220:
212:
590:. Other non-thermal conversions can be more efficient. For example, while wind turbines do not capture all of the wind's energy, they have a high conversion efficiency and generate very little waste heat since wind energy is low entropy. In principle solar photovoltaic conversions could be very efficient, but current conversion can only be done well for narrow ranges of wavelength, whereas solar thermal is also subject to Carnot efficiency limits. Hydroelectric power is also very ordered, and converted very efficiently. The amount of usable energy is the
607:
While source or primary energy provides a more complete picture of energy consumption, it cannot be measured directly and must be calculated using conversion factors from site energy measurements. For electricity, a typical value is three units of source energy for one unit of site energy. However, this can vary considerably depending on factors such as the primary energy source or fuel type, the type of power plant, and the transmission infrastructure. One full set of conversion factors is available as technical reference from
521:
734:, all primary energy sources can be considered to be renewable. The non-renewable essence of resources (PES) is due to the scale of needs within human society. In certain situations, the use of resources by human society is performed at a much higher rate than the minimum rate at which it can be geophysically renewed. This is the rationale behind the differentiation between non-renewable primary energy sources (oil, coal, gas, uranium) and renewable primary energy sources (wind, solar, hydro).
2169:
643:
2193:
679:
2205:
2181:
606:
Source energy, in contrast, is the term used in North
America for the amount of primary energy consumed in order to provide a facility's site energy. It is always greater than the site energy, as it includes all site energy and adds to it the energy lost during transmission, delivery, and conversion.
666:
sources, and there is hence an international debate on how to count energy from non thermal renewables, with many estimates having them undercounted by a factor of about three. The false notion that all primary energy from thermal fossil fuel sources has to be replaced by an equivalent amount of non
661:
of the fuel is available as thermal energy and around two thirds is typically lost in conversion to electrical or mechanical energy. There are very much less significant conversion losses when hydroelectricity, wind and solar power produce electricity, but today's UN conventions on energy statistics
1215:
Kydes, Andy (Lead Author); Cutler J. Cleveland (Topic Editor). 2007. "Primary energy." In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental
Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth June 1,
602:
Site energy is the term used in North
America for the amount of end-use energy of all forms consumed at a specified location. This can be a mix of primary energy (such as natural gas burned at the site) and secondary energy (such as electricity). Site energy is measured at the campus, building, or
755:, are also used in nuclear fission power plants. However, they cannot be considered to be primary energy sources as they cannot be found in nature in any quantity. Indeed, there must be a consumption of natural uranium (primary energy source) in order to make these other nuclear fuels available.
560:
Energy carriers are energy forms which have been transformed from primary energy sources. Electricity is one of the most common energy carriers, being transformed from various primary energy sources such as coal, oil, natural gas, and wind. Electricity is particularly useful since it has low
662:
counts the electricity made from hydroelectricity, wind and solar as the primary energy itself for these sources. One consequence of employing primary energy as an energy metric is that the contribution of hydro, wind and solar energy is under reported compared to
202:
used by human society. Primary energy only counts raw energy and not usable energy and fails to account well for energy losses, particularly the large losses in thermal sources. It therefore generally grossly undercounts non thermal renewable energy sources .
781:
618:, for example, uses primary (source) energy for its energy overviews but site energy for its Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey and Residential Building Energy Consumption Survey. The US
774:
177:) is the sum of production and imports, plus or minus stock changes, minus exports and international bunker storage. The International Recommendations for Energy Statistics (IRES) prefers
712:
1138:
957:
198:, as well as in the field of energetics. In energetics, a primary energy source (PES) refers to the energy forms required by the energy sector to generate the supply of
1255:
1162:
151:) is the energy found in nature that has not been subjected to any human engineered conversion process. It encompasses energy contained in raw
619:
667:
thermal renewables (which is not necessary as conversion losses do not need to be replaced) has been termed the "primary energy fallacy".
1187:
614:
Either site or source energy can be an appropriate metric when comparing or analyzing energy use of different facilities. The U.S
1282:
1902:
973:
806:
1946:
1621:
923:
576:, primary energy sources cannot be produced. They must be available to society to enable the production of energy carriers.
583:
181:
to refer to this indicator. These expressions are often used to describe the total energy supply of a national territory.
2088:
824:
627:
842:
615:
219:
941:
2029:
498:
191:
83:
2039:
1221:
866:
1043:
187:
is a carrier of energy, such as electricity. These are produced by conversion from a primary energy source.
2209:
1569:
211:
2128:
1387:
1275:
368:
1091:"Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
1021:
2034:
1892:
1554:
1499:
1479:
1474:
314:
1963:
1307:
977:
2236:
2185:
2123:
2108:
1504:
1484:
87:
1636:
1532:
1459:
1449:
1330:
1268:
573:
160:
1114:
1576:
1367:
1115:"Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
1090:
352:
1188:"IEA underreports contribution solar and wind by a factor of three compared to fossil fuels"
948:
by David A. Dobson, Ph.D., Welty
Environmental Center Feature Article, accessed July 9, 2009
231:
components (or conversion processes) through which they are converted into energy carriers.
2024:
1997:
1975:
1882:
1815:
1564:
1494:
1439:
631:
532:
processes to more convenient forms of energy that can directly be used by society, such as
420:
8:
2103:
2046:
1968:
1941:
1626:
1489:
1464:
565:(is highly ordered) and so can be converted into other forms of energy very efficiently.
469:
348:
20:
524:
Primary energy sources are transformed by the energy sector to generate energy carriers.
223:
Share of fossil fuels, nuclear and renewable energy in global primary energy consumption
2083:
2061:
2051:
1887:
697:
582:
varies. For thermal energy, electricity and mechanical energy production is limited by
579:
2192:
1985:
1810:
1671:
1631:
1601:
1586:
1559:
1469:
1372:
1312:
1302:
1230:
1163:"DOE Releases Common Definition for Zero Energy Buildings, Campuses, and Communities"
919:
838:
533:
529:
493:
410:
195:
885:
2144:
2118:
2113:
2093:
2078:
1919:
1909:
1689:
1616:
1352:
830:
752:
649:
for the United States 2016 shows that 66.4% of primary energy ends up as waste heat
566:
461:
380:
164:
70:
54:
974:"Measuring energy: site energy vs. source energy in ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager"
2231:
2173:
2154:
2068:
1835:
1750:
1606:
1596:
1581:
1539:
1444:
1394:
1345:
1250:
945:
692:
658:
343:
323:
2149:
2098:
2073:
1877:
1842:
1765:
1681:
1661:
1656:
1641:
1611:
1591:
1549:
1527:
1509:
1409:
1399:
1335:
1000:
731:
646:
549:
520:
260:
199:
2225:
2197:
2056:
2016:
1980:
1936:
1862:
1825:
1743:
1666:
1434:
1429:
1382:
1362:
834:
707:
684:
663:
541:
414:
228:
999:
Torcellini, Paul; Pless, Shanti; Deru, Michael; Crawley, Drury (June 2006).
1953:
1897:
1847:
1830:
1651:
1424:
1357:
744:
654:
456:
392:
387:
293:
552:
and correspond to the concept of "secondary energy" in energy statistics.
1958:
1924:
1798:
1788:
1731:
1714:
1699:
1646:
1544:
938:
916:
The
Biofuel Delusion: The Fallacy of Large Scale Agro-Biofuels Production
864:
623:
608:
603:
sub-building level and is the basis for energy charges on utility bills.
432:
398:
327:
309:
278:
1992:
1914:
1852:
1820:
1760:
1454:
702:
587:
443:
642:
555:
2002:
1929:
1803:
1783:
1755:
1694:
748:
465:
437:
287:
713:
List of countries by total primary energy consumption and production
1738:
1719:
1704:
1404:
1066:
319:
298:
155:
and other forms of energy, including waste, received as input to a
1872:
1414:
1010:. National Renewable Energy Laboratory/U.S. Department of Energy.
826:
OECD Factbook 2013: Economic, Environmental and Social
Statistics
678:
562:
479:
363:
1216:
2006; Last revised August 14, 2007; Retrieved
November 15, 2007.
1419:
1340:
1291:
591:
545:
515:
156:
1067:"Total Energy - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
537:
1793:
1726:
1709:
1377:
305:
152:
1001:"Zero energy buildings: a critical look at the definition"
998:
1260:
253:
241:
16:
Energy form not subjected to any human conversion process
799:
227:
Primary energy sources should not be confused with the
29:
World total primary energy consumption by type in 2020
918:. Earthscan, Taylor & Francis group. p. 336.
909:
907:
236:
674:
1256:
Our Energy
Futures glossary: Primary Energy Sources
904:
868:
556:
Conversion to energy carriers (or secondary energy)
865:Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2018).
377:
2223:
913:
892:. Washington, DC: U.S. Energy Information Agency
637:
626:program recommends using source energy, and the
1139:"The difference between source and site energy"
829:. OECD Factbook. OECD Publishing. p. 108.
1276:
82:World total primary energy supply of 162,494
874:. New York: United Nations. p. 105,137.
775:"Statistical Review of World Energy (2021)"
215:Global primary energy consumption by source
1283:
1269:
1223:Definition of primary and secondary energy
528:Primary energy sources are transformed in
1251:The Encyclopedia of Earth: Primary energy
1219:
653:Where primary energy is used to describe
597:
968:
966:
914:Giampietro, Mario; Mayumi, Kozo (2009).
641:
630:uses site energy in its definition of a
569:is another example of secondary energy.
519:
218:
210:
190:Primary energy is used as a measure in
120: Non-OECD Asia (w/o China) (13.4%)
2224:
1903:Integrated gasification combined cycle
386:
275:
268:
206:
1947:Radioisotope thermoelectric generator
1622:Quantum chromodynamics binding energy
1264:
1185:
963:
108: Non-OECD Europe /Eurasia (8.0%)
2180:
1044:"Technical Reference: Source Energy"
939:"Energy and the Natural Environment"
822:
2204:
2089:World energy supply and consumption
787:from the original on 15 August 2021
13:
1220:Ăvergaard, Sara (September 2008).
1209:
807:"2019 Key World Energy Statistics"
14:
2248:
1244:
616:Energy Information Administration
2203:
2191:
2179:
2168:
2167:
677:
509:
90:) by region in 2017 (IEA, 2019)
1179:
1155:
1131:
1107:
1083:
1059:
1036:
1014:
992:
951:
620:Environmental Protection Agency
474:Mechanical work or electricity
450:Mechanical work or electricity
138: Bunkers (marine/air) (3%)
1186:Sauar, Erik (31 August 2017).
1022:"Site Energy vs Source Energy"
932:
878:
858:
816:
767:
737:
724:
126: Non-OECD Americas (4.4%)
1:
761:
638:Conversion factor conventions
540:, or synthetic fuels such as
7:
670:
455:Falling and flowing water,
171:Total primary energy supply
10:
2253:
1290:
513:
18:
2163:
2137:
2013:
1893:Fossil fuel power station
1861:
1774:
1680:
1555:Electric potential energy
1520:
1500:Thermodynamic temperature
1480:Thermodynamic free energy
1475:Thermodynamic equilibrium
1321:
1298:
586:, and generates a lot of
548:, these forms are called
333:
315:Fossil fuel power station
179:total energy supply (TES)
47: Natural Gas (24.7%)
1964:Concentrated solar power
978:Natural Resources Canada
835:10.1787/factbook-2013-en
718:
632:zero net energy building
503:Enthalpy or electricity
499:Geothermal power station
488:Enthalpy or electricity
373:Enthalpy or electricity
159:. Primary energy can be
102: Middle East (5.4%)
1505:Volume (thermodynamics)
1485:Thermodynamic potential
1388:Massâenergy equivalence
628:US Department of Energy
369:Thorium breeder reactor
250:Energy system component
1460:Quantum thermodynamics
1450:Laws of thermodynamics
1331:Conservation of energy
650:
598:Site and source energy
574:laws of thermodynamics
525:
238:Primary energy sources
224:
216:
194:in the compilation of
1577:Interatomic potential
1368:Energy transformation
645:
580:Conversion efficiency
523:
353:thermonuclear fission
222:
214:
2025:Efficient energy use
1998:Airborne wind energy
1976:Solar thermal energy
1883:Electricity delivery
1495:Thermodynamic system
1440:Irreversible process
960:Retrieved 2017-11-03
958:U.S. EPA Energy STAR
485:Biomass power plant
421:Solar thermal energy
63: Nuclear (4.3%)
19:For other uses, see
2047:Energy conservation
1969:Photovoltaic system
1942:Nuclear power plant
1627:Quantum fluctuation
1490:Thermodynamic state
1465:Thermal equilibrium
470:tidal power station
349:Nuclear power plant
207:Examples of sources
132: Africa (5.8%)
2084:Sustainable energy
2062:Energy development
2052:Energy consumption
1888:Energy engineering
1143:www.energystar.gov
1008:ACEEE Summer Study
944:2008-10-24 at the
698:Energy development
651:
544:. In the field of
526:
462:Hydropower station
225:
217:
41: Coal (27.2%)
2219:
2218:
1986:Solar power tower
1632:Quantum potential
1470:Thermal reservoir
1373:Energy transition
1231:Statistics Norway
925:978-1-84407-681-9
572:According to the
534:electrical energy
530:energy conversion
507:
506:
494:Geothermal energy
411:Solar power tower
192:energy statistics
114: China (22%)
35: Oil (31.2%)
2244:
2207:
2206:
2195:
2183:
2182:
2171:
2170:
2145:Carbon footprint
2079:Renewable energy
1920:Hydroelectricity
1910:Geothermal power
1353:Energy condition
1285:
1278:
1271:
1262:
1261:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1228:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
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1174:
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1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1135:
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1111:
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1101:
1087:
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1080:
1078:
1077:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1024:. The World Bank
1018:
1012:
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1005:
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990:
989:
987:
985:
970:
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955:
949:
936:
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929:
911:
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901:
899:
897:
886:"Primary energy"
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814:
813:
811:
803:
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786:
779:
771:
756:
753:depleted uranium
741:
735:
730:At the scale of
728:
687:
682:
681:
584:Carnot's theorem
567:District heating
234:
233:
185:Secondary energy
137:
131:
125:
119:
113:
107:
101:
96: OECD (38%)
95:
68:
62:
52:
46:
40:
34:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2159:
2155:Waste-to-energy
2133:
2069:Energy security
2015:
2009:
1865:
1857:
1836:Natural uranium
1770:
1751:Mechanical wave
1682:Energy carriers
1676:
1516:
1445:Isolated system
1323:
1317:
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1247:
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1210:Further reading
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980:. 28 March 2017
972:
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946:Wayback Machine
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693:Energy industry
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659:embodied energy
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550:energy carriers
518:
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364:Natural thorium
344:Natural uranium
337:
324:mechanical work
290:(or crude oil)
280:
261:Energy carriers
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200:energy carriers
196:energy balances
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2237:Thermodynamics
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2150:Jevons paradox
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2074:Energy storage
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1878:Electric power
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1776:Primary energy
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1410:Entropic force
1407:
1400:Thermodynamics
1397:
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1390:
1385:
1375:
1370:
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1245:External links
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780:. p. 13.
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732:earth sciences
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705:
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669:
647:Sankey diagram
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514:Main article:
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145:Primary energy
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69: Others (
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2018:
2012:
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1996:
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1991:
1987:
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1982:
1981:Solar furnace
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1967:
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1948:
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1937:Nuclear power
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1565:Gravitational
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510:Usable energy
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271:Non-renewable
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229:energy system
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161:non-renewable
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89:
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56:
53: Hydro (
30:
22:
2208:
2196:
2184:
2172:
1954:Oil refinery
1898:Cogeneration
1831:Nuclear fuel
1775:
1637:Quintessence
1425:Free entropy
1358:Energy level
1322:Fundamental
1234:. Retrieved
1222:
1196:. Retrieved
1191:
1181:
1170:. Retrieved
1166:
1157:
1146:. Retrieved
1142:
1133:
1122:. Retrieved
1118:
1109:
1098:. Retrieved
1094:
1085:
1074:. Retrieved
1070:
1061:
1050:. Retrieved
1038:
1026:. Retrieved
1016:
1007:
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982:. Retrieved
953:
934:
915:
894:. Retrieved
889:
880:
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860:
848:. Retrieved
825:
818:
812:. IEA. 2019.
801:
789:. Retrieved
769:
739:
726:
655:fossil fuels
652:
613:
605:
601:
578:
571:
559:
527:
457:tidal energy
441:
418:
405:Electricity
396:
393:Photovoltaic
388:Solar energy
379:
378:
358:Electricity
335:
334:
294:Oil refinery
277:
276:
270:
269:
259:
254:
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242:
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226:
189:
184:
183:
178:
174:
170:
169:
148:
144:
143:
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28:
2210:WikiProject
2030:Agriculture
1959:Solar power
1925:Tidal power
1799:Natural gas
1789:Fossil fuel
1732:Latent heat
1700:Electricity
1119:www.eia.gov
1095:www.eia.gov
1071:www.eia.gov
1028:November 8,
984:November 8,
624:Energy STAR
609:Energy STAR
433:Wind energy
399:Solar power
328:electricity
310:natural gas
86:(or 13,792
2226:Categories
1993:Wind power
1915:Hydropower
1866:components
1821:Hydropower
1811:Geothermal
1761:Sound wave
1672:Zero-point
1602:Mechanical
1587:Ionization
1560:Electrical
1455:Negentropy
1336:Energetics
1236:2016-12-17
1229:. Norway:
1172:2017-11-20
1167:Energy.gov
1148:2017-11-09
1124:2017-11-09
1100:2017-11-09
1076:2017-11-09
1052:2017-11-09
762:References
747:, such as
703:Energy mix
588:waste heat
546:energetics
536:, refined
444:Wind power
71:renewables
55:renewables
2104:Australia
2040:Transport
2035:Computing
2003:Wind farm
1930:Wave farm
1804:Petroleum
1784:Bioenergy
1756:Radiation
1695:Capacitor
1617:Potential
896:18 August
850:16 August
791:19 August
749:plutonium
466:wave farm
442:see also
438:Wind farm
427:Enthalpy
419:see also
397:see also
381:Renewable
243:converted
165:renewable
2174:Category
1739:Hydrogen
1705:Enthalpy
1607:Negative
1597:Magnetic
1582:Internal
1540:Chemical
1405:Enthalpy
1324:concepts
1198:22 April
942:Archived
890:Glossary
782:Archived
671:See also
482:sources
320:Enthalpy
299:Fuel oil
73:) (5.7%)
57:) (6.9%)
2186:Commons
2014:Use and
1873:Biomass
1843:Radiant
1690:Battery
1662:Thermal
1657:Surface
1642:Radiant
1612:Phantom
1592:Kinetic
1570:Binding
1550:Elastic
1533:Nuclear
1528:Binding
1415:Entropy
1313:Outline
1303:History
563:entropy
480:Biomass
336:Mineral
2232:Energy
2198:Portal
2119:Mexico
2114:Europe
2109:Canada
2094:Africa
2017:supply
1826:Marine
1715:Fossil
1667:Vacuum
1420:Exergy
1341:Energy
1292:Energy
922:
841:
657:, the
592:exergy
516:exergy
279:Fossil
263:(main)
157:system
136:
130:
124:
118:
112:
106:
100:
94:
67:
61:
51:
45:
39:
33:
2138:Misc.
1848:Solar
1652:Sound
1521:Types
1395:Power
1346:Units
1308:Index
1227:(PDF)
1047:(PDF)
1004:(PDF)
872:(PDF)
810:(PDF)
785:(PDF)
778:(PDF)
743:Some
719:Notes
538:fuels
338:fuels
281:fuels
153:fuels
2099:Asia
1853:Wind
1794:Coal
1766:Work
1727:Heat
1710:Fuel
1647:Rest
1545:Dark
1510:Work
1378:Mass
1200:2018
1030:2017
986:2017
920:ISBN
898:2021
852:2021
839:ISBN
793:2021
306:Coal
175:TPES
88:Mtoe
1720:Oil
831:doi
751:or
622:'s
326:or
308:or
288:Oil
163:or
84:TWh
2228::
1190:.
1165:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
