constantine I
1332:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1259:, during the
1258:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1236:promagistrate
1233:
1228:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1180:Roman legions
1177:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1090:
1089:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1041:Trajan's Wall
1039:
1037:
1036:Limes Moesiae
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:Norican Limes
1006:
1005:
1002:
999:
998:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
959:
958:
957:
953:
952:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
936:Antonine Wall
934:
933:
932:
931:
927:
926:
921:
918:
917:
916:
915:
911:
910:
908:
907:
902:
897:
896:
884:
881:
880:
878:
877:
872:
867:
866:
856:
851:
850:
838:
835:
833:
830:
829:
824:
823:Siege engines
821:
819:
818:
814:
813:
811:
810:
807:
804:
803:
798:
793:
792:
784:
781:
780:
776:
771:
770:
758:
755:
753:
750:
749:
747:
746:
743:
740:
739:
733:
730:
728:
725:
724:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
705:
703:
702:
699:
696:
695:
690:
685:
684:
680:
676:
672:
669:
668:
664:
660:
659:
651:
650:
640:
635:
633:
628:
626:
621:
620:
618:
617:
611:
608:
607:
605:
604:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
582:
578:
576:
575:
571:
569:
568:
564:
562:
561:
557:
555:
554:
550:
548:
547:
543:
541:
540:
536:
534:
533:
529:
527:
526:
522:
520:
519:
515:
513:
512:
508:
506:
505:
501:
499:
498:
494:
493:
489:
486:
485:
484:
483:
479:
478:
475:
474:
467:
466:
462:
460:
459:
455:
453:
452:
448:
446:
445:
441:
440:
438:
437:
434:
431:
430:
424:
423:
419:
417:
416:
412:
410:
409:
405:
403:
402:
398:
396:
393:
391:
390:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
375:
373:
372:
369:
366:
365:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
338:Promagistrate
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
320:
318:
317:
314:
311:
310:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
285:
283:
282:
279:
276:
275:
269:
268:
264:
262:
259:
257:
256:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
241:
239:
238:
235:
232:
231:
225:
222:
218:
215:
214:
213:
210:
206:
203:
202:
201:
198:
196:
193:
192:
190:
189:
186:
183:
182:
177:
176:
172:
171:
165:
164:
160:
156:
155:
151:
150:
143:
140:
136:
133:
132:
126:
125:
121:
117:
116:
112:
108:
107:
106:Roman Kingdom
103:
102:
101:
100:
96:
95:
92:
91:
87:
83:
82:
78:
74:
73:
67:
62:
61:
56:
52:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
5458:Institutions
5322:Leptis Magna
5275:Major cities
5182:Philostratus
4969:Quadrigarius
4789:Rufus Festus
4652:Contemporary
4373:Romanization
4296:Architecture
3903:Collegiality
3752:Constitution
3603:Ancient Rome
3565:
3546:
3541:Speidel 1988
3536:
3526:
3519:M.P. Speidel
3512:
3502:
3495:
3491:
3474:
3464:Marcel Durry
3446:
3434:
3432:Ross Cowan,
3424:
3420:
3407:
3376:
3372:
3350:
3341:
3308:
3304:
3284:
3265:
3193:
3184:
3175:
3166:
3154:. Retrieved
3150:the original
3140:
3128:. Retrieved
3124:
3114:
3037:thunderbolts
3030:
3027:
3020:
3007:
2972:
2957:
2945:
2940:Primus Pilus
2936:
2929:Primus pilus
2924:
2914:Primus pilus
2891:
2866:
2811:
2801:
2778:
2739:
2707:
2701:Speculatores
2682:Speculatores
2673:
2659:Speculatores
2650:
2645:Speculatores
2631:
2612:
2602:Speculatores
2593:speculatores
2588:
2564:
2550:
2510:Roman legion
2507:
2497:
2494:
2474:
2462:Servian Wall
2439:
2435:
2420:
2408:
2399:Roman Empire
2382:
2375:
2358:
2351:
2346:speculatores
2328:
2319:
2307:
2288:
2270:Organization
2241:
2222:
2178:
2149:
2097:
2056:
2054:
1995:Philippus II
1992:
1957:
1933:
1922:
1908:
1885:
1862:
1844:
1814:
1802:Lucius Verus
1799:
1797:of 113–117.
1772:
1765:
1750:against the
1737:
1730:
1714:
1706:Speculatores
1704:to bribe 23
1691:
1661:
1638:
1631:
1613:
1603:
1569:
1565:
1559:mutinies of
1558:
1552:mutinies of
1551:
1549:
1533:Boris Rankov
1530:
1527:
1491:
1481:
1435:
1432:ancient Rome
1429:
1408:Roman Senate
1405:
1353:
1328:
1273:
1244:Roman consul
1213:
1187:
1165:
1144:
1136:
1134:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1050:
1014:
954:
928:
912:
815:
579:
572:
565:
558:
551:
544:
537:
530:
523:
516:
509:
502:
495:
471:
463:
456:
449:
442:
420:
413:
406:
399:
387:
265:
253:
249:Collegiality
185:Constitution
173:
162:
153:
124:Roman Empire
122:
113:
104:
5453:Geographers
5137:Dioscorides
5117:Cassius Dio
4739:Cassiodorus
4642:Renaissance
4248:Agriculture
4220:Auxiliaries
4161:Engineering
3998:Magistrates
3850:Citizenship
3845:Mos maiorum
3780:Late Empire
3530:, Antiquité
3505:(Rome 1939)
3484: [
3467: [
3369:Petit, Paul
3125:History.com
2882:principalis
2870:Principalis
2849:Tesserarius
2843:Principalis
2758:Cassius Dio
2621:Trecenarius
2482:Cassius Dio
2390:prefectures
2338:trecenarius
2320:Equestrians
2136:Mesopotamia
2051:Dissolution
1990:triumphed.
1988:Gordian III
1954:3rd century
1746:and on the
1655:, uncle of
1331:legionaries
1284:Mark Antony
1176:procurators
1166:During the
946:Saxon Shore
444:Mos maiorum
224:Late Empire
167:AD 395–1453
51:thunderbolt
49:grasping a
5533:Categories
5342:Mediolanum
5282:Alexandria
5247:Themistius
5212:Porphyrius
5039:Tertullian
4974:Quintilian
4964:Propertius
4859:Lactantius
4809:Fulgentius
4744:Censorinus
4566:Sanitation
4551:Metallurgy
4508:Technology
4473:Demography
4421:Patricians
4388:Spectacles
4346:Literature
4341:Hairstyles
4178:Technology
3928:Praefectus
3880:Government
3870:Litigation
3855:Auctoritas
3800:Centuriate
3687:Principate
3682:Pax Romana
3642:Foundation
3390:2020026775
3091:Pushtigban
2908:Centurions
2694:Singulares
2429:formed of
2332:Centurions
2299:equestrian
2275:Leadership
2252:Diocletian
2239:'s reign.
2116:Germanicus
2019:Asia Minor
1976:Gordian II
1925:Elagabalus
1676:Tigellinus
1586:Germanicus
1496:, and the
1317:praetorium
1232:magistrate
1153:bodyguards
977:Main Limes
525:Praefectus
433:Public law
288:Centuriate
278:Assemblies
255:Auctoritas
158:AD 395–476
145:AD 284–641
135:Principate
110:753–509 BC
5498:Quaestors
5428:Empresses
5418:Dynasties
5408:Dictators
5383:and other
5372:Volubilis
5367:Vindobona
5327:Londinium
5252:Theodoret
5222:Procopius
5202:Polyaenus
5177:Pausanias
5079:Vitruvius
5024:Symmachus
5019:Suetonius
4929:Petronius
4914:Obsequens
4879:Macrobius
4874:Lucretius
4799:Frontinus
4774:Eutropius
4759:Columella
4709:Augustine
4699:Appuleius
4647:Neo-Latin
4622:Classical
4613:Versions
4521:Aqueducts
4463:Patronage
4383:Sexuality
4356:Mythology
4331:Education
4321:Cosmetics
4146:Campaigns
4141:Structure
4094:Decemviri
3953:Imperator
3652:overthrow
3509:B. Rankov
3492:Athenaeum
3345:Musée de
3327:cite book
3130:23 August
3081:Janissary
3053:crescents
3045:scorpions
2960:equipment
2887:Centurion
2781:Vitellius
2772:(current
2766:Macedonia
2716:Suetonius
2615:Centurion
2486:Vitellius
2427:centuries
2412:Equitatae
2324:horseback
2310:Vespasian
2213:Vespasian
2205:Vitellius
2164:donativum
2100:Pannonian
2070:Maxentius
2035:Tetrarchy
2015:Byzantium
2011:Nicomedia
1972:Gordian I
1968:civil war
1910:Caracalla
1900:Britannia
1836:Lanciarii
1721:Vespasian
1717:Vitellius
1523:Empresses
1472:Vespasian
1468:Vitellius
1400:stipendum
1373:Messalina
1367:donativum
1248:proconsul
962:Alb Limes
567:Imperator
415:Decemviri
408:Triumviri
378:Corrector
119:509–27 BC
18:Pretorian
5503:Tribunes
5493:Praetors
5443:Generals
5423:Emperors
5332:Lugdunum
5317:Eboracum
5307:Carthage
5292:Aquileia
5207:Polybius
5197:Plutarch
5167:Libanius
5157:Josephus
5152:Herodian
5044:Tibullus
4959:Priscian
4934:Phaedrus
4894:Manilius
4839:Jordanes
4824:Hydatius
4754:Claudian
4734:Catullus
4724:Boëthius
4719:Ausonius
4637:Medieval
4609:Alphabet
4581:Theatres
4556:Numerals
4541:Concrete
4531:Circuses
4498:Bagaudae
4488:Adoption
4483:Marriage
4456:Assembly
4361:Religion
4336:Folklore
4316:Clothing
4311:Calendar
4268:Currency
4258:Commerce
4156:Strategy
4118:Military
4104:Triumvir
4084:Dictator
4079:Interrex
4058:Governor
4043:Quaestor
4006:Ordinary
3988:Province
3978:Tetrarch
3968:Augustus
3933:Vicarius
3923:Officium
3860:Imperium
3810:Plebeian
3770:Republic
3692:Dominate
3659:Republic
3620:Timeline
3445:(2017).
3371:(1974).
3059:See also
2861:Signifer
2819:Probatus
2797:Pertinax
2640:Claudius
2571:vexillum
2530:infantry
2490:Commodus
2478:Commodus
2450:Tiberius
2442:Quirinal
2431:infantry
2395:dioceses
2318:order. (
2244:Aurelian
2242:In 271,
2229:Pertinax
2190:donatium
2174:Claudius
2170:Caligula
2066:Galerius
2039:Maximian
2031:Hercules
2003:Aurelian
1984:Balbinus
1980:Pupienus
1964:senators
1940:Papinian
1931:in 222.
1918:Macrinus
1906:in 211.
1869:Pertinax
1832:Perennis
1825:freedman
1817:Commodus
1744:Germania
1740:Domitian
1657:Caligula
1653:Claudius
1645:Caligula
1619:Tiberius
1570:Pannonia
1561:Germania
1557:and the
1554:Pannonia
1541:Tiberius
1537:Augustus
1500:Statores
1437:praetors
1391:Domitian
1377:Claudius
1375:against
1347:Pomerium
1290:pomerium
1280:Octavian
1234:or as a
1226:imperium
1184:Augustus
1172:senators
1159:for the
757:Admirals
732:Generals
663:a series
661:Part of
597:Tetrarch
587:Augustus
532:Vicarius
511:Officium
422:Interrex
383:Dictator
358:Governor
333:Quaestor
298:Plebeian
244:Imperium
200:Republic
175:Timeline
142:Dominate
64:form of
45:with an
5473:Legions
5433:Fiction
5403:Consuls
5398:Climate
5352:Ravenna
5347:Pompeii
5337:Lutetia
5302:Bononia
5297:Berytus
5287:Antioch
5262:Zosimus
5257:Zonaras
5232:Sozomen
5217:Priscus
5192:Photius
5034:Terence
5029:Tacitus
5014:Statius
4999:Servius
4984:Sallust
4939:Plautus
4919:Orosius
4899:Martial
4854:Juvenal
4829:Hyginus
4814:Gellius
4673:Writers
4604:History
4586:Thermae
4576:Temples
4526:Bridges
4493:Slavery
4441:Equites
4413:Society
4393:Theatre
4366:Deities
4326:Cuisine
4306:Bathing
4288:Culture
4263:Finance
4240:Economy
4131:Borders
4126:History
4028:Tribune
4023:Praetor
3913:Legatus
3908:Emperor
3795:Curiate
3765:Kingdom
3760:History
3736:History
3719:decline
3677:History
3647:Kingdom
3630:History
3615:Outline
3347:Cáceres
3218:numerus
3211:numerus
3176:HISTORY
3156:13 June
3041:Jupiter
2948:equites
2831:Immunis
2793:legions
2774:Austria
2770:Noricum
2754:Tacitus
2742:Etruria
2595:Augusti
2514:cavalry
2446:Sejanus
2417:cavalry
2378:cohorts
2376:Vigiles
2295:tribune
2248:Palmyra
2209:cohorts
2158:Sejanus
2104:Tacitus
2027:Jupiter
2007:Palmyra
1890:at the
1840:Britain
1804:in the
1752:Dacians
1710:lynched
1643:– whom
1615:Sejanus
1519:tribune
1426:History
1412:Juvenal
1387:denarii
1357:Tacitus
1296:Orosius
1252:praetor
1246:and of
1240:lictors
727:Auxilia
718:Legions
518:Praeses
497:Legatus
488:Emperor
348:Tribune
328:Praetor
293:Curiate
195:Kingdom
163:Eastern
154:Western
97:Periods
66:Jupiter
5483:Nomina
5468:Legacy
5448:Gentes
5385:topics
5381:Lists
5362:Smyrna
5242:Strabo
5172:Lucian
5162:Julian
5112:Arrian
5107:Appian
5097:Aelian
5074:Vergil
4849:Justin
4834:Jerome
4819:Horace
4804:Fronto
4794:Florus
4769:Ennius
4749:Cicero
4729:Caesar
4627:Vulgar
4451:Tribes
4378:Romans
4188:Legion
4171:castra
4048:Aedile
4018:Censor
4013:Consul
3973:Caesar
3943:Lictor
3865:Status
3805:Tribal
3785:Senate
3775:Empire
3669:Empire
3605:topics
3453:
3387:
3315:
3272:
3233:and a
3003:lancea
2837:commis
2750:Latium
2746:Umbria
2617:, the
2560:turmae
2422:Turmae
2303:polity
2200:Caesar
2153:Caesar
2108:Drusus
2058:Caesar
2029:, and
1948:Ulpian
1914:Orient
1896:Orient
1779:Trajan
1748:Danube
1672:Piso's
1493:Batavi
1484:turmae
1470:, but
1450:turmae
1420:French
1416:sandal
1189:caesar
860:
817:Castra
752:Fleets
679:AD 476
675:753 BC
665:on the
592:Caesar
553:Lictor
353:Censor
343:Aedile
323:Consul
303:Tribal
212:Empire
47:aquila
5147:Galen
5089:Greek
5059:Varro
4869:Lucan
4681:Latin
4596:Latin
4571:Ships
4561:Roads
4546:Domes
4478:Women
4426:Plebs
4351:Music
3893:Forum
3888:Curia
3488:]
3471:]
3375:[
3307:[
3107:Notes
3049:stars
3033:wings
3010:Galea
2999:hasta
2991:scuta
2855:Optio
2825:Miles
2676:Nerva
2669:Galba
2578:turma
2554:turma
2536:turma
2525:Eques
2458:Italy
2315:eques
2308:From
2218:Titus
2185:Galba
2132:Dacia
1775:Nerva
1733:Titus
1698:Galba
1606:, by
1566:Rhine
1269:siege
1141:Latin
920:Walls
914:Limes
837:Roads
55:Roman
5463:Laws
5438:Film
5357:Roma
4924:Ovid
4864:Livy
4632:Late
4446:Gens
4403:Wine
4215:Navy
4183:Army
3822:SPQR
3724:fall
3702:fall
3451:ISBN
3426:here
3416:1997
3385:ISBN
3333:link
3313:ISBN
3270:ISBN
3158:2007
3132:2020
3051:and
3035:and
2995:pila
2920:Rome
2892:The
2768:and
2748:and
2653:Otho
2589:The
2512:, a
2283:and
2195:Otho
2124:Otho
1982:and
1974:and
1904:York
1702:Otho
1664:Nero
1568:and
1462:and
1393:and
1361:Nero
1329:The
1282:and
1174:and
1155:and
1135:The
742:Navy
698:Army
41:The
4617:Old
4301:Art
4074:Rex
3918:Dux
3832:Law
3525:",
3521:, "
3005:).
2776:).
2724:).
2671:).
2638:).
2326:).
2297:of
2134:to
2017:in
1430:In
1351:.
504:Dux
451:Ius
401:Rex
5535::
3511:,
3486:de
3473:,
3469:fr
3358:^
3349:.
3329:}}
3325:{{
3293:^
3246:^
3174:.
3123:.
3055:.
3047:,
3025:.
3001:,
2985:,
2981:,
2787:,
2744:,
2581:.
2548:.
2472:.
2419:)
2380:.
2356:.
2305:.
1920:.
1879:,
1855:.
1596:.
1547:.
1458:,
1434:,
1278:,
1206:.
1163:.
1143::
677:–
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3393:.
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3201:(
3160:.
3134:.
2896:(
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