33:
484:
2134:
2086:
2098:
2110:
503:, an unreformed primer according to the Sarum Use was printed in Paris. The Reformation saw primers produced in a similarly proliferate fashion; in the 13 years following the 1534 break, 28 editions were printed in English. Reformed vernacular translations of the primer were officially authorized by the Church of England and printed that same year as English ecclesial independence. In 1535, printer and translator
653:
2122:
1551:
663:
Although the royal injunctions prohibited the print of any other primers, Elizabeth permitted the publication of a more reformed primer in 1560. This permission did not allow it to replace or serve as alternative to the 1559 primer and was never authorized for educating children; it deleted the 1553
453:
Typically, the liturgical contents of primers—both manuscripts and printed editions—would be wholly in Latin. While some late 15th-century
English-language manuscript primers rendered the Little Office, the Office of the Dead, and the Psalms into English, printers in England would officially produce
601:
bent than Henry's primer but retained traditional elements. In 1553, a new
Edwardine primer appeared towards the end of the young king's reign; this latter primer reflected an further degree of reformed theology. These protestantizing deviations were followed by a reversion to pre-Reformation Sarum
474:
successfully imported foreign-printed vernacular primers in the 1530s despite official efforts to suppress this trade. While importation would sometimes be restricted, at least 60 percent of
English breviaries, books of hours, primers, and manuals came from abroad during the first half of the 16th
537:
replaced the medieval patterns. The king's primer, authorized directly by the monarch, was printed in at least two versions in 1545. This primer would establish the pattern of
English prayer books and private devotion for the next century, enabling and officially encouraging the laity to worship
194:
Laity in
Western Christendom would attend recitation of the Divine Office, with women noted to have said the prayers in a low voice. However, the time needed to thoroughly learn the intricacies of the breviaries proved prohibitive to laypersons. Those devotions which were mostly invariable were
274:
and later printed primers became the primary devotional literature of the
English laity. The first printed primer was published in Latin in 1494 and contained additional devotions to the typical but unstandardized pattern. Religious literature, including primers, accounted for a substantial
557:. The Sarum and York primer's wedding exhortation and a matrimonial homily were included in the 1549 prayer book, though the blessings of the ring and bride-bed present in the Sarum primer were deleted. Henrician primers likely greatly influenced the generation which became leaders under
719:
in the mid-19th century. In the introduction to these editions, Clay identified the 1559 and 1566 versions and 1575 edition of the primers as among the variety of authorized devotionals in the
Elizabethan period, in distinction from the Edwardian forms reprinted during the 16th-century.
672:
Primer"–continued through the end of
Elizabeth's reign. Despite the prohibition against it, they were likely used for teaching children with an alphabet inserted into one edition printed around 1564. It is possible Elizabeth allowed the 1553-styled primers due to their proximity to the
1552:"The Post-Tridentine English Primer. By J. M. Blom. (Catholic Record Society Publications (monograph series), vol. 3.) Pp. viii + 282. The Netherlands: Catholic Record Society, 1982. ÂŁ10 from Dr Blom, c/o The English Institute K.U. Postbus 9103, 6500 HD Nijmegen, The Netherlands"
789:
The total printed editions of
English primers until 1549 are known for both the Sarum and York Uses–with 184 and 5 respectively–and demonstrate, alongside totals of other liturgical books printed in the same period, the "overwhelming predominance" of the Sarum Use in
552:
published the same year. The significant popularity of primers in the century preceding the
Reformation has been identified as contributing English lay familiarity with the canonical hours–particularly the Psalms, prayers, and litanies–as contained within the
178:
use that were gradually viewed as obligatory within those communities. However, it is likely that the distinction between these devotions and the Divine Office were maintained and understood by those employing them. The earliest of these accretions were the
742:
historian John Aveling disputed this thesis and argued that English primers had a limited circulation in small but consistent community. Aveling that the English prose was of similar quality in Catholic primers as in contemporary Protestant devotionals.
522:–also in English and Latin–superseded these prior editions and included a 1544 reformed litany and additional devotions An injunction accompanied this primer, imploring schoolmasters to use it in teaching children to read and learn prayers. Produced by
645:. The 1559 primer was intended as a means for schoolmasters to teach children how to read and write and included Henry's order for its use as such. The more traditional primer patterns preserved under Elizabeth may have been responsible for the later
632:
in 1564. The other categories p Elizabeth's royal injunctions introduced the 1559 primer based on the 1551 model. Among the few deviations from the moderately reformed 1551 primer were the removal of the litany's deprecation of the
606:'s five-year reign; there were 34 editions of the primer published under Mary. Despite Queen Mary's anti-Protestantism, many of the psalms and prayers in the authorized 1555 primer were in common with the 1545 king's primer.
699:
primers continued to compete with official Anglican catechisms through the 18th century. By 1604, publication of devotional literature no longer required royal initiative and the 1553 pattern was more widely accepted.
755:
found in a 1706 Catholic primer. A renewed edition of the Catholic primer was officially sanctioned in the early 20th century, but was coolly received and failed to attain the same popularity as in prior centuries.
279:
oriented towards private devotion, including adaptions of the Psalms, sermons, and religious educational texts. Since English demand outstripped domestic printing capacity, Parisian printers like
427:, formed a significant aspect of English lay devotion both within and outside the primer. Traditionally, primers also had a tendency to include eccentric and superstitious devotions.
637:
and the addition of the new "An order for Morning Prayer daily through the year". This latter change was most likely a late interpolation intended to align the primer with the 1559
738:. Historian of English literature J.M. Blom argued that the 42 editions of Catholic primers printed between 1599 and 1800 were of great historical and literary importance;
1511:
848:
Women's Books of Hours in Medieval England: Selected Texts Translated from Latin, Anglo-Norman French and Middle English with Introduction and Interpretative Essay
395:
in the liturgy. Among the most popular devotions to the Passion that appeared within pre-Reformation Sarum primers was the prayer "Oh bone Gesu", derived from
1998:
266:
The 14th century saw the primer become a valued devotional text among the laity, a value modern historians have understood through its regular inclusion in
207:
would, alongside the Little Office, form the basis of primers for several centuries. Historians differ in what constituted a medieval primer vis-Ă -vis an
1612:
134:
editions were occasionally produced up to the 20th century, though in limited numbers. Eventually their popularity as Christian texts waned as the word "
664:
primer's phrase that the text was meant to be "taught, learned, read, and used." Printing of similarly unauthorized books–distinguishing themselves as "
235:
treated them as synonymous in pre-Reformation England regardless of which language they were written in. Editions of the primers would match the local
1399:
1757:
1752:
1446:
799:
Cranmer's 1544 litany combined several scriptural and Sarum elements that had been previously combined in a similar way by William Marshall's 1535
609:
The restoration of Reformation principles with Elizabeth I's ascent to the English throne saw the primer increasingly associated with the
1690:
450:, accompanied by gifts to the poor, would often be recited at funerals and during the "month's mind" and anniversary of a given death.
275:
proportion of all publications in England through the early 16th century. Bound books like primers were supplemented by a variety of
1981:
188:
80:
1605:
624:
program to restore traditional worship in a reformed context and was soon accompanied by two other authorized devotional books:
32:
2028:
1925:
434:, the Latin word for the Matins and Lauds of the Office of the Dead as they were contained in primers, that the English word "
1672:
1556:
1458:
1285:
1112:
2174:
1988:
391:
was heavily emphasized within medieval piety, forming the center of English private devotion akin to the centrality of the
703:
English Protestant devotional primers were occasionally published through 1870, with three Henrician primers reprinted by
255:
practices. Standardization of these devotions and the early primers would generally occur within monastic communities and
748:
2164:
2154:
1993:
1951:
1598:
409:
that remained salient from the 14th century through to the Reformation. Another popular prayer in English primers was "
691:. It was during this period that the primers increasingly lost their religious emphasis and were adapted into secular
1847:
1494:
1379:
1343:
1199:
929:
1920:
1679:
687:, the Church of England's primers from 1559 until their gradual disuse retained the Office of the Dead but deleted
621:
695:. These secular texts remained influenced by the patterns present in religious primers while overtly catechizing
2159:
280:
1516:
696:
504:
574:
would become the first book printed in Welsh. This text lacked the canonical hours and featured significant
1856:
1841:
1794:
1742:
1717:
1710:
1695:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
674:
614:
546:
529:, the new primer reflected his difficulty in liturgical reform. Cranmer's reformed litany, much-shortened
1730:
1722:
1486:
1371:
1178:
1154:
1976:
2076:
1565:
1243:
1104:
723:
Catholic primers continued to see occasional production. Among them was a 1599 translation of the post-
716:
704:
656:
71:. While the contents of primers have varied dependent on edition, they often contained portions of the
2179:
2169:
1834:
1702:
1419:
495:
At least 116 editions of the Sarum primer were produced between 1478 and 1534; immediately prior to
2008:
1808:
523:
180:
83:. Medieval primers were often similar to and sometimes considered synonymous with the also popular
170:
forwarded the view that the contents of these primers were pious devotional developments from the
1525:
1335:
1277:
921:
708:
26:
641:. With the 1559 Elizabethan primer, both Matins and Vespers were consolidated under the name of
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1777:
1183:
76:
21:
This article is about the Christian prayer book. For the related type of secular textbook, see
2043:
2038:
1628:
1191:
1096:
909:
870:
712:
2018:
1146:
1074:
960:
684:
396:
8:
2102:
1395:
851:
467:
454:
none that translated these elements into the vernacular prior to the independence of the
446:
being among the first words recited of the evening and morning offices respectively. The
111:
2138:
2048:
1783:
1236:
Elizabeth and the English Reformation: The Struggle for a Stable Settlement of Religion
765:
267:
196:
1637:
1490:
1454:
1375:
1339:
1281:
1247:
1195:
1108:
925:
692:
603:
507:
collaborated with John Byddell to produce a second reformed English primer. In 1539,
455:
380:
260:
256:
215:: Alan Jacobs described the primary distinction between the texts being that, in the
158:
in the 14th century that developed out of and in correspondence with editions of the
135:
119:
22:
2058:
2053:
2023:
2013:
1569:
1536:
1443:
The Rise and Fall of the Incomparable Liturgy: The Book of Common Prayer, 1559–1906
1029:
731:
724:
688:
646:
597:, a revised version of Henry's primer was introduced in 1551. This text had a less
511:
produced a more conservative translation that retained some Latin at the behest of
414:
388:
374:
2063:
1863:
1827:
1737:
1474:
1438:
1306:
1662 and All That: Commemorating the Third Centenary of the Book of Common Prayer
1062:
948:
566:
530:
512:
500:
232:
184:
171:
131:
659:
produced influential reprints of three Henrican primers during the 19th century.
578:
elements; its educational qualities have been compared to the later Elizabethan
2126:
2114:
1930:
1880:
1815:
1801:
1270:
Shakespeare's Common Prayers: The Book of Common Prayer and the Elizabethan Age
526:
338:
323:
224:
104:
88:
44:
1573:
1179:
The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England, c.1400 to c.1580
1033:
2148:
1915:
1890:
1359:
1331:
1039:
998:
956:
579:
483:
423:
417:, the prayer contained seven short sections and was connected to substantial
236:
212:
167:
84:
1590:
2133:
2090:
1935:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1885:
1482:
1367:
1323:
421:. This prayer, which originated by the 9th-century and is found within the
368:
353:
1512:"The Christian's ABC: Catechisms and catechizing in England, c. 1530-1740"
466:
or its contents was prohibited in England. To circumvent this, some early
1450:
1187:
1173:
905:
744:
558:
508:
459:
248:
216:
151:
123:
60:
36:
A 1902 reproduction of an illustration from a 1502 Parisian Sarum primer
2085:
1910:
1100:
571:
545:
in 1547 and 1549, the latter with the revised Litany as present in the
496:
418:
401:
271:
240:
115:
1239:
874:
739:
610:
598:
594:
583:
542:
361:
244:
175:
405:. This and other primer prayers would also emphasize a kinship with
770:
575:
471:
392:
304:
300:
276:
159:
150:
While the etymology of the word "primer" in reference to a type of
139:
127:
538:
according to the public services of the church in their own home.
2097:
1477:(1986). "Books, Liturgical: 4. Anglican". In Davies, J.G. (ed.).
1150:
816:, the canonical hours in Latin, was published again in 1573. The
735:
491:, a 1546 primer that became the first Welsh-language printed book
204:
187:. Further additions came with the 10th-century ascendancy of the
68:
1251:
652:
223:
were in Latin; Charity Scott-Stokes described the former as the
1309:
1273:
1070:
1006:
917:
317:
239:
in their ordering of the Psalms, with known variations for the
200:
72:
820:, also in Latin, was published again in 1568, 1573, and 1574.
680:
which had been adapted as the 1559 prayer book she approved.
463:
435:
406:
334:
252:
155:
64:
904:
219:, books known as primers were in English and those known as
1005:. The Oxford Library of Practical Theology (3rd ed.).
752:
634:
877:: Catechetical Guild Educational Society. p. 276-277.
110:
Primers remained popular during and immediately after the
1400:"Yny Lhyvyr Hwnn (1546): The Earliest Welsh Printed Book"
286:
715:
edited a series of Elizabethan devotionals published by
478:
291:
The contents of one primer dating from circa 1400 were:
2074:
707:
in the early 19th century among the most influential
499:'s full separation of the Church of England from the
154:
is unknown, primers originated in texts produced for
1394:
1042:: Robert Appleton Company – via NewAdvent.org.
1362:(1986). "Canonical hours". In Davies, J.G. (ed.).
649:'s positive sentiments towards catholic devotion.
138:" came to be associated with secular introductory
1479:The Westminster Dictionary of Liturgy and Worship
1445:. Alcuin Club Collections. Vol. 92. London:
1364:The Westminster Dictionary of Liturgy and Worship
1028:
411:Adoro re, Domine Jesu Christe, in crude pendentem
2146:
1447:Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge
947:
613:also produced during her reign, as well as the
296:1. Matins and lesser hours of the Little Office
270:from 1323 onward. During the late Middle Ages,
195:adapted into primers. The introduction of the
1620:
1606:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1358:
1322:
1312:: A.R. Mowbray & Co. Limited. p. 25.
1263:
1261:
914:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
1172:
865:Broderick, Robert C., ed. (1944). "Prymer".
845:
1404:The Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
1613:
1599:
1426:
1258:
992:
990:
943:
941:
620:. The 1559 Elizabethan primer was part of
59:) is the name for a variety of devotional
997:Pullan, Leighton (1901). Newbolt, W.C.E;
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
864:
850:. Library of Medieval Women. Woodbridge:
683:Despite some reformed sentiments towards
1233:
1208:
1086:
1084:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1003:The History of the Book of Common Prayer
881:
751:, is thought to have translated several
651:
541:Henry VIII's primer was reprinted under
482:
462:, the production of translations of the
283:dominated the market for Sarum primers.
189:Little Office of the Blessed Virgin Mary
81:Little Office of the Blessed Virgin Mary
63:that originated among educated medieval
31:
1549:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
938:
841:
839:
837:
2147:
2029:General Synod of the Church of England
1509:
1473:
1437:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1093:The Book of Common Prayer: A Biography
1090:
1061:
996:
967:
322:6. Vespers of the Office of the Dead (
287:Pre-Reformation contents and variation
1594:
1557:The Journal of Ecclesiastical History
1267:
1140:
1081:
1046:
1013:
479:English Reformation and later primers
313:4. Fifteen Psalms (Psalms of Degrees)
130:educational tool for schoolchildren.
67:in the 14th century, particularly in
1145:. University of Florida Monographs.
1121:
834:
1294:
1161:
1143:Prayer in Sixteenth-Century England
602:primer formulas under the Catholic
13:
14:
2191:
1999:Worship and Doctrine Measure 1974
2132:
2120:
2108:
2096:
2084:
1680:Episcopal Church (United States)
622:Elizabethan Religious Settlement
413:". Commonly associated with the
1543:
1503:
1467:
1388:
1352:
1316:
806:
793:
783:
728:Officium Beatae Mariae Virginis
1510:Hughes, Ann (September 1998).
858:
846:Scott-Stokes, Charity (2006).
1:
1517:The English Historical Review
1234:Haugaard, William P. (1968).
1067:A History of Anglican Liturgy
951:, ed. (1962). "Primer, The".
827:
122:, where it developed into an
1857:The Holy Eucharist: Rite Two
1842:Book of Alternative Services
1795:Directory for Public Worship
1718:Episcopal Church of Scotland
867:Concise Catholic Dicitionary
7:
2175:Roman Rite liturgical books
1550:Aveling, John (July 1982).
1155:University of Florida Press
759:
337:of the Office of the Dead (
10:
2196:
1566:Cambridge University Press
1244:Cambridge University Press
1182:(1st paperback ed.).
1105:Princeton University Press
1009:: Longmans, Green, and Co.
588:The ABC with the Catechism
145:
77:Latin liturgical practices
20:
2165:Catholic liturgical books
2155:Anglican liturgical books
1944:
1873:
1835:The Anglican Service Book
1766:
1703:Anglican Church of Canada
1626:
1621:Anglican liturgical books
1574:10.1017/S0022046900026786
1420:National Library of Wales
912:, eds. (1997). "Primer".
348:8. Psalms of Commendation
95:); typically, a medieval
2009:Hampton Court Conference
1809:Alternative Service Book
1758:1845 illuminated version
1753:1843 illustrated version
1668:Liturgy of Comprehension
1328:The European Reformation
776:
711:reprints of the period.
564:A 1546 modified primer,
524:Archbishop of Canterbury
181:Seven Penitential Psalms
1526:Oxford University Press
1278:Oxford University Press
1141:Kelly, Faye L. (1966).
922:Oxford University Press
533:, and less penitential
166:. Liturgical historian
1778:Exhortation and Litany
1767:Other liturgical books
1268:Swift, Daniel (2013).
1073:: St. Martin's Press,
1032:(1911). "The Primer".
660:
492:
342:
327:
92:
48:
37:
25:. For other uses, see
2160:Book of Common Prayer
2044:Vestarian controversy
2039:Prayer Book Rebellion
1849:Book of Common Prayer
1629:Book of Common Prayer
1537:Gale Academic OneFile
1304:Morgan, Dewi (1962).
1192:Yale University Press
1091:Jacobs, Alan (2013).
1035:Catholic Encyclopedia
953:A Catholic Dictionary
713:William Keatinge Clay
677:Book of Common Prayer
668:Primer" rather than "
655:
639:Book of Common Prayer
617:Book of Common Prayer
555:Book of Common Prayer
549:Book of Common Prayer
486:
310:3. Penitential Psalms
99:was referred to as a
35:
16:Christian prayer book
2019:Westminster Assembly
1982:1663 Explanation Act
1396:Gruffydd, R. Geraint
1075:Macmillan Publishers
852:Boydell & Brewer
685:prayers for the dead
397:Anselm of Canterbury
307:of the Little Office
199:and its variants of
1994:1874 Regulation Act
531:liturgical calendar
520:King Henry's Primer
261:collegiate chapters
112:English Reformation
2049:Millenary Petition
1952:Acts of Uniformity
1784:Edwardine Ordinals
766:Edwardine Ordinals
747:, England's first
661:
493:
487:The title page of
197:Office of the Dead
51:; Middle English:
38:
2072:
2071:
1773:Church of England
1749:Special printings
1638:Church of England
1487:Westminster Press
1460:978-0-281-07605-5
1372:Westminster Press
1287:978-0-19-983856-1
1114:978-0-691-15481-7
1030:Thurston, Herbert
961:Macmillan Company
910:Livingstone, E.A.
732:Richard Verstegan
468:English Reformers
456:Church of England
381:Seven deadly sins
281:François Regnault
120:Church of England
23:Primer (textbook)
2187:
2180:Welsh literature
2170:Marian devotions
2137:
2136:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2101:
2100:
2089:
2088:
2080:
2059:Nonjuring schism
2024:Savoy Conference
2014:Caroline Divines
1615:
1608:
1601:
1592:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1532:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1439:Spinks, Bryan D.
1435:
1424:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1301:
1292:
1291:
1265:
1256:
1255:
1231:
1206:
1205:
1170:
1159:
1158:
1138:
1119:
1118:
1088:
1079:
1078:
1069:(1st ed.).
1059:
1044:
1043:
1038:. Vol. 12.
1026:
1011:
1010:
994:
965:
964:
955:(3rd ed.).
949:Attwater, Donald
945:
936:
935:
924:. p. 1327.
916:(3rd ed.).
902:
879:
878:
862:
856:
855:
843:
821:
810:
804:
797:
791:
787:
730:into English by
693:primer textbooks
689:Marian devotions
647:Caroline Divines
518:Another primer,
505:William Marshall
389:Passion of Jesus
375:Ten Commandments
162:and the related
2195:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2095:
2083:
2075:
2073:
2068:
2064:Oxford Movement
2005:Revising groups
1940:
1869:
1864:Sunday Services
1828:Anglican Missal
1762:
1738:Church in Wales
1622:
1619:
1589:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1548:
1544:
1530:
1528:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1489:. p. 101.
1472:
1468:
1461:
1436:
1427:
1413:
1411:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1374:. p. 145.
1357:
1353:
1346:
1338:. p. 283.
1336:Clarendon Press
1321:
1317:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1266:
1259:
1232:
1209:
1202:
1171:
1162:
1139:
1122:
1115:
1089:
1082:
1060:
1047:
1027:
1014:
995:
968:
946:
939:
932:
903:
882:
863:
859:
844:
835:
830:
825:
824:
818:Preces Privatae
811:
807:
798:
794:
788:
784:
779:
762:
734:and printed in
630:Preces Privatae
567:Yny lhyvyr hwnn
513:Thomas Cromwell
501:Catholic Church
489:Yny lhyvyr hwnn
481:
415:Wounds of Jesus
385:
289:
233:Geoffrey Cuming
148:
55:, also spelled
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2193:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2142:
2141:
2129:
2117:
2105:
2093:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1977:Clarendon Code
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1931:Samuel Seabury
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1881:Thomas Cranmer
1877:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1816:Common Worship
1812:
1805:
1802:English Missal
1798:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1632:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1595:
1587:
1586:
1542:
1502:
1495:
1466:
1459:
1425:
1387:
1380:
1351:
1344:
1315:
1293:
1286:
1257:
1207:
1200:
1160:
1120:
1113:
1080:
1045:
1012:
999:Stone, Darwell
966:
937:
930:
880:
857:
832:
831:
829:
826:
823:
822:
805:
792:
781:
780:
778:
775:
774:
773:
768:
761:
758:
527:Thomas Cranmer
480:
477:
438:" is derived;
384:
383:
377:
371:
365:
357:
349:
346:
333:7. Matins and
331:
320:
314:
311:
308:
297:
293:
288:
285:
237:liturgical use
225:Middle English
185:Fifteen Psalms
147:
144:
105:Middle English
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2192:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2106:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2054:Bishops' Wars
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1926:William White
1924:
1922:
1921:William Smith
1919:
1917:
1916:Samuel Clarke
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1891:John Merbecke
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1546:
1538:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1506:
1498:
1496:0-664-21270-0
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1462:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1421:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1383:
1381:0-664-21270-0
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1360:Dugmore, C.W.
1355:
1347:
1345:0-19-873093-4
1341:
1337:
1333:
1332:New York City
1329:
1325:
1324:Cameron, Euan
1319:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1298:
1289:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1262:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1203:
1201:0-300-06076-9
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1116:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1041:
1040:New York City
1037:
1036:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1008:
1004:
1000:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
962:
958:
957:New York City
954:
950:
944:
942:
933:
931:0-19-211655-X
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
876:
872:
868:
861:
853:
849:
842:
840:
838:
833:
819:
815:
809:
802:
796:
786:
782:
772:
769:
767:
764:
763:
757:
754:
750:
749:poet laureate
746:
741:
737:
733:
729:
726:
721:
718:
714:
710:
706:
705:Edward Burton
701:
698:
697:nonconformist
694:
690:
686:
681:
679:
678:
671:
667:
658:
657:Edward Burton
654:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
627:
623:
619:
618:
612:
607:
605:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
580:alphabet book
577:
573:
569:
568:
562:
560:
556:
551:
550:
544:
539:
536:
532:
528:
525:
521:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
490:
485:
476:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
426:
425:
424:Book of Cerne
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
403:
398:
394:
390:
382:
378:
376:
372:
370:
366:
364:
363:
358:
356:
355:
350:
347:
344:
340:
336:
332:
329:
325:
321:
319:
315:
312:
309:
306:
302:
298:
295:
294:
292:
284:
282:
278:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
227:term for the
226:
222:
218:
214:
213:book of hours
210:
206:
202:
198:
192:
190:
186:
182:
177:
173:
172:Divine Office
169:
168:Edmund Bishop
165:
161:
157:
153:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
85:book of hours
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
34:
28:
24:
19:
2103:Christianity
1936:Walter Frere
1906:Jenny Geddes
1901:Matthew Wren
1896:William Laud
1886:Martin Bucer
1862:
1855:
1848:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1788:
1776:
1667:
1627:
1577:. Retrieved
1561:
1555:
1545:
1535:– via
1529:. Retrieved
1521:
1515:
1505:
1483:Philadelphia
1478:
1475:Cuming, G.J.
1469:
1442:
1418:– via
1412:. Retrieved
1410:(2): 105-116
1407:
1403:
1398:(May 1969).
1390:
1368:Philadelphia
1363:
1354:
1327:
1318:
1305:
1269:
1235:
1177:
1174:Duffy, Eamon
1142:
1092:
1066:
1063:Cuming, G.J.
1034:
1002:
952:
913:
866:
860:
854:. p. 1.
847:
817:
813:
808:
801:Godly Primer
800:
795:
785:
727:
722:
702:
682:
676:
669:
665:
662:
642:
638:
629:
628:in 1560 and
625:
616:
615:Elizabethan
608:
599:mariological
592:
587:
565:
563:
554:
548:
540:
534:
519:
517:
494:
488:
452:
447:
443:
439:
431:
429:
422:
410:
400:
386:
369:Nicene Creed
360:
354:Pater Noster
352:
290:
265:
228:
220:
208:
193:
163:
149:
109:
100:
96:
79:such as the
61:prayer books
56:
52:
40:
39:
18:
2139:Middle Ages
1851:(Unitarian)
1451:Alcuin Club
1147:Gainesville
906:Cross, F.L.
745:John Dryden
559:Elizabeth I
509:John Hilsey
460:Reformation
430:It is from
419:indulgences
217:Middle Ages
164:portiforium
152:prayer book
116:Protestants
2149:Categories
1911:John Cosin
871:Saint Paul
828:References
725:Tridentine
611:catechisms
572:John Prise
497:Henry VIII
402:Mediations
272:manuscript
241:Roman Rite
174:according
1823:Elsewhere
1414:19 August
1240:Cambridge
1184:New Haven
1097:Princeton
740:recusancy
717:Cambridge
595:Edward VI
584:catechism
543:Edward VI
475:century.
470:and late
362:Ave Maria
277:pamphlets
257:cathedral
245:Sarum Use
140:textbooks
49:primarium
1441:(2017).
1326:(1991).
1252:68-23179
1176:(1992).
1065:(1969).
1001:(eds.).
790:England.
771:Hornbook
760:See also
576:humanist
472:Lollards
393:crucifix
305:Compline
301:Evensong
253:Parisian
249:York Use
183:and the
176:monastic
160:breviary
132:Catholic
128:humanist
124:Anglican
2127:History
2115:England
2077:Portals
1945:History
1568:: 505.
1524:(453).
814:Orarium
736:Antwerp
626:Orarium
440:Placebo
328:Placebo
205:Vespers
146:Origins
118:in the
69:England
53:primmer
2035:Events
1874:People
1789:Primer
1579:15 May
1531:15 May
1493:
1457:
1378:
1342:
1310:London
1284:
1274:Oxford
1250:
1198:
1111:
1071:London
1007:London
928:
918:London
709:Oxford
643:Dirige
604:Mary I
593:Under
547:first
535:Dirige
458:. Pre-
448:Dirige
444:Dirige
432:Dirige
343:Dirige
318:Litany
251:, and
201:Matins
136:primer
114:among
101:primer
73:Psalms
57:prymer
41:Primer
27:Primer
2091:Books
1564:(3).
777:Notes
753:hymns
675:1552
570:, by
464:Bible
436:dirge
407:Jesus
339:Latin
335:Lauds
324:Latin
268:wills
229:horae
221:horae
209:horae
156:laity
97:horae
93:horae
89:Latin
65:laity
45:Latin
1989:1872
1972:1662
1967:1558
1962:1552
1957:1548
1743:1984
1731:1929
1727:1912
1723:1637
1711:1962
1707:1918
1696:1979
1691:1928
1687:1892
1684:1790
1673:1928
1663:1662
1658:1604
1653:1559
1648:1552
1643:1549
1581:2023
1533:2023
1491:ISBN
1455:ISBN
1416:2022
1408:XXII
1376:ISBN
1340:ISBN
1282:ISBN
1248:LCCN
1196:ISBN
1109:ISBN
926:ISBN
812:The
635:pope
582:and
442:and
387:The
379:13.
373:12.
367:11.
359:10.
303:and
259:and
231:and
203:and
126:and
75:and
1570:doi
1522:113
670:The
399:'s
351:9.
316:5.
299:2.
211:or
191:.
103:in
2151::
1562:33
1560:.
1554:.
1520:.
1514:.
1485::
1481:.
1453:.
1449:,
1428:^
1406:.
1402:.
1370::
1366:.
1334::
1330:.
1308:.
1296:^
1280:.
1276::
1272:.
1260:^
1246:.
1242::
1238:.
1210:^
1194:.
1190::
1188:CT
1186:,
1163:^
1153::
1151:FL
1149:,
1123:^
1107:.
1103::
1101:NJ
1099:,
1095:.
1083:^
1048:^
1015:^
969:^
959::
940:^
920::
908:;
883:^
875:MN
873:,
869:.
836:^
590:.
586:,
561:.
515:.
341::
326::
263:.
247:,
243:,
142:.
107:.
91::
47::
2079::
1614:e
1607:t
1600:v
1583:.
1572::
1539:.
1499:.
1463:.
1422:.
1384:.
1348:.
1290:.
1254:.
1204:.
1157:.
1117:.
1077:.
963:.
934:.
803:.
666:A
345:)
330:)
87:(
43:(
29:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_(14598072197).jpg)