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soils in winter-mild situations. In more populated areas it has sometimes suffered from over-collection and theft so that few natural displays of primroses in abundance can now be found. However it is common on motorway verges and railway embankments where human intervention is restricted. To prevent excessive damage to the species, picking of primroses or the removal of primrose plants from the wild is illegal in many countries, e.g. the UK
1110:
496:
484:
1846:
954:
Both flowers and leaves are edible, the flavour ranging between mild lettuce and more bitter salad greens. The leaves can be cooked in soup but preferably with other plants because they are sometimes a little strong. The leaves can also be used for tea, and the young flowers can be made into primrose
767:
can cover the ground in open woods and shaded hedgerows. It is found mainly by streams, under bushes, in orchards and clear, moist deciduous forests. Occasionally it also appears in meadows. In
Central Europe plants thrive best on nutrient-rich, but lime-poor, humus-rich, loose and often stony loam
869:
between the subspecies; these and other garden hybrids are available in a wide range of colours, including white, yellow and red, or brown and red in all gradations as well as dark red, pink, purple, dark brown and dark blue, and with an extended flowering season.
1330:
Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for
Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian Provincial Museums, Linz 2008,
1312:
1054:. In common parlance, the phrase "the primrose path" implies the thoughtless pursuit of pleasure, especially when it is seen to bring disastrous consequences. The original allusion is a reference in
615:
by its pale yellow (in the nominate subspecies) flowers produced singly on long flower stalks which are covered in rather shaggy hairs. The flowers open flat rather than concave as in the case of
1254:
1688:
SRJ Woodell: Natural
Hybridization in Britain between Primula vulgaris Huds. (the primrose) and P. elatior (L.) Hill (the oxlip) . In: Watsonia . Volume 7 , No. 3 , 1969, pp. 115-127
624:
A pink form is widely seen, growing amongst the much more common yellow forms; this may be a genetic variant rather than a garden escape. Occasional red forms are more likely to be
426:
are 2–4 cm in diameter, borne singly on short slender stems. They are typically pale yellow, though white or pink forms are often seen in nature. The flowers are
411:
to dentate margin. The leaf blade is gradually attenuated towards the base and unevenly toothed. The single stem, extremely short, is hidden in the centre of the leaf
1307:
780:
Most (90%) individuals are heterostylous, the minority monostylous. The flowers of the species are visited by a variety of insects, such as butterflies (
846:
plantings, and is widely available as seeds or young plants. It grows best in moist but well-drained soil in light shade. It is increased by seed and
1501:
Dietmar
Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe , Franckh-Kosmos-Verlag, 2nd revised edition 1994, 2000, Volume 3,
2060:
1740:
816:-covered individuals in a single flower. The beetles also fly from flower to flower and, at least theoretically, are well suited as pollinators.
2112:
819:
Primrose flowers, and the flowers of related members of the
Primulaceae are often removed from their stalks and scattered on the ground by
1559:
1862:
1157:
1429:
François
Couplan, Eva Styner, Guide to Wild Edible and Toxic Plants , Delachaux and Niestlé, coll. "The guides of the naturalist" (
2008:
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1995:
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1385:
1360:
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Primrose breeding of named coloured varieties became popular in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Numerous
769:
2311:
2301:
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1818:
1125:
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2140:
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1938:
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2026:
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1268:
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1219:
894:. Though perennial, they may be short-lived and are typically grown from seed or from young plants as
2127:
2086:
796:. Which visitors pollinate plants is not fully established. However, good pollinators are said to be
178:
1073:
45:
2291:
2266:
625:
847:
2286:
2281:
2065:
1876:
911:
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650:, "prime", alluding to the fact that this flower is among the first to appear in spring. The
162:
2166:
1969:
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8:
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in favoured habitats. The leaves are 5–25 cm (2–10 in) long and 2–6 cm (1–
2199:
1535:
2233:
1039:
1027:
Primrose Yellow exists in some paint and color systems and is named after this flower.
186:
40:
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1925:
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wine. In the past the whole plant and especially the root were considered to have
806:. However, the most common visitors to the flowers are small beetles of the genus
519:
483:
2148:
1316:
1031:
992:
740:. To the east, the range extends through the southern European peninsulas to the
697:
637:
470:
can only take place between pin and thrum flowers. Pin-to-pin and thrum-to-thrum
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2013:
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548:. Western and southern Europe. As described above; flowers pale yellow.
534:
385:
growing 10–30 centimetres (4–12 inches) tall, with a basal rosette of
2039:
1982:
1544:
1519:
1194:
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opening by valves to release the small black seeds. The flowers are
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1059:
881:, refers to various tall-stemmed and multi-coloured strains of
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accepts only one subspecies in addition to the nominate subsp.
463:
451:
423:
386:
749:
407: in) broad, often heavily wrinkled, with an irregularly
57:
1795:"Famous Primrose Poems | Examples of Famous Primrose Poetry"
1709:"Italy Turns to Flower Power to Help Spread Vaccine Message"
1034:, and has been celebrated, among others, by poets such as
1013:
Italy chose a fuchsia primrose as the symbol of its 2020
967:
and expectorant properties. It contains small amounts of
582:. Balkans, southwest Asia. Flowers pink to red or purple.
611:
The primrose is distinguished from other species of
975:foliage contains significant amounts of vitamin C.
700:. In the north, the distribution area extends from
654:name has the same meaning: primrose derives from a
569:). Flowers white. Leaf stem longer than leaf blade.
1416:Clapham, A., Tutin, T., & Warburg, E. (1962).
2253:
1697:The Cambridge World History of Food, Volume One.
823:apparently consuming the ovaries and nectaries.
1214:
1212:
1210:
850:. The throat is usually coloured rich yellow.
680:means "common", in the sense of "widespread".
1520:"Flowers of the Primrose destroyed by Birds"
1207:
736:in the south and the tip of North Africa in
683:
995:were given their names in honour of this.
605:(Maire & Wilczek) Greuter & Burdet
430:with a superior ovary which later forms a
31:
1543:
1351:Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989).
1020:The primrose is on one side of Austria's
422:(February–April), the delicately scented
1706:
1467:
1347:
1345:
518:
1287:United States Department of Agriculture
1278:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1246:
1244:
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1517:
1410:
1006:, for example the coat of arms of the
1875:
1874:
1768:"PANTONE 13-0755 TCX Primrose Yellow"
1566:
1461:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1342:
1062:to "the primrose path of dalliance".
2128:1d8a87bb-37d3-4855-92ef-72311fe94ce0
1472:. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley.
1353:Flora of Britain and Northern Europe
1326:
1324:
1241:
861:planting, often derived from subsp.
1261:
812:– often there are up to 12 or more
13:
1446:
1365:
1300:
1030:The primrose occurs frequently in
580:(Hoffmanns.) W.W.Sm. & Forrest
370:species referred to as primroses.
14:
2323:
1838:
1321:
842:The wild primrose is a staple of
770:Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981
2213:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:702779-1
1856:
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906:The following have received the
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494:
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442:; individual plants bear either
418:Blooming in early spring in the
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1423:
1378:New RHS Dictionary of Gardening
450:flower: with the capita of the
2297:Flora of the Crimean Peninsula
1707:Horowitz, Jason (2020-12-28).
1390:
837:
559:(Willk.) W.W.Sm. & Forrest
537:are accepted by some sources:
373:
1:
1584:. Royal Horticultural Society
1400:(Chatto & Windus, 1996).
1283:Agricultural Research Service
1201:
978:
800:and hairy flies of the genus
514:
364:to distinguish it from other
1560:"Primrose-tinted spectacles"
1230:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
631:
7:
1468:Harrison, Lorraine (2012).
1454:Online Etymology Dictionary
1187:
1115:Light pink flowers (subsp.
998:Primroses also appear as a
971:, and was given for colds.
908:Royal Horticultural Society
763:In appropriate conditions,
509:
10:
2328:
1228:Plants of the World Online
1065:
775:
666:, "first" (feminine), and
587:Plants of the World Online
16:Species of flowering plant
1883:
192:
185:
168:
161:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
1518:Darwin, Charles (1874).
1418:Flora of the Brish Isles
1306:Natural History Museum:
830:and are spread by ants (
684:Distribution and habitat
2312:Garden plants of Europe
2302:Garden plants of Africa
1470:RHS Latin for Gardeners
1376:Huxley, A, ed. (1992).
1131:Purple flowers (subsp.
949:
857:have been selected for
643:is a diminutive of the
628:from garden varieties.
389:which are more-or-less
530:
2307:Garden plants of Asia
2277:Flora of Western Asia
2272:Flora of North Africa
1147:Light purple (subsp.
987:'s favourite flower;
912:Award of Garden Merit
607:. Morocco to Algeria.
522:
276:Primula pseudoacaulis
1853:at Wikimedia Commons
1492:Section 13, part 1b.
1015:COVID-19 vaccination
688:The native range of
204:Primula atropurpurea
1746:European Commission
1536:1874Natur...9Q.482D
930:(Sibthorp primrose)
420:Northern Hemisphere
236:Primula grandiflora
1713:The New York Times
1315:2009-03-22 at the
826:The seeds have an
531:
356:, or occasionally
300:Primula variabilis
284:Primula sylvestris
228:Primula calycantha
220:Primula breviscapa
2249:
2248:
2162:Open Tree of Life
1877:Taxon identifiers
1849:Media related to
1447:Harper, Douglas.
1337:978-3-85474-187-9
985:Benjamin Disraeli
983:The primrose was
879:Primula polyantha
606:
581:
560:
462:flower: with the
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2177:Primula_vulgaris
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2105:NHMSYS0000462067
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1915:Primula vulgaris
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1885:Primula vulgaris
1872:
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1864:Primula vulgaris
1861:Data related to
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1851:Primula vulgaris
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1396:Mabey, Richard:
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1309:Primula vulgaris
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1076:
1022:5 euro cent coin
1008:Earl of Rosebery
943:Primula vulgaris
934:Primula vulgaris
924:Primula vulgaris
919:Primula vulgaris
718:northern Germany
675:specific epithet
662:, consisting of
604:
598:Primula vulgaris
579:
573:Primula vulgaris
563:Balearic Islands
558:
552:Primula vulgaris
542:Primula vulgaris
524:Primula vulgaris
498:
486:
474:is ineffective.
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405:
401:
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379:Primula vulgaris
362:English primrose
348:to Eurasia. The
322:Primula vulgaris
310:
308:Primula vernalis
302:
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292:Primula uniflora
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172:Primula vulgaris
154:P. vulgaris
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25:Primula vulgaris
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20:
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2292:Flora of Russia
2267:Flora of Europe
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1032:Romantic poetry
993:Primrose League
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698:southern Europe
686:
638:scientific name
634:
621:, the cowslip.
517:
512:
507:
506:
505:
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499:
490:
487:
403:
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396:
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358:common primrose
335:flowering plant
268:Primula odorata
252:Primula inodora
244:Primula hybrida
212:Primula bicolor
196:Primula acaulis
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1867:at Wikispecies
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1839:External links
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1799:PoetrySoup.com
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1479:978-1845337315
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702:central Norway
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454:prominent) or
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2287:Flora of Iran
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2282:Flora of Iraq
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2019:
2015:
2010:
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1989:
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1386:0-333-47494-5
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1091:White flowers
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902:AGM cultivars
899:
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868:
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821:green finches
817:
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618:Primula veris
614:
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468:Fertilisation
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
448:longuistylous
445:
441:
440:heterostylous
437:
436:hermaphrodite
433:
429:
428:actinomorphic
425:
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324:
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163:Binomial name
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71:Tracheophytes
69:
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1822:
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1798:
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1771:
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989:Primrose Day
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841:
832:myrmecochory
825:
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692:encompasses
689:
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663:
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501:Thrum flower
466:prominent).
460:brevistylous
455:
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377:
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321:
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307:
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295:C.C.Gmel.
291:
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199:(L.) Hill
195:
171:
169:
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152:
140:
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90:
77:
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2200:kew-2563766
2035:iNaturalist
1909:Wikispecies
1674:17 February
1668:'Taigetos'"
1648:17 February
1618:17 February
1588:17 February
1582:www.rhs.org
1339:, p. 685 .
1292:14 December
1166:and subsp.
1164:P. vulgaris
1056:Shakespeare
973:P. vulgaris
883:P. vulgaris
838:Cultivation
788:, beetles (
786:Hymenoptera
782:Lepidoptera
765:P. vulgaris
722:Netherlands
690:P. vulgaris
626:naturalised
472:pollination
374:Description
350:common name
342:Primulaceae
130:Primulaceae
84:Angiosperms
2256:Categories
2195:Plant List
1828:2024-05-02
1819:"primrose"
1804:2024-04-29
1726:2020-12-28
1610:sibthorpii
1449:"primrose"
1406:1856193772
1234:2020-10-23
1202:References
1168:sibthorpii
1149:sibthorpii
1133:sibthorpii
1117:sibthorpii
1040:Wordsworth
1017:campaign.
979:In culture
945:'Taigetos'
928:sibthorpii
875:Polyanthus
863:sibthorpii
809:Meligethes
798:bumblebees
790:Coleoptera
673:The Latin
670:, "rose".
660:prima rosa
656:late Latin
652:vernacular
577:sibthorpii
535:subspecies
528:sibthorpii
515:Subspecies
489:Pin flower
311:Salisb.
303:Bastard
263:Hablitz
247:Schrank
223:Clairv.
1741:"Austria"
1721:0362-4331
1195:Oenothera
1048:Goldsmith
961:spasmodic
957:analgesic
896:biennials
873:The term
855:cultivars
828:elaiosome
803:Bombylius
704:near the
632:Etymology
602:atlantica
556:balearica
458:flowers (
446:flowers (
391:evergreen
383:perennial
271:Gilib.
148:Species:
54:Kingdom:
2226:26400096
2221:Tropicos
2174:PalDat:
2066:11337465
2053:702779-1
1946:BioLib:
1894:Wikidata
1752:3 August
1640:vulgaris
1313:Archived
1188:See also
1004:heraldry
991:and the
969:saponins
965:diuretic
938:vulgaris
888:P. veris
848:division
734:Portugal
708:via the
678:vulgaris
591:vulgaris
546:vulgaris
510:Taxonomy
354:primrose
327:primrose
287:Scop.
279:Schur
231:Retz.
187:Synonyms
126:Family:
120:Ericales
110:Asterids
97:Eudicots
2262:Primula
2087:MoBotPF
2014:5414335
1900:Q159537
1773:Pantone
1638:subsp.
1608:subsp.
1532:Bibcode
1182:Habitat
1066:Gallery
1052:Chaucer
959:, anti-
936:subsp.
926:subsp.
892:hybrids
867:hybrids
794:Diptera
776:Ecology
758:Armenia
746:Balkans
738:Algeria
726:Belgium
714:Denmark
694:western
641:Primula
613:Primula
600:subsp.
575:subsp.
567:endemic
554:subsp.
544:subsp.
526:subsp.
464:stamens
432:capsule
424:flowers
413:rosette
409:crenate
402:⁄
367:Primula
337:in the
331:species
329:, is a
255:Hill
239:Lam.
215:Raf.
141:Primula
136:Genus:
116:Order:
58:Plantae
2167:125543
2125:NZOR:
2118:175104
2092:285547
2079:504607
2001:178981
1975:485638
1934:ARKive
1926:151732
1923:APDB:
1719:
1524:Nature
1505:
1476:
1433:
1404:
1384:
1359:
1335:
1103:Leaves
1060:Hamlet
1000:charge
859:garden
814:pollen
792:) and
756:, and
754:Turkey
742:Crimea
730:France
720:, the
648:primus
533:Three
387:leaves
346:native
339:family
207:Pax
2187:11392
2184:PFI:
2136:NZPCN
2061:IRMNG
2040:56136
2027:29712
1996:EUNIS
1988:PRIVU
1962:4MDKW
1949:39278
1670:. RHS
1644:. RHS
1614:. RHS
1224:Huds"
1044:Wilde
1036:Keats
877:, or
750:Syria
664:prima
658:form
645:Latin
456:thrum
452:style
381:is a
179:Huds.
104:Clade
91:Clade
78:Clade
65:Clade
2208:POWO
2154:2698
2141:3128
2113:NCBI
2074:ITIS
2048:IPNI
2022:GRIN
2009:GBIF
1983:EPPO
1781:2022
1754:2022
1717:ISSN
1676:2021
1650:2021
1620:2021
1590:2021
1503:ISBN
1474:ISBN
1431:ISBN
1402:ISBN
1382:ISBN
1357:ISBN
1333:ISBN
1294:2017
1050:and
950:Uses
728:and
696:and
668:rosa
636:The
438:but
2234:WFO
2100:NBN
1970:EoL
1957:CoL
1540:doi
1170:mix
1058:'s
1002:in
910:'s
865:or
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784:),
444:pin
360:or
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